Paleolithic Archaeology

The defense of Heritage is intrinsically linked to the Association of Portuguese Archaeologists (AAP), the oldest association in Portugal and one of the oldest in the world, created in 1863 with the aim of preserving and defending the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage. Over these 158 years, countless battles have been fought and institutional collaboration with various entities has made the AAP one of the institutions frequently heard at the parliamentary level. When the Côa Valley was discovered, the AAP took a public position to preserve and study the engravings, recognizing their scientific and heritage importance. Over these 27 years, AAP's support to Vale do Côa has been quite diversified, never giving up on the preservation, divulgation and study of this all world-renowned artistic complex.

The ‘Türk Altay Theory / Türk-Altay Kuramı’ is a true story of the early existence of the Türks in North Asia. Sayan-Altay’s successive indigenous cultures from 6000 BC to 6th-8th century AD, were connected each other by using archaeological methods. The Kuram has gone through hoops while it has pursued on the cultural traces of the Turks in North Asia. Indo-European hypotheses were the basis of the hoops. Such hypotheses ignored the existence of the Turks in the defined geographical area. It was not possible to make progress unless the claims that constitute the basis of such ignorance has been investigated. The Kuram did do it. This was the just reason for the struggle of the Kuram with a series of Indo-European hypotheses. The Kuram has been raised on the three basic footing interrelated to each other. 1) The Runic inscriptions that we have called as ‘historical texts’ representing the Classical Turkic Period-2 in Altay, are the basic data set that make up the fi rst footing of the Kuram. 2) The historical texts, on the other hand, also identify a certain group of archaeological material. Actually such group of material, representing Classical Turkic Period-2, spread throughout the Sayan-Altay region, Mongolian territory, and Eurasian steppes. The rich archeological material that is inclined to run to the much earlier times, has enlightened the path of the Culture. 3) Described archaeological material that we can pursue towards the early stages of history led us to the Neolithic period of Yesnisey-Lena region where is the micro climatic isolated territory surrounded by the Angara river in the North, Lena river in the East, Baykal lake in the South and Yenisey river in the West. This living place was the Urheimat of the ancient Türks: Yenisey-Lena. The examination of the material made us access to the Urheimat. According to the Kuram, Turkic speaking people originated from Yenisey-Lena and they grown up in Altay region. At the end of the Late Upper Paleolithic Age (c. 12,000 BC), the Culture with the identity of ‘Yenisy-Lena’, alredy spread to the World.

Dracorex was a dinosaur of the family Pachycephalosauridae, that lived during the Late Cretaceous of North America. The type (and only) species is Dracorex hogwartsia, meaning "dragon king of Hogwarts".
It is known from one nearly complete skull (the holotype TCMI 2004.17.1), as well as four cervical vertebrae including the atlas, third, ninth and eighth. These were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation in South Dakota by three amateur paleontologists from Sioux City, Iowa. The skull was subsequently donated to the Children's Museum of Indianapolis for study in 2004, and was formally described by Bob Bakker and Robert Sullivan in 2006.

Dracorex, a herbivore, had a skull with spiky horns, bumps, and a long muzzle. The species also sports well-developed supratemporal fenestrae and a heavily-armored flat skull – lacking the characteristic pachycephalosaurid dome. Coupled with these two features is the excessive number of osteoderms in the form of irregular osteodermal crust: a number of nodes, larger hornlets, and spikes. Disregarding this, Dracorex is physically comparable to Stygimoloch. In the Pachycephalosauridae family, the Asian taxa includes a number of (somewhat) flat-headed pachycephalosaurs (Homalocephale calat'hocercos, Goyocephale lattimorei, and Wannanosaurus yansiensis). However, prior to the discovery of Dracorex, the only semi-flat-headed pachycephalosaur from North America was Stegoceras validum (inclusive of Ornatotholus' browni). Even then, the semi-flat-headed trait was only present in juveniles of the species.

Aside from having a flat, nodal skull, the most prominent feature of Dracorex is the pair of huge and unrestricted superior temporal openings. The supratemporal fenestrae are much larger front-to-back and side-to-side than in Homalocephale, and larger than in Goyocephale. Only a fragmentary Wannanosaurus skull shows fenestrae as large as those of Dracorex. This fenestral architecture has been seen in ancient archosaurs, but not in other pachycephalosaurs.

Consequently, if unreduced superior fenestrae are morphologically primitive, then Dracorex is more primitive in the temporal region than any other known pachycephalosaur. However, Sullivan (2003, 2006) demonstrated that the oldest known pachycephalosaurs were, in fact, fully-domed, and that the flat-headed morphology appeared later in the fossil record. This suggests that doming may be primitive for pachycephalosaurs and that a reversion to the non-domed, flat-headed state is a secondary (derived) character reversion, coupled with the re-opening of the supratemporal fenestrae. Indeed, while Stegoceras has been considered to be transitional between domed and flat-headed taxa, it may indicate the beginning of a character reversion to suppression of doming and opening of the supratemporal fenestrae in some taxa.

