Paleolithic

During this ancient period of external influences, numerous Greek and Sicilian townships were named Megara, due to a strong following of the earth deity Megara (i.e. Demeter – Gaia’s underground mysteries). (T: 417-418.) “The women to this day perform rites that are analogous to the story told (T: 418).” But given the extensive number of villages named Megara, it continues to be confusing. As discussed by Pausanias (5.23.6), numerous Sicilian villages named Megara Hyblaea (Hyblafa) has resulted in difficulties distinguishing between various sites and districts. Given extensive research, the Cathedra Kourotrophos Goddess comes from the Sanctuary of Hyblaea of the Hyblaean Megarians at Catana.

This article unveils imagery that seems intended to be recognized in phases from such sites as Font-de-Gaume (pg. 24), Laugerie-Basse (pg. 35-37), Isturitz (pg. 37-38), Saint-Cirq-du-Bugue (pg. 38-39), and Guy-Martin (pg. 26-35), after describing the first Paleolithic sculpture of an animal reported in the Ile-de-France. These include: 1) The extended panel of Ségognole 3. The grotto is known for a vulva between 2 faint horses, but its largest graphic element is a groove that has been explained away as a “border”. The groove is actually the caudal line of a 1.9 meter-long bas-relief of a bison that has been overlooked because of the failure to apply the same conventions of the vulva – figurative realism, monumentality, and the use of natural forms – to the engraved line, although it is identical in manufacture. The wisent composed by natural relief accentuated by incising, flaking, and polishing confirms that the ensemble is Paleolithic. 2) A survey of Paleolithic parietal images wh...

Resumen: Este texto expone los resultados del primer proyecto de investigación sobre
el registro del Paleolítico Inferior y Medio existente en las tres regiones naturales de la
Provincia de Cuenca (Centro de España): Alcarria, Serranía y Mancha. Mediante
campañas de prospección y excavación en diferentes términos municipales se han
detectado decenas de yacimientos, tomando de ellos materiales propios de los modos de
tecnología lítica 1, 2 y 3. Se han obtenido también dataciones absolutas mediante
luminiscencia en los yacimientos excavados, resultando un rango cronológico entre el
millón de años y los 40.000 años de antigüedad, además de realizarse análisis de tipo
tecnológico y traceológio de las piezas.

Palabras clave: Paleolítico Inferior, Paleolítico Medio, Pleistoceno, Olduvayense,
Achelense, Musteriense, modos de tecnología lítica, Península Ibérica.

Abstract: This text shows the results of the first research project about the Lower and
Middle Paleolithic record in the tree natural regions of the Province of Cuenca
(Central Spain): Alcarria, Serranía and Mancha. Through prospection an excavation
campaigns, developed in several municipalities, tens of archaeologic sites were
detected, taking from them a huge volume of Mode 1, 2 and 3 lithic materials. Absolute
dates have been also obtained by luminescence analysis in the excavated sites. We have
a chronologic range between the million year and the 40.000 years old and we did also
technologic and traceologic studies.

Keywords: Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Pleistocene, Oldowan, Acheulian,
Mousterian, modes of lithic technology, Iberian Peninsula.

The replacement hypothesis proposes that “modern humans” evolved only in sub-Saharan Africa, through a speciation event rendering them unable to breed with other hominins. They then spread throughout Africa, then to Asia, Australia and finally to Europe, replacing all other humans by exterminating or outcompeting them. In this critical analysis of the replacement hypothesis it is shown that it began as a hoax, later reinforced by false paleoanthropological claims and a series of flawed genetic propositions, yet it became almost universally accepted during the 1990s and has since dominated the discipline. The numerous shortcomings of the hypothesis are appraised from genetic, anthropological, and archaeological perspectives and it is refuted. The resulting hiatus in the history of the human genus is then filled with an outline of a comprehensive alternative theory presented recently, which not only explains the origins of “modern humans” but also numerous so far unexplained aspects of being human.

