World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 Effects of Heavy Metals of Bleaching and Dyeing Effluent on Soil, Vegetables, and Fruits in the Maheshtala Region in West Bengal, India Biman Gati Gupta1; Kamales M. Agrawal2; and Jayanta Kumar Biswas1,* 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Dept. of Ecological Engineering and Environment Management and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, Univ. of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235, India. 2 Dept. of Environment Management, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, College Square West, Kolkata -73. * Corresponding author. E-mail: biswajoy2000@yahoo.com Abstract The environmental exposure to heavy metals is a well-known risk factor for several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The present study was conducted at Maheshtala textile, bleaching dyeing industrial area for two consecutive years (2012–2013) to study the impact of bleaching and dyeing effluent discharge on accumulation of heavy metals in canal water, soil, fruits, and vegetable as a part of environment management of the area and ecological planning. During experiment, we investigated the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni) in effluent of small bleaching and dyeing units in soil, fruits, and vegetable samples of Maheshtala region of South 24-Pargana district of West Bengal, India, where gastrointestinal disorders have become an epidemic dimension among the people inhabiting that area. Heavy metals contents of the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni) were present in 2–40 fold higher concentrations whereas zinc level was present in 50 fold lower concentrations in vegetable and fruits. The higher concentrations of heavy metals in aquaphytes, vegetables, and fruit samples tested were found to be strongly correlated with the concentrations of metals present in soil or water matrix contaminated with effluents of bleaching and dyeing industries. The soil, fruits, and vegetable samples contained potentially toxic heavy metals in such high levels that these elements could be related to higher prevalence and/or vulnerability of GI disorder, ulcer, and cancer risks in Maheshtala region under study. Keywords: Bleaching and dyeing effluent; Heavy metals; Soil; Canal water; Fruits and vegetables; GI disorder; EIA and eco-planning. BACKGROUND The textile industries discharge large volume of wastewater into the environment, most of which is untreated. The wastewater contains a cocktail of chemicals from the various stages of process operations which include de-sizing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing (Gupta et al., 2004; Kumaraswamy, 1999). Dyeing and bleaching industrial wastes disposed both in liquid and solid forms in land and water bodies percolate into the groundwater system and pose a threat to groundwater quality, which ultimately affects the ecosystem and human health (Husain and Hussain, 2003, 2004; Husain et al., 2003; Jacob et al., 1999). The main pollutants of textiles are formaldehyde, heavy metals, allergic dyes, finishing agents (softener, flame retardants, water repellent etc.), dyes cleaving carcinogenic amines, pesticides, carriers, pentachlorophenol, biocides etc. Heavy metals (including cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), nickel(Ni), arsenic(As), lead(Pb) and beryllium) are an important group of carcinogens for human (Rossman and Waalkes, 2003). The uptake and accumulation of heavy metals in plant have been known to result an adverse effects on plant growth. As a result, these were affect the productivity and quality of soil, surface water, vegetables, fruits and crops because Pb, Ni, Cd, As and Cr are extremely poisonous (Hellawell, 1986; Breekle and Kahle, 1992). The uptake of heavy metals by plants from contaminated soil and water are of great concern for humans, animals as well as aquatic life in water bodies . Because of uprooting metals get © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 23 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 concentrated in vegetable, fruits and plants which ultimately pose health risks to consumers (Al Jassir et al., 2005; Fytianos, et al., 2001; Sobukola, et al., 2010; Husain, et al., 1995; Mohamed, 2000; Saracoglu, et al., 2009; Parveen, et al., 2003; Cui, et al., 2004). The availability of significant number of human resources for good quality