Zielhofer-et-al_Sahara_SOM.pdf

Zielhofer et al. Millennial‐scale fluctuations in Saharan dust supply across the decline of the African Humid Period. Quaternary Science Reviews Supplementary Online Material Table S1. Terrestrial XRF sampling sites. Documented are the sampling sites from Sidi Ali catchment, the Middle Atlas, Upper Moulouya Basin, High Atlas, pre‐Saharan Basin and Anti‐Atlas foothills. ID Region TER47 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER48 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER49 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER18 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER19 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER20 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER05 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER06 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER08 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) TER12 Middle Atlas (Volcanic) MICH03 Middle Atlas TER40 Middle Atlas TER41 Middle Atlas TER42 Middle Atlas TER43 Middle Atlas TER44 Middle Atlas TER45 Middle Atlas TER46 Middle Atlas TER24 Middle Atlas TER25 Middle Atlas TER26 Middle Atlas TER27 Middle Atlas TER28 Middle Atlas TER29 Middle Atlas TER30 Middle Atlas TER31 Middle Atlas TER32 Middle Atlas TER33 Middle Atlas TER34 Middle Atlas TER35 Middle Atlas TER36 Middle Atlas TER39 Middle Atlas Geographical position N 33° 21' 29.9'' W 5° 09' 08.2'' N 33° 21' 29.9'' W 5° 09' 08.2'' N 33° 21' 29.9'' W 5° 09' 08.2'' N 33° 09' 42.4'' W 5° 03' 57.3'' N 33° 09' 42.4'' W 5° 03' 57.3'' N 33° 09' 42.4'' W 5° 03' 57.3'' N 33° 17’ 19.5’’ W 5° 04' 47.1'' N 33° 17’ 19.5’’ W 5° 04' 47.1'' N 33° 17’ 19.5’’ W 5° 04' 47.1'' N 33° 08' 53.8'' W 5° 03' 05.6'' N 33° 24' 38.9'' W 5° 05' 05.5'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 27' 25.9'' W 4° 51' 39.1'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 33.5'' W 5° 01' 00.7'' N 33° 04' 55.6'' W 5° 00' 10.0'' Altitude [m GPS] 1940 Lithology Geological unit Lapilli Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 1940 Lapilli Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 1940 Lapilli Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 1921 1854 Hillslope deposits/ Lapilli Hillslope deposits/ Lapilli Hillslope deposits/ Lapilli Lapilli Quaternary/ Plio‐Pleistocene volcano Quaternary/ Plio‐Pleistocene volcano Quaternary/ Plio‐Pleistocene volcano Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 1854 Lapilli Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 1854 Lapilli Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 1936 Hillslope deposit/ volcanic ash Hillslope deposit Quaternary Sampling position Parent material Parent material Parent material Parent material Parent material Parent material Parent material Parent material Parent material Surface soil Quaternary Surface soil Pleistocene 2096 Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Hillslope deposit/ Re‐deposited loess Flood loam 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2096 Flood loam Late Quaternary 2083 Doline/ Temporary marshland