Classical history

Η διδακτική αυτή προσέγγιση αφορά στο σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση της διδασκαλίας στο πλαίσιο ενός μαθήματος φιλοσοφίας σχετικά με τις θεωρίες της γνώσης στη Β΄ Γενικού Λυκείου,  με  βάση  το διδακτικό  βιβλίο  Αρχές  Φιλοσοφίας  στο  πλαίσιο  του  αναλυτικού προγράμματος.  Πιο  συγκεκριμένα,  θα  προσπαθήσουμε  να  προτείνουμε  τον  εμπλουτισμό του κεφαλαίου 3: Αναζητώντας τη γνώση, ενότητα τρίτη: Θεωρίες για την πηγή της γνώσης, χρησιμοποιώντας  στοιχεία  θεωρίας  της  γνώσης  και  της  αντίληψης  των  Προσωκρατικών.  Στόχος  μας  είναι  να  εμπλουτίσουμε  το  κεφάλαιο  αυτό  με  στοιχεία  προσωκρατικής  φιλοσοφίας ως παλαιότερης χρονολογικά και προϋπάρχουσας εκείνης της Κλασικής εποχής  και των Νεοτέρων χρόνων.

This paper dates to my Spring semester at Oxford University in 2019. Due to Alexander's military prowess, intelligence and ability to rule effectively, I believe that he did not himself believe he was a god, but did accept worship as one because it provided him with validity and easy rulership over the East. These beginning conclusions are stated in the final paragraph, but as I have mused over this question further, I believe that more clues and perhaps definitive answers lie within the life of Olympias and her influence over her son. I intend to revisit this topic once I have read the book Olympias by Elizabeth Carney.

Lo studio traccia le linee dello sviluppo della superficie in diritto romano. L’istituto sorse tra secondo e primo secolo a.C., in conseguenza di rilevanti mutamenti demografici e urbanistici e fu probabilmente modellato sulle concessioni vettigali. Inizialmente, la superficie fu basata sul contratto di locazione a tempo determinato e poi anche su quello a tempo indeterminato (ovvero in perpetuum) e i superficiari conduttori furono tutelati mediante l’interdictum de superficiebus, modellato su quello de loco publico fruendo. Poiché nel corso del tempo, sul finire del primo secolo a.C., si ammise nella prassi la possibilità di costituire diritti di superficie mediante compravendita, legato e donazione, la tutela interdittale non fu più sufficiente e così, forse tra primo e secondo secolo d.C., il pretore inserì nell’editto la tutela reale per via di azione, a vantaggio di tutti i superficiari, con l’eccezione di quelli che fossero meri conductores ad modicum tempus. Si esaminano tutti i tipi di azioni decretali in factum che il diritto romano conobbe a vantaggio dei superficiari.
Fonti particolarmente esaminate: Ulp. 16 ad ed. D. 6.2.11.10; Ulp. 70 ad ed. D. 43.18.1; Ulp. 68 ad ed. D. 43.9.1pr.; Paul. 29 ad ed. D. 13.7.16.2; Ulp. 17 ad ed. D. 6.1.73.1; Paul. 21 ad ed. D. 6.1.74; Ulp. 16 ad ed. D. 6.1.75; Ulp. 71 ad ed. D. 43.24.15.12; Paul. 19 ad ed. D. 6.2.12.2-3; Ulp. 16 ad ed. D. 6.2.11.1.

Il Socrate delle Nuvole di Aristofane, fra storia e teatro. Oggi, una buona parte degli studiosi sembra convinta del fatto che “…dietro al Socrate delle Nuvole stiano rimpiattati, in proporzioni mai uguali, più o meno tutti i protagonisti della ‘rivoluzione culturale’ dell’Atene classica: Prodico, Protagora, Anassagora, i filosofi naturalisti, gli orfico-pitagorici, lo sciamanismo, la sofistica come dottrina vulgata o come tendenza etico-politica” (Grilli 2001). Aristofane avrebbe dunque creato un Socrate artificiale somma delle immagini (probabilmente anch’esse stereotipate) di molti altri intellettuali oggetto di denigrazione.

