Diplomatic Correspondence.pdf

İ DR. YAS N YAYLAR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE A great source for Diplomatic English courses of International Relations or similar programs. Contents Foreword.........................................................................................................................................2 DIPLOMACY ...................................................................................................................................3 DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE.............................................................................................3 DIPLOMATIC LETTER...............................................................................................................4 FORMAT OF A LETTER..............................................................................................................4 DIPLOMATIC TITLES.................................................................................................................9 TYPES OF CORRESPONDENCE..............................................................................................11 Note (nota) ...................................................................................................................................11 Note verbale (sözlü nota) ............................................................................................................13 Note-signee (yazılı nota) .............................................................................................................15 Collective note (ortak nota).........................................................................................................17 Protest note (protesto notu) .......................................................................................................19 Letters of concern (endişe mektupları) .....................................................................................25 Memorandum (muhtıra) ............................................................................................................27 Pro‐memoria (resmi görüşme özeti) .......................................................................................30 Aide-memoire (gayri resmi görüşme özeti) ...............................................................................34 Circular diplomatic note (sirküler nota) ....................................................................................36 Letters of credence (güven mektubu)/ Full power (tam yetki belgesi)....................................38 Exequatur (Kabul belgesi) ...........................................................................................................40 Persona non grata (istenmeyen kişi)...........................................................................................42 Agreed minutes (üzerinde anlaşmaya varılan protokol) ..........................................................44 Notice of termination (anlaşmayı sonlandırma notası) ...........................................................48 Bout de papier/ speaking note (kısa not kağıdı) .......................................................................50 Draft letters (taslak mektup) .......................................................................................................52 Demarches (diplomatik girişim) ................................................................................................53 Ceremonial communications (kutlama mesajları) ..................................................................55 Letter of condolence (taziye mektubu) ......................................................................................57 Invitation letter ............................................................................................................................60 Press statements/ press briefing/ press release (basın açıklamaları) .....................................63 Reports ..........................................................................................................................................65 A Good Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence...................................................................68 A Bad Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence.....................................................................70 APPENDIX 1..................................................................................................................................72 APPENDIX 2..................................................................................................................................66 APPENDIX 3..................................................................................................................................67 APPENDIX 4..................................................................................................................................67 Foreword It is aimed with this book to provide a source for Diplomatic English courses of International Relations or similar programs. It is considered that these programs lack a decent and up-todate source that meets the necessities of modern day. While preparing this book, it is tried to be compact and clear in explaining the diplomatic correspondence. The communication qualities and tips of negotiating are of a totally different subject so skipped. However, the most important part is sure the examples of the types of correspondence. In choosing the samples, it has been tried to find the most famous, most important or most recent examples. Each sample has been given with reference. The texts are preserved as they are. The most common phrases for each type of letter have been given before the samples. At the end of each sample an assignment with a made-up scenario has also been given for the students to produce the letter of their own, as producing is the best way and highest level of learning. The vocabulary used in these letters and throughout the book has been given in appendix part. The appendix part includes very important subjects as well. For example, in Diplomatic Hierarchy section, the Turkish equivalents of ranks have been given. In Diplomatic Ranks section the Turkish meanings of ranks have been given. In International Relations Terms section the Turkish meanings of most common terms in International Relations have been given. The last section is the Abbreviations of International Organizations with Turkish equivalents. I hope this book helps students of International Relations in their learning of diplomatic correspondence. 2 Yasin YAYLAR PhD. International Relations yaylar@gmail.com DIPLOMATIC ENGLISH DIPLOMACY Diplomacy is saying nothing while saying a lot! Or we can define diplomacy as covering a lie under many truths. Choosing the right words are always important in communication especially in international communication. Telling someone that he/she is overweight is a lot different than he/she is fat. In international level such bluntness may cause much bigger troubles though. In that historic story of the sultan we can see how telling the truth in the right way may help you survive. A king gives a Persian horse to the sultan as a gift. He likes the horse so much that he assigns special caretakers for it. He also threatens that “Whoever comes and tells me that the horse is dead will be executed!” Everyone fears so much that they don’t take their eyes off the horse. However, it gets sick and dies suddenly. Keeping in mind the sultan’s threat, no one wishes to inform the sultan about the situation. They say the vizier that “it is down to you to inform sultan”. He goes to the sultan and fearfully says that the horse is always lying. Sultan says, “get it up”. Vizier answers “we get him up, but he falls again. Also, its tongue lolls out.” Sultan shouts “You idiots, the horse is dead!” Vizier smiles happily “Excellency, you’ve said it is dead, not me.” DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE When did English become the lingua franca? This is the main question. Why do we use English? Actually, the real question is: Why was Latin during the Roman era or French in the 3 age of Louis XIV the lingua franca? Asking the question in that way gives the answer itself. Although there is not a formal agreement, there has been a consensus to use a language as a lingua franca over the years. It is generally because of a country’s power or soft power (attractiveness). People tend to learn these kinds of languages as their second languages. From the beginning of the 20th century, English has become the lingua franca with the British Empire’s becoming the super power. Later, after the World Wars it was the USA and it was still the age of English. Today English is used for correspondence between the nations. However, in treaties or international agreements, each country’s language is used and a copy in English is added to be given to the UN. DIPLOMATIC LETTER Main tool of diplomatic correspondence is the letter. Writing is always more secure than talking directly to your collocutor or given statement to the press. As in the former you can succumb to your feelings and say some unintended things. In the latter, along with that some cunning journalist may lead you to tell some unintended things. However, in letters, there is always enough time to choose the right words purified from your feelings. On the other hand, writing with consensus and public mind, there is less probability that you are mistaken. While planning the letter formats, we had thought about dividing them as bureaucratic letters, social letters and political letters. Nevertheless, any of them can be defined as political. When you congratulate one nation’s election results and not the other one, you sure make politics! As even the letters of condolences can be used as political tools (see page 49, letter of condolence). So, we decided to give them in relation order rather than in groups. FORMAT OF A LETTER Although there are some differences from state to state, diplomatic letters have a general format. While some states put the date at the top of the page, other put it below. Some sign on the left and some on the right. Even some sign in the middle! The most important thing is to make your point clear. The letters must be comprehensive. They mustn’t be unnecessarily long. The language must be fit for diplomatic courtesy. The only exceptions for that are the protest letters and memorandums. As they are used to show reaction or sometimes threat, no kindness is shown. You directly get to the point. Also, on notes, note verbales, note-signees 4 and memorandums the letter has a title explaining the subject of the correspondence. Many of the letters are signed but some are just initialed. The details will be explained in each type of letter. In the sample below a general outline of a letter is given. The sender is the ambassador of Myanmar to Cambodia. On top of the page there is the heraldry of sender. Just below that the location and the date of the letter is written. In some letters like note-signee, collective note or a pro-memoria there is also a headline explaining the subject of the letter. The letter starts with a salutation. Here this is a “Dear Excellency” as it is forwarded to the highest-ranking officer. If the letter is written in the third person, no salutation is used. The beginning paragraph of the letter explains why the letter is sent. Later comes the main text. It can be one or more paragraphs. The main text explains the letters subject in detail. The ending sentence has a courtesy salutation again. In this letter it is again “Excellency”. On the right below is a suitable complimentary close. Below that is the full name with the position is written. If the letter is signed, the signature is over the name. If it is just initialed, it is just below the text. The last part is the receivers name, position and address on the left-hand side. 5 6 1. Salutation Dear Mr. President, Excellency, Dear Ministers and Governors, Dear Prime Minister, Your Imperial Majesty, Your Excellency, Your Highness, 2. Beginning The Embassy of the Republic of/ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Moldavia presents its compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia and has the honor to... I have the honor to acknowledge… I have the honor to enclose herewith the text of the statement… The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it necessary to communicate the following to the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States considers it important to communicate a note to the Government of the People’s Republic of China. The Government of Guyana wishes to inform that… 3. Ending Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of most distinguished consideration. The Canadian Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Department of State the assurances of its highest consideration. 7 We would also like to take this opportunity to convey our sincere desire to maintain and further develop the friendly relations between our nations. Please accept, Excellency, the assurances Accept Sir, the assurances of my high consideration. 4. Complimentary Close Yours faithfully (to unknown person) Yours truly (to slight acquaintance) Yours very truly (ceremonious but cordial) Yours sincerely (friendly but not intimate letters) With deepest sympathy, With sincere appreciation, Respectfully yours, Yours cordially, Sincerely, 8 DIPLOMATIC TITLES Mister (Mr.): is used for male counterparts. However, it is not used when calling the highranking counterparts at the beginning. It can be use during the conversation though. Example: Good afternoon Mr. President not Good afternoon Mr. OBAMA Missis (Mrs.): is used for female counterparts and male counterparts’ spouses. However, it is not used when calling the high-ranking counterparts at the beginning. It can be use during the conversation though. Miss: is used for female counterparts whose marital status is not known. Your majesty: is used for queens and kings. When introducing or mentioning about them His Majesty or Her Majesty is preferred. Example: Her Majesty is not available at the moment. Royal highness: is used for prince, princesses, or dukes. Sometimes Your Highness is also used especially during the conversation. Examples: His Royal Highness the Prince Charles, Duke of Burgundy The Duke of Burgundy wishes to see Your Highness. Honorable: is used for foreign diplomats and Cabinet officials, Chargés d’Affaires, and heads of international organizations. In British culture a Prime Minister takes the title The Right Honorable. It is used before a full name. You cannot call the honorary titles for yourself. For example, you cannot sign your letter calling Honorable Mr. Yasin YAYLAR. Example: The Honorable Antonio Guterres Secretary General of the United Nations 9 His Excellency: is used for highest ranking counterparts like presidents, vice-presidents or ambassadors. Esquire: is used for lower ranking counterparts than presidents, vice-presidents or ambassadors. You can use esquire for officers, ministers or individuals. No other title is used with esquire. Example: Mr. Fred BALLOT or Fred BALLOT, Esquire not Mr. Fred BALLOT, Esquire Academic titles: If the person has a doctor’s degree, he/she is a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). So, Ph.D. letters can be used after name. If he/she is a professor, Prof. abbreviation is used before name. During the conversation however Dr. is preferred. Your holly: is preferred for high ranking people of Christianity. The Pope's title of courtesy is Most Holy Father. Reverend: is preferred for religious ranks of Christianity. It is used with a full name and article “the”. Example: The Reverend Jerry FALWELL 10 TYPES OF CORRESPONDENCE Note (nota) ∗ Note is a written communication from a minister of foreign affairs to foreign diplomatic envoys or other foreign government officials. Note is a general name; it can be a demarche or a persona non grata. It is the most generally used form of correspondence between states, or non-state actors. Apart from the protest note, all notes begin and end with diplomatic courtesy. It can be either in the first person or third person. Third person is generally used in note verbale. Signed Key phrases (as note covers the other kind of notes, all the phrases can be used here) The Ministry desires to inform the government of… The United States notes its support for… The Government of the United States of America advises, The Government of Guyana wishes to draw attention to… Here is a note sent from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cambodia to Thailand. Actually, that is a protest note on the temple attacks. Cambodia claims these territories are his. Sample1:  Turkey began using online notes in 2015. 1 Agence Kampuchea Presse: http://www.akp.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/E-28-2.jpg 11 Assignment: Write a note to the Embassy of Somalia informing about the Turkish Day celebration in Somalia. Request them to take the necessary security precautions. 12 Note verbale (sözlü nota) Notes written in the third person are called note verbale. It is less formal than a note. The note verbale is used in diplomatic practice within the UN, as an alternative to a letter, for the circulation to members of statements or reports. Initialed Key phrases The Government of Haiti wishes to inform that… The Government of Haiti wishes to draw attention to… The Government of the Republic of Haiti wishes to inform the Government of… The Government of Haiti further wishes to advise that… The Government of the Republic of Haiti wishes to bring to the attention of… Below is a verbal note from Qatar to the diplomatic missions. It is an initiation to the accession of Muhammad bin Thani. Sample2: 2 Security Council, S/1994/5/Add87, 5 Dec. 1994. 13 Assignment: Write a note verbale as the Secretary General to the UN members calling for a gathering of the general assembly with an urgent agenda. 14 Note-signee (yazılı nota) Notes written in the first person are called note-signee. It is sent from the first person to another first person. It is formal like a note. Signed Key phrases The Ministry desires to inform the… The United States notes its support for… The Government of Germany advises… The Government of Cambodia wishes to draw attention to… Here is a note-signee of the application of Palestine to the UN membership. It is written by the President of Palestine Mahmuod Abbas to the General Secretary of UN Ban Ki-Moon. Sample3: 3 BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/23_09_11_palestinian_un_letter.pdf 15 Assignment: Write a note-signee to the UN Security Council about the massacre in Myanmar. Request an urgent gathering on that agenda. 16 Collective note (ortak nota) Notes sent by the representatives of several states to a government or an international organization on a subject in which they want to make a joint representation. It is not widely used because of the danger that the signing states may seem as ganging up. Signed Key phrases We have the honor to bring to your attention… The Government of Cambodia, Taiwan and Myanmar wishes to draw attention to… The Community/ Council and its member States demand that… In that sample below France, Spain, UK and Northern Ireland send a collective note to the Security Council about the signing of Vance-Owen Plan. We see that while Bosnian Government is signing the plan, Serbian side is digging his heels in not to sign. Sample4: 4 Modern Diplomacy, R. P. Barston, Routledge, USA, 2013, p. 320, 321. 17 Assignment: Write a collective note to Israel with three of your allies about the new settlement housing units in occupied East Jerusalem. Warn Israel with sanctions will be taken if he insists on to continue. 18 Protest note (protesto notu) If a state finds another state’s actions unacceptable it can either call the ambassador to the foreign ministry tell verbally or send a protest note. It may be a condemnation of action, as one side doesn’t approve the other side’s action. It doesn’t begin and end with diplomatic courtesy. Signed Key phrases I have the honor to reproduce below the text of a note of protest against the United Kingdom. I have the honor to transmit to you the text of the protest note, The Republic of Slovenia strongly protests against the… We strongly condemn… The Republic of Turkey will regard this as an unfriendly act. The Republic of Turkey will not allow… In the sample, Soviet Union sends a protest note to the USA in 1960. A U2 plane which intrudes the Soviet territory is shot down by the Soviet rocket troops. The plane took off from İncirlik base in Turkey and was taking high resolution photos over Soviet territory. It was a deep crisis between the USSR and the USA. Sample5: 5 Yale University, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/u2.asp 19 Soviet Note to the United States May 10, 1960 The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it necessary to state the following to the Government of the United States of America. On May 1 of this year at 5 hour 36 minutes, Moscow time, a military aircraft violated the boundary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and intruded across the borders of the Soviet Union for a distance of more than 2,000 kilometers. The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics naturally could not leave unpunished such a flagrant violation of Soviet state boundaries. When the intentions of the violating aircraft became apparent, it was shot down by Soviet rocket troops in the area of Sverdlovsk. Upon examination by experts of all data at the disposal of the Soviet side, it was incontrovertibly established that the intruder aircraft belonged to the United States of America, was permanently based in Turkey and was sent through Pakistan into the Soviet Union with hostile purposes. As Chairman of the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers N. S. Khrushchev made public on May 7 at the final session of the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet, exact data from the investigation leave no doubts with respect to the purpose of the flight of the American aircraft which violated the U.S.S.R. border on May 1. This aircraft was specially equipped for reconnaissance and diversionary flight over the territory of the Soviet Union. It had on board apparatus for aerial photography for detecting the Soviet radar network and other special radio-technical equipment which form part of U.S.S.R. anti-aircraft defenses. At the disposal of the Soviet expert commission which carried out the investigation, there is indisputable proof of the espionage- reconnaissance mission of the American aircraft: films of Soviet defense and industrial establishments, a tape recording of signals of Soviet radar stations and other data. Pilot Powers, about whose fate the Embassy of the United States of America inquired in its note of May 6, is alive and, as indicated in the aforementioned speech of Chairman of the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers N. S. Khrushchev, will be brought to account under the laws of the Soviet state. The pilot has indicated that he did everything in full accordance with the assignment given him. On the flight map taken from him there was clearly and accurately marked the entire route he was assigned after take-off from the city of Adana (Turkey): 20 Peshawar (Pakistan) - the Ural Sea - Sverdlovsk - Archangel - Murmansk, followed by a landing at the Norwegian airfield at Bude. The pilot also stated that he served in subunit number 10-10 which under cover of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is engaged in high altitude military reconnaissance. This and other information revealed in speeches of the head of the Soviet Government completely refuted the U.S. State Department's concocted and hurriedly fabricated version, released May 5 in the official announcement for the press, to the effect that the aircraft was allegedly carrying out meteorological observations in the upper strata of the atmosphere along the Turkish-Soviet border. After the complete absurdity of the aforementioned version had been shown and it had been incontrovertibly proven that the American aircraft intruded across the borders of the Soviet Union for aggressive reconnaissance purposes, a new announcement was made by the U.S. State Department on May 7 which contained the forced admission that the aircraft was sent into the Soviet Union for military reconnaissance and, by the very fact, it was admitted that the flight was pursuing aggressive purposes. In this way, after two days, the State Department already had to deny the version which obviously had been intended to mislead world public opinion as well as American public opinion itself. The State Department considered it appropriate to refer in its announcement to the "open skies" proposal made by the Government of the United States of America in 1955 and to the refusal of the Soviet Government to accept this proposal. Yes, the Soviet Government, like the governments of many other states, refused to accept this proposal which was intended to throw open the doors of other nations to American reconnaissance. The activities of American aviation only confirm the correctness of the evaluation given to this proposal at the time by the Soviet Government. Does this not mean that, with the refusal of a number of states to accept this proposal for "open skies," the United States of America is attempting arbitrarily to take upon itself the right "to open" a foreign sky? It is enough to put the question this way, for the complete groundlessness of the aforementioned reference to the United States of America "open skies" proposal to become clear. 