of stitching, knitting, printing and embroidery of textile materials clubbed with poor socio-economic situation in this area are only the many environmental risk factors related to development of this type of hazardous industries as well as of upper gastrointestinal disorder and cancers (Longo, 1998). No systematic research work has been done on degree of accumulation of heavy metals in different environmental components of the industrial area/cluster and its eco-toxicological impacts in general and on vegetable, crop production and human health, in particular. Our main objective of the study in the area of Chatta, Chatta Bazar, Kalikapur of Maheshtala (22.29 0 N, 88.11 0 E) region to investigate the level of concentration of heavy metals in effluent, canal water ,soil ,pond water, vegetable and fruit samples to assess the pollution level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in Maheshtala textile area during summer, rainy, autumn and winter seasons of 2012 and 2013. The soil and crops of these areas are affected by the effluent. Effluent has been taken from 6 units. Further, samples from 4 locations of canal water have been taken at different locations of the area. The soil samples have been taken in different seasons in both the years at 4 different locations. Further, the samples of coconut water, papaya, guava, coix grass and water-hyacinth have also been taken for analysis. All soil samples (500 g) were dried at 105 o C for 2 hr and then ground to pass through a 200 mesh (0.075 mm) sieve and subsequently homogenized for analysis. Further, one gram (1 gm) of the sieved sample was dissolved in 15 ml aqua regia and then used to dry. The residue of these samples was treated with 10 ml of 2 M HNO3 and then suspension was filtered through a blue band filter paper. The filtrate was evaporated to 6-8 ml and then diluted to 10 ml with distilled water. The metal contents of these solutions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ( FAAS). All the water samples (50 ml) were digested in 10 ml of concentrated HNO3 at 800C until the solution became transparent as per requirement specified in (APHA, 2005). RESULTS: Safe permissible limits of heavy metals like Pb, Ni, Zn ,Cd etc. in soil, fruits and vegetables., water, Guava and Papaya as per WHO/ FAO standard 2001 and 2007 were presented in Table 1,( Adu et.al 2012 ). The concentration of heavy metals Pb, Ni, Zn and Cd in effluent, canal water, pond water, tube well and soil were presented in Table 2,3,4 and 5 respectively. The heavy metals concentration in fruits and vegetables were mentioned in Table 6. Total 31 samples were collected in the year 2012 and 2013. Out of 31 samples canal water (8), effluent (7), pond water (4), deep tube well water (2), soil (5) and 5 were from fruits and vegetable samples. Pb concentration in canal water, effluent, pond water, tube well water, soil was very significantly higher (39- fold, 7- fold, 7- fold, 2-fold, 16- fold). Found that the mean Pb concentration in the order of canal water > Soil˃ Effluent ≥Pond> Tube well water. Pb level increases from year 2012 to 2013 in canal water (from 0.104 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l), in effluent (from 0.08mg/l to 0.17 mg/l), in tube well water (from 0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l). Mean level of Ni concentrations in effluent, canal, pond water and soil were significantly higher (4- fold, 3-fold, normal, 2fold) and lower in tube well water. As per WHO limits mean Zn level in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil were very significantly lower (8- fold, 21-fold, 111- fold, 3- fold, 2- fold). Concentration level of Cd in soil sample were lower (9 fold). Hence the mean levels of heavy metals in soil found in the order of Pb˃ Ni˃ Zn˃ Cd.In fruits and vegetable, Pb in Papaya, coconut water, Guava , coix grass, Water hyacinth were found significantly higher (2-fold, 1.5-fold, 42-fold, 2- fold, 9- fold) against WHO safe limits. Cd level recorded in Guava were also significantly (7- fold,) higher. Cr level in Guava was © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 24 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 25 normal and Zn level recorded in Papaya, Coconut water and coix grass were significantly Lower 50fold, 8 –fold, 8 – fold as per FAO/WHO standard. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS program me (version 11). Significance of differences in measured parameters between ground and wastewater irrigated sites were assessed by conducting one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. DISCUSSION: SSI and tiny units discharge million liters of this untreated effluent as hazardous toxic waste, full of color and organic chemicals from bleaching and dyeing salts. Several studies have showed that presence of salt, acid, soaps, nitrate, chromium compound and heavy metals like Pb, Ni ,As, Cd collectively make effluent highly toxic and thereby pollute the canal water and soil in the industrial area (Yusuf et.al 2003 ). As a result there is no crop production in the area except some unwanted grass like coix grass is grown in the area under study. The presence of heavy metals in fruits is given in Table 6. The safe limits of metals as per FAO/WHO,2001 &2007 and discharge level of effluent vide Indian standard 10500: 1993 and findings of heavy metals (Pb,Ni,Cd,Zn) from different types of samples are given ( table:1,2,3,4,5 &6) below for discussion purpose. Table: 1: Safe Permissible limit of Heavy metals in Fruits, Vegetable, Water and Soil as FAO /WHO standard 2001, 2007 and IS: 10500:1993 Fruits/Veg. Soil Water Papaya Guava Effluent Metal ( mg/kg) ( mg/kg) (mg/l) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) IS:10500 (mg/l) Cu 73 5-5.6 2 3.0 Pb 0.30 2-13.4 0.01 Nd 0.58 0.10 Cd 0.20 0.1 0.003 Nd Nd 1.0 Cr 0.1-1 10-80 0.05 2.0 Zn 99.4 60-780 3 15 Ni 1-10 10-50 0.02 0.26 Nd 3 Nd= not detectable, Source a=Adue et.al 2012 Table 2: Pb concentration in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil in the year 2012 & 2013 Sl.N Sample & year 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. *S-12 S-12 S-12 S-12 S-13 S-13 S-13 S-13 S-13 Mean S.D Canal Water (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 0.104 0.03 0.014 0.15 0.10 0.10 ---0..38 0.27 Effluent (mg/l) Pond water (mg/l) Tube well water (mg/l) Soil (mg/kg) 0.07 0.08 --------0.25 1.84 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.074 0.67 0.01 0.25 ----------0.016 0.01 ---------------0.07 0.10 0.007 ---------------0.058 --------------------0.02 0.02 1.16 11.14 17.32 41.20 90.80 --------------------32.32 32.07 © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 26 *S-12, 13 indicates sample of the year 2012 and 2013. As per WHO safe limits of Pb concentration in canal water, Effluent, Pond water , tube well water and soil were very significantly higher ( 39- fold, 7fold, 7- fold, 10-fold, ) . Further, Mean Pb concentration found in canal water > soil> effluent ˃Pond ≥ tube well water. Again, Pb level increases from year 2012 to 2013 in canal water (0.03 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l), effluent (0.07mg/l to 1.84 mg/l), and tube well water (0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l) and soil (from 1.16mg/kg to 90.80 mg/kg). Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Table 3: Content of Nickel in effluent, canal water, pond, tube well water and soil Sample/ Year *S-12 S-12 S-12 S-12 S-13 S-13 Mean SD Canal water (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.037 0.037 0.05 0.01 Effluent (mg/l) ------------------0.049 0.093 0.07 0.02 pond (mg/l) -------------------0.02 ----0.02 -- Tube well (mg/kg) --------------------0.016 -----0.016 -- Soil (mg/kg) 0.34 14.93 34.77 ---------------16.68 14.11 As per Sample in Year 2012,13, Mean Ni in Effluent, canal, pond water and soil were significantly Higher (4- fold, 3-fold, normal, 2- fold) and lower in Tube well water. Table 4: Content of Zinc ( Zn) in effluent, canal water, pond & tube well and soil Sample/year Canal mg/l Effluent Pond Tube well Soil mg/l mg/l mg /l mg/kg *S-12 0.05 0.94 0.004 1.15 250.84 S-12 0.28 0.15 ---------54.26 S-12 0.02 -------------S-12 0.18 -------------S-13 0.15 0.55 0.05 0 S-13 ----0.07 ----------S-13 ----0.09 ----------Mean 0.14 0.36 0.027 1.15 S.D 0.09 0.33 0.025 ---As per WHO limits mean Zn level in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil were very significantly lower (8- fold, 21-fold, 111- fold, 3- fold, 2- fold). © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 980.4 ---------------------428.50 398.41 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 27 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Table 5 : Content of Cadmium (Cd) in Soil Sample/ year Soil mg/kg S -12 0.94 S-12 0.53 R-12 1.29 Mean 0.92 S.D 0.31 As per WHO standard, Concentration of Cd in Soil were