Седьмой том альманаха «Scripta antiqua: Вопросы древней истории,
филологии, искусства и материальной культуры» посвящен широкому кругу вопросов, касающихся истории древних и раннесредневековых обществ. В томе анализируются актуальные проблемы археологии Евразии на примере отдельных культур и памятников, рассматриваются страницы из истории народов Восточного Средиземноморья Бронзового века, военная история Персидской империи и древнего Рима, историческая география древнего Закавказья и Центральной Азии, исследуется возможность датировки древнетюркских памятников эпиграфики, изучаются отдельные страницы из истории ювелирного дела и нумизматики Причерноморья.
Том предлагает вниманию читателей статьи по истории изучения
языков Северного Кавказа. Ряд статей по истории отечественной науки на новых архивных материалах.
Отдельный комплекс в рамках данного тома представляют собой
статьи, посвященные истории изучения древней истории в СССР первой половины XX в.
Том предназначен для специалистов по истории древних и средне-
вековых цивилизаций, а также для широкого круга читателей.

The primary sources for this book were epigraphic monuments and accounts of Graeco-Roman authors. The focus was on the monuments mentioning provincial and local officials (provincial governors, military prefects, praepositi, principes, decurions, duumviri, aediles, quaestors, mining procurators, etc.). Moreover, this thesis also analyses the inscriptions mentioning the names of indigenous communities, Roman municipia, and colonies. Such methodology facilitated the study of administrative units that are unknown from written records such as municipium Faustinianum or the mining district of northwestern Bosnia. The book is accordingly structured in such a way that each thematic unit is followed by a catalogue of epigraphic monuments.

Greek arbitration was developed out of the community’s need to resolve conflict.  Earlier scholarship, however, has often used a legal framework with which to explain its development.  The findings of previous scholarship have proven insightful in regard to the mechanics of the ancient process.  Earlier scholarship, however, has not given sufficient emphasis to the role of the community in the development of arbitration.

At its centre Greek arbitration was a survival mechanism.  The Greek community, from the Homeric period forward, was constantly threatened by both internal and external violence.  In order to address these dangers, the community as a whole created a method designed to resolve conflict. Greek arbitration was an innovation because throughout the process the community was directly involved in the legitimisation of the process.  The community itself developed arbitration.  In order to illuminate this, a modern conflict resolution process, mediation-arbitration, is better able to clarify previously overlooked aspects of the process.

The ancient arbitrator’s primary task was to act as an acceptable neutral who was expected to first reconcile the disputants, and should that prove unlikely, to then bring forth a judgement.  The neutral’s task was first to attempt to mediate the dispute and should reconciliation prove unattainable, he would then arbitrate.  Public pressure was brought to bear in order to encourage the resolution of conflict.  The oath was used in order to ensure the honesty of the disputants by involving the gods as witnesses to and protectors of the process.  It was the expectation that disputants would resolve their conflict peacefully that ensured, in turn, the continued stability of the community.

Since I have been studying so many different areas of ancient history, particularly that of ancient Rome, this subject has been of some interest to me and others for a number of reasons. It has been apparent that the decline in the content of silver in Roman coinage directly related to various factors within the Roman Empire over the course of several centuries; namely, through the First Century AD/CE to the Fourth Century AD/CE. The examination of the part that coins played in history is crucial in helping to make important determinations in a number of areas of the study. For instance, the names used by various emperors, their family members, wives, and sometimes, relatives. It is for much more than simple interest or trivia that we, as historians, examine ancient coins. We find many things of interest and importance, that is, of value to us in our quest to learn more about the people and times in which they lived. Coins of the various emperors contain information. They give us portraits of the emperors which give us some idea as to how they looked. They tell us things from what they chose to include on their coins, such as symbols, gods and/or goddesses, motto and more. And, at times, we may even find examples of propaganda and historical reference. But in this instance, we are examining the silver content or the amount of silver contained within the silver denarius (or "denarii" in plural) as minted under the various emperors. Which, may tell us a few things or at least indicate or support various views of certain emperors at particular points in the historical timeline of the Roman Empire. One of the first things that comes to mind is that as the Roman Empire was expanding and more people and territory was being added to it, the demand for more coinage became a priority. And, one of the easiest ways to make silver coinage 'stretch' is to "water it down" so to speak. Or, in other words, reduce the silver content rather than the size of the coins-which, by the way, was another thing that we see happening as time went on (a good example of this can be seen in the reduction of size in both the denarius and the tetradrachm over the course of time). Coins which were produced under the Emperor Augustus were virtually as pure as they could make them, about 98 percent pure. We see, as time went on, that the silver coins minted under later emperors were reduced to 'billon' (a token amount of silver) and essentially copper coins with a silver wash to make them appear to be silver. Of course, with use, the silver washed coins would begin to show the copper as the silver wore off. Basically, the coins which were produced by the Julian Emperors remained for the most part, stable. The exception to that (and remember, we are focused primarily upon the denarius in this paper), could be coins produced for the various Roman territories in the form of coinage issued for use in the provinces. Once the rule of the Julian Emperors ended with the death of Nero, we begin to see where the rule of successive emperors changed the content of silver in their coins. The Silver Content In The Denarius Under Various Emperors*: [Again, remember that we find silver reduction in coins produced for the provinces] Augustus (ruled : 27 BC/BCE-14 AD/CE) 97/98%. Claudius (ruled : 41-54 AD/CE) 97%.