21 It follows from the aforementioned May 7 announcement of the U.S.A. State Department that the hostile acts of American aviation, which have taken place numerous times in relation to the Soviet Union, are not simply the result of activity of military commands of the United States of America in various areas but are the expression of a calculated U.S.A. policy. That which the Soviet Government has repeatedly declared in its representations to the Government of the United States of America in connection with the violations of U.S.S.R. national boundaries by American airplanes has been confirmed, namely, that these violations are premeditated. All this testifies that the Government of the United States of America, instead of taking measures to stop such actions by American aviation, the danger of which has more than once been pointed out by the Soviet Government, officially announces such action as its national policy. Thus, the Government of the United States of America, in the first place, testifies to the fact that it answers to representations of the Soviet Government were only for the sake of form, behind which were concealed an effort to avoid the substance of the issue, and that all violations by American aircraft of the national boundaries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics represented action conforming to U.S.A. policy. In the second place, and this is the main point, by sanctioning such actions of American aviation, the Government of the United States of America aggravates the situation even more. One must ask, how is it possible to reconcile this with declarations on the part of leading figures of the United States of America, that the Government of the United States of America, like the Soviet Government, also strives for improvement of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, for relaxation of international tension, and strengthening of trust between states. Military intelligence activities of one nation by means of intrusion of its aircraft into the area of another country can hardly be called a method for improving relations and strengthening trust. It is self-evident that the Soviet Government is compelled, under such circumstances, to give strict orders to its armed forces to take all necessary measures against violation of Soviet boundaries by foreign aviation. The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regretfully states that, while it undertakes everything possible for normalization and improvement of the international situation, the Government of the United States of 22 America follows a different path. It is impossible to exclude the thought that, apparently the two Governments view differently the necessity for improving relations between our countries and for creation of a favorable ground for the success of the forthcoming summit meeting. The Soviet Government, as well as all of the Soviet people, considered that the personal meetings and discussions with the President of the United States of America and other American official figures which the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had during his visit to the United States of America, made a good beginning in the cause of normalizing Soviet-American relations and therefore the improvement of the entire international situation as well. However, the latest actions of American authorities apparently seek to return the state of American-Soviet relations to the worst times of the "cold war" and to poison the international situation before the summit meetings. The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics cannot avoid pointing out that the State Department's statement, which is unprecedented in its cynicism, not only justifies provocative flights of aircraft of the armed forces of the United States of America but also acknowledges that such actions are "a normal phenomenon" and thus in fact states that in the future the United States intends to continue provocative invasions into the confines of the airspace of the Soviet Union for the purpose of intelligence. Thus, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concludes that the announcement of the State Department that the flight was carried out without the knowledge and permission of the Government of the United States of America does not correspond to reality, since in the very same announcement the necessity for carrying on intelligence activities against the Soviet Union is justified. This means that espionage activities of American aircraft are carried on with the sanction of the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the Soviet Union makes an emphatic protest to the Government of the United States of America in connection with aggressive acts of American aviation and warns that, if similar provocations are repeated, it will be obliged to take retaliatory measures, responsibility for the consequences of which will rest on the governments of states committing aggression against other countries. 23 The Soviet Government would sincerely like to hope that the Government of the United States of America recognizes in the final analysis that the interests of preserving and strengthening peace among peoples including the interests of the American people itself, whose striving for peace was well demonstrated during the visit of the head of the Soviet Government, N. S. Khrushchev, to the United States of America, would be served by cessation of the aforementioned dangerous provocative activities with regard to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, by cessation of the "cold war," and by a search through of joint efforts with the Soviet Union and with other interested states for solution of unsettled international problems, on a mutually acceptable basis, which is awaited by all peoples. Assignment: Write a protest note to France on the opening of the “so called” statue of Armenian genocide. 24 Letters of concern (endişe mektupları) Letters of concern differ from protest letters in their tone of language. They aren’t as harsh as protest notes. They are usually effective in solving a situation before it becomes a trouble. They are generally used between allies or friendly states. Signed. Key phrases We are closely monitoring reports of… These allegations raise serious questions… We cannot remain indifferent to… The Republic of Turkey views with concern… We commend the actions taken by your government… We seek a clarification/ an explanation on these statements… … is a matter of grave concern The Republic of Turkey is obliged to tender grave reservations… The Republic of Turkey will be obliged to consider its own interests… The United States noted with concern… The following sample is a letter of concern sent by the Hispanic group in the US senate. They express their deep concern with Netanyahu’s speech which supports Trumps idea of building a wall on the US-Mexico border. Sample6: 6 Congressional Hispanic Caucus: http://congressionalhispaniccaucus-lujangrisham.house.gov/mediacenter/press-releases/chc-chairwoman-statement-on-letter-to-israeli-ambassador-concerning-us 25 Assignment: Write a letter of concern to the USA about the weapons sent to the YPG forces in Syria. 26 Memorandum (muhtıra) Memorandum (or memoire, if it includes a summary of a conversation, pro-memoria, or aidememoire) is a detailed statement of facts, and arguments of a state. It is like a note but it does not begin and end with diplomatic courtesy. It is not signed as it is delivered either personally or with a covering letter. Not signed. Key phrases I have the honor to transmit to you a memorandum of… Government of the United Kingdom declares that… We would like to bring to the attention of… President of the European Commission Barosso writes a memorandum to Prime Minister of Denmark Rasmussen on his remarks about the EU borders. Rasmussen was complaining about the open borders of EU and planning to take precautions. However, Rasmussen warns him by reminding the EU laws. At the end of the letter he even says, “we will take all necessary steps to ensure the full respect of the relevant law”. Sample7: 7 European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do;jsessionid=YZUZA5qRrAE1MBZ8HcJIp12A9ismgxu7Xw69K2Vwz txRt_st8yhq!1583997504?docId=987802&cardId=987801 27 28 Assignment: Write a memorandum to Bulgaria about his attitudes towards your citizen trespassing to European countries through his motorways. Write about the problems they face and the Bulgarian police cause. 29 Pro‐memoria (resmi görüşme özeti) Pro‐memoria is a memorandum including a summary of conversation. It is a formal record of the interview. It differs from an aide‐memoire which is an informal summary of a diplomatic interview. It is like storytelling and simple past tense is used. It is usually left at the foreign office by the ambassador or representative or minister concerned. It is used to prevent misunderstandings. Signed. The sample is about Turkish-Romanian Joint Economic Commission. The Turkish representative noted down that pro-memoria explaining the decisions taken in that commission. Sample8: PROTOCOL OF THE TWENTY SECOND SESSION OF THE TURKISHROMANIAN JOINT ECONOMIC COMMISSION The Turkish-Romanian Joint Economic Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Joint Commission) established in accordance with the understanding reached between the Governments of two Sides on June 14, 1970, held its Twenty Second Session in Bucharest, between November 24- 25, 2005. The Turkish delegation was led by H.E. Kürşad TÜZMEN, Minister of State of the Republic of Turkey and the Romanian delegation was led by H.E. loan Codrut SERES, Minister of Economy and Commerce of Romania. The members of the two delegations are listed in Annexes I and II, respectively. During his stay in Romania, H.E. Kürşad Tüzmen, Minister of State of the Republic of Turkey was received by H.E. Calin Popescu Tariceanu, Prime Minister of Romania, H.E. Gheorghe Copos, Viceprime Minister of Romania and had talks with H.E. Gheorghe Dobre, Minister of Transport of Romania and H.E. Sebastian Vladescu, Minister of Finance of Romania. The Twenty Second Session of the Joint Commission took place in a cordial atmosphere reflecting the warm and brotherly relations between the two countries and their desire and determination to strengthen and further develop their commercial and economic relations on the basis of mutual interest. At the Plenary Session, the Heads of the two Delegations presented comprehensive reviews regarding the economic developments and policies prevailing in their respective countries and the improvements in the overall bilateral economic and commercial relations, since the last session of the Joint Commission held in Ankara, between April 20-21, 2004. They also 8 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://ua.mfa.gov.tr/ 30 made presentations on the evolution of the privatization process and the existing legal framework regarding foreign investment in both countries. The Heads of the two Delegations, welcoming the facts that Romania would accede to the EU on January 1, 2007 and the accession negotiations of the Republic of Turkey with EU have formally started on October 3, 2005, underlined that the achievements in the process of harmonizing the internal legislation with the acquis communautaire and of amending the bilateral legal framework in conformity with the requests of the EU, would deepen the bilateral cooperation in every field. Both Sides noted with satisfaction the regular meetings of the Joint Industrial Working Group and the Joint Energy Working Group established within the framework of the Joint Commission and decided to further enhance their collaboration in this regard. The results of the talks of the Joint Commission are summarized as follows: I. TRADE RELATIONS 1. Overall Assessment of Trade Relations and Future Prospects The two Sides carried out an intensive review of their bilateral trade since the last Session of the Joint Commission held between April 20-21, 2004 and noted with satisfaction that there had been a considerable increase in the volume of trade reaching 3 billion US dollars in the year 2004, with a target of 4 billion US dollars for 2005. However, taking into account the complementary structure and potentials of their economies, the two Sides emphasized the need for further efforts to increase and diversify the trade between the two countries on a mutually advantageous and balanced basis. The two Sides underlined the significance and contribution of the Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Turkey and Romania, signed in Ankara on April 29, 1997, which entered into force on February 1, 1998, to the increase of bilateral trade between the two countries. Both Sides confirmed that the promotion of trade activities between the two countries would also have a positive impact on their economic relations. The two Sides, in this respect, agreed to take necessary steps in order to increase and diversify trade relations through: - permanent dialogue at the highest level possible, - contacts between their business communities, - organizing trade and economic missions, -participating in international fairs, exhibitions, symposia, seminars and conferences organized in their respective countries. The Turkish Side expressed its high appreciation for the visit of the Romanian business delegation accompanying the President of Romania in September 2005. Both Sides, underlining the importance of exchanging trade delegations for greater collaboration, 31 stressed their satisfaction with realizing the Turkish Trade Mission to Romania simultaneously with the Joint Commission, in order to pave the way for strengthening the commercial ties between the two countries. Both Sides expressed their satisfaction with the active participation of the Republic of Turkey to the fairs and exhibitions being held in Romania at national level. The Turkish Side also stated its pleasure for the regular participation of Romania to the Izmir International Fair and invited the Romanian Side to participate in the mentioned Fair to be held in following years. The two Sides underlined that such events were of utmost importance and would help the business circles of both countries get acquainted with their respective economic potentials. The two Sides pleased to notice the on-going cooperation between the Turkish Export Promotion Center (IGEME) and the Romanian Center for Trade Promotion (CRPC) within the framework of the Trade Promotion Center for Balkan Countries and decided to further enhance the collaboration in this respect. The two Sides, expressing their satisfaction with the regular meetings and substantial activities of the Turkish-Romanian Business Council, welcomed that the forthcoming meeting of the Council would be held in the first quarter of 2006 in Istanbul. 2. Free Trade Zones Both Sides, taking into account the strategic locations of the Republic of Turkey and Romania, noted that there was a strong potential for each other's firms to reach neighboring markets. The two Sides presented brief information regarding the free zones in their respective countries and agreed to: - Exchange experience on free zones in order to develop joint cooperative activities in these free zones; - Make known the incentives provided by each free zone in order to ensure a more active contribution of the private sector; - Organize meetings to inform the businessmen about legislation and customs regulations in the free zones; - Organize workshops on the opportunities offered within the free zones; - Participate more actively in conferences and business forums. 3. Standardization The two Sides stressed the importance of standardization and accreditation according with EU norms and in this context renewed their desire regarding the strengthening of the relations between the respective organizations (TSE Turkish Standards Institute and ASRO Romanian Standardization Association; TURKAK Turkish Accreditation Board and 32 RENAR Romanian Association for Accreditation). The Turkish Side stated the readiness of the National Metrology Institute to cooperate with the National Metrology Institute (INM) of Romania in the fields of metrology, calibration, metrology systems and quality control. …………… …………… IV. REGIONAL COOPERATION Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) The two Sides stated that having in view that the Project Development Fund had become operational with the contribution of 4 member states (Turkey, Greece, Romania and Russia), the development of projects with regional impact was expected to stimulate the interest of foreign investors and international financial institutions in fields of great interest in the Black Sea area, such as transport infrastructure or energy. The two Sides decided to encourage the Trade Chambers and other associations of businessmen to hold meetings and exchange updated information on business and investment opportunities in the respective countries, with a view to increase the trade and investments in the BSEC region. The two Sides expressed their support for the ongoing cooperation within the context of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) and the Stability Pact (SP) and agreed to further develop the regional cooperation initiatives. The two Sides decided to hold the next meeting of the Turkish- Romanian Joint Economic Commission in Ankara, in 2006, at a date to be agreed upon through diplomatic channels. Signed on November 25, 2005 in Bucharest, in two originals in the English language. FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY ROMANIA Kürşad TÜZMEN Ioan Codrut SERES Minister of State Minister of Economy and Commerce Assignment: Write a pro-memoria about the commission meeting between your country and Russia about the situation in Syria. 33 Aide-memoire (gayri resmi görüşme özeti) Aide-memoire is a memorandum including a summary of conversation. It is an informal record of the interview. It differs from a pro‐memoria that is a formal summary of a diplomatic interview. It is usually left at the foreign office by the ambassador or representative or minister concerned. Not signed This aide-memoire was handed to the Soviet charge d'affaires by the UK. The UK side is complaining about the number and the activities of the USSR embassy staff. Especially the ones who are involved in intelligence activities. Sample9: When Mr. Gromyko visited London in October, 1970, he spoke of the desirability of improving Anglo-Soviet relations. It is the sincere wish of Her Majesty's Government to bring about such an improvement. There is however one matter of importance which has repeatedly caused friction in Anglo-Soviet relations. This is the scale of intelligence gathering activities by Soviet officials in this country. This subject was raised with Mr. Gromyko by Sir Alec Douglas-Home, first in conversation in London and subsequently in a letter dated December 3, 1970, written at Mr. Gromyko's suggestion, and in a further letter dated August 4, 1971. These letters have not been answered, nor even acknowledged. Meanwhile inadmissible activities by Soviet officials in Britain have continued. During the last twelve months a number of Soviet officials have been required to leave the country after being detected in such activities. During the same period it has been decided not to issue visas to a number of officials nominated to Soviet establishments in the United Kingdom on account of their previous activities. The staffs of the Soviet Embassy and the Soviet Trade Delegation, which form the two largest elements in the Soviet official establishment in Britain, far outnumber the British officials working in the Soviet Union. Her Majesty's Government has tolerated the growth of these establishments. They have not sought to bargain increases in the Soviet establishments in this country against increases in the British establishment in the USSR; nor have they sought to establish any fixed relationship between the Soviet commercial establishment in this country and the growth of British exports to the Soviet Union. Evidence has however been accumulating that this tolerance has been systematically abused. The abuse is a matter of serious concern to her 9 Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice, Ed. Lord Gore-Booth, Longman, England, 1994, p. 184, 185. 34 Majesty's Government as a direct threat to the security of this country. Moreover the recurring need to request the withdrawal of Soviet officials from this country, or to refuse visas to certain officials selected for service in this country, imposes strains on Anglo-Soviet relations. So do unjustified acts of Soviet retaliation such as the recent expulsion of Mr. Miller, Mr. Nicholson and Mr. Jackson. The Soviet Government can hardly fail to be conscious of the contradiction between their advocacy of a conference on European security and the scale of the operations against the security of this country which Soviet officials and agents controlled by them have conducted. Her Majesty's Government would like to see this contradiction resolved before the preparation of a conference on European Security begins. The Soviet Embassy is therefore requested to arrange for the persons named on the attached list, all of whom have been concerned in intelligence activities, to leave Britain within two weeks from the date of this aide-memoire. Henceforth: (a) The numbers of officials in (i) the Soviet Embassy (ii) the Soviet trade delegation and (iii) all other Soviet organizations in Great Britain will not be permitted to rise above the levels at which they will stand after the withdrawal of the persons named in the attached list; (b) If a Soviet official is required to leave the country as a result of his having been detected in intelligence activities, the permitted level in that category will be reduced by one. The Soviet Embassy is also asked to take note that the Soviet citizens named on the second list attached, who are believed to have left the country but still hold valid reentry visas, will not be permitted to return to Britain, on account of their participation in intelligence activities. 35 Assignment: Write an aide-memoire explaining the details of the interview between your country and Greece on the Aegean Islands. Circular diplomatic note (sirküler nota) These are identical notes send to each receiver. They are mostly used in conventions like UN or EU especially informing or calling for a discussion on a subject. Initialed Key phrases We would be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council. I request that this letter be circulated as an official document of the Preparatory Commission. I should be grateful if you would have this letter and the memorandum circulated as a document of the Security Council. I would be grateful if you could bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council. The USSR delegation requests that this letter be circulated as an official document of the Preparatory Commission. Please arrange for this communication to be circulated. In the circular note below, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark requests all the correspondences to be sent to the given mail and e-mail addresses. The note is sent to all the diplomatic corps. Sample10: 10 Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Denmark: http://um.dk/en/about-us/the-protocol-department/news/circularnotes/newsdisplaypage.aspx?newsid=23ee74a4-1f12-4a54-ba82-0a3a279753d1 36 Assignment: Write a circular diplomatic note to the corps diplomatic in your country informing about the new address of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 37 Letters of credence (güven mektubu)/ Full power (tam yetki belgesi) Documents that give an authorization to consuls by the governments to which they are sent, permitting them to carry out their consular affairs. It is presented to the home state by the guest state and if the permission is granted, the guest state is informed about that. Sometimes it is also called a full power letter. This is a document given by the president accrediting one or more persons to represent him or the government in an international conference, convention, negotiation or expressing the consent of the state to be bound by a treaty, or an agreement. The person appointed with full power is assumed to be totally authorized to take part, negotiate, conclude and sign any agreements on behalf of his state. They are shown prior to the negotiations. Signed Key phrases I have chosen Mr. /Mrs. as…. I have full confidence in Mr. /Mrs. as…. I have made choice of Mr. /Mrs. as…. I give full credence to Mr. /Mrs. I believe Mr. /Mrs. X will be the right choice…. In the sample below, the President of Indonesia sends letter of credence to the Chairman of the State of Poland. He declares the name of the ambassador he chose for Poland. There are usually some statements about the good virtues of the representative chosen for the mission. Here Sukarno says the ambassador is a distinguished citizen of Indonesia. The most important part of the letter is that the sender gives full credence to his representative. He also asks for his admission (exequatur) by the receiving state. Sample11: 11 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland: http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/a2526e1a-efb4-4edb-a070dcc5fdb2fa5a:JCR 38 Assignment 1: Choose someone as an ambassador to the Arabian emirates. Mention about his/ her qualifications. Assignment 2: Write a letter of full power to the UK informing about the representative you chose for the human rights commission. 39 Exequatur (Kabul belgesi) If the letter of credence presented by the guest state is accepted by the home state, an exequatur is granted to the ambassador, so the guest state is informed about the accreditation. Signed Key phrases I recognize Mr. /Mrs. as…. I declare Mr. /Mrs. as…. Mr. /Mrs. X is accredited as…. I accept Mr. /Mrs. as…. In the sample, the President of Southern Cyprus grants exequatur to Georgios Prodromou as the honorary consul of Russian Federation. Sample12: 12 Russian Consulate: http://www.russianconsulate.eu/en/achievements/ 40 Assignment: Recognize Mr. Rafael Mendivil Peydro as the ambassador of Spain to your country. 