À quoi ressemblait la Terre quand d’autres hommes que nous la peuplaient ? Comment y vivaient-ils ? Comment les hommes modernes sont-ils apparus et quel fut leur périple à la sortie de leur berceau africain ? Quels furent leurs rapports avec leurs cousins, et notamment les Néandertaliens ? Quand – et par qui! ? – ont été inventés le feu, les outils, les premières sépultures, l’art ? Qui étaient Toumaï, Lucy, le petit Homme de Florès ou le nouveau venu, Homo naledi ? Autant de questions, et bien d’autres, auxquelles répondent deux grands spécialistes de la paléoanthropologie – l’histoire naturelle de l’homme – et de la préhistoire – son histoire culturelle – en s’appuyant sur l’ensemble des découvertes scientifiques les plus récentes. L’évolution foisonnante de l’humanité et la vie quotidienne des hommes qui nous ont précédés sont retracées de façon claire et accessible, et abondamment illustrées par plus de 200 photos, cartes et dessins, permettant de mieux voir et comprendre toute la richesse de notre préhistoire.

En el Paleolítico, con una duración dividida en: Inferior, 1 millón a 100 mil
años; Medio, 100 mil a 35 mil años y, Superior, 35 mil a diez u ocho mil años Antes de Cristo, existieron distintas industrias denominadas líticas, cuyas características fue desarrollar ciertas técnicas de manufactura destinadas a la producción de artefactos que permitieran la obtención, en un principio, de alimentos y, posteriormente, objetos mediante los
cuales pudieran expresar aquello que les pareciera interesante imitar: el cuerpo humano y ciertos animales cuadrúpedos.

I realized two Göbeklitepe two-faced(double headed) figurines on  Prof.Erdinç Bakla’s Göbeklitepe pinterest panel. These two Göbeklitepe figurines were so similar with İstanbul Paleolithic two-faced figurine that I found in İstanbul. Then I decided to review this 10th article and publish this 3rd verion of 10th article.
          I was speaking with a 80-90% possibility. But now I am speaking with 99% possibility. The root of the Göbeklitepe Culture is İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture that I discovered 3.5 years ago and ı published 13 articles about it.
          We added two new Two-faced Göbeklitepe figurines to 9th section of this 3rd version of 10th article. We showed the similarity of İstanbul double headed figurine and Göbeklitepe double headed figurines by showing them side by side.
          Moreover, I delated the photograph of Erdinç Bakla’s reproduction sculpture in the 9th section. Because it is not the photograph of original Göbeklitepe two headed sculpture. And I don’t want to mislead readers.
          I added Klaus Schmidt’s drawing of this two headed Göbeklitepe sculpture from  Klaus Schmidt’s article on Researchgate instead of E.Bakla’s reproduction.
          And We added 3 Göbeklitepe animal figurines, which are so similar with İstanbul Paleolithin animal figurine, into the 10th section of this 3rd edition.
          Now, The 10th article is more reliable and strong with this third version.
          We showed that the root of the Göbeklitepe Culture is İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture that I discovered 3.5 years ago  by means of Arrowhead/spearhead geometries, production methods and art types  samenesses
            I used brackets for the word “possible”  in the caption of this 3rd version because of the cleared situation.
          When we look at the whole article, We showed that the roots of Çatalhöyük and Göbeklitepe which are the most developed Neolithic Cultures of Anatolia are  İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture by means of same 5 spearhead geometries which are same between İstanbul Maritime PaleoCulture and Göbeklitepe/Çatalhöyük, and “fine paralel pressure flaking” which is common speciality between these cultures and the most developed Neolithic production method, and so special art types layered reliefs and two-faced figurines which we cleared in this 3rd version.
        There was a question about the meaning of T-shaped Göbeklitepe pillars.
          From this  two-faced Göbeklitepe figurine, It seems that  Göbeklitepe T-shaped pillars could be simplified  and big form of  two-faced Göbeklitepe figurines. The possibility of this at this stage is 70-80%.  Another culturel bomb.
          We added a T shaped Göbeklitepe pillar on which an arm and  hand carved as a support data.
          The root of the T-Shaped Pillars of Göbeklitepe could possibly be the two faced Göbeklitepe Figurines. I am saying this with a 70-80% possibility.
          Meanwhile, newly found  archaeological layers ın Istanbul show one more time that how a technical based  “Inscription Science and Archaeology Research Institute” which  I prepared its Project with  5 version (4 revision)  is necessary  for Istanbul. Archaeological datings and other measurements of Istanbul Paleolithic artifacts  such as material determinations  will take place  in its laboratuaries,  and  this research institute will educate MSc and PhD  students for continuity. 
        These archaeological Layers are the Neolithic Layer which include Kurgan type burials in Beşiktaş, some  archaeological  layers unearthed during the construction excavations in Kadıköy and an archaeological layer in which there are wall structures in Moda.
        And also, the necessity of establihment a new  “Natural History and Archaeology Musem”  in Kadıköy region  is increasing as we said before.