"Lost Knowledge: The Concept of Vanished Technologies and Other Human Histories" examines the idea of lost knowledge, reaching back to a period between myth and history. It investigates a peculiar idea found in a number of early texts: that there were civilizations with knowledge of sophisticated technologies, and that this knowledge was obscured or destroyed over time along with the civilization that had created it. This book presents critical studies of a series of early Chinese, South Asian, and other texts that look at the idea of specific “lost” technologies, such as mechanical flight and the transmission of images. There is also an examination of why concepts of a vanished “golden age” were prevalent in so many cultures. Offering an engaging and investigative look at the propagation of history and myth in technology and culture, this book is sure to interest historians and readers from many backgrounds.

Caius Iulius Solinus, Latin grammarian and compiler from the third century AD, wrote a curious sentence in his work Collectanea rerum memorabilium or Pol-yhistor. Solinus in 2.51 called the Liburni, indigenous group that inhabited part of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic – " Asiatic people " (… per Liburnos, quae gens Asiatica est). The scholarship never took this statement seriously as its historical inaccuracy is beyond any doubt in both written and material evidence. However, the very same historical inaccuracy prevented a more substantial analysis of this statement in the scholarship, making it just one of (quite a) few of Solinus' bizarre statements. The paper will use available written sources to explore the reasoning behind this statement. The analysis will show that Solinus was not inventing fairy tales but was utilizing existing Graeco-Roman ethnographic 'knowledge' about this part of the world, and the Liburni in particular. This 'knowledge' was in its essence inter-textual and orientalizing, combining descriptive literary techniques and information gathered through different phases of cultural contact with indigenous population in order to construct a 'barbarian other'. The statement about Asian origins of the Liburni does not have factual accuracy but is still extremely useful as it reveals insight into some of the ways indigenous communities from the eastern Adriatic coast were perceived by the ancient Greek and Roman intellectual elite.

William M. Calder III
"This is the most informative book I have read on George Grote, England's second greatest ancient historian, since Mrs Grote's life of her husband (1873). For the first time Grote is placed firmly into the intellectual milieu of his time ... Demetriou is not obsessed with finding where Grote made mistakes. He reads Grote's "History of Greece" and "Plato" as documents moulded by the political thought of their time. His analysis of Greek history and Platonic studies in England before Grote reveals Grote's enormous contribution. For moderns Greek history begins with Grote, as Roman with Mommsen. Anything earlier is ignored. We underestimate his contribution because ignorant of what came before. Demetriou by emphasising Grote's predecessors makes his achievement clear. A comprehensive up to date bibliography and an index of names conclude the volume." Religious Studies, 2000.