lower ( 9 fold) Table 6: Metal concentration papaya and coconut water, guava, coix grass and water hyacinth for the year 2013 Metal Year 2013 Pb Cd Cr Zn Papaya mg/kg Coconut water mg/l Guava mg/kg Coix grass mg/kg 0.45 ------1.96 0.41 ------0.39 12.62 1.47 0.10 ---- 0.66 0.10 0.145 13.15 Water Hyacinth mg/kg 2.75 0.15 0.27 Pb levels significantly higher (2-fold, 1.5-fold, 42-fold, 2- fold, 9- fold) , safe limits of Cd in Guava were Significantly higher ( 7- fold, ), Safe limit of Cr in Guava was normal and Safe limit of Zn in Papaya Coconut water and Coix grass was significantly Lower 50- fold, 8 –fold, 8 – fold. We found from our study that Mean Pb concentration is in the order of canal water > soil> effluent ˃pond ≥ tube well water. Again, Pb level increases from year 2012 to 2013 in canal water (0.03 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l), effluent (0.07mg/l to 1.84 mg/l), tube well water (0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l) and soil (from 1.16mg/kg to 90.80 mg/kg). As per WHO norms (5mg/kg) Pb level in soil (90.80 mg/kg) is 18-fold higher. Effluent from all the small and tiny industries in Chatter, Chatter Bazaar, Kalikapur area in Maheshtala (22.29 0 N, 88.11 0 E) region were discharged to the nearby canal and adjoining land. During rainy season the canal water overflowed to the adjoining agriculture land due to heavy siltation in the canal. Increase of heavy metals like Pb (1.84 mg/kg) in soil will increase taking up of lead in plants through their root system (O.E.Orisakwe, et.al, 2012). Considering safe limits of IS: 10500, 1993 for discharge of effluent, lead concentration (0.1mg/l) have found higher in 18-fold. Similarly, Ni concentration in Canal water was varying from 0.05mg/l to 0.07 mg/l which was an increasing trend. As a result, deposition of Ni in soil were increased from 0 .34 mg/kg to 34.77 mg/kg in two years. As per IS: 10500, 1993, Ni concentration (3 mg/kg) recorded as 12-fold higher in soil. Zn concentration in canal water is varying from 0.02 mg/l to 0.18 mg/l lower than the limits of discharge of Zn (15.0 mg/l) as per IS: 10500:1993. Soil also recorded lower Zn concentration (54.26 mg/kg to 948.4. mg/kg) with a mean value of 428.5 mg/kg against 760 mg/kg (WHO) standard. In fruits and vegetable Zn concentration © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 level has found lower. The concentration of heavy metals in soil and fruits and vegetable are given in fig.1 and 2. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. So, from the study, it appears that the fruits and vegetables have recorded higher concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Ni) in papaya, Guava and coconut water and lower concentration on Zn as per table .6. Figure: 1. Concentration of heavy metal in soil. Figure 1. Concentration of different heavy metals in soils collected from agricultural land in the vicinity of the bleaching and dyeing units. Respective concentrations have been represented in proportionate increased or decreased levels expressed in folds. The general population was exposed to lead from air and food chain was roughly in equal propositions. Over the last few decades, in developed and developing countries, occupational exposure to inorganic lead occurs in mines, smelters, welding of lead painted metal, textile mills, bleaching and dye units, tannery units. Airborne lead and lead from effluent of different processing units can be deposited on soil and water, hence reaching humans via the food chain. The children are more susceptible to high gastrointestinal disorder, abdominal pain and various symptoms to the nervous breakdown and concentration difficulties. Adults with prolonged exposure to lead may lead to renal failure, gastrointestinal disorder, and headache, disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis, anemia, blood pressure and sudden death. IARC classified lead as a possible human carcinogen based on sufficient animal data and insufficient human data in 1987. Since then a few studies have been published, the overall evidence for lead as a carcinogen have been published, the most likely after effects are lung cancer, stomach cancer and gliomas. © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 28 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 Figure 2: Pb and Zn concentration in fruits ,vegetable and plants are shown either in higher or lower order (fold) respectively