Tedo Dundua

Everywhere coin facilitated exchange of goods. It was employed also for different propaganda. Georgians did the same as seen in the monetary groups and types as follows: municipal copper coins of Trapezus with the effigy of Mithras, Georgian-Sassanian drachms, Georgian-Byzantine coins, coins of Giorgi III — king with falcon on hand. So, at least some of monetary types issued in Georgia served for propaganda.

Georgia faces enormous challenges as a small country with limited natural resources, and geopolitical problems. The country is a representative democracy with the Georgian people choosing their leaders. Having the country in a military or economic alliance is regarded as a special geopolitical achievement for big powers. Hence comes the rivalry between the West and Russia over who will dominate the wider Black Sea region and Georgia with it. Indeed, Georgia always has held a prestigious place. The below story is about the 16 th c. Georgia and how despite the existing political and economic crises, the Georgian kings not only guarded the "Christian" frontier, but also held high political prestige. The Ottomans' empire-wide festivities after the capture of the Georgian king Simon attest to that. Fetiyecamii is architectural celebrity of Istanbul, and beloved place for the tourists. The Turkish term seems to be the 16 th c. label for the church of the Virgin Pammacaristos, turned into a mosque by that times (S. Runciman. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge. 1965. Reprinted 1996, p. 201). By well-established Ottoman tradition, if a city surrendered of its own will to them, the Christians could retain their churches, otherwise they were to be converted into a mosque (S. Runciman. The Fall of Constantinople 1453, pp. 145, 199).

/Tedo_Dundua. _Colchis_Iberia_and_Kingdom_of_Pontus_Accordi ng_to_the_Numismatic_Material._Tbilisi._1993_in_ Georg._with_Russ._and_Engl._Summaries_ 3. საქართველო და დასავლეთი ნუმიზმატიკური მასალების მიხედვით. წ. I-II. (ინგლ. რეზ.). თბ. 1995 (188 გვ. A5) https://www.academia.edu/41151314/Tedo_Du ndua._Georgia_and_the_West_According_to_the_N umismatic_Material._I._Tbilisi._1995_in_Georg._wi th_Engl._summary_: https://www.academia.edu/41151160/Tedo_Dundua. _Georgia_and_the_West_According_to_the_Numis matic_Material._II._Tbilisi._1995_in_Georg._with_ Engl._summary_ 4. ლევიათანი, ანუ კაპიტალიზმის პერსპექტივები საქართველოში

European Union's obvious pull to the East could result in creation of "united Europe". We need to know history of this very integration. Amazing is to observe how Western and Eastern European countries, having their specific styles, in clothing, architecture etc., were trying to synthesize them while becoming more and more integrated. Now we will speak about architectural styles of Western and Eastern Europe. History of Western and Eastern Europe, two still existing zones of integration, goes back to very old times. Christianity has been one of the most important and highly visual symbols of European affiliation while division into West and East was confirmed by the countries' confessional affiliation to Western and Eastern Christianity. The Catholic and Protestant countries, on the one hand, and the Orthodox world, on the other, constitute two cultural communities with a rich history behind them. Present trend, which leads to unified Europe, is the most important feature of Europe's cultural development. Georgia had a place of its own in the Eastern European integration and, via this, in the future, also has its place in common European home. History of monumental architecture in the country belongs to the same issue.

The title sounds a bit strange, but still it fits reality, created either by political, or economic demands. Data is presented below. Half drama of Bagrat III (975-1014), imitation to dirhem. Obverse: Central Arabic legend in three lines-"There is no god but Allāh alone, he has no associate". Distorted Arabic legend around. Reverse: Central Arabic legend-"Muhammad is the Messenger of Allāh". Georgian Asomtavruli legend in abbreviation around it-"Christ, exalt Bagrat, king of the Abkhasians (Western Georgia)".

Deities are depicted on the coins struck in pagan Colchis (Western Georgia) and Iberia (Eastern and Southern Georgia). With these states being baptized in the 4 th c., the gods were substituted by the saints. Christian pious formulas also appeared on money issued in kingdom of Georgia, obviously less "pious" than the inscriptions on the Byzantine coins. Greek inscriptions are mostly like as follows:

/Tedo_Dundua. _Colchis_Iberia_and_Kingdom_of_Pontus_Accordi ng_to_the_Numismatic_Material._Tbilisi._1993_in_ Georg._with_Russ._and_Engl._Summaries_ 3. საქართველო და დასავლეთი ნუმიზმატიკური მასალების მიხედვით. წ. I-II. (ინგლ. რეზ.). თბ. 1995 (188 გვ. A5) https://www.academia.edu/41151314/Tedo_Du ndua._Georgia_and_the_West_According_to_the_N umismatic_Material._I._Tbilisi._1995_in_Georg._wi th_Engl._summary_: https://www.academia.edu/41151160/Tedo_Dundua. _Georgia_and_the_West_According_to_the_Numis matic_Material._II._Tbilisi._1995_in_Georg._with_ Engl._summary_ 4. ლევიათანი, ანუ კაპიტალიზმის პერსპექტივები საქართველოში

7<sup>th</sup> volume of "Materials in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Crimea" shows article "Coin as a Means of Propaganda (According to Georgian Numismatics)" by Tedo Dundua and Emil Avdaliani. Now the story is prolonged. Everywhere coin facilitated exchange of goods. It was employed also for different propaganda. Georgians did the same as seen in the monetary groups as follows: Georgian credit money (12<sup>th</sup> c. — the 20s of 13<sup>th</sup> c.), coins of the Georgian kings in the 13<sup>th </sup>— 14<sup>th</sup> cc., Western Georgian money of the 13<sup>th </sup>— 15<sup>th</sup> cc., coins of the Georgian kings in the 18<sup>th</sup> c. We outline the results of our study for a scientific discussion.