ABSTRACT
George Grote (1794-1871) belonged to the leading Philosophic Radicals of early Victorian Britain. A student of James Mill and Jeremy Bentham, a self-educated classical scholar, and a committed utilitarian liberal, he succeeded in revolutionizing the field of Greek studies. The author draws on both unpublished works of Grote and also a wide range of published material, with emphasis on the 'History of Greece' and 'Plato and the other Companions of Sokrates', to give us this study of the historian's thought and understanding of classical Greece. The book starts with an examination of Grote's early intellectual influences and then proceeds to an extensive critical exploration of the reception of Athens and Plato in pre-Grotean historiography and classical scholarship. Grote's monumental work completely reversed the traditional antidemocratic approach to the history of Greece, rehabilitated the Sophists and the demagogues after centuries of derision, examined in detail the working of Athenian democracy and the merits of political participation, and demonstrated that Plato's desire was to stimulate philosophical thinking in his audience, rather than establishing a system of dogmatic solutions to moral and metaphysical problems. At the time, Grote's original works formed an encyclopedia of classical studies and a major contribution to the history of political thought. His enduring significance in our own time is foremost the result of his profound and vast scholarship, but it also proves that ancient Greek history and theory can be still understood in the light of today's values and used as a resource for contemporary political reflection.

REVIEWS

Professor George Huxley, Review of Kyriacos N. Demetriou, “George Grote on Plato and Athenian Democracy”, Ελληνικά 51.2, 2001, pp. 415-418.
Stuart Dawson, Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 17 (1-2):187-198 (2000)

Historija ne bi trebalo da bude samo puko podsjećanje na prošle događaje ili samo ispisivanje informacija minulih vremena. Historija u svome znanstvenom obličju prevashodno može i mora da služi sadašnjim i budućim generacijama kao jedna vrlo praktična disciplina koja nudi čitavo jedno obilje povijesnih primjera, iskustava i nadahnuća. Povijesni procesi, dešavanja i događaji nipošto se ne mogu niti smiju zanemariti u donošenju odluka, ali i ponašanju i pojedinaca i institucija. Posebno se to ogleda u tome da kroz neke povijesne fenomene koje je historiografija prepoznala, opisala i prezentirala sadašnji i budući svijet pokuša izbjeći i postupke i procese koji bi mogli imati dugotrajne
štetne posljedice. Jedan od takvih procesa sa iznimno štetnim posljedicama, koje su u konačnici dovele do sloma republikanskog poretka i njegovih institucija, bila je i ekonomska kriza sa kraja Srednje Republike, poznata u historiografiji kao “agrarna kriza”. U bukvalnom smislu, samo razvijanje ove krize predstavljalo je genezu zla, tipičnu za sve ekonomske i socijalne dekadense koji su se odvijali kroz prošlost čovječanstva. Finansijska kriza iz 2007/2008. god. koja je zapečatila
sudbinu propalog i kratkotrajnog neoliberalnog eksperimenta dobar je primjer kako je neuvažavanje historije i onoga što ona nudi dovelo do velike katastrofe. Ova neoliberalna kriza je u velikoj mjeri i po načelima svoga nastanka, te modalitetima i načinima svoga razvitka slična “agrarnoj krizi” od prije 2150 godina. Ukratko rečeno, onda kada princip sticanja što većega profita, i to na štetu većine stanovništva, štetu općekulturnog progresa i nemjerljivo socijalno raslojavanje, dobije oreol “božanskog”, tada se otvaraju kapije “geneze zla”. Djelo je podijeljeno na dva osnovna vida. Prvi dio (Fontes) je zbirka podataka iz dostupne izvorne građe, dok drugi (Rekonstrukcija) predstavlja sintetički
prikaz nastanka, razvoja i posljedica agrarne krize. U Fontesu su dati podaci iz djela Aristotela, Katona Starijeg, Polibija, Nona Marcela, Cicerona, Salustija Krispa, Varona, Diodora, Dionizija iz Halikarnasa, Strabona, Livija, Veleja Paterkula, Valerija Maksima, Seneke, Plinija Starijeg, Kolumele, Plutarha, Apijana, Aula Gelija, Seksta Aurelija Viktora.
U “Rekonstrukciji” se nalaze poglavlja: Ager publicus, Zakoni Licinija i
Sekstija i agrarno zakonodavstvo do perioda krize sa kraja Srednje Republike, Uzroci agrarne krize sa kraja Srednje Republike, Robovski rad, Oslobođenici, Posljedice krize sa potpoglavljem Demografska kriza, Političke posljedice krize, Korupcija, Kriza vojske, Pokušaji reformi.