Late Quaternary Soil ‐50 cm Buried soil ‐125 cm Buried soil ‐220 cm Buried soil ‐220 cm Buried soil ‐250 cm Buried soil ‐330 cm Buried soil ‐360 cm Alluvial fills ‐17 cm Alluvial fills ‐34 cm Alluvial fills ‐51 cm Alluvial fills ‐68 cm Alluvial fills ‐85 cm Alluvial fills ‐102 cm Alluvial fills ‐119 cm Alluvial fills ‐136 cm Alluvial fills ‐153 cm Alluvial fills ‐170 cm Alluvial fills ‐187 cm Alluvial fills ‐204 cm Alluvial fills ‐221 cm Surface 1921 1921 2068 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Late Quaternary P06 TER37 Sidi Ali catchment (Volcanic) Sidi Ali catchment (Volcanic) Sidi Ali catchment (Volcanic) Sidi Ali catchment (Volcanic) Sidi Ali catchment TER38 Sidi Ali catchment P01 Sidi Ali catchment P02 Sidi Ali catchment P03 Sidi Ali catchment P04 Sidi Ali catchment P05 Sidi Ali catchment P10 Upper Moulouya basin P11 Upper Moulouya basin P12 Upper Moulouya basin P13 Upper Moulouya basin P14 Upper Moulouya basin TER09 Upper Moulouya basin TER10 Upper Moulouya basin ISL1 High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas Lake Isli Catchment) High Atlas (Lake Isli catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) P07 P08 P09 MOC3 MOC4 MOC5 MOC6 MOC7 MOC8 MOC9 TIS PSS1 TIS PSS2 TIS PSS3 TIS PSS4 TIS PSS5 TIS PSS6 TIS PSS7 TIS PSS8 TIS PSS9 TIS PSS10 TIS PSS11 TIS PSS12 TIS PSS13 TIS PSS14 N 33° 05’ 06.0'' W 4° 59’ 29.9'' N 33° 05’ 05.1'' W 4° 59’ 33.6'' N 33° 05’ 05.1'' W 4° 59’ 33.6'' N 33° 05’ 03.4’’ W 4° 29’ 29.2’’ N 33° 03' 56.2'' W 5° 00' 23.4’' N 33° 04' 39.6'’ W 4° 59' 59.5'' N 33° 04’ 31.8’’ W 4° 59’ 04.6’’ N 33° 04’ 29.4’’ W 4° 59’ 07.3’’ N 33° 04’ 43.9’’ W 4° 59’ 00.2’’ N 33° 05’ 05.6’’ W 4° 59’ 06.3’’ N 33° 05’ 09.6’’ W4° 59’ 20.6’’ N 32° 48’ 23.7’’ W 4° 56’ 57.2’’ N 32° 48’ 44.2’’ W 4° 57’ 45.7’’ N 32° 48’ 44.2’’ W 4° 57’ 45.7’’ N 32° 48’ 44.2’’ W 4° 57’ 45.7’’ N 32° 44’ 32.3’’ W 4° 54’ 49.9’’ N 32° 53' 49.8'' W 5° 00' 39.0'' N 32° 53' 32.9'' W 4° 59' 27.0'' N 32° 13' 36.8'' W 5° 32' 54.2'' N 32° 13' 02.4'' W 5° 33' 04.4'' N 32° 13' 07.1'' W 5° 33' 08.5'' N 32° 13' 02.4'' W 5° 33' 04.4'' N 32° 13' 02.4'' W 5° 33' 04.4'' N 32° 13' 02.4'' W 5° 33' 04.4'' N 32° 13' 02.4'' W 5° 33' 04.4'' N 32° 13' 02.4'' W 5° 33' 04.4'' N 32° 11' 33.1'' W 5° 38' 02.0'' N 32° 11' 34.8'' W 5° 37' 58.4'' N 32° 11' 35.9'' W 5° 37' 56.0'' N 32° 11' 37.2'' W 5° 37' 53.1'' N 32° 11' 38.7'' W 5° 37' 50.2'' N 32° 11' 41.3'' W 5° 37' 48.1'' N 32° 11' 43.9'' W 5° 37' 44.2'' N 32° 11' 48.5'' W 5° 37' 44.1'' N 32° 11' 59.2'' W 5° 37' 44.2'' N 32° 11' 59.4'' W 5° 37' 15.1'' N 32° 12' 14.5'' W 5° 37' 19.6'' N 32° 12' 31.2'' W 5° 38' 17.1’' N 32° 12' 45.1'' W 5° 38' 16.6'' N 32° 12' 56.3'' W 5° 38' 17.5'' 2093 2103 Hillslope deposits/ Lapilli and Basalt Lapilli Quaternary/ Plio‐Pleistocene volcano Plio‐Pleistocene volcano 2103 Flood loam 2094 2094 Hillslope deposits/ Lapilli and Basalt Dune/ Former shore line Aeolian sand/ Former basalt shore line Limestone Holocene/ Plio‐Pleistocene volcano Quaternary/ Plio‐Pleistocene volcano Holocene 2094 2081 2080 Surface soil Parent material Surface Surface soil Surface Holocene Surface