The paper deals with the topic of the evolution of speech
and language and aims to, through a multidisciplinary
approach and based on different material and available
data and results, answer the question of the appearance of
modern language and speech. Especially interesting is the
question of whether modern language appeared through
the process of saltation or in combination with some other
elements of “modernity” (the so called “Human revolution
model” or “Cognitive revolution model”) or if it is
a result of a longer evolutionary development in which
certain conditions and elements necessary for the development
of speech and language appeared before others did.
The authors attempted to answer these questions through
the results of comparative research done on our closest
evolutionary cousins, apes, through comparative anatomy,
fossil material and archaeological material sensu
stricto, that is, through remains of material culture. Based
on available material, we conclude that modern language
is a result of a long evolutionary development and that
different elements appeared at different times during the
evolutionary history of the tribe hominini.

Durante muchos años, la lingüística ha sido básicamente lingüística histórica. Basada en el método comparativo de búsqueda sistemática de similitudes léxicas y fonéticas, su objetivo era estudiar la evolución y el parentesco de las lenguas para reconstruir el árbol filogenético completo, desde la raíz hasta la copa. Lo inquietante es, sin embargo, que la conceptualización arbórea de las lenguas está muy alejada de la realidad. Si reflexionamos un poco, nos daremos cuenta de que esta división en categorías no tiene una base objetiva, sino ideológica. Las migraciones y los árboles lingüísticos son la historia única que nos han contado y que hemos aceptado como verdad. Nuevas generaciones de arqueólogos, genetistas y lingüistas están trabajando para establecer un nuevo marco teórico basado en la idea de continuidad, antigüedad y estabilidad de las lenguas que obligará a mapear las lenguas de Europa en una cronología mucho mayor.

The collection "Art and Religion of Ancient Societies" is a continuation of the series of the scientific publications which is devoted to the problems of study of the spiritual culture in the primitive societies. The previous edition "Art and Ritual of Ice Age", that was published in 2005, covered a circle of questions directly connected with the theory and practice of study of the Paleolithic Art. In this collection we also address to the same problematic. However, taking into account that the understanding of the most ancient culture stages of the human society is connected to a wide circle of questions of the study of the traditional communities, we think it is necessity to expand the edition’s subjects. Therefore we have tried to capture not only questions directly connected with field and basic study of the ancient art, but also practical analysis of the cultural and ethnographic facts. The questions of the aesthetics and theory of development of the early forms of art are considered as separately subjects in works. The published materials enable the reader to familiarize with the questions and methods of their analysis more in details, which are submitted in works of the researchers from Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Hungary, Germany, Canada, USA, Australia.

Arts 2018, 7(2), 14; doi:10.3390/arts7020014 (registering DOI)

The online version of the Rock Art Studies Bibliographic Database can be searched at: https://musnaz.org/search_rock_art_studies_db/.