Centrata su alcuni aspetti troppo spesso lasciati in secondo piano della storia classica di Atene e in particolare della guerra archidamica, la prima fase (431-421) della guerra del Peloponneso (431-404), la tesi spazia con disinvoltura fra storia antica, geografia fisica e umana, geopolitica, polemologia. Il principale obiettivo del lavoro è l'individuazione della nascita di un embrione di pensiero geopolitico durante il periodo interessato, alla luce dell'improvviso ampliarsi delle prospettive militari e delle sfere d'influenza delle poleis greche contemporanee. Forzatamente limitata, sia per carenze organizzative sia per assenza di tempo, la dissertazione resta uno spunto interessante sul tema, che si dovrà prima o poi riprendere.

The study addresses the legal rules that allowed in Rome and in some Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, especially Egypt, women to serve as guardians or to assist the guardian of their prepubescent children. In Rome, mothers as guardians are attested during the second century by individual imperial concession, and the mother as manager in aid to the guardian is amply attested in the classical age. In Egypt, mothers could serve as guardians, appointed by a private act of the husband (since the beginning of the province until 212 AD), while in connection to the guardian (with the name ἐπακολουθήτρια) they appear only from the first half of the second century ad. the author questions the mutual influences between the two sets of rules.

Nel presente articolo si esaminano le norme giuridiche in base alle quali a Roma e in alcune province orientali dell'impero romano, soprattutto l'Egitto, la madre poteva essere tutrice o poteva svolgere fuzioni di ausilio al tutore dei propri figli impuberi. A Roma la madre tutrice appare attestata già dal secondo secolo per concessione imperiale individuale, e la madre amministratrice in ausilio al tutore è ampiamente attestata in età classica. In Egitto la madre tutrice, nominata con atto privato del marito, compare dalle origini della provincia e fino al 212 d.C., mentre, affiancata al tutore, con il nome di ἐπακολουθήτρια, è documentata solo dalla prima metà del secondo secolo d.C. In dottrina ci si è interrogati circa le influenze reciproche tra i due sistemi di norme. L'autore conclude che è legittimo ipotizzare che la scomparsa della madre tutrice egizia dopo il 212 sia stata causata dalla diffusione del diritto romano nelle province a seguito della Constitutio Antoniniana, mentre non sembra possibile rinvenire altre reciproche influenze. In particolare, si nega che la madre amministratrice romana sia derivata dall'ἐπακολουθήτρια egizia.

Centrata su alcuni aspetti troppo spesso lasciati in secondo piano della storia classica di Atene e in particolare della guerra archidamica, la prima fase (431-421) della guerra del Peloponneso (431-404), la tesi spazia con disinvoltura fra storia antica, geografia fisica e umana, geopolitica, polemologia. Il principale obiettivo del lavoro è l'individuazione della nascita di un embrione di pensiero geopolitico durante il periodo interessato, alla luce dell'improvviso ampliarsi delle prospettive militari e delle sfere d'influenza delle poleis greche contemporanee. Forzatamente limitata, sia per carenze organizzative sia per assenza di tempo, la dissertazione resta uno spunto interessante sul tema, che si dovrà prima o poi riprendere.

Centrata su alcuni aspetti troppo spesso lasciati in secondo piano della storia classica di Atene e in particolare della guerra archidamica, la prima fase (431-421) della guerra del Peloponneso (431-404), la tesi spazia con disinvoltura fra storia antica, geografia fisica e umana, geopolitica, polemologia. Il principale obiettivo del lavoro è l'individuazione della nascita di un embrione di pensiero geopolitico durante il periodo interessato, alla luce dell'improvviso ampliarsi delle prospettive militari e delle sfere d'influenza delle poleis greche contemporanee. Forzatamente limitata, sia per carenze organizzative sia per assenza di tempo, la dissertazione resta uno spunto interessante sul tema, che si dovrà prima o poi riprendere.