Middle Jurassic Surface soil Dolomite Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2089 Aeolian sand Surface 2093 Flood loam 2097 Limestone Holocene/ Middle Jurassic Holocene/ Middle Jurassic Middle Jurassic 1503 Trias Surface 1471 Pediment/ Calcareous sandstone Flood loam Surface soil 1471 Flood loam 1471 Channel fills 1457 Channel fills 1592 Glacis deposits Holocene/ Granite of the Moulouya basin Holocene/Granite of the Moulouya basin Holocene/Granite of the Moulouya basin Holocene/Granite of the Moulouya basin Pleistocene 1546 Flood loam Holocene Parent material Surface 2298 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface 2299 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary Exposure 2298 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary Exposure 2298 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary 2298 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary 2298 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary 2298 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary 2298 Lake chalk (exposure) Late Quaternary 2275 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Exposure ‐10 cm Exposure ‐30 cm Exposure ‐50 cm Exposure ‐70 cm Exposure ‐90 cm Surface soil 2279 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2280 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2282 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2284 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2265 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2268 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2251 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2282 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2260 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2305 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2363 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2464 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2561 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil Surface Surface soil Surface soil Surface Surface TIS PSS15 TIS PSS16 TIS3 P15 High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas (Lake Tislit catchment) High Atlas P16 High Atlas P17 High Atlas P18 High Atlas P19 High Atlas P20 High Atlas P21 Pre‐Saharan basin P22 Pre‐Saharan basin P23 Pre‐Saharan basin P24 Pre‐Saharan basin P25 Pre‐Saharan basin P26 Pre‐Saharan basin P27 Pre‐Saharan basin P28 Pre‐Saharan basin P29 Pre‐Saharan basin P30 Anti‐Atlas P31 Pre‐Saharan basin P32 Pre‐Saharan basin P33 Anti‐Atlas P34 Anti‐Atlas P35 Anti‐Atlas P36 Anti‐Atlas P37 Anti‐Atlas P38 Anti‐Atlas TIS4 TIS5 TIS6 TIS7 TIS8 TIS9 TIS10 TIS11 TIS12 N 32° 13' 02.6'' W 5° 38' 14.6’’ N 32° 13' 06.6'' W 5° 38' 40.8'' N 32° 11' 42.6'' W 5° 37' 47.7'' N 32° 11' 39.3'' W 5° 37' 41.9'' N 32° 11' 47.1'' W 5° 37' 34.2'' N 32° 11' 51.9'' W 5° 37' 37.0'' N 32° 11' 58.7'' W 5° 37' 48.6'' N 32° 12' 01.2'' W 5° 37' 56.5'' N 32° 11' 58.3'' W 5° 37' 55.7'' N 32° 11' 55.9'' W 5° 38' 05.6'' N 32° 11' 57.3'' W 5° 38' 13.6'' N 32° 11' 57.6'' W 5° 38' 28.1'' N 32° 27’ 29.3’’ W 4° 30’ 02.0’’ N 32° 27’ 29.8’’ W 4° 29’ 59.7’’ N 32° 16’ 49.4’’ W 4° 30’ 03.0’’ N 32° 16’ 49.4’’ W 4° 30’ 03.0’’ N 32° 09’ 24.1’’ W 4° 22’ 37.4’’ N 32° 09’ 24.1’’ W 4° 22’ 37.4’’ N 31° 59’ 43.1’’ W 4° 29’ 37.5’’ N 31° 52’ 47.1’’ W 4° 31’ 57.8’’ N 31° 52’ 47.1’’ W 4° 31’ 57.8’’ N 31° 43’ 58.6’’ W 4° 53’ 09.8’’ N 31° 27’ 05.3’’ W 5° 20’ 45.0’’ N 31° 32’ 20.9’’ W 5° 34’ 13.8’’ N 31° 28’ 33.9’’ W 5° 34’ 10.5’’ N 31° 21’ 48.5’’ W 5° 54’ 31.0’’ N 31° 10’ 33.1’’ W 6° 15’ 22.0’’ N 31° 00’ 57.6’’ W 6° 35’ 32.3’’ N 31° 01’ 58.8’’ W 7° 07’ 22.3’’ N 30° 59’ 43.1’’ W 7° 06’ 28.1’’ N 30° 49’ 18.5’’ W 7° 18’ 22.9’’ N 30° 41’ 45.8’’ W 7° 16’ 06.1’’ N 30° 33’ 03.2’’ W 7° 14’ 49.1’’ N 30° 27’ 03.6’’ W 7° 31’ 19.0’’ N 30° 28’ 17.9’’ W 7° 50’ 34.2’’ N 30° 33’ 51.5’’ W 8° 02’ 34.8’’ 2670 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2760 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2257 Sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2275 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2261 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2255 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2262 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2259 Calcareous sandstone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2256 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2253 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2254 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 2257 Limestone Middle Jurassic Surface soil 1593 Alluvial sands Surface 1591 Flood loam 1347 Alluvial sands 1347 Flood loam 1207 Flood loam 1207 Flood loam 1151 Glacis 1077 Flood loam Holocene/ Lower Jurassic Holocene/ Lower Jurassic Holocene/ Middle Jurassic Holocene/ Middle Jurassic Holocene/ Middle Jurassic Holocene/ Middle Jurassic Late Quaternary/ Middle Cretaceous Holocene/Upper Cretaceous 1077 Flood loam Holocene/Upper Cretaceous Alluvial fills 1109 Glacis deposits/Limestone Surface soil 1156 Glacis deposits 1437 Glacis deposits 1300 Glacis/Reddish sandstone 1546 Glacis deposits 1371 Glacis deposits 1180 Saprolite/Granite Late Quaternary/ Middle Cretaceous Late Quaternary/ Middle Carbon Late Quaternary/ Middle Cretaceous Late Quaternary/ Upper Cretaceous Late Quaternary/ Plio‐Miocene Late Quaternary/ Plio‐Miocene Precambrian 1279 Flood loam Holocene/Miocene Surface 1250 Glacis deposits Miocene 1487 Granite Precambrian Parent material Surface 1548 Granite Precambrian Surface 1468 Basin deposits/Granite Quaternary/Precambrian Surface soil 1817 Hillslope deposits/ Sandstone Basin deposits/ Sandstone Alluvial gravels/Sandstone Quaternary/Precambrian Surface soil Quaternary/Precambrian Surface Holocene/Precambrian Surface 1491 964 Alluvial fills Surface Surface Surface Alluvial fills Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface soil Surface soil Surface Table S2. Terrestrial XRF data. Shown are XRF element records from Sidi Ali catchment, the Middle Atlas, the Upper Moulouya Basin, the High Atlas, the pre‐Saharan Basin and Anti‐Atlas foothills. ID TER47 TER48 TER49 TER18 TER19 TER20 TER05 TER06 TER08 TER12 MICH03 TER40 TER41 TER42 TER43 TER44 TER45 TER46 TER24 TER25 