Received: 23 October 2017 / Revised: 29 October 2017 / Accepted: 30 October 2017 / Published: 3 April 2018

(This article belongs to the Collection World Rock Art)


Abstract
The Rock Art Studies Bibliographic Database is an open access; online resource that fulfills the need for a searchable portal into the world’s rock art literature. Geared to the broadest interests of rock art researchers; students; cultural resource managers; and the general public; the RAS database makes rock art literature accessible through a simple search interface that facilitates inquiries into multiple data fields; including authors’ names; title and publication; place-name keyword; subject keyword; ISBN/ISSN number and abstract. The results of a data search can further be sorted by any of the data fields; including: authors’ names; date; title; and so forth. An ever increasing number of citations within the database include web links to online versions of the reference cited; and many citations include full author’s abstracts. The data compilation has been undertaken by Leigh Marymor with the year 2018 marking the 25th year of continuous revision and expansion of the data. Over 37,000 citations are currently contained in the database. The RAS database first launched online as a joint project of the Bay Area Rock Art Research Association and University of California’s Bancroft Library. After thirteen years of collaboration; the project found a new home and collaborator at the Anthropology Department at the Museum of Northern Arizona. The Paleolithic Rock Art bibliography results from an export of data from the RAS database and captures a freeze-frame in the state of the rock art literature for the world’s Paleolithic rock art as compiled here in the year 2018. The online version of the RAS Bibliographic Database at the Museum of Northern Arizona is updated annually; and we refer the reader to that resource for up-to-date bibliographic data revisions and additions. Researchers who consult the online database in concert with their reference to the Paleolithic Rock Art bibliography will discover a powerful ally in further refining geographic and thematic inquiries.

Keywords: Paleolithic; bibliography; rock art studies; world

Вікентій В'ячеславович Хвойка та його внесок у дослідження давньої історії України (до 160-річчя від дня народження): Тематичний збірник наукових праць. - К.: Такі справи, 2010. - с. 160 : іл. - ISBN 978-966-7208-62-2.

Збірник присвячено видатному вченому археологу В.В. Хвойці.
Його особистість, діяльність та наукова спадщина привертають увагу не лише науковців, але й широкої громадськості. В.В. Хвойка своєю наполегливою та невтомною археологічною діяльністю зробив відкриття, котрі прославили Київ та Україну. З його ім’ям пов’язано відкриття трипільської, зарубинецької та черняхівської культур, дослідження старожитностей Придніпров’я.

У збірнику вміщено наукові статті вчених Інституту археології НАН України та наукових співробітників Національного музею історії України, які займаються дослідженням наукової спадщини одного із засновників музею - В.В. Хвойки.

Збірник розрахований на істориків, археологів, краєзнавців, музейників, широкий загал шанувальників історії України.

Fluvial sedimentary archives are important repositories for Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts throughout the 'Old World', especially in Europe, where the beginning of their study coincided with the realisation that early humans were of great antiquity. Now that many river terrace sequences can be reliably dated and correlated with the globally valid marine isotope record, potentially useful patterns can be recognized in the distribution of the find-spots of the artefacts that constitute the large collections that were assembled during the years of manual gravel extraction. This paper reviews the advances during the past two decades in knowledge of hominin occupation based on artefact occurrences in fluvial contexts, in Europe, Asia and Africa. As such it is an update of a comparable review in 2007, at the end of IGCP Project no. 449, which had instigated the compilation of fluvial records from around the world during 2000e2004, under the auspices of the Fluvial Archives Group. An overarching finding is the confirmation of the well-established view that in Europe there is a demarcation between handaxe making in the west and flakeecore industries in the east, although on a wider scale that pattern is undermined by the increased numbers of Lower Palaeolithic bifaces now recognized in East Asia. It is also apparent that, although it seems to have appeared at different places and at different times in the later Lower Palaeolithic, the arrival of Levallois technology as a global phenomenon was similarly timed across the area occupied by Middle Pleistocene hominins, at around 0.3 Ma.