Identify the principal features of the polis and discuss the differences between the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta? The Greek city-states or Polis, developed gradually during the Dark age, but by the 8 th century B.C they emerged as an exceptional and fundamental institution in Greek society.1 Ancient Greece and the Polis immensely influenced the world in which we live today. Today's politics especially. From the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus to the 'true democratic government' introduced by Cleisthenes. The Polis and the way it was run in all these different ways paved the way to how nations are run today. The aim of this essay will be to classify the main features of the Polis and to debate the differences between Athens and Sparta, the two most prominent and powerful city-states in Ancient Greece. Certainly, in trying to explain the Greek phenomenon, one would have to weigh a very particular combination of factors. One factor would have to be that sun-drenched but seasonal climate which provided optimal encouragement for a vigorous outdoor life. A second factor would be the Aegean, whose islands and straits provided an ideal nursery in the skills of seafaring, commerce, and colonization. A third factor would be the proximity of older, established civilizations whose achievements were waiting to be imported and developed.2 The Polis contained the city and its surrounding lands. The city was a central point of the Polis, where citizens gathered for political, social and religious activities.3 Hills often had temples and shrines erected on them. An Agora was an important feature of the Polis. It was an open space which served as a market and a meeting spot in which citizens could socialize. The Polis differed in size, some were basically walled villages while others such as Athens boasted a population of over 250,000 people by the fifth century B.C. The Polis was a community of citizens in which all political, economic, social, cultural and religious events were fixated. The people of the Polis were divided economically and socially. The citizens with political rights were solely adult males, women and children were also citizens however they had no political rights. Non-citizens included slaves and foreigners. All citizens of the Polis had rights, however these rights also meant important responsibilities. Which meant that men had to engage in politics and serve with the army in times of war. Women had a responsibility to run the household and produce an heir for their husband. Boys were taught to read, write and fight, girls were taught womanly duties by their mothers, such as cooking and weaving. The Poleis distrusted one another, this divided the Greeks into many sovereign Poleis. Ancient Hellas was never a united country but a geographical location. Even though most of the Poleis shared the same language and culture, this didn't mean much politically. Eventually all of Greece was conquered and occupied for many years by foreign powers.

Centrata su alcuni aspetti troppo spesso lasciati in secondo piano della storia classica di Atene e in particolare della guerra archidamica, la prima fase (431-421) della guerra del Peloponneso (431-404), la tesi spazia con disinvoltura fra storia antica, geografia fisica e umana, geopolitica, polemologia. Il principale obiettivo del lavoro è l'individuazione della nascita di un embrione di pensiero geopolitico durante il periodo interessato, alla luce dell'improvviso ampliarsi delle prospettive militari e delle sfere d'influenza delle poleis greche contemporanee. Forzatamente limitata, sia per carenze organizzative sia per assenza di tempo, la dissertazione resta uno spunto interessante sul tema, che si dovrà prima o poi riprendere.

Various evidence suggests that non-Greek slaves at Athens retained aspects of their ethnic identity.  Their age at capture and the circumstances of their lives in slavery shaped the extent to which they could remain conscious of and express this ethnic identity. Some slaves assimilated to Athenian culture to different extents, but masters also worried about having too many slaves from one place, suggesting a connection between a shared non-Greek culture and resistance.

The Battle of Adrianople has been presented as a turning point in history by classical as well as by modern authors. In this paper, classical sources, especially the res gestae, are being set into context together with modern works, trying to point out a balanced view on historical events and their interpretation by historians. Special attention is being paid to legal aspects as the foedus and dedictio within the limits of the Roman ius gentium. In light of the sources, the Roman-Gothic conflict, even if having resulted in a devastating defeat for the Romans, did not yet challenge the ideal of the Roman state as a hegemon power. The Goths did not seek to infiltrate the Roman Empire in order to carve out their own realm, but even after the battle rather sought to gain permanent and secure settlement within the system of the Roman state. This research focuses on a critical analysis of the events as presented in the res gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus.

Avec la loi de Périclès de 451/450 et la soudaine apparition de la matrilinéarité dans le droit athénien, les femmes acquirent une place importante dans la vie civique. À l’assemblée comme dans les tribunaux, un des procédés pour combattre un adversaire fut désormais de s’en prendre à sa mère. L’étude du corpus des orateurs permet de distinguer trois types d’injures la concernant : la mère étrangère, la mère prostituée et la mère indigente. Ces injures, qui semblent trouver leur source dans le psogos comique, devinrent pour ceux qui en étaient la cible des éléments à charge qu’ils se devaient de réfuter. En effet, mettre en doute la naissance, les mœurs et/ou le statut social de la mère revenait à contester la citoyenneté de son fils, l’exclure du dèmos et le priver de toute crédibilité, voire de son droit à la parole.