TER26 TER27 TER28 TER29 TER30 TER31 TER32 TER33 TER34 TER35 TER36 TER39 P06 P07 P08 P09 TER37 TER38 P01 P02 P03 P04 P05 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 TER09 TER10 ISL1 MOC3 MOC4 MOC5 MOC6 MOC7 MOC8 MOC9 TIS PSS1 TIS PSS2 TIS PSS3 TIS PSS4 TIS PSS5 TIS PSS6 TIS PSS7 TIS PSS8 TIS PSS9 TIS PSS10 TIS PSS11 TIS PSS12 TIS PSS13 TIS PSS14 TIS PSS15 K [mg/kg] 5,865±21 5,751±21 9,335±27 4,360±19 3,156±17 2,695±15 8,347±24 6,450±22 13,750±30 1,926±14 13,910±30 11,695±30 6,495±21 7,529±22 7,261±22 8,685±24 8,829±23 7,962±23 12,735±30 12,740±30 12,680±30 12,545±30 12,350±30 12,215±30 12,255±30 12,230±30 12,235±30 12,180±30 12,175±30 12,095±30 12,150±30 16,925±30 12,665±30 5,424±21 10,215±20 6,156±20 3,740±17 6,019±20 6,337±20 11,225±20 997±14 13,740±30 9,012±24 22,375±40 16.550±30 16,400±30 17,030±30 10,750±30 4,460±19 11,655±30 24,690±40 5,751±21 10,750±30 4,252±20 3,893±19 8,881±25 4,583±20 11,085±30 25,110±40 21,190±40 23,370±40 22,780±40 22,845±40 23,640±40 16,370±30 20,755±40 16,050±30 15,305±30 15,465±30 12,570±30 13,575±30 20,325±35 20,080±35 Ti [mg/kg] 15,490±20 16,805±20 15,995±20 17,180±20 8,299±16 12,920±20 16,325±20 14,900±20 17,205±20 14,430±20 5,423±10 4,292±10 2,982±10 3,796±11 3,650±11 4,033±11 4,049±11 3,580±11 6,070±12 6,079±12 6,142±12 6,056±12 6,106±12 6,097±12 6,279±13 6,734±13 7,080±13 7,738±13 7,657±14 8,135±13 8,115±14 5,909±12 13,700±20 14,995±20 16,550±20 11,360±20 2,197±9 5,251±14 1,964±8 4,109±10 540±6 3,816±11 2,620±10 3,478±10 4.185±11 4,142±11 4,124±11 3,690±11 1,082±7 3,618±11 5,540±11 1,353±10 2,283±11 1,031±10 947±9 2,053±11 1,130±10 2,765±12 5,423±12 4,857±11 4,981±11 4,808±11 4,789±11 5,217±11 4,082±10 4,969±11 4,639±11 4,278±10 3,750±11 3,221±10 3,123±11 5,594±11 5,407±12 Al [mg/kg] 64,465±70 75,370±80 60,485±70 72,335±70 38,060±45 57,255±60 57,565±65 72,410±75 58,500±70 58,525±60 64,255±60 50,130±50 31,065±40 39,435±50 37,865±45 43,480±50 43,355±50 36,655±40 52,640±60 52,345±60 54,230±60 53,835±60 54,475±60 53,700±60 54,320±60 54,825±60 55,980±60 58,865±60 58,835±60 59,945±65 60,310±65 53,475±60 87,145±85 76,670±80 92,670±90 66,935±70 17,520±30 27,010±40 26,640±30 51,725±50 4,040±13 47,905±50 31,595±40 52,175±60 48,385±55 47,790±55 55,650±60 39,220±50 14,915±25 41,795±50 76,575±80 18,630±30 35,610±40 12,800±20 12,880±20 27,585±40 15,025±20 34,655±40 71,520±70 65,180±70 69,105±70 67,115±70 69,355±70 70,470±70 55,250±60 66,490±70 54,725±60 50,945±60 48,380±50 40,285±50 43,355±50 73,400±75 67,960±70 Cr [mg/kg] 412.2±2.1 475.6±2.3 473.3±2.4 203.3±1.8 91.4±1.3 133.6±1.5 279.1±1.9 257.2±1.9 281.6±2.0 157.1±1.6 106.0±1.0 85.9±1.1 66.9±1.1 76.7±1.2 70.0±1.1 80.7±1.2 81.2±1.1 66.9±1.1 125.9±1.2 126.1±1.2 119.5±1.3 132.6±1.4 118.5±1.3 129.8±1.3 130.0±1.4 141.8±1.4 148.5±1.4 155.2±1.5 159.7±1.5 168.2±1.5 166.8±1.5 106.2±1.2 278.2±1.7 258.3±1.7 150.8±1.4 411.8±2.0 45.5±1.0 118.2±1.4 39.8±0.9 70.6±1.0 22.9±0.8 78.3±1.2 50.0±1.1 55.3±0.9 80.3±1.2 79.9±1.2 82.4±1.2 58.5±1.1 24,7±0.8 80.3±1.2 93.6±1.1 31.5±1.0 51.2±1.2 23.5±1.0 20.4±0.9 45.4±1.2 27.2±1.0 51.9±1.2 99.9±1.2 83.5±1.1 93.6±1.2 90.1±1.2 86.5±1.1 