against WHO/FAO and IS:10500:1993 standards. From the above results recorded in the study, it appeared high level of concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd in soil and fruits, vegetable, plant and lower level of concentration of Zn in fruit, vegetable and plants like papaya, guava, coconut water, coix grass and water hyacinth. The above fruits and vegetable are consumed daily by human beings and coix grass and water hyacinth by animal in this particular area of study. It indicates that the local inhabitants are consumed Pb, Cd and Ni are the most significant toxin in inorganic form absorbed through intake by food, fruits, water and air inhalation ( Ferner,2001) . Similarly, low level of nutrient intake of Zn through food chain. Hence, it has been established that apart from other effects like dysfunction of kidneys, joints and reproductive system, neurological disorder, include severe damage to gastrointestinal tract (G.I), ulcer and cancer (Ogwuebgu and Muhanga, 2005, McCluggage, 1991, INECAR, 2000,) in the study area.The industrialization in this area is growing at a rapid speed as well as health Problems (epidemic in nature). It will consider as ‘four Ds’ of rapid economic growth: disruption, deprivation, disease and death. These can only be addressed through mobilization of the society by introducing new structures, ecoplanning of the area which can act as the forces of improvement and remedy their consequences. This however requires, at a minimum, good investment in urban area for preventive health infrastructure along with accompanying regulatory and inspection system, with a humane social security system. (S.Szreter,2004) CONCLUSION: Mushroom development of SSI & tiny bleaching units in the industrial area are discharging heavy metals in the adjoining soil and canal and water bodies. As a result, soil, canal water and pond water have been contaminated which in turn provide carcinogenic effect on fruits and vegetables in the industrial area and have upper epidemic gastro-intestinal (GI) effect on humans as papaya, guava & coconut water are cheap variety of vegetable available & consumed here. A health survey among the people of the industrial area reveals that more than 55% of residents (in the age group of 35-45 years) and migrated population are suffering from GI disorder, ulcer and heart burn. Immediate intervention for relocating the existing © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 29 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 units in an organized industrial estate having accommodating capacity of 300-400 such units with common effluent treatment plant, water re-circulating system and eco planning of estate is essential to minimize the effect of toxicity on human health. COMPETING INTEREST : The authors state that they have no competing interest either financial or non –financial. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. AUTHOR”S CONTRIBUTION: B.G.Gupta, author, contributed in collecting all the samples and design or analysis and interpretation of data in the research. Author has also involved in drafting the manuscript and revision critically of the same involving important intellectual content. Author have approve of the version to be published. Author is ensuring the accountability, accuracy and integrity of the content of the manuscript. J.K.Biswas and K.M Agrawal ,co-authors of the manuscript, both have participated sufficiently in the design, analysis and drafting work to take public responsibility for appropriate portion of the content. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT : Author sincerely acknowledge the significant contribution of J.K.Biswas and K.M.Agrawal in guiding the data analysis, design and drafting of the manuscript . REFERENCES: Adu AA,Aderinola OJ, Kusemiju V( 2012) : Heavy metals concentration in Garden Lettuce grown along Badagry expressway, Lagos, Transnat, J.Sci, Technol,2( 7), pp115-130, Allen, S.E., H.W. Grimshaw and A.P. Rowland (1986): Chemical analysis, methods in plant ecology. In: Blackwell Scientific Publication (Eds.: P.D. Moore and S.B. Chapman). Oxford, London. pp. 285-344 APHA (2005): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C. Al Jassir, M. 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Simon Szreter,(2004): Industrialization and health, British Medical Bulletin,69(1),pp,75-86 . © ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016 32