41 Persona non grata (istenmeyen kişi) If a diplomatic representative becomes unacceptable to an accrediting government for some reason (that can be because of problems in relations or some personal crime), the accrediting government declares him/ her persona non grata. This situation is informed to the counterpart with a letter. Signed. Key phrases The republic of Turkey declares Mr. /Mrs. X to be a persona non grata. In accordance with the article 23 of the Vienna convention on consular relations… Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey informs the Embassy/ Republic of… In the following example the Department of State declares the consul general of Venezuela persona non grata. It assumed that Ms. Antonieta was involved in cyber attacks on the US government's computer systems with diplomats from the Iranian and Cuban embassies and students posing as extremists, while she was vice secretary at Caracas's embassy in Mexico.13 Referring to the “article 23 of the Vienna convention on consular relations” is customary in these letters. It says, “The receiving State may at any time notify the sending State that a consular officer is persona non grata or that any other member of the consular staff is not acceptable”. Sample14: 13 14 BBC: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16461697 Penúltımos Días: http://www.penultimosdias.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Expulsada.jpeg 42 Assignment: Declare Consular Mr. John Green of Colombia persona non grata for taking part in a drug dealing cartel. 43 Agreed minutes (üzerinde anlaşmaya varılan protokol) An agreed minute is an informal document, which may or may not be a treaty. Agreements and conventions are often accompanied by an exchange of side-letters or an agreed minute, on which the details are written that are not written in the main body of the text. What has been agreed upon is explained in the past simple tense. Agreed minutes are suitable if further changes are planned on the agreement. Signed Below is an example of an agreed minute signed in 2001 between Turkey and Italy. It is a very detailed document listing all the matters on the road transport between the countries. Exchange of statistical data, passengers transport, problems regarding goods transport are the main decisions taken in the committee. Sample15: 15 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://ua.mfa.gov.tr/ 44 Minutes of the Italian - Turkish Joint Committee on International Road Transport Rome, 17-18 September 2001 The meeting of the Italian - Turkish Joint Committee on International Road Transport was held in Rome on 17th and 18th September 2001 between representatives of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transports of Italy and the Ministry of Transport of Turkey, to discuss the following agenda: 1- Exchange of statistical data; 2- Passengers transport; 3- Problems with regard to goods transport; 4- Other matters. Item 1) The two Parties exchanged various information with regard to the volume of current trade and pointed out that the trade balance is favorable to Italy. The Turkish side underlined that Italy is the third trade partner and there is an increasing trend in trade volume between the two countries. Item 2) With regard to the passengers transport the Italian side pointed out that the following three applications for establishing new regular scheduled bus lines between Italy and Turkey have been submitted: 1) Bologna - Istanbul 2) Roma - Ankara 3) Frosinone - Istanbul The Italian side further remarked that the opening of the bus stop of Milan has not been authorized to operate on the bus line Paris - Istanbul, although the application had already been presented in 1998. The Turkish side informed that with respect to the bus lines Bologna Istanbul, Roma - Ankara and in view of the bus stop in Milan, trade agreements have already been concluded between Italian and Turkish companies. As to Frosinone - Istanbul line, the Turkish side informed that the Turkish company with which the partnership agreement had been stipulated does not have the necessary requisites to carry out regular international passengers transport activity by bus. 45 The Turkish side pledges to facilitate the Italian company to draw up a new agreement with a Turkish company having the envisaged requisites. Therefore, both Parties agreed on granting authorizations, as soon as the necessary conditions are accomplished. Item 3) The Italian side informed that approximately 500 permits have been issued in the current year, whereby approximately 240 utilized permits have been returned. Compared to the year 2000, there has been no improvement as to the utilization of permits. The Turkish side informed that all of the permits received in 2000 were used, while in 2001 almost 19.500 have already been utilized. Hence, the remaining permits for 2001, will not be sufficient to guarantee the transport activity till the end of the year. The Italian side further reminded that the Turkish side had received 3170 bonus permits for the trucking activity carried out by Italian tractors from 15the September 2000 to 31st March 2001. The Italian side pointed out that the "trucking agreement" has not matched with the expected results. Therefore there are no conditions to confirm the "trucking agreement" for 2002. The Turkish side considers, on the contrary, that the "trucking agreement" has significantly contributed to the development of bilateral transport relations between the two countries. After a long and in-depth discussion, the Parties agreed upon establishing the following quota for 2002: For the Turkish side: 18.000 permits valid for bilateral/transit transports 3.000 permits valid for transit transports to Switzerland and France through the Port of Trieste 1.000 permits valid for bilateral/transit operations to be used by green environmentally friendly vehicles 2.000 permits valid for Turkish semi-trailers for the trucking carried out exclusively by tractors registered in Italy. For the Italian side: 21.000 permits valid for bilateral/transit transports 1.000 permits valid for 3rd countries 2.000 permits valid for Italian semi-trailers for the trucking carried out exclusively by tractors registered in Turkey. Both parties further agreed to exchange the above permits at 1/3 proportion and according to the following schedule: During November 2001: 1st proportion 1st May 2002: 2nd proportion 46 1st August 2002: 3rd proportion The Turkish side requested the exchange of additional 2.000 permits valid for transit transports to Switzerland and France to be included in the above mentioned quota. The Italian side replied that the present situation does not allow accepting the mentioned proposal, but it shall take into consideration the proposal of the Turkish side in future. The agreement reached during the meeting of the Mixed Commission in Istanbul on 12th and 13th September 2000 envisaging the assignment of bonus permits to the Turkish side for the truckings, will be applied only until the 31st December 2001. Item 4) The Italian sides pointed out that at the entry of the Turkish customs, Italian carriers are still requested to submit the Carnet de Passage document. The Turkish side reconfirmed that the Carnet de Passage document is not requested to be supplied by those foreign vehicles entering Turkish territory under the cover of a TIR carnet. For those foreign vehicles entering Turkish territory unladen, or travelling in an unladen status within the territory of Turkey, the requisite of the Carnet de Passage document has no longer been required since 1996, but an "Entry- Exit" form is used instead. Furthermore, the Turkish side informed that if there are sporadic problems faced by the Italian transporters, the relevant Turkish authorities will take the necessary measures. The two Parties, under mutual conditions, established that the permits exchanged for the trucking of semi-trailers can be used in the same way on the entry with a semi-trailer and in return on a different semi-trailer. The same principle applies also if the permits are general. The negotiations took place in a friendly atmosphere and in a spirit of mutual understanding. The Turkish side invited the Italian side to Turkey for the next meeting, date and venue of which shall be determined through diplomatic channels. The Minutes is signed in Rome on the 18th September 2001 in English language in two original copies. For the Government of the For the Government of the Republic of Turkey Republic of Italy Yasar COBAN Salvatore SCARDACI 47 Assignment: Write an agreed minute which is signed between Turkey and Iran on natural gas. Notice of termination (anlaşmayı sonlandırma notası) It is a letter informing the counterpart(s) that the sender no longer wishes to maintain an agreement or a treaty. It requires a reply in that respect. Any agreement or treaty which is not commented on before its deadline is accepted to be valid for a new term. Signed. Here the Europe Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office sends a notice of termination for the agreement on “Reciprocal Holding of Stocks of Crude Oil” to the Embassy of Ireland. In the last paragraph right above the ending paragraph, it asks for Ireland’s reply. Sample16: The Embassy of Ireland 17 Grosvenor Place London SW1X 7HR Note number: 30/13 Date: 30 August 2013 The Europe Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office presents its compliments to the Embassy of Ireland and has the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland on the Reciprocal Holding of Stocks of Crude Oil and/or Petroleum Products, done at Dublin on 12 April 2005 and to recent discussions between officials of our two Governments concerning the desirability of amending the aforesaid Agreement. In accordance with the amendment procedures of Articles 7 and 8 of the Agreement, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has the honour to propose that the Agreement be amended as follows: 16 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/treatyseries/uploads/documents/legaldivisiondocuments/treatys eries2014/No7-of-2014.pdf 48 The text of Article 10 shall be replaced by the following: (1) This Agreement shall remain in force for an indefinite period of time but may be terminated by either Government upon giving notice in writing, through the diplomatic channel to the other Government. In such event the Agreement shall cease to be in force from the point of acknowledgement of the notice by the other Government. (2) If a Government exercises the power of termination in paragraph (1) of this Article it shall forthwith give notice in writing of the same to the Commission of the European Union.” The Foreign and Commonwealth Office further proposes that, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 8 of the Agreement, this amendment shall enter into force on the date of the notification sent by the Government of Ireland to the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland accepting the proposal. If the above proposals are acceptable to the Government of Ireland, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office has the honour to suggest that this Note and the Government of Ireland’s reply to that effect shall constitute an Agreement between the two Governments, which shall enter into force on the date of your reply. The Europe Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Embassy of Ireland the assurances of its highest consideration. Europe Directorate Foreign and Commonwealth Office King Charles Street London SWIA 2AH 49 Assignment: Notice of termination for the treaty on construction of nuclear power plants by Russian Federation. Write the reasons for the termination. Bout de papier/ speaking note (kısa not kağıdı) These are very informal “documents” used during the interview by the representatives who may be a president, an ambassador or an envoy attained for the interview. It is almost always written during the interview to change the flow of it by convincing the counterpart. They are very rare to become public as they are confidential or unofficial. Not signed The most famous example of a bout de papier is the Percentages Agreement of Churchill. In 1944 Churchill and Stalin meet in Moscow to discuss the postwar situation. While the English translator was telling “how about we get 90% of Greece and you of Romania under control?” at that moment Churchill writes the paper below and hands it to Stalin. He is surprised. He puts a tick and hands it back to Churchill. When Churchill asks, “Does it seem we only seek our own interests by handling the situation that concerns millions fate so randomly?” When he offers to burn the paper, Stalin says “No, you keep it.”17 Sample18: 17 18 Türk Dış Politikası 1, Baskın Oran (Ed.), İletişim, İstanbul, 2009, s. 471. History or Utopia: http://peopletales.blogspot.com.tr/2016/06/percentages-agreement-or-how-stalin-and.html 50 Assignment: You are in a negotiation with Iraqi representatives. They insist on giving the construction contracts to Chinese companies. Write a bout de papier reminding them your position along the Iraqi government against the independence movements in Northern Iraq. 51 Draft letters (taslak mektup) The draft letter is a provisional copy of a text. It is used to warn another state about the likely contents of the actual letter or solve misinterpretations. Draft letters should be distinguished from bout de papier/ speaking notes as they are more detailed and pedantically. Signed In the sample here there is a draft letter sent by Johnson to İnönü. It was written in 1964, when Turkey decided to give an end to the massacre of Makarios in Cyprus. As all the previous demarches of Turkey were futile, he had no option but to intervene. When it was heard that turkey was preparing for a military intervention, President Johnson sent that draft letter to President İnönü. The draft letter has a very harsh language and threatening whereas the actual letter sent two days after that is much more convenient for a letter sent to an ally. It seems that the draft letter worked, as Turkey changes his mind not to intervene until 1974. Sample19: Draft letter from President Johnson to the President Inonu of Turkey, June 5, 1964 “I hope you will understand that your NATO allies have not had a chance to consider whether they have an obligation to protect Turkey against Soviet intervention, without the full consent and understanding of its NATO allies.” Actual letter sent from President Johnson to President Inonu of Turkey, June 7, 1964 “We have considered you as a great ally with fundamental common interests. Your security and prosperity have been the deep concern of the American people, and we have expressed this concern in the most practical terms. We and you fought together to resist the ambitions of the communist world revolution. This solidarity has meant a great deal to us, and I hope it means a great deal to your government and your people.” Assignment: Write a draft letter to Syria warning him about the activities in Bekaa Valley. Threaten him with cutting off the Euphrates flow to their country. 19 Diplomatic Correspondence, Ye. V. Borisova, Tashkent, 2013, p. 16. 52 Demarches (diplomatik girişim) Demarches are corresponding on sensitive issues such as a state’s trying to protect its interests from the effects of an event or a fore coming event. Actually, demarche is the name of the action. Its tools may be an aide‐memoire, a letter, or a draft letter that explains and shows the state’s attitude. Signed Key phrases The Government of Uganda wishes to inform that… The Government of Uganda wishes to draw attention to… The Government of the Republic of Uganda wishes to inform the Government of… The Government of Uganda further wishes to advise that… The Government of the Republic of Uganda wishes to bring to the attention of… In the sample here, North Korea sends a note of concern to Myanmar about the Hollywood movie “The Interview”. It is a satirical movie about the dictatorship in North Korea. North Korea calls it a “terrorist movie” and says that the movie hurts the dignity of North Korea. He requests the Government Myanmar to stop the copying, selling and distributing of the movie. Sample20: 20 Nate Thayer: http://www.nate-thayer.com/north-korea-launches-global-effort-stop-sony-movie-shopkeepersarrested-film-banned/ 53 Assignment: Prepare a demarche for the voting of “so called” Armenian genocide in the US Senate. 54 Ceremonial communications (kutlama mesajları) Ceremonial communications are letters sent to a counterpart on special occasions like a wedding, national holiday, birthday, winning elections, etc. It may be directed to a first person (president, vice-president) or the state in general. So, it may be in the first person or the third. Signed. Key phrases Our government has the honor to congratulate… Our government welcomes the opportunity… On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Turkey, I write to offer my congratulations… The Government of the Republic of Turkey is delighted to congratulate… I would like to extend sincere congratulations on… The letter below was sent to the Prime Minister of Spain by Cambodia. He congratulates him on their national day of the Kingdom of Spain. Though not obligatory, these kinds of letters are important in international relations for reinforcing friendship. Sample21: 21 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en 55 Assignment: Write a letter of congratulations to German Prime Minister Angela Merkel for her success in the general elections. 56 Letter of condolence (taziye mektubu) This is a letter sent on the death of a fore coming person in another country. Feelings of sorrow and sympathy are expressed in the letter. They are important in keeping up the friendship. Signed Key phrases I offer my sincere condolences on the passing of Our condolences go out to the Government of Russia and the families of victims. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and with all the people of Lithuania. The Government of the United States wishes to extend its condolences to the Government and people of the Soviet Union, on the death of We extend our deepest sympathies… The letter here is sent from the Prime Minister of Ukraine to the Prime Minister of Singapore. He tells his apologies on the passing of the founding father of Singapore Mr. Lee Kuan Yew. Sample22: 22 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine: http://mfa.gov.ua/en/news-feeds/foreign-offices-news/34801-premjerministr-ukrajini-ajacenyuk-visloviv-spivchuttya-singapursykomu-narodu-u-zvjazku-zi-smertyu-pana-li-kuan-ju 57 58 Sometimes letter of condolences has sarcasm in them. For example, the following letter was sent to the US by the Libyan government on Reagan’s death. It seems like a letter of condolence but actually it was an opportunity for the Libyan government to remind the misdeeds of Reagan. In 1986, Reagan ordered the US forces to bomb Libya, which harbored terrorists. 60 tons of munitions were dropped with 100 planes in the “Operation El Dorado Canyon”. One of the casualties included Qaddafi’s infant daughter23 and a Turkish woman as well.24 Sample 225: The Leader of the Libyan Revolution statement Tripoli, June 6, 2004 “I express my profound regrets over Reagan’s death before he appears before justice to hold to account for his ugly crime in 1986 against Libyan children.” Assignment: Write a letter of condolence to the Prime Minister of South Africa on the death of Nelson Mandela. 23 24 25 Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Libya-bombings-of-1986 Newyork Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/15/politics/15REAG.html?pagewanted=all&mcubz=3 Diplomatic Correspondence, Ye. V. Borisova, Tashkent, 2013, p. 13. 59 Invitation letter This is a letter for inviting the counterpart to a formal or an informal meeting (ceremonial meetings like a wedding, festival or an opening etc). It requires a reply either positive or negative. It can be printed on a card or sent as a letter paper. If it is on a card it is not signed but on a letter paper it is signed. Key phrases I am looking forward to warmly welcoming… I have the great pleasure to once again extend my most cordial invitation to… We cordially invite you to attend... I gratefully accept your invitation to join… I am honored to accept the invitation to join… Here is an invitation letter sent by the US ambassador and his wife to the diplomatic corps. They are inviting them to celebrate the 234th Anniversary of the USA. “Regrets only” remark means the invited person will only reply if he/ she won’t attend the invitation. It is customary to inform about the dress code. Sample 126: 26 English Language Learners: https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_u5yQzEpwN78/TEFUwOe3mAI/AAAAAAAAAWM/qXdg1UulveE/s1600/Ambass ador+invitation+Jun+2010+001.jpg 60 The invitation letter may be for a funeral as well. In the following sample the Embass of South Africa sends an invitation letter to Thailand, Cambodia, Mynmar, and Laos to the memorial service of Nelson Mandela. The “RSVP” at the end of the letter is a French phrase meaning a reply is expected to the invitation. Sample 227: 27 Citylife: http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/invitation-to-nelson-mandelas-memorial-service-in-bangkok/ 61 Assignment 1: Write an invitation letter to the corps diplomatic for the 90th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey. Assignment 2: Write an answer for that invitation letter that you won’t be able to attend the celebrations on that date. Write an excuse. 62 Press statements/ press briefing/ press release (basın açıklamaları) Press statements are indirect communications with a state or states. They may be in the form of a declaration, a protest or a demarche. They may be verbal or nonverbal. Media such as a TV channel, a newspaper or even YouTube may be used to convey the message. Nowadays it is quite common to use official twitters accounts for these kinds of communication. It is a tool of public diplomacy. Not signed Here is a statement taken from the website of Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a reply to the Greek Foreign Ministry’s statement accusing Turkey of having used napalm and chemical weapons in the Erenköy Resistance.28 Sample 129: 28 Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/statementsspeeches/announcement-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-regarding-the-celebrations-in-the-occupied-enclaveof-kokkina-cyprus-of-the-1964-napalm-bombings-of-tillyria.html 29 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-256_-yunanistan-dbnin-8agustos-tarihli-bir-aciklamasinda-yeralan-bazi-asilsiz-iddialar-hk_en.en.mfa 63 Another statement is taken from the website of US Department of State. Hillary Clinton, then the Secretary of State in 2010, demands an explanation from the Chinese authorities, after Google claimed it had suffered a “highly-sophisticated” attack that resulted in the theft of intellectual property. However, China denied these allegations. Sample 230: Assignment: Write a press statement denying the allegations that your country supports terrorist groups in Syria. 30 Graham Cluley: https://www.grahamcluley.com/hillary-clinton-accuses-china-hacking-america/ 64 Reports Reports are detailed formal information on certain subjects. They are prepared by UN envoys, representatives and sometimes other international organizations are sent to UN members as letters. Not signed The report here is on the review of the mandate of UN mission in South Sudan. It is pointed out that the report is requested by the Security Council. It is a report which assesses the political and security situation in South Sudan and provides recommendations about the UNMISS. The report is expected to determine the necessary resource requirements for UNMISS to fulfill its duty in the resolution of the conflict in South Sudan. Sample31: 31 UN: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmiss/reports.shtml 65 66 Assignment: Write a report on nuclear power plants for your government. Explain cons and pros. 67 A Good Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence Here is one of the best exemplary for a diplomatic correspondence written by the US President George Washington to the Emperor of Morocco. It is a note considering the commercial relations between the two states. The letter has both courtesy and sincirety blended rationaly together. It tells about the common specialities of the two countries like their faith in God. The ironic point is that Washington never calls a name clearly. He just says, “my friend” or “your Imperial Majesty”. At one point he says, “your father”. We llater learn that there had been a civil war after the death of the Emperor of Mororcco between his sons. Considering the geographical distance and the era, US government is not aware which son had won the war and got the throne. So, he used an ambigious language. Sample32: 32 https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0022 68 69 A Bad Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence Here is one of the worst exemplary for a diplomatic correspondence written by the US President Donald Trump to the President of the Republic of Turkey. It is hard to tell the type as it is a protest note in tone but a note as style. It has even been claimed that it hadn’t been supposed to send. So, you may even call it a draft letter. Nevertheless, the letter is out of diplomatic courtesy. It has its contradictions. While Trump begins the letter with “His excellency” he goes on with “don’t be a fool!”. It has deragotary remarks telling about the previous incidences like the Pastor Brunson event and threats like “I’ll destroy your economy!”