İnsanlık tarihinin başlangıç noktasının tam olarak bilinmemesine
rağmen ortaya konulan insan eseri ürünler ile yaşanmış kültürler bizlere
bazı ipuçları vermektedir. Yaşam alanları, yemek kültürleri, inanışları ve
giyim kültürleri gibi birtakım bilgilerin araştırmalar sonucunda ortaya
çıkarılan eserler aracılığıyla öğrenilmesi mümkündür. Bu konuda
özellikle mağara veya kaya resimleri, ana tanrıça figürinleri önemli
referans kaynakları arasında yer almaktadır. Dünyanın çeşitli
bölgelerinde ele geçmiş sayısız eser ile günden güne açığa çıkan yeni
bulgular tarihi referansların daha bilinçli bir biçimde sorgulanarak
dönemle ilgili belirsizliklerin ortadan kalmasında önemli bir adım teşkil
etmektedir. Geçmişe uzanan kültürel yolculukta medeniyetlerin giyim ve
kuşam biçimlerine mağara ve kaya resimleri ile ele geçirilen figürinler
üzerinden tanıklık edilen birtakım araştırmalar, zorlu yaşam koşullarına
karşın insanoğlunun doğaya karşı verdiği mücadeleyle yaşamda kalma
savaşının somut göstergelerine ışık tutmaktadır. Temelde çıplak derisini
örtmek için geliştirdiği yöntemlerle yaşamının ve soyunun devam
etmesine olanak sağlayan ilkel dönem insanları, bu öğretilerini zihinsel
yetenekleri sayesinde geleneksel sistemlerle birleştirip gelecek kuşaklara
aktarmasını başarmıştır. Çalışmada İşlevsel ve günlük kullanımının
dışında çeşitli ritüellerin de bir parçası olarak sembolik bir değerle
donanan giysilerin Paleolitik ve Neolitik dönem buluntu örnekleri
üzerinden incelenerek ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Buluntuları
oluşturan temel materyaller arasında ana tanrıça figürinleri, gömülerden
elde edilen giysi ve donatı parçaları ile mağara duvar resimleri yer
almaktadır.
STRUCTURED ABSTRACT
Humanity, who probably provided their need of dressing in
Paleolithic and Mezolithic ages with the animal leathers that they hunted,
soon started to use both the raw materials of the dresses they wore and
the technology that allows them to process that materials. Especially
changing climatic conditions must have directed humans to wear more
suitable dresses. After the formation of primitive village conditions and
changeover to manufacturing, humans started to tame the animals that
they hunted before. Particularly after taming the sheeps, some weaving
must have been made with the wools of these animals and the need of
dressing must have started to be resolved in this way.
In the studies carried out on the examples obtained from the
published materials regarding the Neolithic Age, beginning from the
Palaeolithic Age, the first stages of the clothing culture, a process that
runs through history from the ice age to today, were studied on. The
studies generally revealed the findings about the clothing style of mother
goddess figures and sculpture of both eras. At the same time, examples
of weaving found on funerary chambers along with the cutters, piercers,
and bızs (a tool used for piercing) made of bones, horns or stones found in the caves from Palaeolithic Age and similar findings of the Neolithic
Age strongly support our knowledge about the clothing culture of these
two eras. It is possible to state that this process first began for the
purpose of being protected from the cold and then turned out into a
psychological action with the coverage of the reproductive organs. In
some examples mother goddesses were found to be naked, where some
others were half clothed either on the upper or lower body, and some
others had varying styles of head-dresses. Their symbolic indications
have not changed, though they varied typologically.
The history of clothing which began by benefiting from the fur of
wild animals also sets an example of the first battles fought by the
humans against nature. Both improving their ability to hunt wild animals
day by day and managing to stand out before difficult weather conditions
are among the first attainments of humanity.
This symbol of fertility is more glorified with humans adopting the
agricultural life after the cave life. As the symbol of fertility and
reproduction, the woman has always maintained this characteristic,
which turned out to be sacral. She became the main theme of ritual
ceremonies, which led to differences in ceremony clothes. These
differences may be extended to tattoos made on many parts of the body,
different materials worn on the body or on the clothes, and head wrapping
styles along with the qualification and quantification of the clothes.
Men remained in the background in these terms. Therefore, no
information was found about these two eras suggesting that males are