As a consequence of Pericles’ citizenship law of 451/450, and the sudden arrival of matrilineality in Athenian law, women gained an important role in Athenian civic life. Henceforth, in the Assembly or in the law courts, one of the simplest methods for dealing with an adversary was to insult his mother. Study of the rhetorical corpus allows three kinds of insults, targeting the adversary’s mother, to be distinguished: she could be described as a foreigner, a prostitute or a pauper. Seemingly derived from the comic psogos, abusive rhetoric became a major issue for litigants and something which had to be refuted, since casting doubt on the mother’s birth, morality and/or social status amounted to contesting the son’s citizenship, excluding him from the demos, depriving him of any credibility and even of his parrhesia.

En un marco general de migraciones motivadas por diferentes causas (socioeconómicas, políticas, militares, etc.), en este artículo se analizan los efectos que producen en Atenas los golpes oligárquicos de 411 y 404, entendidos como dos situaciones peculiares que combinan los conflictos políticos dentro de la comunidad ciudadana con desplazamientos de población y exilios.

The personality of Pacorus/Bakur the king of Lazi has become the subject of an interesting historiographic discussion in recent years. The discovery of a pitcher in Achmarda with the inscription “Ἐγὼ Πάκουρος ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῖς ἀ μνοῖς ἒδωκα” played a key role in stimulating  iscussion of this issue. There is every reason to believe that king Pacorus/Bakur played an active role in the events that occurred on the
territory of Georgia in the third quarter of the 3rd century CE. We take into account the information provided in the “Scriptores Historiae Augustae”, on the facts of the discovery of Greek inscriptions on the signet from Zhinvali and on silver vessels from Gagra and Maikop, and also take into account the passage from “Life of Kartli”. There is every reason to believe that Pacorus/Bakur became king of Lazi at the behest of Antoninus Pius. The Lazi managed to unite the whole Western  Georgia under their rule after half of a century. Pacorus/Bakur also supposedly participated in the power struggle in Iberia. The very fact of the discovery of a pitcher that attracted our attention suggests that Pacorus/Bakur controlled the area of modern Gagra.

Centrata su alcuni aspetti troppo spesso lasciati in secondo piano della storia classica di Atene e in particolare della guerra archidamica, la prima fase (431-421) della guerra del Peloponneso (431-404), la tesi spazia con disinvoltura fra storia antica, geografia fisica e umana, geopolitica, polemologia. Il principale obiettivo del lavoro è l'individuazione della nascita di un embrione di pensiero geopolitico durante il periodo interessato, alla luce dell'improvviso ampliarsi delle prospettive militari e delle sfere d'influenza delle poleis greche contemporanee. Forzatamente limitata, sia per carenze organizzative sia per assenza di tempo, la dissertazione resta uno spunto interessante sul tema, che si dovrà prima o poi riprendere.

This article considers the impact of the European campaign of successive Persian kings on the development of early Macedon. the focus is on the challenges that the Argeads faced from the end of the sixth century BC, as they sought to establish a dynasty and advance their ow interests, even while balancing competing obligations to rival powers.

Centrata su alcuni aspetti troppo spesso lasciati in secondo piano della storia classica di Atene e in particolare della guerra archidamica, la prima fase (431-421) della guerra del Peloponneso (431-404), la tesi spazia con disinvoltura fra storia antica, geografia fisica e umana, geopolitica, polemologia. Il principale obiettivo del lavoro è l'individuazione della nascita di un embrione di pensiero geopolitico durante il periodo interessato, alla luce dell'improvviso ampliarsi delle prospettive militari e delle sfere d'influenza delle poleis greche contemporanee. Forzatamente limitata, sia per carenze organizzative sia per assenza di tempo, la dissertazione resta uno spunto interessante sul tema, che si dovrà prima o poi riprendere.