The excavated specimen was most likely a young adult. However, based on ossification of the mid-cervical arch with the centrum, it was near maturity. The animal was approximately 10 feet (3 m) long.

However, at the 2007 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Jack Horner of Montana State University presented evidence, from analysis of the skull of holotype specimen TCMI 2004.17.1, that Dracorex may well be a juvenile form of Pachycephalosaurus.

Classification
In the original description, Bob Bakker included Dracorex in the family Pachycephalosauridae within the subfamily Pachycephalosaurinae. In the latter in the Pachycephalosaurini tribe together with Pachycephalosaurus forming a clearing next to Stygimoloch . To carry out the analysis of the relationships between the genders, he observed the differences in cranial ornamentation.

In a comprehensive study of numerous fossils of Pachycephalosaurus published in 2009, John R. Horner and Mark B. Goodwin , a strong variation warn ontogenetic of the skull : large morphological differences between juveniles and adults. For them, the flat Dracorex skull , the nodules at the front end, the small spines at the back, and the thick but non-dome-shaped frontoparietal, indicate that the only known specimen is a juvenile Pachycephalosaurus

Alternative interpretation
Dracorex may be a closely related individual of Stygimoloch and / or Pachycephalosaurus in which the cupola and horns are not well developed either because the animal was a juvenile or a female. This consideration was supported at the 2007 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Jack Horner from Montana State University presented evidence, from analysis of the skull of the only extant specimen of Dracorex , that this dinosaur could be a juvenile form of Stygimoloch . In addition, he presented data indicating that both Stygimoloch and Dracorex may be juvenile forms ofPachycephalosaurus . Horner and MB Goodwin published their findings in 2009, showing that the spine / nodule bones and cranial domes of all three species' exhibit extreme plasticity and that both Dracorex and Stygimoloch are known only from juvenile specimens, while Pachycephalosaurus is only known from specimens. Adults". These observations, plus the fact that all three forms lived at the same time and place, lead them to conclude that Dracorex and Stygimoloch may have simply been juvenile Pachycephalosaurs that had lost their spines and developed domes as they aged. The researchers were unable to break out Dracorex's skull to sample it,  and had to use a cast of the skull for descriptive purposes.
A 2010 study by Nick Longrich and colleagues also supported the hypothesis that all flat-headed pachycephalosaurus were juveniles, suggesting that flat-domed forms, such as Goyocephale and Homalocephale , represent the juveniles of domed adults. 
In 2016, Goodwin and Evans analyzed the youngest known ontogimorphs of Pachycephalosaurus , collected from the Hell Creek Formation. While this material would normally refer to DracorexSince it represented one or more individuals younger than the only known Dracorex individual and displayed similar characteristics, the items showed that the unique characters in Dracorex and Stygimoloch represent morphological characters consisting of a morphological continuum for Pachycephalosaurus . In other words, these younger individuals showed that Dracorex characteristics were probably transient and can be easily traced on a growth curve to Pachycephalosaurus , where Stygimoloch and Dracorex are incorporated into this genus. As such, DracorexIt is probably not a single species, but a more modern synonym for Pachycephalosaurus .
This study has not been challenging and represents the most recent analysis of this genre. In conclusion, an ontogenetic relationship is established, being infantile, juvenile and adult individuals of the same species, between Dracorex hogwartsia , Stygimoloch spinifer and Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis , the latter being the bearer of the valid species name, as it is the first of the three to be described.

Name
The name Dracorex hogwartsia was inspired by young visitors to the Children's Museum of Indianapolis as a tribute to both dragons (Dracorex means "dragon king"), which the animal resembled, as well as the Harry Potter series of books by J.K. Rowling (hogwartsia for the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the fictional school from the popular series).

References
^ Bakker, R. T., Sullivan, R. M., Porter, V., Larson, P. and Saulsbury, S.J. (2006). "Dracorex hogwartsia, n. gen., n. sp., a spiked, flat-headed pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota." in Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R. M., eds., Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35, pp. 331–345. [1]
^ Erik Stokstad,"SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY MEETING:Did Horny Young Dinosaurs Cause Illusion of Separate Species?", Science Vol. 18, 23 Nov. 2007, p. 1236; http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5854/1236.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ornamental shells in order to establish whether they were used as tools or not. A total of 1946 ornamental sea shells were found in Hatay Üçağızlı Cave (Turkey) during excavation seasons of 2005-2006, 2008 and 2010-2017. The F-I layers of the Cave are classified as Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP), D-E layers as Ahmarian-IUP transition and B-C layers Ahmarian (Early Upper Palaeolithic). The shells were divided into 3 categories; marine, freshwater and terrestrial. 12.44%, belonged to Ahmarian, 11.82% to Ahmarian-IUP Transition and 75.75% to IUP. 98.56% of the crustaceans belonged to marine, 1.13% to fresh water and 0.31% to terrestrial molluscs. Total of 11 crustaceans taxa representing crustaceans varied as; 10 in IUP, 8 in Ahmarian–IUP transition and 6 in Ahmarian. The trace of erosion and irregularity observed on the margins of a small number of Glycymeris bimaculata seashells from the year 2017 suggests that at least this taxa was used as an instrument by the early modern humans of Üçağızlı Cave.