sacred. However, the daily activities of men such as hunting were drawn
on the walls of the caves and houses. In some depictions where the
individuals in a clan were drawn together, women appear to be different
from men with their clothes. As this is the situation, it would be better to
tell about the clothing culture based on women, rather than men.
Looking at the found pieces, it might be said that the images and
figures of mother goddess were generally made steatopic with exaggerated
body measurements, as the symbol of fertility. The girdles wrapped on
the wrists and hips of mother goddesses, headwear on their heads, hair
braids, etc. are the indicators of the importance of fertility and
reproduction for the society.
Another remarkable thing in the Palaeolithic Age is the depiction of
mixed creatures as humans and animals, which are considered to be
shamanic clothes worn in ritual ceremonies. Within this context, the
depictions on the walls of the cave Les Trois Freres in France are quite
interesting. These pictures showing creatures that wore headwear in the
form of a deer and bull head, with human bodies and feet of a different
living thing drive us to suspicion about the convention of clothing in the
ritual ceremonies of the era. Likewise, another depiction in the Lascaux
Cave in France which shows a human with a face like the head of a bird
is also considered to be drawn with a similar purpose. The pictures show
that not all the members of the clan wore in this way. When the animals
known to be sacred in that era, especially benefited as food by the
humans, were being drawn on the walls of the caves, they were depicted
in a hunting scene. The animal cult is as valued as the mother goddess
cult. In the examples found in Latmos from the Palaeolithic Era, it was
seen that the women’s clothes had a remarkable style. Women’s clothes
with the part down the waist covered with an apron-like dress also had
geometric shaped weaving designs. They were also depicted in a different
way than men with steatopic features.
The hunter man found in Çatalhöyük is one of the clearest
depictions of the Neolithic era. The scene depicts the hunter in a hide of
a wild animal like a leopard that covers below his waist. The revolution
of agriculture of the Neolithic era stands for the development line of
societies and is a milestone for humanity. Therefore, a number of
innovation and variation came into human’s life with the Neolithic era,
such as food, shelter, obtaining new products out of variable raw
materials, burying the dead, and daily life. With the beginning of
agriculture, foodstuffs such as wheat were grown and the carnivorous
society turned into an herbivorous society. However, it is possible to say
that this change was slower in clothing, as the most effective solution to
be protected from cold was still the hides of animals. Animal hides have
continued and continue to be an essential element of clothing, as needs
shape the production.
As the source of food and protection from cold, animals are a ring
of the chain that takes humanity to tomorrow and are irreplaceable.
Reproduction and fertility were identified with women and embodied with
depictions of mother goddess. When both concepts are taken together,
their importance for human being is understood well.
Human beings learned how to tame animals, as they wanted to
benefit from their flesh, milk, and skin further. They made life easier
thanks to their ability to use their brains more effectively than the other
beings. This process goes on today, as well. The purpose of keeping pace
with the ever-changing technology is in fact an indicator of human’s effort
to gain access to elements that make life easier. Any society that keeps
pace with the process faster is considered as a developed society, whereas
a slower society is considered as an underdeveloped society. Clothing
culture was carried from the Palaeolithic era to this day thanks to
technological innovations through this graphic of changes. The shift of
conventional weaving techniques to the hands of machines throughout
time is another accomplishment of the societies that have kept pace with
the process faster. However, any society that has not quitted its customs
would not be considered as underdeveloped in terms of clothing.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, held 3rd-14th June 1992, launched the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which operates through its annual roadshow the UN Conference of Parties (COP) that seeks to establish sustainable management of the global climate system.