96.0±1.2 69.5±1.0 92.6±1.2 73.2±1.1 72.7±1.1 72.1±1.2 64.8±1.2 67.0±1.2 110.6±1.2 93.8±1.2 Ni [mg/kg] 268.6±1.9 326.7±2.1 421.0±2.4 128.2±1.5 57.5±1.0 79.2±1.2 197.3±1.7 184.3±1.6 194.3±1.8 85.3±1.2 59.1±0.8 48.0±0.8 40.8±0.9 45.0±0.9 43.5±0.9 47.4±0.9 48.4±0.9 42.9±0.9 53.9±0.9 54.1±0.9 57.1±0.9 56.7±0.9 59.7±0.9 59.8±0.9 61.8±1.0 70.3±1.0 80.0±1.0 103.5±5 99.4±1.2 98.4±1.1 93.3±1.1 42.3±0.8 212.7±1.7 156.9±1.6 70.0±1.1 454.8±2.5 23.9±0.8 55.9±1.0 19.9±0.7 34.4±0.7 9.4±0.9 42.0±0.9 28.5±0.9 22.8±0.7 38.6±0.8 38.3±0.8 45.6±0.9 34.2±0.8 16.3±0.8 38.7±0.8 49.1±0.8 13.4±1.1 25.1±1.3 10.3±1.2 9.4±1.1 22.5±1.2 8.7±1.1 27.0±1.2 50.6±0.9 45.6±0.8 45.1±0.9 46.9±0.9 46.5±0.8 50.4±0.9 36.8±0.8 51.5±0.9 38.8±0.8 41.4±0.8 37.6±0.8 31.3±0.9 34.1±0.9 54.5±0.9 45.0±0.8 Th [mg/kg] 9.2±0.6 9.9±0.6 10.6±0.6 9.4±0.5 7.9±0.4 8.4±0.4 9.1±0.6 8.9±0.6 10.3±0.6 8.8±0.5 12.3±0.3 8.9±0.3 7.8±0.3 8.5±0.3 7.8±0.3 7.9±0.3 8.4±0.3 8.5±0.3 11.5±0.3 11.2±0.3 10.8±0.4 10.8±0.4 11.1±0.4 11.1±0.4 11.0±0.4 11.3±0.4 11.3±0.4 10.3±0.4 11.5±0.4 11.5±0.4 11.5±0.4 9.7±0.3 9.1±0.6 6.7±0.5 9.8±0.5 3.9±0.6 5.8±0.3 6.4±0.4 4.8±0.3 8.7±0.3 3.9±0.3 8.5±0.3 6.8±0.3 11.2±0.3 9.9±0.3 9.2±0.3 10.6±0.4 7.6±0.4 4.9±0.3 8.5±0.3 13.5±0.4 8.8±0.6 12.5±0.8 10.8±0.8 7.0±0.6 10.8±0.7 9.1±0.8 10.5±0.7 13.0±0.4 12.6±0.4 12.8±0.4 13.3±0.4 12.9±0.4 12.9±0.4 9.9±0.3 12.6±0.4 9.8±0.3 10.3±0.3 9.7±0.3 8.1±0.3 8.0±0.4 12.2±0.4 11.2±0.3 Zr [mg/kg] 207±2 225±3 244±3 249±2 151±2 184±2 259±3 235±3 400±3 180±2 203±2 188±2 151±2 181±2 170±2 193±2 215±2 200±2 192±2 198±2 196±2 190±2 194±2 199±2 207±2 240±2 252±2 261±2 257±2 278±2 279±2 228±2 252±2 216±3 270±2 142±2 52±2 118±2 60±1 131±1 26±2 124±2 68±1 231±2 186±2 185±2 121±2 168±2 35±1 125±2 238±2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 61±6 181±2 169±2 168±2 171±2 187±2 142±2 167±2 175±2 199±2 158±2 123±2 92±2 83±2 199±2 170±2 TIS PSS16 TIS3 TIS4 TIS5 TIS6 TIS7 TIS8 TIS9 TIS10 TIS11 TIS12 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 21,400±35 27,730±40 26,355±40 25,335±40 21,155±40 15,640±30 18,130±30 12,695±30 15,310±30 15,015±30 17,290±30 16,435±30 14,390±30 8,960±25 11,160±25 14,075±30 12,290±30 24,415±40 9,376±24 13,070±30 1,571±16 9,619±24 4,872±19 8,753±24 7,376±21 10,830±30 19,870±40 16,545±30 28,030±40 39,545±50 28,810±40 23,840±40 28,560±40 26,570±40 19,560±35 5,375±11 5,844±11 5,210±11 5,098±11 5,210±11 4,580±11 4,410±11 3,136±10 3,579±11 3,269±11 4,262±11 3,555±12 4,663±13 2,224±10 3,096±10 3,829±11 3,348±10 5,618±12 2,601±8 2,997±9 541±6 2,461±9 2,017±9 2,794±8 1,841±8 2,954±9 4,881±11 3,196±9 4,108±10 3,615±11 7,248±13 3,647±9 4,117±10 5,525±11 4,916±11 68,980±70 89,155±85 76,760±75 73,940±70 66,280±70 57,515±60 57,655±60 40,590±50 47,875±50 46,365±50 53,090±60 32,940±40 43,075±50 29,830±40 37,800±45 46,430±50 33,510±60 73,040±80 27,460±40 40,510±50 7,186±16 36,545±40 26,475±35 34,870±50 24,550±35 34,750±40 64,485±70 46,070±60 73,300±80 82,445±80 94,995±90 81,765±85 71,620±70 87,540±90 67,515±70 87.4±1.1 105.3±1.1 118.0±1.3 93.2±1.2 90.3±1.1 81.9±1.1 79.9±1.1 59.3±1.1 69.3±1.2 68.8±1.2 73.4±1.1 39.3±1.1 65.3±1.2 53.2±1.2 56.2±1.1 