. “I’ll call you later” is the part where we can assume that the sender is lacking diplomatic kindness. Sample33: 33 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/16/us/politics/trump-letter-turkey.html 70 71 APPENDIX 1 Abbreviations of International Organizations AI Amnesty International UAÖ Uluslararası Af Örgütü ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Güneydoğu Asya Ülkeleri Birliği BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation KEİ Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü Organization CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Merkezi CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union ABAD Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı CIS Commonwealth of Independent States BDT Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu COE CoE Council of Europe AK Avrupa Konseyi COMCEC Standing Committee for Economic and İSEDAK Ekonomik ve Ticari İşbirliği Daimi Commercial Cooperation COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Komitesi (İİT bünyesinde) COMECON Karşılıklı Ekonomik Yardımlaşma Assistance Commonwealth Commonwealth of Nations Konseyi İUT İngiliz Uluslar Topluluğu CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization CSTO Kolektif Güvenlik Anlaşması Örgütü EC European Commission AK Avrupa Komisyonu ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social ECOSOC Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik ve Sosyal Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African Konsey ECOWAS Batı Afrika Ülkeleri Ekonomik Topluluğu States EFTA European Free Trade Association EFTA Avrupa Serbest Ticaret Birliği EHRC European Court of Human Rights AİHM Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (Avrupa EP European Parliament Konseyi bünyesinde) AP Avrupa Parlamentosu EU European Union AB Avrupa Birliği EU Council Council of European Union AB Konseyi Avrupa Birliği Konseyi (AB EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community bünyesinde) AAET Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu EUROPOL European Police Office EUROPOL Avrupa Birliği Polis Teşkilatı FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture FAO Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü Organization IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı 72 ICJ International Court of Justice UAD Uluslararası Adalet Divanı (BM bünyesinde) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi IDB Islamic Development Bank İKB İslam Kalkınma Bankası (İİT bünyesinde) ILO International Labour Organization ILO Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü IMF International Monetary Fund IMF Uluslararası Para Fonu (BM bünyesinde) INTERPOL International Criminal Police INTERPOL Uluslararası Kriminal Polis Teşkilatı Organization IRCICA Research Center for Islamic History, Art IRCICA İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma and Culture LAS The League of Arab States Merkezi AL Arap Birliği MERCOSUR Southern Common Market MERCOSUR Güney Amerika Ortak Pazarı NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council KAİK Kuzey Atlantik İşbirliği Konseyi NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü OAS Organization of American States ADÖ Amerikan Devletleri Örgütü OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and OECD İktisadi İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı Development OHCHR Office of the United Nations High İHYK Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Yüksek Commissioner for Human Rights OIC Organization of Islamic Cooperation Komiserliği İİT İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting OPEC Petrol İhraç Eden Ülkeler Örgütü Countries OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in AGİT Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilatı Europe SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization ŞİÖ Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü TURKSOY International Organization of Turkic TÜRKSOY Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı Culture UN United Nations BM Birleşmiş Milletler UNDP The United Nations Development Programme UNDP Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific UNESCO Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve and Cultural Organization UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Kültür Örgütü UNHCR Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund Komiserliği UNICEF Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Fonu 73 UNSC United Nations Security Council BMGK Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi WB World Bank DB Dünya Bankası (BM bünyesinde) WEF World Economic Forum WEF Dünya Ekonomik Forumu WFP United Nations World Food Programme WFP Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Gıda Programı WHO World Health Organization DSÖ Dünya Sağlık Örgütü WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Örgütü WWF World Wildlife Fund WWF Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı WTO World Trade Organization DTÖ Dünya Ticaret Örgütü 74 APPENDIX 2 Diplomatic Hierarchy 66 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 Diplomatic ranks International Relations Terms Acting ambassador: maslahatgüzar Ambassador: büyükelçi Ambassador appointed: atanmış büyükelçi Ambassador extraordinary: özel yetkili büyükelçi Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: olağanüstü ve tam yetkili büyükelçi Ambassador‐ at‐ large: atama bekleyen merkez büyükelçisi Ambassador‐ designate: atanmış büyükelçi Attaché: ateşe; özel bir konuyla yetkilendirilmiş diplomatic temsilci. Askeri, kültür, basın, ticari vb. Career diplomat: kariyer diplomatı Chargé d’Affaires: maslahatgüzar Commercial attaché: ticari ateşe Consul: konsolos Consul general: başkonsolos Counsellor (counselor): elçiden sonraki diplomat Diplomat: diplomat Diplomatic agent: diplomatik temsilci Diplomatic corps: kordiplomatik; bir ülkedeki tüm dışişleri temsilcileri Doyen: duayen; en kıdemli diplomat Emissary: bir görüşme için özel görevlendirilmiş hükümet temsilcisi Envoy: sefir, ikinci sınıf elçi Envoy extraordinary: orta elçi; müsteşar Head of a consular mission: misyon şefi Head of a (diplomatic) mission: belli bir misyonda şef Internuncio: paplık kurumunda aracı Goodwill ambassador: iyi niyet elçisi Legate: papa elçisi Military/ service attaché: askeri ateşe Minister: orta elçi; müsteşar Minister resident: mukim (yerleşik) elçi Nuncio: papalık temsilcisi Resident ambassador: mukim (yerleşik) elçi Vice‐ consul: muavin konsolos -Aaccession agreement: katılım anlaşması accession criteria: katılım kriterleri accession negotiations: katılım müzakereleri accession partnership: katılım ortaklığı accession to an agreement: anlaşmaya taraf olma accord: mutabakat acquis communautaire: AB müktesebatı, AB antlaşmaları kanun, kural ve tüzüklerinin tamamı action plan: eylem planı ad hoc: özel amaçlı additional protocol: katma protokol, ek protokol administrative justice: idari yargı admission of indictment: iddianamenin kabulü advanced deficit country: açık veren gelişmiş ülke advisory opinion: istişari görüş aggravated circumstances: ağırlaşmış koşullar agrément: agreman; yeni göreve başlayacak büyükelçinin kabulünü arzı aggression: saldırı air zone: hava sahası; bir ülkenin kara ülkesi üzerinde yer alan egemenlik alanı alliance: ittifak aman: Müslüman ülkelerde yabancılara güvenli geçiş tanıyan izin amendment of an agreement: anlaşmanın tadil edilmesi American creed: Amerikan itikadı; eşitlik, özgürlük gibi temel değerleri American exceptionalism: Amerikan istisnacılığı; ABD’nin kendisini geçmişteki ve günümüzdeki güçlerden farklı görmesi anarchical society: anarşik toplum; Hedley Bull’a göre anarşik dahi olsa uluslararası hukuk ve örgütler sayesinde uluslararası sistemde var olan düzen annexation: ilhak; Bir devletin başka bir ülke topraklarını kendisine katması animus belli: savaş amacı anklav: bir ülkenin toprakları içinde bulunan tam bağımsız yabancı ülke (Leshoto) agreement: anlaşma; Antlaşmaya göre ikinci dereceden önemli, en az resmi formalite gerektiren belge anti ballistic missiles (ABM): füzesavar füze; nükleer füzeyi hedefine varmadan imhaya yarayan füze 67 apartheid: Güney Afrika’da uygulanan ırk ayrımına dayalı yönetim appeasement policy: yatıştırma politikası; yeni bir savaşı önlemek için Chamberlain’in Almanya’nın saldırgan politikalarına karşı izlediği politika arbitral award: hakem kararı arbitrary regime: keyfi idare arbitration: hakemlik, tahkim archipelago: takımada armistice: mütareke ashkenazi: aşkenaz; laik ve sol görüşlü Avrupalı Yahudiler association agreement: ortaklık anlaşması asylum seeker: sığınmacı autarchy: otarşi; bir ülkenin ekonomisinin kendi kendine yetebilmesidir. 1930’lu yıllarda Japonya, İtalya ve Almanya’nın politikası border conflict/ dispute: hudut ihtilafı buck passing: sorunu havale etmek; bir saldırgan realizm stratejisi. Bir dış tehdidi başka bir güce havale etmek budget balance: bütçe dengesi buffer zone: tampon bölge; savaşan ülke ile bir başka (savaşan) ülke arasında insani amaçlarla oluşturulmuş çatışmasız bölge by-election: ara seçim -Ccapital punishment: idam cezası Cartel: kartel; esir değişimi case law: içtihat hukuku casus belli: savaş sebebi casus foederis: ittifakların devreye girme koşulu. NATO 5. madde gibi caesaropapism: siyasi liderin aynı zamanda dinsel lider olması cease-fire: ateşkes chairmanship-in-office: dönem başkanlığı Chester Project: Chester projesi; 1. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Amiral Chester’ın şirketi vasıtasıyla Sivas-Van ve Musul-Kerkük demiryolunu inşa etmesi ve hat boyunca bulunan madenlerin kendisine verilmesin öngören hayata geçmemiş proje civitas: devlet clash of civilizations: medeniyetler çatışması; Samuel Huntington’a göre Soğuk Savaş sonrası artık devletlerin değil, inanç sistemlerinin çatışacağı görüşü clear and imminent danger: açık ve yakın tehlike clearing: kliring; para yerine mal takası yoluyla ticaret client state: müşteri devlet; Soğuk Savaş boyunca iki kutup arasında tercih yapmak durumunda olan ve ABD ve SSCB’den aldığı yardımlarla geçinen devlet close organisation: kapalı örgüt; AB gibi, şartları yerine getiren adayın daha sonra tüm üyelerin onayını almasını da gerektiren örgüt CNN effect: CNN etkisi; ilk kez 1990’larda Afrika’ya müdahalede ortaya çıkan tabir. Amerikan halkının basında izlediği açlık, soykırım ve savaşlara tepki göstermesi co-presidency: eş-başkanlık coastal balancing: kıyısal dengeleme; ABD’nin ülke dışında asker tutmasındansa, müttefikleri desteklemesini öngören strateji code of conduct: davranış kuralları coercive measures: zorlayıcı tedbirler cold war: soğuk savaş; ilk kez Bernard Baruch’un kullandığı 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrası ABD ve SSCB arasındaki siyasi gerilim dönemi -Bbait and bleed: rakibi yıpratma; bir saldırgan realizm stratejisi. Yüksek maliyetli çatışmalardan kaçınarak, rakibe sık sık zarar verme balance of terrror: dehşet dengesi; devletlerin sahip olduğu nükleer güç nedeniyle birbirlerinin tamamen yok olmalarına neden olacakları için çatışmadan kaçınacakları varsayımı balancing: dengeleme; bir saldırgan realizm stratejisi. Yükselen bir tehdide karşı silahlanarak onu dengeleme bandwagooning: peşine takılma; Kenneth Waltz’a göre zayıf devletlerin, güçlü devletlerin peşine takılıp, onların politikalarını izlemesi Beijing consensus: Pekin konsensüsü; geri kalmış ülkelerin Washington konsensüsüne karşı Çin modeliyle büyümesini öngören anlayış. baseline: esas hat; suların en alçak olduğu andaki kıyı çizgisi beneficiary country: yararlanıcı ülke belligerent: muharip billiard ball: bilardo topu; realizm’e göre devletler iç değil, dış etkilere tepki verirler. blitzkrieg: yıldırım savaşları; Hitler’in topyekûn savaşta yıpranmamak için düşmana hızla saldırıp, düşmanı şaşırtarak teslime zorlaması stratejisi blockade: abluka; bir ülkenin ticari yollarının kesilmesi bloodletting: dolaylı zarar; bir saldırgan realizm stratejisi. Rakip devlet, bir başkasıyla savaşırken düşmanına destek vermek Bolivarism: Bolivarizm; Simon Bolivar’ın hayali olan birleşik Güney Amerika big stick diplomacy: büyük sopa diplomasisi; Theodore Roosevelt’in Orta Amerika ülkelerine yönelik “yumuşak konuş ama elinde büyük bir sopa olsun” politikası 68 collective action problem: kolektif aksiyon problemi; aktörlerin bir problemi kendi başlarına çözemeyeceklerini anlayıp, işbirliğine gitmeleri cominform: kominform; komünist propaganda bürosu comintern: komintern; komünist partiler arasından eşgüdümü sağlayan birlik common interests: ortak çıkarlar common market: ortak pazar; gümrük birliği dışında emek ve sermaye dolaşımı serbestîsi common position: ortak tutum Commonwealth of Independent States: Bağımsız devletler topluluğu (BDT); Sovyetlerin dağılmasından sonra Rusya’nın kendi etki alanında kurduğu birlik. Rusya’nın Monroe doktrini concurrent power: yarışan yetki; aynı konuda uluslararası hukuk ve ulusal hukukun karşı karşıya gelmesi conclusion of an agreement: anlaşmanın akdedilmesi condemnation of action: kınama confidence building measures: güven arttırıcı önlemler conflict: çatışma conflict management: çatışma yönetimi conflict resolution: çatışmaların çözümlenmesi conquistador: Güney Amerika’ya gelen İspanyol sömürgeciler consensus: teati; antlaşmalarda iki taraflı işlem. Ortak kanı consequentialism: sonuççuluk; devletlerin sonuçta çıkarı için hareket ettiği varsayımı containment: çevreleme; George Kennan’ın Moskova büyükelçisi olduğu dönemde öne sürdüğü Sovyetleri çevreleme planı continental shelf: kıta sahanlığı; Truman’ın ileri sürdüğü denizlerde 200m derinliğe kadar olan deniz tabanından ekonomik fayda sağlanması convention: resmi toplantı conventional weapons: konvansiyonel silahlar; Nükleer, biyolojik ve kimyasal silahlar haricindeki geleneksel silahlar corespondent: (yazışmadalarda) karşı taraf corrupt official: yolsuzluk yapan kamu görevlisi counterpart: mevkidaş coup attempt: darbe girişimi courtesy: nezaket credit rating: kredi derecelendirmesi crime against the state: devlete karşı suç crime against humanity: insanlığa karşı işlenen suçlar criminal sanction: cezai yaptırım crisis desk: kriz masası crisis management: kriz yönetimi cross-border cooperation: sınır ötesi işbirliği Cuellar plan: Cuellar planı; Kıbrıs’ta iki kesimli, iki toplumlu yapılanma önerisi. Siyasi çıkarları nedeniyle Denktaş reddetmiştir customs unions: gümrük birliği; üye devletlerin birbirlerine olan gümrük kısıtlarını kaldırdığı yapı cyclic state: döngüsel devlet; İbn-i Haldun ve Arnold Toynbee’nin dile getirdiği “devletler doğar, büyür, gelişir, ölür” tezi -Dde facto: fiilen de jure: hukuken decentralization: ademi merkeziyet decision-making mechanisms: karar verme mekanizmaları declaration of independence: bağımsızlık ilanı decolonization: Sömürgelerin bağımsızlığını kazanması decree law: kanun hükmünde kararname Defensive realism: Walt’un ortaya attığı ittifak ve dengeleme gibi politikaların kullanıldığı savunmacı realizm degrading treatment: aşağılayıcı muamele delegation: delegasyon, görüşmeler için görevlendirilmiş ekip denouncement: kınama; bir eylem ya da ifadeyi yasal kabul etmemek denouncement of an agreement: anlaşmanın feshedilmesi dependancy theory: bağımlılık teorisi; Kapitalist ülkelerin, gelişmemiş ülkelerin işgücü ve hammaddesini kullanarak gelişmesini engellediği ileri süren Marksizm temelli görüş detente: yumuşama dönemi; Küba füze krizi sonucu ABD ve SSCB’nin gerilimi tırmandırmanın tehlikeli olduğunu kavrayıp, diplomasiye ağırlık vermeleri deterrent force: caydırıcı güç developing countries: kalkınmakta olan ülkeler devolution: yetki devri diaspora: ülkesinden ayrı yaşasa da ülkesiyle siyasi bağı devam eden azınlık diplomacy: devletin çıkarlarını güce, adalete ve propagandaya başvurmadan çözmek. Konuşarak anlaşmak discrimination: ayrımcılık dissenting opinion: muhalefet şerhi doctrin: hukuk konusunda uzmanların görüşü; politikada izlenecek yolun ifadesi dollar diplomacy: dolar diplomasisi; Theodore Roosevelt’in Orta Amerika ülkelerine mali yardımlar yoluyla müdahalede bulunması dominant power: başat güç; Modelski’ye göre her yüzyılın en büyük gücü olan devlet 69 domino theory: Eisenhower’ın 1950’lerde dile getirdiği devletlerin ardı sıra komünizme geçmesi tehlikesi double track: çift yollu; yumuşama döneminde bir yandan Sovyetler ile silahsızlanma antlaşması imzalarken diğer yandan Avrupa’yı Pershing ve Cruise füzeleri ile silahlandırmak Dutch disease: Hollanda hastalığı; Hollanda’nın doğalgaz kaynağı keşfetmesi sonucu parasının hızla değerlenmesi. Bu durum ihracatına darbe vurmuştur. functionalism: fonksiyonalizm; David Mitrany tarafından geliştirilen barış için BM gibi uluslararası örgütlere önem atfeden düşünce filibustering: kongrede bir kararın çıkmasını önlemek için sürekli söz alıp konuşmak final act: son senet; konferans sonucu ortaya çıkan metin final agenda: nihai gündem FIR (flight information area): uçuş güvenliğinin sağlanması için meteorolojik ya da kazalar ve göçmen kuşlarla ilgili bilgilerin verilmesi fiscal policy: mali politika; vergilendirme ulusal harcamalar fiscal deficit: bütçe açığı fishing zone: balıkçılık bölgesi flag law: bayrak yasası; açık denizlerde gezen gemilerden, taşıdığı bayrak devletinin sorumlu olması flexible response: esnek mukabele; 1960 NATO konsepti. Sovyetlerden gelen saldırıya eş değer mukabele flight clearance: uçuş izni force deployment: kuvvet konuşlandırılması foreign aid: dış yardım foreign pressure: dış baskı foreign support: dış destek fortress europe: kale Avrupası; AB’nin refahını korumak için mülteci akınına karşı kendisini koruması gerektiğini öneren düşünce freedom of navigation: seyrüsefer serbestîsi -Eelectorate: seçim bölgesi embark: ambargo; bir malın ticaretinin yasaklanması encomienda: Osmanlı’daki tımar sistemine benzer İspanyol toprak sistemi European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP): Avrupa komşuluk politikası; AB’nin komşularına insan hakları, hukukun üstünlüğü ve demokrasi konusundaki mahalle baskısı entente: antant; esnek anlaşma entente cordiale: içten misak; 20. yy başında İngiltere ve Fransa’nın yakınlaşması. Bu dönemde Japonya’nın yükselişi, Fransa’yı tedirgin ederken; Almanya’nın yükselişi, İngiltere’yi tedirgin etmiştir. entry into force: yürürlüğe giriş entourage: maiyet equitable voting power: adil oy gücü escalation of conflict: çatışma tırmanışı ethnic cleansing: etnik temizlik ethnic nationalism: 2. Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki İtalya ve Almanya’sındaki gibi ırk ayrımcılığına dayanan milliyetçilik executive power: yürütme erki excessive force: orantısız güç exchange of notes: nota teatisi exclusive economic zone: münhasır ekonomik bölge; karasuları başlangıcından 200 mile kadar olan bölgede devletin ekonomik çıkar amacıyla egemenlik tesis etmesi exhaustion of domestic remedies: iç hukuk yollarının tüketilmesi exlav: bir ülkenin sınırları dışında bulunan parçası (Nahçıvan) express permission: açık izin express recognition: açık tanıma; tanıdığını açıkça belirtme extraterritoriality: dış ülkede diplomatik temsilciliklerin politik dokunulmazlığı -Gglasnost: Gorbaçov’un devlet işlerinde şeffaflığı amaçlayan politikası global governance: küresel yönetişim; terör, salgın hastalıklar ve çevre sorunları gibi sınır aşan sorunlarda devletlerin tek başına çözüm üretemeyeceğini anlaması ve işbirliğine gitmesi globalization: küreselleşme; bir şeyin her yerde bulunması grave violation: ağır ihlal green belt: yeşil kuşak; Brzezinski’nin kâfir Sovyetlere karşı Afgan mücahitleri kullanma stratejisi growth rate: büyüme oranı, büyüme hızı growth prospects: büyüme beklentileri good offices: dostça girişim; uluslararası anlaşmazlıkların çözümünde tarafları bir araya getirmek government in exile: sürgünde hükümet; kendi ülkesinde egemenliğini sağlayamadığı için geçici bir süre başka bir ülkede hükümet işlevi görmek government proposal: kanun tasarısı gunboat diplomacy: gambot diplomasisi; Amerika’nın özellikle Orta Amerika devletlerini -Ffait accompli: oldu-bitti 70 donanmasını kullanarak isteklerini yaptırması tehdit etmesi ve Roma Antlaşması ile kurulan insan hakları ihlalleri ile soykırım ve savaş suçlarına bakan sürekli mahkeme international cooperation: uluslararası işbirliği International Court Justice (ICJ): Uluslararası Adalet Divanı (UAD); uluslararası anlaşmazlıklara bakan BM mahkemesi international sanctions: uluslararası yaptırımlar intrastate conflict: devlet içi çatışma invasion: istila Irangate: Başkan Reagan döneminde ortaya çıkan skandal. İran’a satılan silahlardan elde edilen gelirlerle Nikaragua’daki kontra gerillanın desteklenmesi Iron curtain: demir perde; ilk kez Churchill’in kullandığı Avrupa’daki komünizm-emperyalizm ayrımını ifade eden soğuk savaş terimi irredentism : irredantizm; bir devletin kendi sınırına bitişik ülkelerdeki soydaşlarını kendi ülkesine katması politikası isolationism: izolasyonizm; ABD’nin 1815-1914 yılları arasında uyguladığı dış dünya ile siyasi bağının olmadığı dış politika görüşü -Hhabeas-corpus: ihzar müzekkeresi headquarters: karargah, genel merkez heartland theory: kara hâkimiyeti teorisi; Mackinder’e göre Doğu Avrupa’ya (heartland) hükmeden, dünya adasına hükmeder. Dünya adasına hükmeden ise dünyaya hükmeder tezi hegemonic cycle: hegemonik döngü; Uluslararası Politik Ekonomiye göre sistemde her zaman bir hegemon vardır. Bir hegemon gidince, yerine hemen yenisi gelir. hegemonic stability theory: hegemonik istikrar teorisi; tek kutuplu sistemi savunan düşünce hegemony: hegemonya; Antonio Gramsci’ye göre kapitalist yapıların zayıflar üzerinde egemenlik tesis etmesi high seas: açık deniz; herhangi bir devlet egemenliğinde olmayan sular home rule: özerk yönetim honorary consul: fahri konsolos hostile relations: hasmane ilişkiler hot pursuit: sıcak takip human rights abuse/ violation: insan hakları ihlalleri human trafficking: insan kaçakçılığı humanitarian aid: insani yardım -Jjoint communiqué: ortak bildiri joint declaration: ortak beyan joint defense: müşterek savunma; düşmanı tanımlayıp ortak bir savunma birliği oluşturma joint security organization: müşterek güvenlik örgütü; belli olmayan düşmana karşı ortak bir savunma birliği oluşturma jurisdictional immunity: diplomatik temsilcilerin yargı bağışıklığı jus ad bellum: savaşma hakkını veren kriterler jus cogens: köle ticareti, korsanlık, uyuşturucu ticareti, soykırım yasağı gibi buyruk kuralar jus in bello: savaş sırasında uygulanacak hukuk jus gentium: tüm insanlık ve toplumlar için geçerli olan kanunlar jus naturale: akıl yoluyla bulunabilecek kurallar just war theory: adil savaş teorisi; savaşın ne zaman meşru olacağını açıklamaya çalışan kuram Akinalı Thomas bunu Hıristiyanlık üzerinden irdelerken, Michael Walzer ise sekilerleştirmeye çalışmıştır. Jdanovism: Jdanovculuk: Sovyet politbüro üyesi Jdanov’un Batı karşıtlığı nedeniyle uyguladığı sansür programı. Sovyetleri bilim ve sanatta gerilemesine neden olmuştur. -Iill-founded: dayanaktan yoksun immunity: (diplomatik) dokunulmazlık in the interest of justice: adaletin tecellisi inland waters : iç sular; esas çizginin gerisinde kalan sular Indochina: Hindiçin; Vietnam, Laos, Kamboçya, Tayland ve Burma’dan oluşan topraklar infrastructure financing: altyapı finansmanı injured state: zarar gören devlet initialed: paraflanmış insurgency: kalkışma intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM): Kıtalararası Balistik Füzeler; nükleer silahların kıtalararası hedefe gönderilmesini sağlayan araç intergovermentalism: hükümetlerarasıcılık; barış için HRW, AI gibi ulusaşırı örgütlere önem atfeden düşünce interpretation of treaties: antlaşmaların yorumu Intifada:1987 ve 2000’de işgalci İsrail’e karşı Filistin halkının taş ve sopalarla ayaklanması. indirect recognition: dolaylı tanıma; resmen değil, diplomatik ilişki yoluyla tanıma intelligence service: istihbarat servisi International Criminal Court (ICC): Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM); 1998 -Kkey actors: kilit aktörler Keynesianism: Keynesçilik; Büyük Buhran sonrasında liberalizmin eleştirisi sonucu ortaya 71 military exercise: askeri tatbikat military intervention: askeri müdahale military sanction: askeri yaptırım minority government: azınlık hükümeti mobilization: seferberlik modus vivendi; interim agreement: geçici antlaşma monetary policy: para politikaları; para arzını, faiz oranlarını ve döviz kurlarını etkileyen kararlar money laundering: kara para aklanması moratorium: moratoryum; uluslararası sorunların barışçıl çözümü mortgage crises: mortgagekrizi; 2000’li yıllarda yüksek seyreden konut fiyatlarına verilen uygun kredilerin, konut balonuna sebep olması ve 2007’de konut fiyatlarının ani düşüşü sonucu yaşanan krizi motion of confidence: güvenoyu önergesi multilateral agreement: çok taraflı antlaşma mutual interdependence: karşılıklı bağımlılık; Robert Keohane’e göre karışlıklı ticaret yapan devletlerin, kazancını kaybetmemek için savaşmayacağı görüşü mutual trust: karşılıklı güven mutual understanding: karşılıklı anlayış mutually assured destruction doctrine (MAD): MAD Doktrini; Sovyet tehdidine karşı Sovyetleri nükleer ile toptan yok etme stratejisi çıkan devletin ekonomiye müdahalesi yaklaşımı. Müdahaleci liberalizm -Llaissez faire: liberalizme göre serbest piyasanın şartı “bırakın yapsınlar” land and lease act: land and lease yasası; Roosevelt’in savaşan devletlere savaş sonrası ödenmek üzere silah ve malzeme satması lasting peace: kalıcı barış lasting reconciliation: kalıcı uzlaşma letters of credence: güven mektubu; büyükelçinin göreve başlarken ev sahibi devlet başkanına sunduğu mektup lebensraum: yaşam sahası; Hitler Almanya’sının Ratzel’den etkilenerek geliştirdiği yeni toprak kazanma politikası legitimate defense: meşru müdafaa legitimate demand: meşru talep legitimacy: meşruiyet level of analysis: analiz düzeyi; uluslararası ilişkilerin sistem, devlet ya da birey düzeyinde ele alınması Lousiana purchase: 1803’te Napolyon’dan Lousiana’dan Kanada’ya kadar olan eyaletlerin satın alınması -MMaginot line: Maginot hattı; Fransa’nın Alman saldırısında seferberlik için zaman kazanmasını sağlayacak 50 kule ve sığınaklardan oluşan hat main opposition party: ana muhalefet partisi manifest destiny: Amerikalıların kendilerini tanrının seçtiği özel bir halk olarak görmeleri ve sahip oldukları demokrasi gibi değerleri diğer ülkelere yaymaları gerektiği düşüncesi martens clause: martens kaydı; insancıllık ilkesine göre gereksiz acı ve ölümlere neden olan silah ve yöntemlerin yasak olması mass media: kitle iletişim araçları massive retaliation: topyekûn karşı koyma; 1950 NATO konsepti. Sovyetlerden gelen saldırının türü ne olursa olsun nükleer karşılık verme stratejisi matter of aggravation: ağırlaştırıcı sebep mediation: arabuluculuk mediator: arabulucu memorandum of understanding: mutabakat zaptı merchantalism: merkantilizm; 16. yy Avrupa’sında yaygın olan ithalatın kısılıp, ihracatın artırılması ve ülke gelirlerinde artışın sağlanması. meritocracy: meritokrasi; işe alımda ya da terfilerde ehliyete bakmak mestizo: Portekiz ve İspanyol soylu melezler military reconnaissance: askeri keşif -Nnegotiation: müzakere neo-functionalism: neo-fonksiyonalizm; Ernst Haas tarafından geliştirilen