The  'Earth Summit' by UN in 1992 brought the problems  in climate to the attention of even some of the world's most remote and isolated nations. One of these nations was the Hopi Nation in Arizona, a non-sovereign nation - which the UN labels as 'indigenous peoples'. In a long chain of events beginning from the League of Nations' decision in 1926 to deny the First Nations of Americas and the small island nations' representation in that international forum, its successor the United Nations, turned down four attempts by the Hopi Nation to raise the issue between 1948 and 1992. Finally, in the immediate aftermath of the Rio Earth Summit (1992), the United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar authorised the Hopi Nation to table the matter to the floor of UN General Assembly 10th-11th December 1992.

The First Nations of Americas Ethnoclimatology Motion and the Tradition-Keepers ('Faith-Keepers') background to that motion is elaborated here in this UNFCCC submission with further points were raised in 1st-2nd October 2018 at CRIAS conference. This contextualises the First Nations of Americas UN General Assembly Investigation Request 101292 which was the Concluding Plea of the World Indigenous Peoples' Joint Summit with the United Nations Parties ('Member States') Delegations to open the first UN Year of the Indigenous People (1993) to other ethnoclimatologies appearing world wide. The Geophysical Annotations were discussed at the Cochabamba-Tiquipaya Climate Summit (CMPCC1) in aftermath of the collapsed Copenhagen Climate Summit COP15 (2009) with the request from the UNESCO Delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia on 7th January 2010 and His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma.

The key tenents of the Geophysical Annotations being:

(1) A signal noise from a substantial radiocarbon-dilution effect due to major sea level retreats and rises during the Ice Ages that depressurised methane clathrates - releasing copious amounts of methane and carbon dioxide into air from depressurised seabed clathrates and also from thawing terra firma permafrost; this results in regressive, or sideway, 14C  readings in tree rings ("tree rings in a wrong order"). Thus, the Ice Ages era (the last glacial maxium to holocene thermal maximum period) cores of the tree trunks can appear substantially 14C-younger than the tree trunks' latest (outermost) tree-rings which cannot be the case due to the extreme steadiness of the radiocarbon's decay rate.

(2) Methane accumulates to upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere: hence any methane signature in the ice cores is only from methane-in-transit. Additionally the global warming episode that ended the ice ages had heavy methane loads that warmed and melted away most of the era's recent ice surfaces, thus obliterating the-then-most recently laid down snow stratum (leaving behind the earlier less methane rich snow layers). This caused incomplete records (time gaps) in the ice cores, and hence "global warming" always appears "before" higher atmospheric CO2 or CH4 levels (hence appearing as if them being 'respondents', rather than the drivers of climate warning).

(3) Noting that the partial melting equations can also be run inverse direction, it is proposed that the Pleistocene glaciations resulted in damage to Peridotite which partially melted producing basalt deposition in a large scale onto the seafloor in vast effusive eruptions with field emission of heat rather than radial spot emission of heat like in modern-day Surtseyan eruptions that have only a minimal heat crossing to sea surface due to small spatial extent of hot subsea surface. The vaporisation of sea water in field emission is vast due to spatial extent of hot subsea surface greatly exceeding the thickness of overlying water column, leading to runaway snowfalls. This caused an inflated size hydrological cycle which effectively washed out atmosphere-generated radiocarbon while geological seabed-associated depressurised carbon-12 was being released en masse leading to negligible carbon-14 readings (the radiocarbon-dilution effect by the Pleistocene's hydrological cycle / sea bed depressurisation).

On these three premises, the First Nations of Americans Ethnoclimatology Motion at the United Nations General Assembly on 10th-11th December 1992 is proposed as a variant possibility to the climate theories advocated aggressively by the Western Group of Nations and their influential academia. Its implications to present-day climate change suggest that the Polar Ice Caps will continue on their much-faster-than-anticipated loss trajectory to violent collapses. This aspect was highlighted in Sea Research Society's Evidence Giving at the UK Houses of Parliament in Environmental Audit Committee evidence giving on 5th and 24th April 2017. The urgency of situation is underlined by the fact that despite world-wide economic shut down by covid-19, carbon dioxide has continued its rapid rise to 417 parts per million indicating that time to act is running out as the remaining North Pole marine ice cap is soon to melt away and then destabilise the surrounding glaciers post Arctic sea ice (most notably the Greenland Ice Sheet).