65.3±1.2 58.8±1.1 76.9±1.0 25.9±0.7 42.8±0.8 16.7±0.7 43.7±1.0 45.4±1.0 52.3±0.8 35.9±0.8 55.0±1.0 58.7±0.9 55.1±1.0 84.8±1.1 23.6±0.9 36.0±0.9 73.4±0.9 58.7±1.0 50.8±1.0 59.7±1.0 47.1±0.8 54.8±0.9 52.4±0.9 49.8±0.9 45.2±0.8 35.1±0.8 39.3±0.8 32.6±0.8 37.4±0.9 35.9±0.9 35.3±0.8 24.9±0.9 36.1±0.9 27.0±0.9 30.8±0.8 39.0±0.9 35.1±0.8 37.8±0.8 14.9±0.5 21.2±0.6 3.2±0.6 24.4±0.7 20.7±0.8 13.8±0.5 19.1±0.7 22.8±0.7 28.6±0.7 29.7±0.7 43.9±0.9 20.7±0.6 31.7±0.8 30.9±0.7 33.4±0.7 35.1±0.7 34.2±0.7 11.9±0.4 14.5±0.4 12.4±0.4 13.6±0.4 12.3±0.4 10.2±0.3 11.0±0.3 8.6±0.4 9.7±0.4 9.4±0.4 10.4±0.3 9.3±0.4 11.3±0.4 6.7±0.4 7.3±0.4 9.6±0.4 8.6±0.4 13.1±0.3 5.4±0.3 6.5±0.3 4.9±0.3 7.8±0.3 7.0±0.3 5.0±0.3 6.0±0.3 7.2±0.3 10.1±0.3 7.9±0.3 11.9±0.4 12.0±0.3 7.6±0.4 10.2±0.3 10.1±0.3 17.3±0.4 11.4±0.3 219±2 203±2 147±2 163±2 201±2 312±2 177±2 95±2 100±2 93±2 189±2 183±3 210±2 65±2 178±2 157±2 130±2 483±2 493±2 334±2 53±1 224±2 189±2 402±2 185±2 228±2 618±3 213±2 153±2 393±2 263±2 237±2 235±2 818±3 330±2 Fig. S1. Sidi Ali downcore records of selected XRF element contents and XRF element ratios. A) Modelled ages with 2 σ ranges (Fletcher et al. 2017); B) Th content; C) Zr content; D) Ni content; E) Cr content; F) Ti content; G) Al content; H) K content (XRF Spectro); I) K/Ti ratio (XRF Spectro); J) K/Ti ratio (XRF ITRAX); K) Ti/Al ratio; L) Ni/Al ratio; M) Cr/Al ratio (black curve: mean resolution ~120 years, grey curve: mean resolution ~60 years [discarded]); N) Sidi Ali principal component 1 (PC1 supra‐regional provenance proxy). The yellow bars indicate phases of increased siliciclastic provenance from the south. Please notice the quite similar pattern of the individual silici‐clastic provenance proxies K/Ti, Ti,Al, Cr/Al, Ni/Al and the synthetic PC1 proxy. Fig. S2. The Lake Sidi Ali geographical setting: A) Local geological map of the Lake Sidi Ali study area (Saadi et al. 1985). The drilling position is indicated with a greyish dot (Zielhofer et al., 2017). Black rectangles show surface sampling sites from the local volcanic deposits and orange circles surface sampling sites from local limestone and dolomite areas; B) Sidi Ali climate chart (data courtesy of l’Agence du Bassin Hydraulique du Sebou); and C) Core recovery (Zielhofer et al., 2017). Grain size‐specific XRF analyses from six Sidi Ali core sequences The Sidi Ali downcore scores of the principal component analysis indicate an increase of siliciclastic provenance signals from the south (PC1, Fig. 11c) during phases of grain‐size fining (PC3, Fig. 11e). We interpret these synchronous runs as phases of relative increases of remote southern (Saharan) dust. Additionally, our results are supported by a positive running correlation between PC1 and PC3 for almost the total Sidi Ali core (Fig. 11b). However, we want to test our assumption that the origin of the fine silt particles is aeolian by the application of grain size‐specific XRF analyses. For this purpose, six Sidi Ali core sequences were selected for grain size‐specific XRF analyses (Table S3). Dry bulk samples of 50 g were pre‐treated with 50 mL