barış için AB gibi ulus üstü örgütlere önem atfeden düşünce nepotizm: yöneticilerin bozulması New Deal: Roosevelt’in sosyal devlet inşası. İşsizlik sigortası ve sosyal güvenliğe dair bazı düzenlemeler başkanın sosyalist olduğu dedikodularına neden olmuştur. no-fly zone: uçuşa yasak bölge non-aligned movement: bağlantısızlık hareketi; iki kutuplu sistemde her iki kutupta da yer almayı reddeden ülkelerin oluşturduğu hareket. Mısır, Yugoslavya, Endonezya, Hindistan gibi non-governmental organization: sivil toplum örgütü non-proliferation: yayılmanın önlenmesi non-retroactivity: geriye yürümezlik note: nota; dış politikada devletlerarası yazılı veya sözlü görüş değişimi NPT: 1967 yılında imzalan nükleer silahların önlenmesine yönelik antlaşma. null: butlan; yasal olarak düzeltilinceye kadar bir antlaşmanın hükümsüz sayılması null and void : ke en lem yekun; bir antlaşmanın yok hükmünde sayılması 72 periodic revision: periyodik revizyon; AB’nin sık sık antlaşma yaparak birlik işleyişini düzenlemesi permanent neutrality: sürekli tarafsızlık persona non grata: istenmeyen adam; ev sahibi devlet tarafından diplomatik temsilcinin temsil hakkının iptali petro-dollar: petrol ihraç eden ülkelerin petrolden elde ettikleri gelir. ping pong diplomacy: Çin-ABD arasındaki Nixon dönemindeki yumuşama plebisite: plebisit; Vitorio’nun bulduğu referandum eşdeğeri kavram plenipotentiary: tam yetkili temsilci plus value: artı değer; Marksizm’e göre işçi günün birkaç saatini kendisi için çalışırken, kalanını kapital için çalışır. Bu ise emek sömürüsüdür. pogrom: Avrupalı Yahudilerin 19. ve 20. yy’da maruz kaldıkları saldırılar Poland syndrome: Polonya sendromu; Polonya’nın aynı anda hem Alman hem de Rus saldırısına uğrama endişesi political stability: siyasi istikrar political transition process: siyasi geçiş süreci political will: siyasi irade port of registry: bağlama limanı Post-Westphalia: sınırların ortadan kalkıp devletin zayıfladığı ve dünya topluluğuna doğru gittiği dönem preemptive war: öncelikli savaş; bir savaşın başlangıcında sahip olunan ilk vuruş gücü pressure groups: baskı grupları; hükümetlerin karar almasını etkileyen yapılar pretokrat: imparatorluk tarafından tam olarak ilhak edilmeyip, yerel yönetimin bölge halkına bırakılması preventive war: önleyici savaş; oğul Bush’un henüz açık bir tehdit olmayan aktöre savaş açma stratejisi. BM’ye göre hukuk dışı kabul edilmiştir. principle causation: illiyet prensibi; bir faaliyet kendisi suç olmasa dahi zarara yol açıyorsa suç sayılması Project for the New American Century (PNAC): Yeni Amerikan Yüzyılı Projesi; ABD’nin uluslar arası alanda askeri olarak daha etkin bir konuma gelmesini savunan evanjelist grup progress report: ilerleme raporu protege: üstü tarafından kayırılan kimse protocol: protokol; antlaşmayı tamamlayıcı nitelikteki ek provocation: kışkırtma Provisional Government of the French Republic : Bağımsız Fransız Birlikleri; De Gaulle’ün topladığı ve 2. Dünya Savaşında başarılı olmuş birlikler -Ooffensive realism: saldırgan realizm; Mearsheimer’ın ortaya attığı revizyonist ve agresif tutumlu saldırgan realizm one minute speech: gündem dışı konuşma open door policy: açık kapı politikası; 19. yy’da Çin’in zorla dış ticarete açılması open organisation: açık örgüt; BM gibi şartları yerine getiren adayın üye olabildiği örgüt tipi opium crisis: afyon sorunu; Nixon’un seçim kampanyasında verdiği uyuşturucuyu bitime sözü nedeniyle Türkiye’de haşhaş üretimini yasaklamaya çalışması. Her ne kadar ABD’ye giren uyuşturucunun kaynağı Hindiçin olsa da bu bölgeye söz geçiremeyeceğini bilmesi nedeniyle Türkiye üzerinden Amerikan halkının gözünü boyamaya çalışmıştır. organic state: organik devlet düşüncesi; Darwin’den etkilenen Ratzel tarafından öne sürülen, güçlünün yaşamını sürdürdüğü, zayıfın ise elendiği dünya sistemi ost poltik: Willy Brandt’ın Sovyetlerle geçinmeden Batı Almanya’nın çıkarının korunamayacağını kabul etmesi out of area: alan dışılık; NATO’nun hem amaç hem de coğrafya olarak sınırlarının dışına çıkması -Ppact: pakt; askeri nitelikli antlaşma pacta sun servanda: ahde vefa; uluslararası hukukta bir yaptırım olmadığı için devletlerin sözünde duracağı varsayımı parcialism: dar görüşlülük participatory democracy: katılımcı demokrasi peace corps: barış gönüllüler; Kennedy’nin genç Amerikalı uzman ve öğretmenlerden oluşan gönüllüleri. Doğu Anadolu’daki sakıncalı faaliyetleri nedeniyle yurttan çıkarılmışlardır. peaceful coexistence: barış içinde bir arada yaşama; Kruşçev’in 20. SPBK’da dile getirdiği komünist ve kapitalist devletlerin bir arada yaşayabileceği görüşü peace force: barış gücü; barışın sağlanması amacıyla BM kararıyla görev yapan silahlı güç peaceful settlement of disputes: anlaşmazlıkların barışçıl çözümü percentages agreement: yüzdeler antlaşması; Churchil’in 1944 görüşmesinde Stalin’e sunduğu gizli bölüşüm planı. Buna göre İngiltere Yunanistan’da söz sahibi olurken, Rusya Romanya’da olacak, Macaristan ve Yugoslavya eşit paylaşılacak. perestroyka: Gorbaçov’un devlet yapılanmasında önerdiği reformlar 73 public diplomacy: kamuoyu diplomasisi; sivil halkın yurtdışında ülkesi lehine tutum takınması public hearing: açık duruşma public opinion: kamuoyu public order: kamu düzeni policymakers: karar vericiler puritens: puritenler; Hıristiyan inancının şekilsellikten çıkartılıp, içselleştirilmesi gerektiğini savunan ve bu nedenle İngiltere’nin baskısından kaçıp Amerika’ya gelip ilk yerleşen öncüler riparian states: kıyıdaş devletler rule of law: hukuk devleti rules of engagement: angajman kuralları ruling party: iktidar partisi -Ssatellite state: uydu devlet sectarian conflict: mezhep çatışması security dilemma: güvenlik ikilemi; John Herz’in dile getirdiği bir devletin savunma amaçlı attığı adımların diğer devlet tarafından saldırgan algılanması ve onun da silahlanması sonucu bir kısır döngüye girilmesi sefarad: dini ve milli değerlere önem veren doğulu Yahudiler self defense: nefsi müdafa self determination: kendi kaderini tayin; Wilson ilkelerinde vurgulanan milletlerin isterlerse devletleşmesi gerektiği görüşü self-help: realizme göre anarşik olan uluslararası sistemde devletlerin kendi başlarının çaresine bakmaları gerektiği görüşü separatist movement: ayrılıkçı hareket shadow cabinet: gölge kabine shuttle diplomacy: mekik diplomasisi; Kissinger’ın taraflar arasında sürekli gidip-gelme yoluyla sonuca ulaşılması signatory state: imzacı devlet signed: imzalanmış simbiotic: Althiusus’a göre insanların kendi kendilerine yetmediği için devleti kurdukları görüşü smart power: akıllı güç; Nye’ın geliştirdiği yumuşak güç ve sert gücün bileşimi snake in the tunnel: Avrupa para yılanı ????? social contract: toplum sözleşmesi; bilinmeyen bir tarihte insanların bir arada yaşayabilmesini sağlamak için anlaştıkları görüşü; devletin ortaya çıkış noktası soft balancing: yumuşak dengeleme; tek kutuplu sistemde hegemona uluslararası örgütler ve diplomatik ilişkiler yoluyla muhalefet etme soft power: yumuşak güç; Nye’ın geliştirdiği askeri güç ötesinde kültür ve imaj gibi öğelerle devletin etki alanı oluşturması sovereign right: egemenlik hakkı speculative money: kar elde etmek amacıyla kurlar arasında geçiş yapmak spill-over: neo-fonsiyonalizm’e göre işbirliğinin bir alandan diğerine gelişmesi spin election: erken seçim stability: istikrar standstill commitment: (tedbirleri) arttırmama taahhüdü Star wars Project: Reagan’ın Sovyet füze tehdidine karşı geliştirdiği savunma projesi -Qquasi-state: devlet benzeri quid pro quo: Kısasa kısas quorum of meeting: toplantı yeter sayısı -Rraison d’etat: hikmet-i hükümet; devletin çıkarları için yaptığı eylemleri meşrulaştırması rapid reaction force : acil müdahale gücü; NATO’nun aniden patlak veren krizler için oluşturduğu birlik ratification of an agreement: anlaşmanın onaylanması readmission agreement: geri kabul anlaşması reasoned judgement: gerekçeli hüküm recognition: tanıma; bir olayı ya da belgeyi tek taraflı olarak yasal kabul etme red line: kırmızı çizgi rent-seeking state: rantiyer devlet; genellikle doğal kaynaklardan elde ettiği gelirlerden dolayı halkın vergisine ihtiyaç duymaya devlet. Halkın ise vergi vermediği için hakkını ara(ya)madığı devlet. Suudi Arabistan ya da Venezuela gibi reciprocity: mütekabiliyet; devletlerin eşit egemenliğinden kaynaklı olarak, karşılaşılan tavra benzer tutum takınma regional conflict: bölgesel çatışma regional peace: bölgesel barış regional power: bölgesel güç reprisal: misilleme reservation: çekince; uluslararası bir antlaşmanın maddelerine konulan tek taraflı şerh resolution process: çözüm süreci responsibility to protect (R2P): koruma sorumluluğu; Srebrenitsa ve Ruanda katliamlarında sonra kabul edilen BM’nin insani müdahale hakkı right of angary: angarya hakkı; savaşan devletin acil ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere müttefik ya da tarafsız devletin gemisine el koyması. Savaş sonrası zararın tazmini gereklidir. right to resistance: direnme hakkı; Locke’un halkın kendine zulmeden devlete verdiği karşı koyma hakkı 74 state failure: başarısız devlet; kendi ülkesel sınırı içinde egemenliği zayıflayan ve halkını koruyamaz hale gelen devlet state formation: devlet inşası; Charles Tilly’e göre insanı korumak için kurulan devletin, bir süre sonra kendini korumak için insana zarar vermesi state of nature: doğa durumu; insanların uygarlık öncesi dönemi state party: taraf devlet successor state: ardıl devlet sui generis: nevi şahsına münhasır, kendine özgü summit meetings: zirve toplantıları; dekolonizasyon sonrası yetişmiş dışişleri personeli bulunmayan devletlerin bizzat devlet başkanı tarafından yürütülen diplomasi. Günümüzde ise çevre sorunları ve terör gibi konuların görüşülmesinde tercih edilir. super power: süper güç; uluslararası sistemin tamamında etkiye neden olabilecek güce sahip devlet suspension of the pronouncement of the judgement: hükmün açıklanmasının geriye bırakılması sustainable economic growth: sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme transaction costs: sözleşme maliyetleri; antlaşmaların müzakere edilmesi, takip edilmesi ve uygulanması sırasındaki maliyetler transfer pricing: transfer fiyatlaması; çok uluslu şirketlerin farklı ülkelerdeki fabrikalarda ürettiği mallar üzerinde maliyet manipülasyonu yapması treaty: antlaşma; devletlerarasında hak ve yükümlülükler doğuran ve onay gerektiren belge trying hands: diplomatik görüşme sırasında iç dinamikleri de göz önünde bulundurmayı ima eden oyalama taktiği Turkish Straits: Türk Boğazları two level game: iki düzeyli oyun; Putnam’a göre dış politikada devletlerin hem iç hem de dış şartlar uygun olduğunda daha çabuk karar aldığı görüşü -Uultimatum: ültimatom; kesin ve son talep UN conventions: BM sözleşmeleri UN resolution: BM kararı unconditional surrender: şartsız teslim unconstitutionality: anayasaya aykırılık unit veto system: birim veto; nükleer güce sahip devletin sahip olduğu caydırıcılık faktörü -VVantenburg act: Vantenburg yasası: 1948’de imzalan yasa ile Amerikan başkanının kongre onayı almadan antlaşma yapabilmesini sağlayan yasa vote of confidence: güvenoyu -Wwar crimes tribunal: savaş suçları mahkemesi Washington consensus: Washington konsensüsü; IMF ve Dünya Bankası politikaları Washington concept: Washington konsepti; NATO’da insani müdahaleye izin veren alan dışılık water stres: su stresi; tüketilen suyun yenilenebilirinden %10 fazla olması weltpolitik: Almanya’nın da tüm dünya gibi sömürgeciliğe girişmesi west politik: Konrad Adenouer’in Batıyla geçinmeden Doğu Almanya’nın çıkarının korunamayacağını kabul etmesi wet-ink signature: ıslak imza withdrawal from an agreement: anlaşmadan çekilme -Ttacit consent: zımni rıza termination of an agreement: anlaşmanın sona erdirilmesi territorial integrity: toprak bütünlüğü territorial waters: karasuları tête-à-tête meeting: baş başa toplantı thalweg line: thalweg hattı: akarsuyun en derin aktığı noktalardan oluşan çizgi theory of power balance: güç dengesi teorisi; Waltz’a göre güçlüye karşı zayıfla ittifak kurulmalıdır. Çünkü güçlüyle ittifak kurmak, onu hegemon hale getirir. Rejim ve ideolojiye rağmen bu yol izlenirse, güç dengesine ulaşılır. total war: topyekûn savaş; bir devletin tüm kaynaklarıyla savaşa dahil olması torn countries: Huntington’a göre farklı medeniyetleri içinde barındırması nedeniyle iç çatışmaya açık bulunan devletler. Türkiye ve Rusya gibi track-two diplomacy: ikinci kanal diplomasi; Dışişleri aracılığıyla değil, özel şahıslar ya da STK’larca yürütülen diplomasi tragedy of the commons: ortak mallar trajedisi; Hardin’in öne sürdüğü çevre ikilemi. Buna göre, ortak olan otlakta en fazla hayvanı en fazla şekilde otlatmak isteyen çoban aslında hem diğerlerine hem de kendine zarar verir. Ancak kısa vadedeki kazancı yanında zararı nispeten azdır. transboundary waters: sınır aşan sular -Xxenophobia: yabancı düşmanlığı -ZZollverein: Alman birliğinin kurulmasını sağlayan 19. yy Alman prenslikleri arasındaki gümrük birliği yapılanması 75 admit : acknowledge, own, receive – kabul etmek adore : worship, esteem, revere – hayran olmak adorn : decorate, beautify, ornament - süslemek adroit : skilful - mahir agenda: list of matters - gündem allegation: accusation- itham amend: change- değiştirmek bhannex: appendix- ek apex : tip, summit, zenith, acme, climax - zirve appall : frighten, horrify, terrify - dehşete düşürmek apparel : clothes, dress, garb, attire, costume - kıyafet apparent : plain, clear, evident, obvious - açık appeal : entreaty, request, petition - başvurmak appease : pacify, soothe, tranquilize - sakinleştirmek appendix : supplement, adjunct - ek applause : acclamation, acclaim - alkışlamak appliance : instrument, apparatus, device, tool - alet apply : use, employ, utilize - uygulamak appoint : nominate, name, designate - atamak apportion : divide, allot, assign, allocate - pay appreciate : value, estimate - takdir etmek apprehension : anxiety, misgiving - kuruntu apprentice : trainee - çırak appropriate : suitable, proper - uygun apt : inclined, disposed, prone, liable - yatkın aptly : appropriately - uygun bir şekilde aptitude : aptness, fitness, suitability - uygunluk archaic : ancient, antiquated, antique - tarihi ardent : passionate, eager, enthusiastic - hevesli ardor : eagerness, zeal, passion, enthusiasm - heves arid : barren - çorak argue : debate, discuss, dispute - tartışmak arouse : awaken, stimulate - uyandırmak, tahrik etmek arrange : order, array - ayarlamak arrogant : haughty, insolent, overbearing - kibirli arrest : seize, apprehend, capture - tutuklamak ascend : mount, soar, arise - yükselmek ascertain : determine, discover - doğrusunu araştırmak aspect : appearance, look, countenance - görünüş aspire : desire, long, yearn - arzulamak assail : assault, attack - saldırı assassinate : murder, kill, slay - suikast düzenlemek assemble : gather, collect, convene - toplamak assembly : congress, parliament, diet - toplanmak assent : accede, consent - uzlaşmak assess : estimate, calculate, evaluate - değer biçmek asset : commodity - mal assign : distribute, allot - tahsis etmek assignment: duty, homework- görev, ödev associate : join, affiliate, unite, combine - birleşmek assort : classify, group, sort, categorize - sınıflamak assume : pretend, affect - tahmin etmek assure : convince - temin etmek assurance: guarantee- garanti astonish : amaze, surprise, shock, stun - şaşırtmak asylum : refugee - mülteci attach : fasten, affix, join, annex - bağlamak attachment : affection - bağlılık attain : 1. reach, win - ulaşmak, başarmak attempt : try - denemek attend : wait on, serve - katılmak APPENDIX 5 Advanced vocabulary A abandon: leave, desert - bırakmak abate: reduce, decrease, lessen - azaltmak abbreviate: shorten, curtail, brief, abridge - kısaltmak abhor: hate, detest, loathe – nefret etmek abide: remain, sojourn, reside, inhabit - katlanmak abject: humiliating, contemptible, base, mean - sefil abolish: annul, nullify, revoke – yürürlükten kaldırmak abound : teem, swarm - bol abreast : alongside – omuz omuza abrupt : sudden, hasty - ani absent-minded : oblivious, inattentive - dikkatsiz absolute : complete, perfect – mükemmel, mutlak absorb : swallow, engulf - emmek abstain : refrain - kaçınmak abstract : theoretical, unpracticed - muğlak absurd : ridiculous, foolish, stupid - garip abundance : plenty, profusion - yeterli abuse : misuse, maltreat, ill-use, reproach – suiistimal accelerate : hurry, quicken, speed up - hızlanmak accept : admit, approve – kabul etmek access : approach - ulaşmak accession: getting to the throne- tahta çıkma accidental : casual, contingent - kazara acclaim : praise - övmek accommodate : suit, fit, adapt, hold - yerleştirmek accompany : escort, convoy – eşlik etmek accomplish : fulfill, complete, achieve - başarmak accord : agree, assent, concur - uymak account : explanation, exposition - açıklamak accredited: akredite accumulate : gather - toplamak accurate : correct, precise - kesin accuse : indict, charge, impeach, blame - suçlamak accustomed : customary, habitual, wont – alışık achieve : accomplish, effect, perform - başarmak acknowledge : admit, confess, own - bilgilendirmek acquaintance : associate, companion - tanıdık acquire : gain, win, earn, secure - dinmek acquit : declare sb innocent - aklamak actual : tangible, definite, genuine - asıl acute : sharp, intense, severe – keskin, şiddetli adapt : suit, adjust, fit - uymak address : 1. residence, abode - adres 2. speech, lecture, discourse – işaret etmek adequate : sufficient, suitable - yeterli adhere : stick, cleave, cling - yapışmak adjourn : suspend, postpone, defer, delay - ertelemek adjust : fit, adapt, suit - uymak admonish : give advice – nasihat etmek administer : manage, execute, direct - yönetmek admirable : praiseworthy, excellent – takdire şayan admire : esteem, revere - imrenmek 76 attentive : heedful, alert, watchful, careful - dikkatli attire : clothing - kıyafet attitude : position, bearing, pose - tavır attract : draw, allure, charm - cazibe augment : increase - arttrmak, büyütmek authority : power - otorite authorize : empower, allow, permit, let - yetki vermek auxiliary : subsidiary, additional - yardımcı available : usable - elverişli aviation: relating to airways- havacılık avenge : revenge - öc almak average : mean, median - vasat avid : greedy, avaricious, covetous - aç gözlü avoid : shun, evade, escape, elude - kaçınmak aware : conscious - bilinçli awe : wonder, amazement - merak awkward : clumsy, unskillful - sakar B ban : forbid, inhibit, prohibit, outlaw - yasaklamak banish : expel, exile, deport - sürgün etmek bar : hinder, obstruct, deter, stop, impede - engel barbarian : savage, primitive, barbaric, barbarous - cani bare : naked, nude, exposed - çıplak, yalın bargain : contract, trade, sell - pazarlık yapmak barren : sterile, infertile, unproductive - kısır barrier : bar, obstruction, barricade, obstacle - engel barter : trade, exchange - takas yapmak base : mean, degraded - temel baseless: false - temelsiz beam : shine, gleam, glitter, radiate - tayf bear : carry, transport, convey - taşımak bearing : manner, behavior, conduct - tavir becoming : attractive, suitable, appropriate - uygun beg : entreat, crave - yalvarmak behave : conduct - davranmak bend : curve, crook, bow - eğilmek beneficial : helpful, profitable, advantageous - faydalı benevolent : kind, humane, tender, generous - kibar betray : be unfaithful to, be a traitor to - ihanet etmek beverage : drink - içecek bewilder : confuse, perplex, puzzle - aklını karıştırmak bias : prejudice - ön yargı bid : command, order, direct - emretmek; fiyat vermek bilateral : between to sides - karşılıklı bind : tie, fasten - bağlamak bite : gnaw, chew - ısırmak bitter : harsh, acrid, biting - acı blame : reproach, censure, condemn - suçlamak blasphemy : disrespectful speech towards God - isyan blast : explosion, outburst, burst - patlama blaze : flame - alev blemish : stain, defect, speck - leke blend : mingle, mix - karışım, harman blind : sightless - kör blink : wink, twinkle - göz kırpmak block : obstacle - engel bloody : cruel, ruthless - acımasız bloom : flowering - çiçek açmak blow : move with air - üflemek blunt : dull - küt, körelmiş boast : brag, swagger - övünmek bold : courageous, daring, valiant - cesur bond : union - birleşik bondage : slavery, confinement - kölelik boom : flourish, thrive, prosper - yükselişe geçmek border: line between the countries - sınır bore : weary, tire - sıkmak bother : annoy, worry, trouble, disturb - rahatsız etmek bound : boundary, border, limit, precinct - bağlı, sınırlı boundary : edge - sınır bow : stoop, bend - başıyla selamlamak brave : courageous, gallant, dauntless, bold - cesur bravery : boldness, courage, daring - cesaret break : shatter, batter, destroy - kırmak, bozmak breakthrough : important discovery - dönüm noktası breed : generate, raise, rear, nurture - beslemek brief : short, transitory, transient, temporary - özet bright : radiant, glowing, beaming, brilliant - parlak brisk : active, lively, energetic - hareketli broad : wide, extensive, vast, spacious - geniş brood : dwell on, ponder, meditate - yuva yapmak brook : stream - akarsu brutal : savage, cruel, inhuman, barbarous - acımasız brute : beast, animal - hayvan bulk : large size - yığın burden : load - yük, sıkıntı burst : explode, blow up - patlamak bury : entomb, hide - gömmek C calamity : tragedy, disaster, catastrophe - felaket calculate : count, figure, reckon, compute - hesaplamak cancel : annul, revoke - ertelemek candid : frank, open, outspoken - açık sözlü capacious : spacious, roomy - geniş capacity : ability - yetenek capital : principal, chief, prime, primary - öncül captivate : charm, fascinate - etkisi altına almak captivity : bondage, confinement - tutsak capture : seize, catch, snare - yakalamak careful : cautious, watchful, vigilant, discreet - dikkatli careless : heedless, reckless, indiscreet - dikkatsiz cargo : freight, load, burden - yük carriage : vehicle, conveyance - taşıt carry : convey, transport, transfer - taşımak cast : throw, fling, hurl, pitch - atmak casual : unexpected - tessadüfi casualty: victim – kurban, kazazede catastrophe : disaster, calamity, misfortune - afet cease : stop, terminate - durmak celebrate : observe, commemorate - kutlamak celebrated : famous, distinguished - tanınmış celebrity : a famous person, hero, notable - ünlü celestial : heavenly - uhrevi census : count of population - nüfus sayımı cessation : stopping - durma chancery: the embassy office building- konsolosluk change : alter, turn, transform, vary - değişme charge : load - mal olmak charitable : generous, benign, kind - cömert cheat : deceive, defraud, trick, delude - aldatmak check : study, examination, inspection - kontrol etmek cheer : inspirit, animate - neşe 77 cheerful : gay, joyful, buoyant, jolly - neşeli cherish : value sth. highly - değerini bilmek chill : cold, coldness - soğuk chop : cut, mince - doğramak chronic : habitual, confirmed - kronik cite : mention as an example - örnek olarak bahsetmek civil : polite, courteous, civilized - kibar claim : demand, request, requirement - iddia etmek clash : collide - çarpışmak clasp : grasp, grip, clutch - tutmak clean : unstained, clear, pure - temiz cleanse : clean, purify - temizlemek clear : distinct, evident, plain, obvious - açık clever : smart, intelligent, ingenious - akıllı climb : mount, ascend, scale - tırmanmak clumsy : awkward - sakar coarse : crude, rude, rough - kaba coax : cajole, persuade - ikna etmek cohere : stick, cling, adhere, bond - bağlamak cohesion : bond, adhesion - tutarlı collect : assemble, accumulate, aggregate - toplamak collocutor: person you are talking to- muhatap column : pillar - sütun combat : struggle, fight, battle - savaşmak combination : conjunction, association, union - birleşik combine : unite, join, associate - birleştirmek comfort : soothe, console, solace - teselli etmek command : order, bid, instruct - yönetmek commence : begin, start, originate - başlamak commend : entrust, laud, praise, exalt - iltifat etmek commit : perform - işlemek commodity : traded item - mal common: shared - ortak communicate : transmit, convey - iletişim kurmak compact : tightly, packed - sıkıştırılmış companion : associate, partner, fellow, mate - arkadaş comparable : similar, equivalent, like - benzer compassion : pity, sympathy, mercy - merhamet compel : force, impel - zorlamak compensate : atone - telafi etmek compete : contend, vie, rival - yarışmak competent : qualified, capable, proficient - yetenekli complain : grumble - şikayet etmek complex : compound, complicated - karışık comply : acquiesce, conform, consent, accede - uymak component : element, ingredient - bileşen composed : calm, tranquil - sakin comprehend : understand, grasp, perceive - anlamak comprehensive : inclusive, extensive, - anlaşılır compress : condense, squeeze - sıkmak compulsory : compelled, binding - zorunlu conceal : hide, bury - gizlemek conceit : vanity, complacency - kenini beğenmiş conceive : understand, comprehend - kavramak concentrate : focus, intensify - odaklanmak concern: cause worry - endişendirmek concession : privilege - ödün conciseness : brevity - kısalık concrete : definite - somut condemn : blame, censure - suçlamak condense : compress, concentrate - yoğunlaşmak condition : state, situation, circumstance - durum condolence: sympathy for loss - taziye conduct : behavior, demeanor, manner - davranış confer : bestow, give, donate, grant - ünvan vermek conference : meeting, convention - toplantı confess : avow, own, admit - itiraf etmek confidence : trust, belief, faith, reliance - itimat confident : certain, convinced - emin confine : enclose, imprison - tutsak etmek confirm : assure - temin etmek conflict : collide, clash, contend, fight - çatışma conform : comply, yield, agree, assent - uymak confuse : disturb, bewilder - kafasını karıştırmak confront : encounter - maruz kalmak congestion : blockage - tıkanıklık congress : meeting, assembly, conference - kongre conjurer : magician - sihirbaz conquer : defeat, master, beat - fethetmek conscience : scruples - vicdan conscientious : just, upright, honest - vicdanlı conscious : aware - bilinç consensus : agreement - uzlaşma consent: permission - rıza consequence : effect, result, outcome - sonuç consider : contemplate, meditate, reflect - düşünmek considerate : thoughtful, charitable - düşünceli consist: include - içermek consistent : compatible, harmonious - tutarlı console : comfort, solace, soothe - teselli etmek consort : associate, fraternize, agree - beraberlik conspicuous : manifest, plain, apparent - göze çarpan constant : invariable, stable, unchanging - sabit constitution : document of laws - anayasa constrain : compel, coerce - zorunda bırakmak constrict : compress, contract - darltmak consult : confer - danışmak consultation: conferring - danışma consume : expend, exhaust - tüketmek contagious : communicable, infectious - bulaşıcı contain : hold, accommodate, include - içermek contaminate : pollute, stain, corrupt - kirletmek contemplate : consider, reflect - ayrıntısıyla düşünmek contemporary : coexisting - çağdaş contempt : scorn, disdain - küçümseme contemptible : mean, abject, base - alçak contemptuous : scornful, sneering - aşağılayıcı contend : struggle, fight, battle - mücadele etmek content : satisfied, contented - memnun contest : struggle , battle, combat, fight - yarışmak continual : incessant, ceaseless - devamlı contract : compact, bargain - sözleşme contradictory : opposing, paradoxical, inconsistent, contrary - karşıt contrast : comparison - zıtlık contrive : devise, invent, design - bulmak control : dominate, govern, rule, reign - kontrol etmek controversy : dispute, debate - tartışma convenient : handy - münasip converse : opposite, reverse - ters convert : change, transform - değiştirmek convey : carry, transport, transmit - taşımak 78 convict : find guilty - suçlu bulmak convince : persuade - ikna etmek core : center, heart - çekirdek corps: group- heyet corpse : body - ceset correct : amend, remedy, cure - düzeltmek correspond : conform, accord, match – uyuşmak correspondence: communication by letters- yazışma corrosion : decay - çürüme, yozlaşma corrupt : rotten, spoiled - bozuk courteous : civil, polite, well-mannered - kibar covet : want sb else’s property - göz dikmek cowardly : craven, afraid, timid - korkakça crack : break, snap, split - çatlak craft : skill, ingenuity - sanat crash : shatter, smash - çarpışmak crave : desire - arzulamak crazy : insane, lunatic, mad - çılgın credence: confidence - güven credit : belief, trust, confidence, faith - güven creditable : reputable, honorable - güvenilir credulous : gullible - saf, çabuk kanan crime : offense, sin, felony - suç criminal : convict, sinner, culprit, offender - suçlu cripple : disable, maim, ruin - sakat crisis : emergency - acil critic : reviewer, judge - eleştirmen critical : crucial, momentous, important - kritik crop : harvest, produce, yield - ürün crowd : throng, multitude, swarm, herd - kalabalık crucial : vital - önemli crude : unrefined, raw - ham crude oil: raw petroleum – ham petrol cruel : barbarous, ferocious - acımasız crush : shatter, smash, crumble - çarpmak cumbersome : bulky, inconvenient - hantal cunning : tricky, sly - kurnaz curb : restrain - kendine hakim olmak cure : remedy - şifa curious : inquisitive, interested - meraklı current : prevailing, popular - hali hazırda curse : damn, imprecate - lanetlemek curtail : curb, reduce - dizginlemek custody : imprisonment, confinement - göz altı customary : habitual - alışılan, gelenek customs: controls on borders - gümrük cut : divide, sever, chop - kesmek cynical : sarcastic, satirical, sneering - ironik D damage : injury, harm, hurt, impairment - zarar damp : moist, humid, wet - nem danger : hazard, risk, peril, jeopardy - tehlike dare : venture, risk, challenge, defy - cesaret etmek daring : courageous, bold, brave, valiant - cesur dash : rush, dart, bolt - acele etmek dawn : daybreak - gün batımı dead : deceased, extinct, inanimate - ölü deadly : fatal, lethal, mortal - ölümcül debate : discussion, argument, dispute - tartışma decadence : deterioration, decline - rezil olma decay : deteriorate, decline - kötüye gitmek deceit : fraud, deception, cheating - hile deceive : delude, cheat - kandırmak decent : right, proper, nice, pure, modest - münasip decided : resolute, determined, final - kararlı declare : announce, proclaim - duyurmak declaration: announcement – duyuru, deklerasyon decline : refuse, reject - red etmek decrease : diminish, lessen, dwindle, abate - inmek dedicate : devote - adamak deduct : subtract - çıkartmak defeat : conquer, overwhelm, subdue - yenmek defect : blemish, flaw, fault, weakness - kusur defend : guard, shield, shelter, protect - savunmak defense: protection - savunma deficient : lacking - eksiklik definite : fixed, clear, express - açık defy : challenge - kafa tutmak dejected : depressed, discouraged - üzgün deliberate : careful, thoughtful, cautious - kasti delicate : dainty, graceful, elegant - hassas delicacy : dainty, savory - hassasiyet delinquency : unlawful behavior - suç delude : lead sb into false belief - yanıltmak demolition : destruction - yıkım deny : gainsay, contradict - red etmek depart : start, leave, quit - ayrılmak depict : represent, portray - betimlemek depletion : exhaustion - tükenme deplore : grieve, regret, lament, mourn - üzülmek deposit : save, store, entrust - ayırmak depressed : downcast, melancholy, gloomy - hüzünlü deprive : bereave, strip - yoksun kalmak derive : come from a source - türemek descent : falling, - iniş desert : abandon, forsake - terk etmek design : plan, devise, project, contrive - tasarlamak desolate : barren, ravaged - ıssız despair : discouragement, disheartenment - umutsuzluk desperate : hopeless, extreme, excessive - umutsuz destiny : fate, doom - kader destitute : poor, devoid - yoksul destroy : smash, demolish - yok etmek detain : confine, arrest, keep - alıkoymak detect : spot, discern, discover - tespit etmek deter : prevent - engel olmak deteriorate : get worse - kötüleşmek detest : hate - nefret etmek detrimental : harmful - zararlı, aleyhine deviate : diverge, wander, stray - sapmak device : plan, design; tool - plan; cihaz devise : contrive, invent, design - planlamak devoid : lacking - yoksun devote : dedicate -adamak devour : eat up - yiyip bitirmek devout : pious, devoted, saintly - dindar dictate : fix, impose, prescribe - zorla kabul ettirmek die : decease, perish, vanish - ölmek diffuse : spread, distribute, scatter, disperse - yayılmış digest : absorb, imbibe, assimilate - sindirmek dilemma : predicament, strait - ikilem diligent : hardworking - çalışkan 79 dim : obscure, faint - loş diminish : lessen, reduce, decrease, shrink - azaltmak dirty : foul, unclean, filthy - kirli disadvantage : harm, damage, injury - aleyhine disappear : vanish, fade - yok olmak disappoint : frustrate, baffle - hayal kırıklığına uğramak disaster : calamity, mishap, catastrophe - felaket discern : perceive, notice, distinguish - fark etmek discernible : noticeable, observable - fark edilir disciple : pupil, student, scholar - öğrenci discipline : training, drill, exercise, practice - disiplin disclose : reveal, divulge, unveil - ifşa etmek disconcert : disturb, bewilder - huzurunu kaçırmak discourage : dishearten, depress - hevesini kırmak discreet : judicious, cautious, considerate - nazik disdain : condemn, despise, scorn - hor görme disgrace : shame, dishonor - yüz karası disgust : sicken, nauseate - iğrenmek disgusting : offensive, sickening - iğrenç dishonorable : disgraceful, shameful - onursuz disinterested : unbiased, impartial, fair - tarafsız disloyal : unfaithful - sadakatsiz dismiss : discharge, fire, refuse - atılmak disorder : mess, confusion, chaos - karmaşa disperse : scatter, dissipate, diffuse - yaymak displace : replace, remove - yerini değiştirmek dispute : argue, debate - tartışmak disregard : ignore, neglect, overlook - göz ardı etmek dissent : differ, disagree - ayrılmak, uyuşmamak dissolve : melt - erimek distinct : definite, clear, plain - sarih distinction : difference - ayrım distinguish : discriminate, differentiate - ayırmak distinguished : marked, famous, celebrated - tanınmış distort : mislead - yanlış yönlendirmek distress : pain, anxiety, agony, anguish - sıkıntı distribute : deal, apportion, assign, dispense - dağıtmak disturbance : agitation, disorder, confusion - rahatsızlık diverse : various, manifold - çeşitli divulge : reveal - ifşa etmek doctrine : tenet, dogma, theory, principle - öğreti domain : area, field, territory, province - bölge dominant : ruling, prevailing, prevalent - egemen donation : gift, contribution, offering - bağış doom : fate, destiny, lot, ruin, death - kader draft: sketch - taslak draw : drag, pull, tug, attract - çekmek, cezbetmek dread : fear, awe - korku dreary : gloomy, dismay - can sıkıcı dress code: type of dressing – kıyafet tipi dubious : doubtful - şüpheli dull : boring, tedious, uninteresting, blunt - sıkıcı dumb : mute, speechless - dilsiz durable : lasting, enduring, permanent - dayanıklı dusky : dim, shadowy, cloudy, obscure - gölgeli duty : obligation - görev dwarf : pygmy - cüce dwell : abide, reside, live, inhabit -yaşamak E earn : gain, acquire, win, obtain - kazanmak earnest : sincere, ardent, eager - samimi easy : facile, light - kolay ebb : subside, abate, recede, retire - çekilme economical : saving, thrifty, frugal - tutumlu edge : border, margin, boundary - kenar, sınır effect : result, consequence, outcome - etki effective : efficacious, efficient, effectual - etkili effort : endeavor, exertion, struggle, striving - çaba egoism : selfishness - bencillik elaborate : detailed, intricate, complicated - ayrıntılı elegant : tasteful, refined, polished, graceful - zarif elementary : primary, basic, fundamental - ilk, giriş elevate : raise, lift, heighten, increase - yükseltmek elicit : draw out - sonucuna varmak eliminate : remove - çıkarmak elude : avoid, escape - kurtulmak, yakasını kurtarmak embark : 1. start - başlamak 2. get on a ship - güverteye çıkmak embarrass : confuse, perplex - şaşırtmak embed : fix, fasten, root - yerleştirmek emerge : emanate, appear - ortaya çıkmak emergency : crisis - aciliyet eminent : distinguished, outstanding - göze çarpan emit : discharge, shed, radiate - yaymak emphatic : forcible, strong - vurgulu employ : use, engage, hire - işletmek empower : authorize, warrant, enable - yetki vermek empty : void, vacant, blank, unoccupied - boş enchant : fascinate, captivate, charm - cezbetmek encircle : surround, encompass, enclose - kuşatmak enclose : surround, circle, beset - kuşatmak encounter : face - yüzleşmek encourage : hearten, stimulate - cesaretlendirmek endeavor : effort, struggle, exertion - mücadele etmek endemic : restricted to one place - yaygın endorse : support - desteklemek endow : confer, bestow, give - bahşetmek endowment : gift, capacity, talent - yetenek endure : sustain, bear, stand, tolerate - dayanmak enemy : foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist - düşman enforce : apply - uygulamak enhance : increase - büyütmek enlarge : extend, augment, amplify - genişletmek enlighten : illumine - aydınlatmak enliven : invigorate, animate - canlandırmak enmity : hatred - düşmanlık enormous : huge, immense, vast, gigantic - devasa enrage : anger, aggravate - öfkelendirmek ensue : follow, succeed - izlemek entangle : complicate, involve - karıştırmak enterprising : ambitious, adventurous, energetic girişken entertain : divert, amuse, please - eğlendirmek enthusiasm : eagerness, zeal, passion - heves enthusiastic : zealous, eager, passionate - hevesli entice : seduce - ayartmak entitle : empower, qualify - yetki vermek entity : thing, individual, object - bağımsız envelop : surround, enclose - kapsamak envy : jealousy - kıskançlık equal : equivalent, alike - eşit equip : furnish, provide - donatmak 80 era : time, period, age, epoch - çağ erect : upright standing, vertical - dikmek erroneous : mistaken, incorrect, false - hatalı err : mistake - hata yapmak error : mistake, blunder, slip - hata escape : flee, evade, avoid - kaçmak escort : convoy, guard, guide - eşlik etmek esquire: mister - bey essence : spirit, principal - öz essential : indispensable, vital, fundamental - gerekli establish : found, institute - kurmak esteem : prize, value, respect - değer biçmek estimate : judge, assess, value, evaluate - tahmin etmek eternal : endless, everlasting, infinite - sonsuz evade : escape, elude, shun - kaçmak evaporate : vaporize - buharlaşmak even : equal - berabere event : occurrence, happening, incident - olay eventually : ultimately, finally - sonunda evict : eject sb from a property - arazisinden çıkartmak evident : plain, clear, obvious - açık, belli evil : immoral, malicious - şeytani examine : inspect, probe, investigate - tetkik etmek exceed : surpass, excel, outstrip - aşmak excel : surpass, outdo, exceed - üstün olmak excellent : fine, eminent - mükemmel exception : exclusion - istisna exceptional : unusual, extraordinary - istisnai excessive : extreme - aşırı exchange : barter, interchange, swap - değiştirme excite : stir, arouse, stimulate, incite - heyecanlandırma exclamation : outcry - ünlem, haykırış exclude : expel - hariç tutmak exclusive : excluding - tekel execute : perform, achieve - işlemek exert : exercise, wield - çaba sarfetmek exhaust : expend, consume - tüketmek exhibit : display, show, demonstrate - teşhir etmek exorbitant : extreme, undue, extravagant - fahiş expand : extend, swell, enlarge - genişlemek expect : anticipate, await - ummak expel : oust, banish, exile - atmak expend : use, consume, spend, exhaust - harcamak expense : cost, charge, price, expenditure - tutar expensive : costly, dear - pahalı experiment : test, trial - deney expert : specialist, authority, master - uzman explain : elucidate, explicate, clarify - açıklamak explanation: clarification - izahat explicit : clear, unambiguous, definite - açık exploit : feat, accomplishment - başarı expose : betray, reveal, uncover - maruz bırakmak express : utter, state, manifest, reveal - dile getirmek extend : increase, grow, expand, enlarge - genişletmek extensive : wide, broad, spacious, vast - geniş extent : space, scope, range, stretch - kapsam exterior : outer, outside, external - dış exterminate : annihilate, destroy, eliminate - yok etmek extinct : quenched, vanished - nesli tükenmiş extol : praise - methetmek extract : extort, derive - çıkartmak extradition: force to leave – sınırdışı etme extraordinary : exceptional, unusual - sıradışı extravagant : wasteful, prodigal - müsrif extreme : ultimate, excessive, unreasonable - aşırı F fable : legend - efsane fabricate : make, build, produce, assemble, manufacture - üretmek faculty : ability, capacity, aptitude - yetkinlik fade : wither, decline, decay - yok olma failing : shortcoming, defect, flaw - hata faint : indistinct, dim, feeble - çok küçük fair : unbiased, just, impartial, disinterested - adil faith : confidence, trust, credit - sadakat faithful : true, reliable, trustworthy - sadık false : erroneous, wrong - yanlış fame : reputation, renown, eminence, celebrity - ün familiar : intimate, close, friendly, amicable - tanıdık famous : celebrated, well-known, distinguished - ünlü fancy : imagination, fantasy - hayali fascinate : charm, enchant, allure - cezbetmek fashion : style, vogue, mode - moda fast : quick, swift, rapid, fleet - hızlı fasten : fix, attach - bağlamak fat : plump, stout, obese - şişman fatal : deadly, mortal, lethal - ölümcül fate : doom, lot, destiny - kader fatigue : exhausted - bitkin fault : blemish, flaw, shortcoming - kusur favor : kindness, good-will - iyilik fear : apprehension, dread, terror, fright - korku feasible : possible, practicable, viable - makul feast : celebration, anniversary, ceremony - kutlama feat : achievement, accomplishment, exploit - marifet feeble : weak, delicate, fragile - kırılgan feed : nourish, sustain - beslemek fertile : productive, fecund, fruitful - verimli fervent : ardent, earnest, zealous, passionate - iştiyaklı feud : hostility - kin fidelity : loyalty, faithfulness, devotion - adanmışlık fierce : ferocious, wild, savage, brutal - acımasız fiery : fervent, burning, afire - ateşli, kızgın fight : conflict, battle, war, combat - dövüşmek final : ultimate, conclusive - son financial : monetary, pecuniary - mali fine : delicate, elegant, exquisite - hoş firm : stable, steadfast, determined, reliable - sabit fiscal : financial - mali fix : arrange - ayarlamak flame : blaze, fire - alev flash : flame, flare, glare - flaş flat : horizontal, level, even, plane - düz flawless : perfect - defosuz flee : escape from - kaçmak flexible : plastic, adaptable, adjustable, pliable - esnek flock : bevy, brood, school, swarm, herd - sürü flood : deluge, overflow - sel flourish : thrive, prosper, succeed - gelişmek flow : stream, run - akış fluctuate : vary in level - dalgalanmak fluent : flowing - akıcı 81 foe : enemy, opponent, adversary, antagonist - düşman fog : mist, haze - sis follow : succeed, ensue - takip etmek food : provisions - erzak foolish : silly, fatuous, stupid, dull - aptal forbid : inhibit, prohibit - yasaklamak force : strength, power, might, energy - zorlamak forecast : predict, foretell, foresee - ön görmek foresight : forethought - sezgi forgery : fake - sahte formidable : dreadful, threatening, fearful - korkunç foster : encourage, promote - teşvik etmek foul : filthy, dirty, stained, polluted - kötü, iğrenç foundation : base, basis, ground - kurum fraction : share - hisse fragrant : perfumed - hoş koku frame(work) : structure - çerçeve frank : candid, outspoken - açık sözlü fraud : deceit, deception - sahtekarlık free : liberate, release, emancipate - özgür bırakmak freight : cargo, shipment, load - nakliye friction : rubbing - sürtünme fright : dismay, terror, panic - korku frighten : scare, terrify, alarm, dismay - korkutmak frightful : alarming, awful, horrible - korkunç frugal : economical, thrifty - tutumlu fruitless : futile, sterile, unproductive - kısır frustrate : disappoint, thwart - boşa çıkarmak fume : smoke - duman fun : pleasure, amusement -eğlence fundamental : basic, essential, primary - temel funny : amusing, diverting - komik furnish : provide, supply - tedarik etmek fury : rage, anger, wrath - garez fuse : melt, dissolve - eritmek futile : ineffective, useless, vain – sonuçsuz, nafile G gaiety : mirth, glee, cheerfulness, joviality - neşe gain : obtain, secure, acquire, earn, win - kazanmak gallant : brave, valorous, valiant, intrepid - cesur gang : band, clique - çete gash : deep cut - kesik yara gasp : pant - soluk soluğa kalmak gather : collect, assemble, muster - toplanmak gaze : stare - gözünü dikip bakmak generosity : charity, bountifulness - cömertlik generous : bountiful, unselfish, charitable - cömert genial : sympathetic, cordial, friendly, kindly - kibar gentle : clement, humane, merciful, amiable - kibar ghost : phantom, spirit - hayalet gift : donation, present, contribution, offering - yetenek gigantic : huge, enormous, tremendous - devasa give : deliver, bestow, impart, accord - vermek glad : delighted, pleased, elated - mutlu glamorous : stylish, desirable - göz alıcı glance : glimpse - gözü çarpmak gleam : flash, beam, glimmer - ışıltı glee : exultation, merriment, hilarity - neşe glide : slide, slip - kaymak, süzülmek gloomy : obscure, depressed, melancholy - melankolik glory : praise, honor, celebrity, fame - görmek godly : pious, saintly, devout, holy - yüce good-will : benevolence, favor, kindness - iyilik govern : rule, reign - hükmetmek grace : elegance, refinement - lütuf gracious : benign, courteous, polite - lütufkar grand : imposing, stately, dignified - büyük grant : bestow, confer, award – vermek, bahşetmek grasp : seize, hold, clutch, grab, catch - kavramak grateful : appreciative, thankful, obliged - müteşekkir gratify : satisfy - sevindirmek grave : tomb; important, serious - mezar; ciddi great : immense, enormous, huge, vast, grand - büyük greed : avidity, avarice, covetousness - tamah greedy : avaricious, desirous, covetous - tamahkar greet : accost, salute - karşılamak grief : sorrow, woe, sadness - üzüntü grieve : lament, mourn, sorrow, bewail - üzülmek grind : grate, rub - öğütmek gross : bulky, massive, great - hantal grudge : malice, spite, malevolence - garez, kin guarantee : insure, warrant - taahhüt etmek guard : protect, shield, defend, shelter - korumak guess : conjecture, suppose, fancy - tahmin etmek guide : lead, conduct, show, escort - rehberlik etmek guilty : criminal, culpable - suçlu guiltless : innocent, blameless, immaculate - suçsuz gush : spurt, spout - fışkırmak H habitual : usual, customary, accustomed - sıradan habituate : accustom, familiarize - alıştırmak halt : stop, cease - durmak hamper : hinder, prevent, obstruct - engel olmak hang : suspend, dangle -asılmak happen : occur, befall - meydana gelmek harbor : accommodate, board, room, shelter - sığınmak hard : solid, inflexible, unyielding - sert hardship : trial, oppression, suffering - zorluk hardy : vigorous, sturdy, robust, stout - dayanıklı harm : injury, damage, hurt, detriment - zarar vermek harmony : agreement, concord, unity - uyum harsh : rough, severe, austere - sert hasten : hurry, accelerate, urge , quicken - acele etmek hate : detest, abhor, loathe - nefret etmek hatred : aversion, hate, detestation - nefret haughty : proud, arrogant - gururlu hazard : danger, peril, jeopardy - tehlike heal : cure, remedy, amend - tedavi etmek heap : mass, stack, pile, accumulation - yığın heavy : weighty, demanding, burdensome - yoğun, ağır hectic : busy, hurried - telaşlı helpful : useful, advantageous, profitable - yardımsever heredity : ancestry - kalıtsal heritage : inheritance - miras heroic : brave, courageous, dauntless, gallant - epik hide : conceal, screen, veil, shroud, cover - saklamak hinder : interrupt, check, impede, hamper - engellemek hint : suggestion, implication, allusion - tüyo hoarse : husky - kısık sesli hoax : trick - hile hoist : raise, elevate, lift - kaldırmak hole : opening, cavity, hollow, pit - delik 82 homely : plain, simple, unattractive, ugly - sade honesty : uprightness, justice - dürüstlük honor : fame, repute, reputation - onur honorable: reputable - saygıdeğer hopeless : desperate, despairing, despondent - ümitsiz horrible : terrible, dreadful, hideous, grim - korkunç hostile : antagonistic - düşmanca hostility : enmity, antagonism - düşmanlık huge : mammoth, vast, gigantic, colossal - devasa humane : merciful - merhametli humanitarian: compassionate - insani humble : unassuming, meek, modest - mütevazi humid : damp, moist - nemli humiliate : degrade, disgrace, shame - küçük düşürmek humorous : funny, comical - müzip hurt : injure, damage, mar, impair - yaralamak hypocrite : pretender - ikiyüzlü I ideal : perfect, model, exemplary - mükemmel idiotic : foolish, stupid, fatuous - aptalca idle : indolent, lazy, slothful - tembel ignite : catch fire - tutuşmak ignoble : mean, base, degraded - alçak ignorant : illiterate, uneducated - görgüsüz, cahil ignore : overlook, disregard, neglect - önemsememek illegal : unlawful, illegitimate, illicit - yasa dışı illustration : explanation - betimleme imaginary : fanciful, visionary - hayali imitate : mimic, mock, reproduce, copy - taklit etmek immense : huge - devasa immerse : submerge, dip, submerse - daldırmak immigration: moving to a country – iltica etme imminent : impending - yakında olacak immoderate : excessive, extreme, exorbitant - aşırı immoral : vicious, corrupt, amoral - ahlak dışı impact : effect - etki impair : injure, deteriorate - zarar vermek impart : give, bestow, grant, confer - vermek, bildirmek impartial : unbiased, just, fair, disinterested - tarafsız impediment : obstacle - engel impel : compel, drive, urge - sevketmek imperceptible : barely visible - zor seçilen impetus : stimulus - hız implement: appliance - uygulama implore : supplicate, entreat, crave - yalvarmak imply : mean indirectly - ima etmek impolite : uncivil, rude, discourteous - kaba importance : significance - önem impose : enforce sth - empoze etmek impregnable : unassailable, invincible - ele geçirilemez impromptu : unrehearsed - doğaçlama improper : unfit, inappropriate - yakışıksız improve : ameliorate, better - geliştirmek improvident : unwary, wasteful - savurgan improvised : impromptu - irticalen impudent : brazen, insolent, rude - kaba impulsive : emotional - duyguları harekete geçiren impunity : exemption - cezadan kurtulacağını düşünme impute : attribute, accuse - suçlamak in-depth: thorough - derinlemesine inaccurate : incorrect, erroneous - yanlış inactive : inert, lazy, passive, inanimate - hımbıl inadvertent : heedless, negligent - kazara, kasıtsız inanimate : lifeless - cansız inapt : unsuited, unsuitable, inappropriate, unfit uygun olmayan inborn : innate, native, natural - doğuştan incarcerate : imprison, confine - hapsetmek incense : scent, fragrance - tütsü incentive : motive, stimulus, spur, impulse - uyarıcı incessant : uninterrupted, ceaseless, constant - devamlı incidental : accidental, casual, contingent - tesdüfi incisive : penetrating, keen - sorunla ilgilenen incite : stimulate, spur, instigate, provoke - uyarmak inclination : tendency, trend - meyil include : contain, comprise - içermek income : returns, revenue, gain, earnings - gelir incommode : impede, hinder, bother - rahatsız etmek incompatible : incapable - kabiliyet olarak yetersiz inconsistent : incompatible, inharmonious, incongruous, incoherent - çelişkili inconstant : fickle, variable, unstable - değişken incontrovertible : indisputable - tartışılmaz incorporate : combine, integrate, include - birleştirmek increase : augment, enlarge - artırmak incredulous : skeptical, doubtful, dubious - şüpheci incur : suffer sth unpleasant - (bir olay nedeniyle) çekmek indecent : vulgar, coarse, rude, immodest - yakışıksız indefinite : vague, obscure, uncertain - belirsiz independence: liberty - bağımsızlık indifference : unconcern, apathy - kayıtsızlık indignation : resentment, wrath, anger - kızgınlık indignity : humiliation, insult, scorn - onur kırıcı indispensable : necessary, essential - vazgeçilemez induce : persuade, instigate, urge - ikna etmek indulge : spoil - şımartmak industrious : diligent, assiduous - çalışkan inept : inapt, unsuitable, inappropriate - uygun olmayan inert : inactive - hareketsiz infant: baby - bebek infamous : notorious, disgraceful - rezil infectious : contagious, communicable - bulaşıcı inflammatory: igniting - alevlendirici inflate : swell, expand - şişmek inflexible : rigid, unbending, stern, resolute - değişmez inform : notify, acquaint - bildirmek information : intelligence - istihbarat infrastructure: groundwork - altyapı ingenious : wise - bilge inherent : natural, intrinsic, built-in, innate, congenital kalıtsal inhabit : dwell - (bir yerde) yaşamak inhibit : restrain, prohibit, forbid - engellemek initial : first, introductory, beginning - ilk , öncü initialed: marked with the first letter of a name- paraflı initiate : begin, originate, inaugurate - başlamak injury : harm, damage, impairment - yaralanmak innate : present from birth - doğuştan innocent : pure, blameless, faultless - masum innumerable : countless, numerous - sayısız inquire : ask, query - talep etmek 83 inquiry : investigation, scrutiny, research - talep inquisitive : curious - meraklı insane : lunatic, crazy - çatlak insecure : unsafe, uncertain - emniyetsiz insolent : rude, overbearing, arrogant -görgüsüz instantly : immediately, instantaneously - anında instrument : tool, implement - araç insulation : isolation - yalıtım insult : scorn, slander, abuse - aşağılamak intact : uninjured - etkilenmemiş, zarar görmemiş integrity : uprightness, honesty - dürüstlük intelligence: information - istihbarat intensify : deepen, strengthen - yoğunlaştırmak intent : intention, design - niyet etmek intentional : deliberate, purposeful, planned - niyet interfere : intervene, intrude - müdahele etmek interim : temporary - geçici interpret : explain, translate - tercüme etmek interrupt : suspend, intermit, stop, hinder - bölmek intervention : interference - ara intimate : close, familiar - yakın kişi intolerable : unbearable - tahammül edilemez intolerant : narrow, prejudiced, biased - hoş görüsüz intricate : complex, complicated - anlaşılması güç intrude : trespass, encroach, violate - sızmak, girmek intuition : insight - sezgi inundate : flood - sel invaluable : priceless, precious - paha biçilemez invariable : uniform, unchangeable - değişmez investigation: thorough check - araştırma involve : include, embrace, contain, comprise - içermek irrigate : water - sulamak irritate : vex, fret, anger, enrage, infuriate - tiksinmek irrevocable : irreversible - geri döndürülemez isolation : separation, segregation - yalıtım, dışlama issue : point, problem, question - konu J/K jam : pack, force, squeeze - sıkıştırmak jealous : envious - kıskanç jeer : scoff, mock, ridicule - alay etmek jeopardy : risk, danger, peril - tehlike jest : joke - şaka yapmak join : link, fasten, attach, combine - katılmak joint: together - ortak jolt : shock, startle - şok etmek joyful : glad, delighted, buoyant, elated - neşeli joyless : cheerless, gloomy, dismal - mutsuz judicial : judicious, juridical - adli judicious : wise, sensible, reasonable - adil jump : spring, bound, hop, leap - zıplamak junction : combination , joining, juncture - kesişim justify : back, confirm, testify - doğrulamak keen : sharp, acute, poignant - canlı, güçlü kill : slaughter, slay, assassinate, massacre - öldürmek kind : benign, humane, compassionate - kibar kindle : ignite, inflame, fire - tutuşturmak kingpin: mainman - elebaşı kinship : relationship - yakınlık knack : skill - maharet L labor : toil, work, exertion - iş laborious : 1. toilsome, arduous, difficult - yorucu 2. diligent, industrious - çalışkan lack : deficiency, need, want, scarcity - eksik lag : linger - ağırca ilerlemek lament : bemoan, deplore, grieve, mourn - yas tutmak lane : path, way, passage, alley - yol languid : faint, weak, feeble, exhausted - uyuşuk, halsiz large : huge, enormous, immense - geniş last : final, ultimate, conclusive, terminal - son latent : hidden, concealed, potential - gizli laud : praise, exalt, applaud - beğenmek laugh : giggle, chuckled, grin, smile - gülmek lavish : expend, waste, squander - savurmak lawful : legal, legitimate, valid - yasal lax : not strict - gevşek layman : sb without knowledge on a subject - bir konuda söz sahibi olmayan lazy : idle, indolent, slothful, sluggish - tembel league : alliance, confederation, union - birlik lean : incline, bend - eğilmek leap : jump, bound, spring, hop - zıplamak leave : quit, depart - ayrılmak legacy : tradition, culture, heritage, inheritance - miras legend : fable, myth - efsane legislation: abolishing laws - yasama legitimate : licit, legal, lawful - yasal lengthen : extend, stretch, prolong, protract - uzatmak lenient : mild, clement, merciful - yumuşak, müşfik lessen : diminish, decrease, abate, dwindle - azaltmak level : even, flat, plain, horizontal - seviye liable : responsible, answerable, accountable - güvenilir liberal : tolerant, broad-minded - özgürlükçü liberate : release, free, deliver - serbest bırakmak lift : raise, elevate, exalt, uplift - yükseltmek light : illumination, radiance - ışık lighten : illuminate, brighten, shine - aydınlatmak likely : probable, possible - muhtemel limber : flexible - esnek limit : bound, boundary - sınır link : bond, tie, connection - bağ liquid : fluid - sıvı livelihood : living, employment - geçinme lively : energetic, active, vigorous, brisk - canlı livestock : animals for sale - davar load : burden - yük loathe : abominate, detest, hate, abhor - nefret etmek lodge : shelter, harbor, house, quarter - kiralık barınak loft : attic - tavan arası lofty : high, elevated, tall, sublime - yüce loiter : linger, loaf - aylak aylak gezinmek lone : solitary, lonely, secluded, separate - yalnız longing : desire, yearning, aspiration - özlem duymak loose : lax, slack - gevşek lordly : grand, magnificent, majestic, lofty - asil loud : noisy, resounding, deafening - gürültülü lower : reduce, decrease, diminish, lessen - düşürmek loyal : faithful, devoted - sadık lubricious : slippery, smooth - kaygan lucid : clear, plain - akıcı lucrative : profitable - kazançlı ludicrous : ridiculous, comical, funny - saçma, gülünç 84 luminous : bright, shining, lucid, brilliant - parlak lure : allure, decoy, attract, tempt, seduce - cezbetmek lust : sexual desire - şehvet luster : brilliance, brightness, radiance - pırıltı lusty : hearty, vigorous, robust, stout - canlı, dinç luxurious : sumptuous, ornate - lüks M mad : insane, lunatic, crazy - çılgın madden : infuriate, irritate, provoke, annoy - kızdırmak magnificent : splendid, stately, majestic - görkemli magnify : augment, amplify, exaggerate - büyütmek magnitude : degree, extent, proportion - büyüklük maid : girl, maiden, lass - kız main : chief, prime, principal, leading - ana, temel maintain : keep, retain - iyi halde tutmak maintenance : subsistence, livelihood, living - bakım majestic : stately, grand, august, imposing - şahane maladroit : unskillful, awkward, clumsy - beceriksiz malady : disease, illness, ailment - hastalık malcontent : dissatisfied, discontented - menuniyetsiz male : masculine, manly - ekrek malice : ill will, spite, enmity, malevolence - kötü niyet malicious : malevolent, evil-minded - kötü niyetli malignant : fatal - ölümcül maltreat : mistreat, abuse - kötü davranmak manage : conduct, direct, administer - yönetmek manager : administrator, executive, director - yönetici maneuver : move; scheme, plot - hareket etmek, plan manful : manly - erkekçe mangle : maim, ruin, spoil, mar - parçalamak mania : excitement, enthusiasm - heves manifest : evident, obvious, apparent - açık manifold : various, numerous - çeşitli manner : mode, fashion, way, method - tavır margin : border, edge, rim - sınır mariner : sailor, seaman - denizci marital status: married or not- medeni hal mark : note - işaretlemek marriage : wedding, matrimony - evlilik marvelous : wonderful, extraordinary - olağanüstü mask : veil, disguise - gizlemek mass : aggregation, accumulation, pile - birikinti massacre : slaughter, murder - kıymak, katletmek massive : bulky, immense, huge, tremendous - toplu master : commander, chief, head - üstat matchless : unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled - eşsiz matter : substance, material, stuff - madde mature : ripe, complete, grown, fully-developed - olgun maxim : proverb, saying - özdeyiş meager : scanty, deficient, insignificant, thin - yetersiz mean : express, humble, ignoble - cimri, kötü kalpli measureless : limitless, boundless, infinite - sınırsız meddlesome : interfering - bölmek medicine : drug - ilaç meditate : contemplate, reflect, ponder - düşünmek medium : means - vasıta meet : encounter, confront, face - karşılaşmak melancholy : depressed, gloomy, dismal - hüzün melt : fuse, dissolve, thaw - erimek menace : threaten, intimidate - tehdit etmek mend : repair, fix - onarmak merciful : compassionate, clement, humane, sympathetic - merhametli merciless : pitiless, relentless - merhametsiz mercy : compassion, benevolence - merhamet merit : worth, excellence, value - değer, kıymet merry : jolly, gay, mirthful, hilarious - neşe mess : confusion, muddle - karmaşa mighty : powerful, potent - güçlü migrate : immigrate, emigrate, move - göçmek mild : amiable, gentle, temperate - yumuşak, hafif milestone : important event - kilometre taşı mingle : mix, blend - harmanlamak minor : secondary, subordinate - ikincil, önemsiz minority: outnumbered group - azınlık minute : detailed, precise - detaylı miraculous : marvelous, incredible - mucizevi mirth : gaiety, glee, merriment - mutluluk miscellaneous : various - çeşitli, türlü mischief : harm, injury, damage, hurt - hasar misdeed: guilt – hata, suç miser : niggard - cimri miserable : wretched, unhappy - üzgün misery : wretchedness, distress, suffering - üzüntü misgiving : distrust, suspicion - kuşku, kaygı misinterpretation: misunderstanding – yanlış anlama mislead : misguide, misdirect - yanıltmak mistake : error, blunder, slip - hata misty : foggy - sisli mix : blend - karışım moan : groan, mourn - üzülmek mock : ridicule, sneer - dalga geçmek moderate : reasonable, temperate, mild, average - vasat modest : humble, decent - ağır başlı modify : change, alter, vary - değiştirmek moist : damp, humid, wet - nemli momentous : important, consequent, serious - ciddi monetary : pecuniary - parasal monotonous : tedious, dull, unvaried - sıkıcı monster : demon, devil - canavar monstrous : tremendous, gigantic, enormous - kocaman mood : disposition, temper - hal moody : gloomy, sullen - hüzünlü moral : ethical, righteous, virtuous - ahlaki moreover : besides, further, furthermore - dahası mortal : fatal, lethal, deadly - ölümcül mostly : generally, chiefly - genelde motif : figure, pattern, design, device - desen motion : gesture, movement, move - hareket motionless : fixed, still, stationary - hareketsiz motive : motivation, incentive - güdü, neden mount : ascend, climb, scale - tırmanmak mourn : grieve, lament, bewail, deplore - üzülmek movement : drive, crusade - hareket multitude : host, crowd, mass - çok sayıda, kalabalık munites: matters - husus munition: armour - muhimmat murder : assassination - cinayet murmur : grumble, mumble, mutter - söylenmek muse : meditate, ponder - derince düşünmek mute : silent, dumb, still - sessiz ; dilsiz mutiny : revolt, rebellion, uprising, rebel - isyan 85 mutual : reciprocal - karşılıklı N naive : ingenuous, candid, downright - saf, toy naked : nude, bare, stripped - çıplak namely : that is to say - yani narrow-minded : intolerant, illiberal - dar kafalı nasty : filthy, dirty, foul, polluted - kötü, terbiyesiz native : inborn, inherent, natural, innate - yerli nearly : almost, approximately, well-nigh - neredeyse neat : orderly, trim, tidy, smart - düzenli necessary : essential, requisite, vital - gerekli negate : deny - reddetmek neglect : disregard, ignore, overlook - önemsememek negligence : carelessness - ihmal negligible : trivial, unimportant - ihmal edilebilir negotiate : treat, bargain - uzlaşmak negotiation: agreement – uzlaşma, müzakere nervous : excitable, uneasy - sinirli noble : lofty, honorable, dignified - asil nonconformist : disobedient - asi notable : noteworthy, remarkable - dikkat çekici notice : information, intelligence – ihtar, ilan notify : inform, acquaint - bildirmek notion : opinion, view - tanım, ifade notorious : known for sth bad - kötü ünlü nourish : nurture, breed - beslemek novel : new, fresh - yeni nuisance : trouble - baş belası nullify : cancel - ertelemek numberless : innumerable, numerous, myriad, countless - sayısız nurse : care, look after - bakmak nurture : nurse - besleme nutrition : nourishment - besin O oath : promise - yemin obedient : submissive, docile - baş kaldırma object : protest, remonstrate - karşı çıkma objective : unprejudiced, unbiased, fair - yansız obligation : requirement, duty - zorunluluk oblige : require, compel, force - yaptırımda bulunmak obscene : explicit - müstehcen obscure : unclear, uncertain, blurred - muğlak observance : fulfillment, performance - itaat observation : noticing, perceiving, watching - inceleme observe : 1. perceive, notice, watch - incelemek 2. comply, conform, follow, fulfill - uymak obsolete : outdated - demode obstacle : obstruction, hindrance, impediment - engel obstinate : unyielding, stubborn, inflexible - dik kafalı obstruct : block, stop, bar, hinder, impede - engellemek obtain : get, acquire, procure - elde etmek obvious : evident, clear, apparent - açık, sarih occasion: incident – özel olay occult : mysterious, secret, mystical - gizemli occupation : profession - meslek occupy : capture, seize - doldurmak occur : happen, befall - olmak occurrence : event, incident, affair - olay odd : unusual, strange, eccentric, bizarre - garip odor : smell, fragrance, scent, perfume - koku offend : irritate, annoy, vex, provoke - rencide etmek offense : transgression, crime, felony - suç offensive : displeasing, irritating, unpleasant - çirkin offer : present, proffer, tender - önermek official: authorized – resmi, yetkili old-fashioned : outmoded, archaic - eski moda ominous : foreboding - uğursuz omnipresent : ubiquitous - yaygın only : sole, single, unique - tek operate : work, manage - işlemek operation : transaction, affair - işlem, ameliyat operative : effective, efficient, effectual - etkili opponent : adversary - rakip opportune : timely, seasonable - yerli yerinde opportunity : chance, occasion - fırsat oppose : resist, object - karşı çıkmak opposite : contrary, reverse - karşı oppress : maltreat, persecute - sıkıntı vermek oppression : tyranny, despotism, persecution - sıkıntı oral : verbal, spoken, vocal - sözlü orbit : path, course - yörünge ordeal : trial, test - çetin sınav order : direction, mandate, command - emretmek orderly : regular, systematic, methodical - nizami ordinary : common, usual, customary - sıradan organize : construct, form - örgütlemek, yönetmek original : inventive, creative - özgün originate : spring, emanate - kaynak almak, doğmak ornament : decoration - süsleme outbreak : 1. epidemic, plague, rash - salgın 2. explosion, burst, outburst - patlak verme outcome : result, consequence - sonuç outdo : surpass, excel - alt etmek outlaw : criminal - kanun kaçağı outline : contour, sketch, draft - eskiz outlive : survive - hayatta kalmak outrage : insult, abuse, maltreat, injure - öfke outspoken : frank, open candid - açık sözlü outstanding : prominent, striking - göz alıcı overall : complete - tüm overcome : conquer, surmount - üstesinden gelmek overlook : disregard, neglect, ignore; face - göz ardı etmek; yönü bakmak overpower : overcome, overwhelm - alt etmek overrate : neglect - gözünde büyütmek oversee : supervise, survey, watch - göz kulak olmak oversight : mistake, blunder - gözden kaçırma overthrow : subvert - devirmek (hükümet) overwhelmingly : overpower, crush - ezici çoğunlukla own : acknowledge, admit, allow - sahiplenmek P pace : step, gait, walk, step - hız pacific : peaceful, calm, tranquil, quiet - sakin pacify : calm, tranquilize, ameliorate - sakinleştirmek pack : package, bundle, parcel - paketlemek pact : compact, contract, bond - anlaşma pain : suffering, distress, torment - ızdırap painstaking : assiduous, diligent - incelikle, hassasiyetli pale : pallid, wan - soluk panic : terror, fright, alarm - korkmak pant : gasp - nefes nefese kalmak 86 parallel : corresponding - bezerlik gösteren paralyse : benumb - felç etmek paramount : supreme, chief, principal - üstün partake : participate, share - yer almak partial : biased, prejudiced, unfair - taraf tutan partisan : adherent, supporter - destekçi participation : contribution - katılım partition : divide, separate, apportion - bölme passage : way, route, path, lane, thoroughfare - geçit passion : zeal, ardor, fervor - tutku passionate : ardent, zealous, enthusiastic - tutkulu passive : inactive, inert - pasif pastime : diversion, entertainment- hoşça vakit geçirme patch : mend, repair, fix - yama pathetic : pitiable, touching, moving - acıklı patience : endurance, fortitude, perseverance - sabır pause : suspension, interruption, break, halt -durma peaceable : pacific, peaceful, amicable - barışçıl peaceful : tranquil, placid, serene, calm - huzurlu peak : top, rest, summit, acme - zirve peculiar : strange, odd, queer, eccentric, unique - tuhaf pecuniary : monetary, financial - mali pedantically: didactic – üsten bakarak konuşma pedestrian : walker - yaya peek : peep, peer, pry - dikizlemek peer : equal, mate, match - eş penance : self-punishment - kendini cezalandırma penetrate : pierce, permeate - girmek, sokmak penetrating : piercing, sharp, acute, keen - giren pensive : thoughtful, meditative, reflective - dalgın perceive : notice, apprehend, understand - algılamak perception : understanding - algı perform : execute, fulfill, accomplish - icra etmek peril : risk, jeopardy, danger, hazard - tehlike period : age, era, epoch - dönem periphery : edge, border, fringe, margin, rim - alan perish : die, disappear, vanish - yok olmak permanent : lasting, constant, everlasting - sürekli permission : leave, permit, allowance - izin permit : allow, let - izin vermek perpetual : everlasting, infinite - sonsuza dek süren perplex : confuse, puzzle - karıştırmak persecute : oppress, harass, molest, afflict - zulmetmek persevere : persist, endure - dayanmak persuade : induce, entice - ikna etmek pertinent : appropriate, suitable, fit, proper - uygun pervade : permeate, penetrate - doldurmak, kaplamak petition : entreat, supplicate, beg, solicit - talep phony : false - yanlış picturesque : colorful, scenic - güzel manzaralı piece : segment, scrap, shred, fragment - parça pierce : penetrate - sokmak piety : devoutness - takva pile : heap up, accumulate, assemble, amass - yığmak pilgrim : wanderer - hacı pillar : column, prop - sütun pious : devout, reverent, religious - dindar piquant : sharp, pungent - acı, keskin pitiful : pitiable, pathetic, piteous - acıklı pitiless : merciless, cruel, ruthless, relentless - acımasız pity : sympathy, compassion - acıma placid : calm, peaceful, tranquil, serene, quiet - sakin plague : epidemic, outbreak - salgın plain : clear, distinct, lucid, unambiguous - açık, sade platform : stage, scaffold, scaffolding, pulpit - sahne plead : entreat, beg, supplicate - yalvarmak plight : predicament, dilemma - kötü durum plot : scheme, intrigue, conspiracy - senaryo plunge : immerse, submerge, dip - suya daldırmak pointed : sharp, piercing, severe, keen - sivri uçlu poison : venom - zehir polish : brighten, smooth, shine - parlatmak polished : smooth, glossy, shiny - parlak polite : courteous, civil, genteel - kibar pollute : dirty, contaminate - kirletmek ponder : meditate, reflect, deliberate - iyice düşünmek popular : common, current, general - ünlü, yaygın port : harbor, haven - liman portion : part, section, segment, fragment - pay portray : picture, depict - resmetmek pose : state, assert, propound - ortaya sürmek position : station, place, locality, site - durum post : duty - görev postpone : defer, delay, adjourn - ertelemek posture : pose, attitude - tutum potent : powerful, mighty, influential - güçlü poverty : state of being poor - yoksulluk practicable : achievable, attainable - uygulanabilir practice : custom, habit - uygulamak praise : laud, commend, admire - övmek, yüceltmek pray : entreat, supplicate, beg, implore - dua etmek precaution : prudence - önlem precious : valuable, invaluable, priceless - kıymetli precise : definite, correct, strict, accurate - net, kesin predecessor : forerunner - selef predict : foretell, foresee, forecast - tahmin etmek predisposition : innate - doğuştan predominant : prevailing, prevalent, dominant - baskın predominate : prevail, dominate - üstün gelmek preeminent : conspicuous, noticeable - üstün prejudice : bias, partiality - ön yargı preliminary : introductory, preparatory - başlangıç premises : building - bina premium : bonus, gift, reward - ödül, prim preoccupied : absorbed, engrossed - kafası meşgul prescribe : ordain, direct, dictate, decree - tarif etmek present: show - sunmak presently : currently - şu anda preserve : keep, conserve, shelter, shield - korumak prestige : reputation, influence, distinction - itibar presume : assume, suppose - öngörmek pretend : feign, affect, assume - gibi davranmak pretense : pretext, excuse - bahane prevail : prevalent, dominant, current - yenmek prevent : hinder, obstruct, interrupt - engellemek previous : prior, earlier, former, preceding - önceki pride : conceit, self-esteem, vanity, arrogance - gurur primary : elementary, fundamental, basic - öncü, ilk prime : primary - ilk primitive : primeval, uncivilized, uncultured - ilkel principal : prime, paramount, capital, chief - temel, asıl priority: first concern - öncelik 87 private : individual, personal, confidential, secret - özel privilege : prerogative - ayrıcalık probe : examine, explore, investigate - soruşturmak procedure : proceeding, course, process - işleyiş proceed : advance, progress, continue - ilerlemek proclaim : announce, declare, promulgate - ilan etmek procure : acquire, gain, win, obtain - edinmek prodigious : wonderful, astonishing - muhteşem productive : fertile, fruitful - üretken profession : employment - iş, meslek proficient : skilled, adept, skillful - yetenekli profound : deep - derin profusion : abundance, bounty - bolluk progress : advancement, progression - ilerleme progressive : forward, advanced - ilerleyen progressively : increasingly - ilerleyerek prohibit : forbid, inhibit - yasaklamak project : plan, scheme, design - tasarı prolong : lengthen, extend, protract - uzatmak prominent : distinguished - seçkin promote : further, encourage - terfi ettirmek prone : inclined, disposed, liable, tending - meyilli proof : evidence, testimony - kanıt proper : appropriate, suitable, suited - uygun property : 1. possession, effects, estate - mal 2. quality, character, feature, characteristic - özellik prophesy : foretell, predict - gelecekten haber vermek proponent : supporter - destekçi proportion : size, extent, dimensions - oran propose : offer, proffer, suggest - önermek proposition : proposal - teklif prosecute : sue - dava açmak prospective : anticipated - müstakbel prosper : thrive, flourish - canlanmak, gelişmek prosperity : wealth - refah prosperous : successful, flourishing, thriving - başarılı protect : defend, guard, shield - korumak protest : remonstrate, complain, object - karşı çıkmak proud : arrogant, overbearing, self-important - kibirli prove : confirm, verify, validate - kanıtlamak provisional: temporary - geçici proverb : maxim, saying - atasözü provide : furnish, supply, afford - temin etmek provision : food, supplies - erzak provoke : enrage, vex, irritate - galeyana getirmek prudent : cautious, discreet, careful, wary - temkinli pseudo : sham, counterfeit, false, fake - sahte publish : announce, proclaim, declare - yayınlamak purchase : buy, procure - satın almak pure : uncontaminated, clean, spotless, immaculate -saf purge : purity, clear, clean, clarify - temizlemek purpose : object, intent, aim, end - teklif etmek pursue : follow - takip etmek pursuit : search for - aramak push : shove, thrust - itmek pyre : fire of woods - odun ateşi Q quaint : strange, odd, unusual, extraordinary - ilginç quake : shake, shudder, tremble, shiver - sarsılmak qualify : fit, suit, entitle, equip - yeterli olmak quality : characteristic, attribute, property - nitelik quarrel : dispute, argument, controversy - tartışma quest : search - araştırmak quick : prompt, rapid, swift, fleet - çabuk quiet : pacific, calm, tranquil, serene - sessiz, sakin quit : stop, cease, leave - sona erdirmek quiver : shiver. shake, tremble, vibrate - sarsılmak quote : mention - bahsetmek R radiant : shining, bright, brilliant, beaming - parlayan rage : anger, fury, wrath - öfke raid : invasion - saldırı raise : lift, elevate, hoist - yükseltmek random : haphazard, aimless - rasgele range : extent, scope, compass - saha rank : position, standing, station, level - rütbe rapid : speedy, fast, swift, fleet - çabuk rapture : ecstasy, joy, bliss, exultation - büyük coşku rare : scarce, uncommon, extraordinary - nadir rascal : scamp, villain, scoundrel - alçak , namussuz rash : reckless, heedless, indiscreet - dikkatsiz ratify : confirm, sanction, validate - onaylamak ration : apportion, distribute, mete - istihkak rational : reasonable, sensible - mantıklı raw : crude, rude, uncooked - ham reactionary : repulsive - gerici readily : easily, willingly - gönüllü real : actual, factual, authentic, genuine - gerçek realize : grasp, understand, conceive - farketmek realm : kingdom - krallık rear : nurture, raise, nurse - yetiştirmek reasonable : rational, logical - makul reassure : encourage, comfort - garanti vermek rebel : insurgent, traitor - isyancı rebellion : mutiny, revolt - isyan rebellious : defiant, rebel, mutinous - isyancı rebuke : reprove, reprimand, scold - azarlamak recall : recollect, remember - hatırlamak recede : go back - geri çekilmek recency : latest - yenilik reciprocal : mutual - karşılıklı recite : rehearse - ezberden okumak reckless : careless, rash, heedless, imprudent - dikkatsiz reckon : 1. count, compute, enumerate - hesaplamak 2. consider, regard, deem - sayma, kabul etmek recognize: admit - tanımak, kabul etmek recommend : commend - önermek recommendation: suggestion - öneri recompense : compensation, reward - tazmin etmek reconcile : conciliate, appease - barıştırmak recover : regain, reclaim, retrieve, restore - atlatmak reduce : decrease, abridge, abate, lessen - azaltmak refer : attribute, ascribe, impute - söz etmek referee : umpire, judge - hakem refined : purified, clarified, distilled - saflaştırılmış reflect : meditate, ponder, contemplate - yansıtmak reflection : image - yansıma reform : better, rectify, correct, repair - yenilemek refresh : freshen, enliven, reanimate - tazelemek refuge : sanctuary, haven - sığınak refuse : decline, reject, rebuff - reddetmek refute : disprove - yalanlamak 88 regain : recover, retrieve - tekrar kazanmak regard : consider, account, deem - sanmak regardless : inattentive, neglectful - dikkatsiz region : section, province - bölge register : enroll, list, record, catalogue - kaydolmak regret : deplore, lament - pişman olmak regular : uniform, even, systematic, formal - düzenli regulate : control, direct, adjust, arrange - düzenlemek regulation : rule, order, law - düzenleme rehearse : recite, practice, drill, train - prova yapmak reign : rule, govern, prevail - iktidara geçmek reinforce : strengthen, intensify - desteklemek rejoice : delight - zevk relation : connection, relationship, association - ilinti relax : loosen, slacken - gevşemek release : 1. emit, give off, give out, let off - salmak 2. loosen, loose, untie, unbind, unclasp - gevşetmek relentless : merciless, ruthless, pitiless - acımasız reliable : trustworthy, dependable, infallible - güvenilir relief : alleviation, ease - rahatlatma, kurtarma relieve : ease, alleviate - rahatlatmak, kurtarmak religious : pious, devout, reverent - dini relish : taste flavor, savor - zevk reluctant : unwilling, averse - gönülsüz remain : last, abide, endure - kalmak remainder : remnant, residue, rest - kalan remark : comment, utterance, statement - söz , görüş remarkable : notable, distinguished - dikkate değer remedy : cure, treatment - şifa remember : recall, recollect - hatırlamak remembrance : reminiscence, memory - anma remote : distant, removed - uzak remove : transfer, transport, carry - taşımak render : contribute, afford, present - vermek, sunmak renew : regenerate, renovate - yenilemek renown : repute, fame, eminence, reputation - şan rent : lease, let - kiralamak repair : mend, remodel, amend, fix - tamir etmek repel : repulse, parry - geri püskürtmek repent : regret, atone - pişman olmak replace : substitute - yerini değiştirmek reply: answer - yanıtlamak represent : depict, portray - göstermek, betimlemek repress : check, restrain, curb - bastırmak reprimand : rebuke - azarlamak reproach : reprimand, condemn, rebuke, scold - azar reproduce : copy, duplicate, beget - kopyalamak reprove : rebuke, blame - paylamak reputation : repute, honor, fame, distinction - ün request : petition, entreat, beg - talep require : demand, enjoin - gerektirmek requisite : necessary, essential, indispensable - gerekli rescue : save, deliver, redeem - kurtarmak research : investigate, study, examine - araştırmak resemblance : analogy, similarity - benzerlik resentment : anger - öfke reserve : save, retain, keep, hold - ayırmak, saklamak reside : dwell, abide, live, inhabit - yaşamak residence : dwelling, house, habitation - mesken resident: dweller - sakinleri resign : relinquish, abandon, forsake, quit - istifa etmek resilient : rebounding, elastic - esnek resist : withstand, oppose, confront - karşı koymak resistance: fighting against - direniş resolute : resolved, steadfast, determined - kararlı resolve : determine, decide, separate - karar vermek respect : esteem, deference, reverence - saygı duymak respectable : estimable, honorable - saygı değer respectful : courteous, polite, civil - saygılı responsible : accountable, answerable, liable - sorumlu restful : calm, tranquil, peaceful, serene - sakin restore : renew, renovate, repair, return - yenilemek restrain : check, repress, curb, suppress - dizginlemek restrict : confine, limit, restrain, curb - sınırlamak result : outcome, consequence - sonç retaliate : avenge, requite, revenge - misilleme yapmak retaliation: taking revenge - misilleme retard : slow down - yavaşlatmak retire : withdraw, recede, retract - bir köşeye çekilmek reveal : disclose, divulge, unveil - ifşa etmek reverence : worship, respect - saygı göstermek reverse : invert - ters çevirmek revert : return, come back, revisit - geri dönmek review : reexamination - gözden geçirip düzeltmek revise : change, modify, amend - gözden geçirmek revoke : cancel - iptal etmek revive : revitalize - yeniden canlandırmak revolt : rebel, mutiny - isyan etmek revolution : overthrow, revolt - ihtilal revolve : rotate, circulate, roll, orbit - dönmek reward : recompense, prize - ödül ridicule : mockery, sneer, mock, jeer - alay ridiculous : absurd, funny, comical - alaycı right : just, equitable, upright - doğru righteous : moral, virtuous, equitable - doğruluk rigid : strict, severe, stern, rigorous - sert rigorous : painstaking - özenli rim : edge, border, margin, brim - kenar riot : uproar, disturbance - ayaklanma ripe : mature, mellow, developed - ham risk : hazard, danger, venture, peril - tehlike rival : competitor, antagonist, opponent - rakip roam : ramble, wander, rove, stray - gezmek roar : cry, bellow, shout, yell - kükremek rob : deprive, plunder, pillage - soymak robust : sturdy, vigorous, stalwart - dayanıklı rot : decay, corrupt, degenerate - çürüme rotate : turn, spin, revolve, wheel, roll - çevirmek rotten : decayed, foul, corrupt - çürük rough : uneven, rugged, wild - kaba, işlenmemiş rouse : stir, excite, awaken, provoke - uyarmak rude : discourteous, impolite, coarse - kaba rudimentary : fundamental, basic - basit, temel ruin : decay, demolish, destroy, damage - yok etmek rural : rustic - kırsal rush : dash - acele etmek ruthless : pitiless, cruel, harsh, relentless - merhametsiz S sacred : holy, divine - kutsal sad : sorrowful, mournful - üzgün safe : secure, protected - güvenli sanction : embargo - yaptırım 89 sanguinary : bloody, cruel, ruthless - acımasız sanitary : sterile - temiz sarcasm : irony - iğneleme satire : irony, sarcasm - iğnelemek satisfy : gratify, meet, satiate, suffice - tatmin etmek savage : wild, cruel, brutal - vahşi save : rescue, salvage - kurtarmak savor : taste, flavor - tat scale : portion - ölçek scan : scrutinize, investigate - taramak scanty : meager, insufficient, inadequate - seyrek scarce : rare, insufficient, deficient - nadir scare : terrify, alarm, startle, frighten - korkutmak scatter : sprinkle, strew, disperse, dissipate - yaymak scent : odor, perfume - koku scheme : plan, design, project - tasarı scoff : mock, scorn, jeer, sneer - alay etmek scold : reprove, reproach, reprimand - azarlamak scope : range, extent, space - alan score : gain - puan almak scorn : contempt, disdain, mockery, scoff - alay scream : shriek, cry - çığlık atmak scrupulous : careful, painstaking, meticulous - ihtiyatlı scrutinize : examine, investigate - incelemek scrutiny : examination, investigation - inceleme search : seek, explore - aramak secluded : deserted - ıssız secret : clandestine, conceal, private - sır secure : safe, protect - güvence altına almak seek: look for - aramak segregate : isolate, separate, dissociate - ayrı tutmak seize : grasp, grab, clutch, capture, grip - kuşatmak send : transmit, dispatch, convey -göndermek sensation : excitement, stimulation, agitation - duygu sensational : exciting, stimulating - duygusal sense : meaning, signification, denotation - his senseless : stupid, foolish, silly, idiotic - hissiz sensibility : susceptibility, sensitivity - hassasiyet sensible : rational, reasonable - mantıklı sensitive : impressionable, susceptible - duyarlı sensual : voluptuous, sensuous - hissi sententious : concise, succinct - özdeyişlerle konuşan sentiment : emotion, sentimentality, sensibility - duygu separate : divide, part, split - ayırmak sequence : succession, series - süreç serene : calm, peaceful, tranquil, placid - sakin serious : important, momentous, grave - ciddi serve : assist, help, aid, contribute - yardım etmek sever : separate, divide, cut, cleave, rend - kesmek severe : tough, rigid, stern, strict - acı, şiddetli shabby : ragged, beggarly, poor - pejmürde shade : hide, protect, conceal, cover, shelter - gölge shake : sway, waver, agitate, shudder - sarsılmak shameful : disgraceful, humiliating, dishonorable, ignominious - utanç kaynağı shameless : brazen, insolent, unashamed - utanmaz share : portion, part - hisse sharp : keen, acute, pointed, pungent, severe - keskin shed : emit, radiate, diffuse - yaymak shatter : break, crush, crack - kırmak shelter : protect, harbor, defend - sığınak shield : protect, defend, secure, guard - kalkan shine : beam, glare, gleam, glisten - parlamak shining : radiant, gleaming, brilliant - parlayan shiver : tremble, quake, shudder, shake - titremek shorten : curtail, abbreviate, reduce - kısaltmak short-sighted : near-sighted - miyop showy : ostentatious, gaudy, loud - havalı shrewd : astute, sharp, acute, penetrating - kurnaz shrink : contract, shrivel, diminish, decrease - kısalmak shun : elude, avoid, evade, escape - kaçınmak shy : bashful, reserved, timid, coy -utangaç siege : blockade, besieging - kuşatma sign : token, indication, trace, hint - işaret significant : important - belirgin signify : express, indicate, mean - simgelemek silent : speechless, dumb, mute, tacit - sessiz simultaneous : concurrent, synchronous - eş zamanlı sin : transgression, crime, offense - günah sincere : candid, earnest, true, real - samimi sip : drink, absorb, sup - yudumlamak situation : location, position, site, place, spot - durum size : dimensions, proportions, magnitude - boyut skeptical : skeptic, doubtful, incredulous - şüpheci skilled : able, capable, competent - yetenekli skillful : adroit, deft, adept, proficient - yetenekli skip : spring, jump, leap, bound, hop - atlamak skirmish : battle, fight, conflict, combat - savaşmak slack : loose, relaxed - gevşek slander : defame, scandalize, vilify - karalama slaughter : butcher, murder, slay - kıyım slavery : bondage, enslavement - kölelik slay : murder, slaughter, massacre, butcher - kıymak slender : slim, weak, fragile,delicate - zayıf, dayanıksız slide : glide - kaymak slight : insignificant, trivial, trifling - önemsiz slim : slender, thin - ince slip : mistake, error, blunder -sürçme slumber : sleep - uyumak sly : cunning, artful - kurnaz smart : intelligent, bright, sharp, clever - akıllı smash : shatter, crush, crash - çarpmak smooth : even, plain, flat - pürüzsüz snare : trap, lure, bait - tuzak so called: false - sözde soak : steep, drench, wet, saturate - ıslanmak soar : tower, rise, ascend, mount - yükselmek sober : sane, sound - ayık sociable : affable - girişken solace : comfort, consolation - teselli sole : only, single, solitary - yalnız solemn : serious, stately - ciddi solid : firm, substantial, sound, stable - katı solitary : isolated, lonely - yalnız solitude : isolation, loneliness - yalnızlık soothe : relieve, allay, mitigate, assuage - yatıştırmak sophisticated : artificial, mundane, worldly - karmaşık sore : painful, grieved, distressed, sorrowful - acı veren sorrow : distress, anguish, grief, sadness - acı sort : classify, class, assort - sınıflamak sound : uninjured, unharmed, unimpaired, healthy - sağ sour : acid, tart - ekşi 90 sovereign : supreme, paramount - lider, egemen sovereignty: domination: egemenlik spacious : ample, capacious, extensive, vast - geniş span : distance, length - mesafe spare : save, reserve - yedek sparkle : spark, glitter, twinkle - parıltı special : particular, especial, peculiar, specific - özel specimen : sample, model, pattern - misal spectacular : dramatic, impressive - etkileyici speculation : supposition, conjecture, surmise - söylenti speculative : tentative - kuramsal spend : expend, waste, consume - harcamak spin : turn, rotate - çevirmek spite : ill-will, maliciousness, malice - kötü niyet splendid : gorgeous, magnificent, dazzling - görkemli splendor : brilliance, grandeur, pomp - ihtişam split : cleave, rend, separate - ayrı spoil : damage, harm, corrupt - berbat etmek spontaneous : voluntary, willing - içten gelen spot : find, locate, pinpoint, detect - yer spouse: wife or husband- eş spread : unfold, extend, stretch, expand - yaymak sprinkle : scatter, strew, disperse - saçmak spur : incitement, stimulus, incentive - dürtü stab : thrust, plunge - bıçaklamak stable : invariable, constant, steady - sabit stagnant : inert, inactive - durgun stain : taint, spot, dirty, blemish, blot - leke stake : stick - kazık stale : vapid, old, decayed - bayat stammer : stutter, hesitate, falter - kekelemek stamp : trample, crush, pound - damgalamak stand : endure, bear, tolerate, endure - dikilmek stare : gaze - dik dik bakmak startle : surprise, alarm, amaze, astound - şaşırtmak state : condition situation, status, environment - hal stately : imposing, majestic, magnificent - görkemli statement : declaration, announcement - ifade station : standing, rank - mevki status : position, standing, rank - konum steadfast : firm, stanch, steady, resolute - sadık stem : derive, originate - türemek sterile : barren, unproductive, fruitless - temiz, hijyenik stern : firm, severe, harsh, hard - haşin stick : adhere, cohere, cling, cleave - sadık kalmak stiff : rigid, solid - değişmez stifle : smother, suffocate, strangle, choke - boğmak still : motionless, stationary - hareketsiz stimulating : restorative, encouraging - motive eden stimulus : incentive, incitement, stimulation - uyarıcı stingy : parsimonious, miserly, mean - cimri stir : agitate, incite, instigate, prompt - karıştırmak stock : store, inventory, reserve - mevcut mal, borsa stoop : bend, lean, bow, crouch - eğik durmak stout : stalwart, sturdy, athletic, vigorous - dinç strain : stretch, tighten - germek strange : 1. unusual, extraordinary, bizarre - acayip 2. foreign, alien - yabancı stranger : alien, foreigner - yabancı stray : wander, rove, roam, ramble - yolunu kaybetmek stream : current, run, flow - akım strength : power, force, vigor, might - güç strenuous : vigorous, energetic, active - güçlü stress : emphasis, accent, force - vurgulamak stretch : extend, lengthen, pull - germek strict : rigid , stiff, severe, harsh - katı, sert strife : conflict, discord, quarrel - çekişme stringent : severe, constricted, tight, strict - sıkı, katı strike : hit, knock, beat, pound, slap - saldırı strive : endeavor, try, struggle, toil - uğraşmak stroke : striking, blow, beating, beat - atak, çarpıntı stroll : ramble, wander, roam, rove - gezinmek strong : powerful, vigorous, mighty, potent - güçlü stubborn : obstinate, dogged, rigid, stiff - dik kafalı stuff : material, substance, matter - şey, madde stun : astound, daze, astonish, amaze - şaşırtmak sturdy : strong, robust, stalwart, muscular - dayanıklı subdue : conquer, defeat - boyunduruk altına almak submerse : dip, sink, plunge, immerse - suya daldırmak submit : hand in - teslim etmek subordinate : inferior, secondary - ikincil, ast subscribe : agree - onaylamak, abone olmak subsidize : back, finance, fund - sübvanse etmek substance : matter, material, stuff - madde substantial : real, actual, material - gerçek subtract : deduct, discount - çıkartmak succession : sequence, series - birbirini izleme successive : consecutive, continuous - ardı sıra succinct : concise, brief, lean, condensed - az ve öz succumb: yield, mağlup olmak suffer : undergo, experience - bir şeyden çekmek sufficient : enough, adequate, ample - yeterli suggest : indicate, hint, intimate - önermek summary : digest, extract, abstract - özet summit : top, apex, pinnacle, acme - zirve summon : call, bid, convene, convoke - celp etmek superficial : shallow, external, outward - yüzeysel supernatural : miraculous, abnormal - doğa üstü supply : furnish, provide, replenish - tedarik etmek support : aid, help, assist, advocate - desteklemek suppose : assume, presume - sanmak surpass : exceed, excel, outdo - üstün gelmek surplus : abundant - bol surrender : give in, submit - teslim olmak survey : watch, inspect, examine - incelemek suspect : suppose - şüphelenmek suspend : defer, postpone, delay - askıya almak suspense : uncertainty, hesitation - kararsızlık suspicion : doubt, mistrust, distrust - şüphe sustain : bear, carry, support, uphold -tahammül etmek sustainable: tenable - sürdürülebilir swallow : eat, gorge, gulp, engulf, devour - yutmak sway : swing, wave, brandish, rule - hükmetmek swear : avow, vow - yemin etmek sweat : perspiration - ter sweep : clean - temiz sweeping : broad, wide, comprehensive - geniş içerikli swift : speedy, fleet, rapid - hızlı swivel : spin, rotate, turn - dönmek T taboo : prohibition - yasak tackle : deal with - baş etmek 91 tale : story, narrative, account, fiction - hikaye talent : aptitude, capacity, capability, gift - yetenek talkative : garrulous, wordy, verbose - geveze tame : domesticated, mild, domestic - terbiye etmek tangible : real, substantial, concrete - elle tutulur tear : rend, rip, sever, split - yırtmak tease : irritate, bother, disturb, annoy - kızdırmak tedious : boring - sıkıcı temperament : disposition, make-up, nature - mizaç temperate : moderate, self-restrained - ılımlı temporary : transitory, fleeting, ephemeral - geçici tempt : induce, allure, seduce, attract - baştan çıkarmak tempting : seductive, attractive, alluring - cezbedici tendency : trend, proneness, inclination, bent - meyil tender : soft, delicate, lenient, mild - ılımlı tense : rigid, strained, nervous - gergin termination: ending - son verme terrible : dreadful, awful, frightful, appalling - berbat terrific : splendid, glorious, superb, marvelous - harika terror : horror, panic, fright, dismay - korku text: wording - metin thrifty : careful with money - tutumlu tiresome : wearisome, tedious, dull, boredom - yorucu toil : work, labor, strive - sıkı çalışmak token : symbolic - nişan, işaret tolerance : toleration, patience - hoş görü tolerate : endure - dayanmak toll : damage sustained - kayıp sayısı tool : instrument, implement, utensil - alet torment : afflict, pain, rack, torture - sancı torrential : heavy, severe - yoğun tide : stream, current - akım, dalga touch : impress, move, strike, stir - duygulandırmak tough : firm, strong, hard, sturdy - sert trace : vestige, mark, sign, track - iz traffic : trade - ticaret trail : drag, draw - iz sürmek traitor : betrayer - hain tranquility : serene - sakin transact : manage, conduct - iş görmek, yapmak transform : change alter, convert - değiştirmek transmit : send, dispatch, convey, carry - iletmek transparent : clear, pellucid, lucid, limpid - saydam transport : carry, convey, transport - taşımak trap : pitfall, snare - tuzak treachery : betrayal, treason - ihanet treasure : prize, cherish - hazine treat : entertain, regale, feast - ziyafet tremble : shake, quiver, quake - sallanmak, titremek tremendous : huge, gigantic, colossal - devasa trend : tendency, direction, inclination - eğilim trespass : encroach, infringe, intrude - izinsiz girmek trial : hearing; affliction, sorrow - duruşma; dert trick : cheat, swindle, beguile, deceive - oyun, hile trifling : trivial, insignificant, petty - önemsiz trim : clip, prune, shave, shear, arrange - kırkmak triumph : win, succeed, prevail - zafer troop : band, squad, herd - birlik trouble : disturb, annoy, vex, bother - sorun çıkarmak troublesome : annoying, arduous - sorun çıkaran true : factual, actual, real, authentic - gerçek trust : confidence, belief, faith, credit - güvenmek trustworthy : reliable, true, dependable - güvenilir tumult : commotion, disturbance, disorder - patırtı twinkle : glimmer, sparkle - parıldamak twist : contort, distort - bükmek typical : representative, model, exemplary - özgü tyrannical : despotic, oppressive - zorba yönetim tyrant : dictator, oppressor - diktatör U ugly : unlovely, unsightly, homely - çirkin ultimate : final, last, extreme - son umpire : referee, arbiter, judge - hakem unaccountable : inexplicable, strange, incomprehensible - anlaşılmaz unanimity : accord, agreement - genel kabul gören unanimously : agreed on by everyone - genel kabul gören unassuming : modest, unpretentious - alçakgönüllü unbearable : intolerable, insufferable - dayanılmaz unbiased : fair, impartial, disinterested - tarafsız unbounded : unlimited, limitless, immense - sınırsız uncivil : impolite, discourteous, impudent - kaba uncompromising : unyielding, rigid, firm - uzlaşmaz undergo : experience, suffer - kötü bir şey yaşamak undermine : ruin, thwart - yıkmak undertake : assume - üstlenmek unequaled : matchless, peerless - benzersiz unfortunate: unlucky - talihsiz uniform : invariable, unchanging, consistent - tek tip unite : join, combine, incorporate, connect - birleşmek universal : entire, ecumenical - evrensel unlawful : illegal, illicit, illegitimate - yasa dışı unrefined : coarse, crude, vulgar - işlenmemiş unrelenting : relentless, inexorable, harsh - acımasız unsettled : unstable, unsteady - değişken, kararsız unsophisticated : simple, naive - saf, cahil unstable : unsteady, precarious, inconstant - kararsız unsteady : unsettled, changeable, unstable - kararsız untie : unfasten, loose, unknot - çözmek unyielding : inflexible, firm, stanch, steadfast - bağnaz upright : erect, perpendicular, conscientious - dürüst uproar : disturbance, tumult, turbulence - şamata upset : 1. overturn - ters dönmek 2. defeat, overwhelm, embarrass - yenmek urge : force, instigate, stimulate - zorlamak urgent : pressing, imperative, exigent - acil useful : serviceable, profitable - kullanışlı V ineffective : empty, devoid, destitute - etkisiz, sonuçsuz vacant : empty, void, unoccupied - boş vagabond : wandering, nomadic, vagrant - avare vague : indefinite, obscure, uncertain - müphem vain : useless, worthless, trifling, trivial - faydasız valiant : brave - cesur valid : sound, cogent, effective -geçerli vanish : disappear, end, cease, fade - kaybolmak vanity : excessive pride - kibir variable : changeable, fickle, unsteady - değişken variety : diversity, kind, sort, species, type - tür various : diverse, varied - türlü vary : change, alter, diversify, transmute - değişmek 92 vast : extensive, immense, huge, enormous - bol velocity : speed, pace, rapidity, celerity - hız vengeance : avenging, revenge - intikam venture : hazard, danger, jeopardy, risk - tehlike verbal : oral, spoken - sözel verge : edge, rim, margin, brim, brink - sınır, kenar versatile : multi functional - çok yönlü version : translation - çeviri vertical : upright, plumb, erect, perpendicular - dikey vibrant : vibrating, shaking, oscillating - titreşimli vibrate : oscillate, shake, tremble - titremek vice : wickedness, evil - kötü vicious : immoral, depraved, corrupt - şeytani view : prospect, outlook, idea, notion - görüş vigilant : attentive, wary, alert, awake - tetikte vigorous : strong, robust, sturdy, energetic - dinç, atik villain : rascal, scoundrel - kötü kişi violation : breach, transgression - ihlal, çiğneme (yasa) violence : vehemence, intensity, force - şiddet virgin : maiden, maid - bakire virtual : practical, implicit - sanal virtually : nearly - neredeyse virtue : goodness, uprightness, morality, justice -erdem virtuous : right, upright, moral - erdemli visible : apparent, obvious, evident, clear - görünür vision : sight, perception, discernment - görüş visionary : fanciful, imaginary, illusory - hayalperest vista : view, prospect, perspective - manzara vital : indispensable, important - önemli vivid : bright, brilliant, animated, spirited - canlı vizier: prime minister of Sultan- vezir vocation : business, occupation, profession - iş, meslek vogue : fashion, style, mode - moda void : useless, ineffectual, vain - boş, faydasız volume : size, measure, magnitude, mass - hacim voluntary : spontaneous, free, unforced - gönüllü vow : pledge, promise - yemin etmek voyage : cruise, sailing - seyahat etmek vulgar : coarse, mean, rude - kaba vulnerable : susceptible - meyilli, yatkın W wage : pay, salary, earnings - maaş wake : rouse, arouse - uyanmak wander : ramble, rove, roam, stray - gezinmek ware : good, merchandise - mal warp : bend, deform, twist -eğriltmek wary : alert, careful, cautious - dikkatli waste : squander, dissipate, lavish - israf etmek watchful : vigilant, alert, observant, attentive - dikkatli wave : undulate, fluctuate - dalgalanmak weak : fragile, frail, delicate, feeble - zayıf, güçsüz weaken : deplete, diminish, lessen - zayıflatmak weakness : flaw, defect, fault - zayıflık, kusur wealth : abundance, profusion - varlık wear out : exhaust - yıpranmak wearisome : tiresome, boring, tedious - yorucu weary : exhausted, tired, wearied, fatigued - bitkin weave : intertwine, twist, curl, meander - dokumak weigh : consider, ponder, contemplate - düşünmek welfare : prosperity - refah wet : drenched, dampened, moist - ıslak, nemli whim : caprice, whimsy - kapris whip : lash, beat, flog, thrash - kırbaçlamak whirl : spin, rotate, revolve, wheel - dönmek wholesale : extensive, indiscriminate - toptan satış wholesome : healthful, healthy, salutary - sağlıklı wicked : evil, immoral, impious, profane - lanetli widespread : extensive, prevalent, sweeping - yaygın wild : untamed, undomesticated - vahşi wily : shrewd, cunning, crafty - kurnaz win : obtain, gain, procure, secure - kazanmak wise : judicious, sensible, rational - bilge withdraw : retire, retreat, secede - çekmek wither : fade, decay, decline - solmak, sönmek withhold : reserve, retain, hold back - saklamak witness : sb that sees a occurrence - şahit witty : amusing, clever, comic - şakacı woe : distress, affliction, sorrow, grief - keder wonder : surprise, amazement, awe - merak wonderful : awesome, astonishing - muhteşem workmanship : handicraft, handiwork - işçilik worry : torment, annoy, disturb - endişelenmek worship : revere, respect, venerate, adore - tapmak worthy : worthwhile, deserving - layık wound : injure, hurt - yara wrap : cover, envelop, muffle - sarmak, kaplamak wrath : anger, ire, rage, resentment, indignation - gazap wreck : destroy, devastate, ruin, shatter - yıkmak wretched : miserable, dejected, distressed - zavallı Y yawn : gape - esnemek yearn : crave, desire, want - arzulamak yearning : longing, craving, desire - arzulayış yield : 1. produce, bear - üretmek 2. surrender, submit, concede - teslim olmak Z zeal : passion, enthusiasm, ardor, zealousness - tutku zealous : ardent, enthusiastic, eager, earnest - tutkulu zenith : apex, peak, tip - zirve zest : gusto, heartiness, eagerness - çeşni, zevk zone : area, area, region, district, section - bölge 93