Georgian and European Armies in Action 1 Georgia, an aspirant for NATO membership, actively contributes to NATO-led operations. Georgia's alliance with the West has its historical background. General chronology of the Crusades shows wellcoordinated warfare. 1085 Alfonso VI, king of Castile, took Toledo. The center of Arab science and learning fell into Christian hands. 1086 The Almoravid army in Spain defeated Alfonso VI of Castile's army at Zallaka.

Last time we wrote about deities and saints justifying a legitimacy of a coin http://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/images/SHROMEBI/SHROMEBI-16/ENG_-XVI/016_Tedo_Dundua_International_Conferences.pdf; http://geohistory.humanities.tsu.ge/images/SHROMEBI/SHROMEBI-16/ENG_XVI/017_Tedo_Dundua_Internatio-nal_Conferences.pdf Effigies of the rulers did the same. Now they will be demonstrated, as seen in coinage of Georgia. Coins of Bagadat, son of Biurat, duke of Klarjeti (Southwest Georgia). I type. Second half of the 3 rd c. B.C. Obverse: Head of Bagadat r., bearded, with moustache, and taenia on forehead; wears satrapal head-dress (kyrbasia) with double tie behind, and flaps fastened over top; earring in ear; border of dots. Reverse: Bagadat seated l. on throne with back; wears kyrbasia; long overgarment with false sleeves and arm-guards; holds in r. a long sceptre, in l. a flower (?); planted before him, standard with decoration and hanging tasselsdirēfš-i Kaviān; Aramaic inscr. on r. downwards and on l. upwards, border of dots.

Duration-1 semester (15 weeks) ECTS-1 lecture per week (15 contact hours) 1 lecture-1 hour for homework (15 hours) total-15 + 15 = 30 hours 1 seminar per week (15 contact hours) 1 seminar-2 hours of homework (30 hours) total-15 + 30 = 45 hours examination-25 working hours total-30 + 45 + 25 = 100 hours credit = 25 hours 100 : 25 = 4 credits Lecturer-Prof. Dr. Tedo Dundua, Faculty of the Humanities, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Address-M. Kostava str. N 71a, apart. 39. Purpose of the course: the Black Sea is not a common framework for a piece of historical teaching. It is more often seen as a geographical or a political boundary, than a subject of interest in its own right. Perhaps we should not be altogether surprised that a sea, particularly a landlocked one, has attracted few historians. The most popular subject, for writers as well as readers, are those about exceptional people-heroes and heroines (sacred as well as secular), scientists, artists and explorers; while practical education demands to focus on political units and nations. When we consider what the Black Sea means to us, we tend to focus either on the political entities that have bounded it, or on its watery depth. It is difficult to envisage this sea as the core of a network, the beating heart of a body, whose limbs are the different communities linking its shores. The aim of the course is to show how we can imagine this network.

and public figure. Her activities are outstanding from different perspectives. Mariam Lordkipanidze is an author of more than 200 scientific works. For many years she acted to protect the Georgian language and history of Georgia, as a discipline. For her achievements, Mariam Lordkipanidze received the highest award of the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Gold Order of St. George. TSU Institute of Georgian History dedicated its annual conference to her 100 th anniversary and invited international participants from Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia and Romania. The conference included two sessions and both of them took place in the first building of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. International participants of the conference took part in this event via Zoom while the Georgians presented their reports on the live sessions. The working languages of the conference were Georgian and English. Professor Tedo Dundua, director of the Institute of Georgian History, opened the first session. He welcomed the guests, local and international participants and students who attended the session. Welcome speech was delivered also by TSU Acting Rector, Professor Jaba Samushia. Ketevan Nadiradze, Associate Professor at TSU, spoke about the life and activities of Mariam Lordkipanidze (Mariam Lordkipanidze-100). This was the first and lengthy speech from a former disciple and colleague about Mariam Lordkipanidze, who taught numerous students at TSU and mentored several generations of historians at the same university.

Greek colonisation of Colchis (western Georgia): the failure of a Hellenic experiment Colchis was well integrated within the Greek world. In the 6th-4th centuries BC the Greeks established their poleis on the eastern Black Sea coast. Initially they had oligarchic rule; gradually they became more democratic. The Greeks fulfilled their major purpose during their activity in Colchis, having in mind subsequent full economic integration of the region with Hellas and highly Hellenised Anatolia. The Greeks living in Colchis were supposed to improve local industrial output. This ended in failure because of the high humidity of the country. There was no chance of maintaining Hellenic industrial structures as agriculture was too slow to develop. Nevertheless, the Greeks exported different materials-timber, linen, metals, etc. They imported industrial goods, mostly pottery, which was imitated by the locals. The Colchians used to write in Greek and build temples in Greek style, but these did not prevent local kings and sceptuchoi (dukes) in the 3rd century BC from conquering the Greek poleis. Economic crisis followed. In 105-66 BC Colchis was a part of the kingdom of Pontus and there could be an illusion of short-term economic revival. The end of the 1st century BC saw total political chaos for western Georgia and urban life declined, the Greeks losing their identity. The experiment aiming at inclusion of this land into the Greek economic system failed, and for the Romans Colchis/Lazica was just the Pontic limes to be defended in a manner of forward defence. The paper deals with these aspects of Graeco-Colchian relations, using written sources, archaeology and numismatics.