of 10% HCl, purged with 200 mL distilled water and subsequently centrifugalized (10 min with 3.000 r.p.m.). The purging procedure was conducted three times. The residues were treated with 3x10 mL of 35% H2O2 to eliminate organic matter. The resulting suspension was fractionated using a 20 µm sieve. The primary bulk samples (4 g dried material) and the <20 µm fractions (4 g dried material) were analysed with a Spectro Xepos X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) device. For XRF sample preparation bulk material was homogenised using a Planetary Ball Mill PM 200. Pressed pellets were prepared using a Vaneox press at 20 t for 2 minutes. XRF measurements were conducted in a He atmosphere. Table S3. Grain size‐specific XRF analyses (element contents) Ali core sequence [cm] K [mg/kg] Ti [mg/kg] Al [mg/kg] Cr [mg/kg] Ni [mg/kg] 142‐191 (total fraction) 142‐191 (<20 µm) 10,610 22,335 3,693 7,252 37,550 74,305 71.3 107.5 41.3 36.7 1170‐1250 (total fraction) 1170‐1250 (<20 µm) 7,580 19,110 2,859 7,545 27,490 65,810 58.5 100.3 35.3 ‐36.1 1300‐1330 (total fraction) 1300‐1330 (<20 µm) 11,310 22,575 4,081 8,362 41,980 76,885 84.4 110.9 48.3 40.9 1670‐1730 (total fraction) 1670‐1730 (<20 µm) 6,421 12,695 2,931 5,531 25,150 45,370 63.7 78.8 40.0 26.4 1730‐1753 (total fraction) 1730‐1753 (<20 µm) 6,304 12,390 2,834 5,527 24,710 43,880 60.7 69.5 40.1 24.5 1755‐1780 (total fraction) 1755‐1780 (<20 µm) 5,734 11,515 2,626 5,364 22,325 42,000 56.2 66.6 37.5 25.2 The grain size‐specific‐XRF analyses does not show a response for K/Ti and Ti/Al (Table S4). On the one hand, the pre‐treatment with 10% HCl might lead to a partial weathering of the siliciclastic minerals that probably result in a leaching of specific elements (e.g. potassium). On the other hand, K/Ti and Ti/Al ratios might be also affected by local geomorphological processes at catchment‐scale as already indicated within Figs. 5 and 7. However, noticeably lower Cr/Al and Ni/Al ratios for particles <20 µm (Table S4 and Fig. S3) confirm that lower ratios of these southern provenance proxies correspond with grain size fining. Hence, we suggest that Holocene phases of enhanced southern provenance signals and synchronous grain size fining represent relative maxima in remote Saharan dust supply at Sidi Ali. Table S4. Grain size‐specific XRF analyses (element ratios) Ali core sequence [cm] lg K/Ti lg Ti/Al lg Cr/Al lg Ni/Al 142‐191 (total fraction) 142‐191 (<20 µm) 0.46 0.49 ‐1.01 ‐1.01 ‐2.72 ‐2.84 ‐2.96 ‐3.31 1170‐1250 (total fraction) 1170‐1250 (<20 µm) 0.42 0.40 ‐0.98 ‐0.94 ‐2.67 ‐2.82 ‐2.89 ‐3.26 1300‐1330 (total fraction) 1300‐1330 (<20 µm) 0.44 0.43 ‐1.01 ‐0.97 ‐2.70 ‐2.84 ‐2.94 ‐3,27 1670‐1730 (total fraction) 1670‐1730 (<20 µm) 0.34 0.36 ‐0.93 ‐0.91 ‐2.60 ‐2.76 ‐2.80 ‐3.24 1730‐1753 (total fraction) 1730‐1753 (<20 µm) 0.35 0.35 ‐0.94 ‐0.90 ‐2.61 ‐2.80 ‐2.79 ‐3.25 1755‐1780 (total fraction) 1755‐1780 (<20 µm) 0.34 0.33 ‐0.93 ‐0.90 ‐2.60 ‐2.80 ‐2.78 ‐3.22 Average (total fraction) Average (<20 µm) 0.39 0.39 ‐0.97 ‐0.94 ‐2.65 ‐2.81 ‐2.86 ‐3.26 Fig. S3. Grain size‐specific XRF element ratios.