This article unveils imagery that seems intended to be recognized in phases from such sites as Font-de-Gaume (pg. 24), Laugerie-Basse (pg. 35-37), Isturitz (pg. 37-38), Saint-Cirq-du-Bugue (pg. 38-39), and Guy-Martin (pg. 26-35), after describing the first Paleolithic sculpture of an animal reported in the Ile-de-France. These include: 1) The extended panel of Ségognole 3. The grotto is known for a vulva between 2 faint horses, but its largest graphic element is a groove that has been explained away as a “border”. The groove is actually the caudal line of a 1.9 meter-long bas-relief of a bison that has been overlooked because of the failure to apply the same conventions of the vulva – figurative realism, monumentality, and the use of natural forms – to the engraved line, although it is identical in manufacture. The wisent composed by natural relief accentuated by incising, flaking, and polishing confirms that the ensemble is Paleolithic. 2) A survey of Paleolithic parietal images wh...

Recent surveys and the researches of the Lower Paleolithic of Georgia demonstrate that the territory of Georgia was much more intensively occupied by the humans than it was known before.
The Lower Paleolithic sites and the stone materials were discovered in Eastern Georgia and Western Georgia, as well.
Recently discovered sites differ from the before known and studied sites and they assigned to the non-handaxe, core and flake assemblages
The researches of the Georgian scientists support the opinion of the French scientists [MarieAntoinette de Lumley et al.] that it is probable that the Dmanisi Hominids were Dmanisi Hominids were asphyxiated, 1 810 000 years ago, by volcanic ashfalls.

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AD GLORIAM 

N. A. Răileanu (Kishinev, Moldova)N. A. Chetraru: The Beginnings9
S. I. Covalenco (Kishinev, Moldova)The Leading Stone Age Researcher of Moldova11
N. K. Anisyutkin, G. V. Grigorieva (St. - Petersburg, Russia)N.A. Chetraru and the Palaeolithic of Moldova14
List of Published Works by N.A. ChetraruList of Published Works18

MAN – MAMMOTH – CULTURE 

Z. A. Abramova (St. - Petersburg, Russia)A Catalogue of Depictions of Mammoth in European Palaeolithic Miniature Art23
Z. A. Abramova (St. - Petersburg, Russia)A Catalogue of Depictions of Mammoth in European Palaeolithic Wall Art68
N. K. Anisyutkin (St. - Petersburg, Russia)Mammoth in the Middle Paleolithic of East Europe (on the problem of Mousterian living structures and the use of mammoth bones)114
S. A. Vasiliev (St. - Petersburg, Russia)Man and Mammoth in the Paleolithic of North America130
I. E. Kuzmina (St. - Petersburg, Russia)Late Anthropogenic Fauna of South-Western and Central Russian Plain141
V. V. Popov (Voronezh, Russia)Bones of Mammoth in Construction of Dwellings of Anosovka-Mezin Type on the Station Kostenki 11 (Anosovka 2)157

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS 

V. N. Stepanchuk (Kiev, Ukraine)The site of Mira in the Middle Dnieper area: On the question of homogeneity of Paleolithic layers187
A. V. Glavenchuk (Odessa, Ukraine)Study of a Manufacture Area on the Late Palaeolithic Settlement of Anetovka II206
A. P. Veselsky (Simferopol, Ukraine)Bodrak: A New Upper Paleolithic Site in South-Western Crimea228
S. P. Smolyaninova (Odessa, Ukraine)Some Groups of Retouched Stone Tools from Mesolithic Sites on the Northwest Coast of the Black Sea248
S. O. Remizov (Volgograd, Russia)A New Stone Age Station in Volgograd Oblast’267

PROBLEMS OF THE PALAEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC OF EUROPE 

Yu. E. Demidenko (Kiev, Ukraine)Problems of Epochal and Industrial Attribution for Kiik-Koba Rock-Shelter, Lower Layer Type Complexes in the Crimea271
S. I. Covalenco (Kishinev, Moldova)A Contribution to the Problem of the Dniester Epi-Aurignacien301
N. P. Olenkovskiy (Kherson, Ukraine)Nizhnedniprovska (Lower Dnieper) Epigravettian Culture307
I. V. Sapozhnikov (Odessa, Ukraine)The Ciobruci Station and Periodization of the Final Stage of the Late Palaeolithic in the Black Sea Steppes334

MONOGRAPH IN THE JOURNAL 

A. N. Sorokin (Moscow, Russia)The Mesolithic Stations on the Lower Moksha River359

ECO-SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS 

E. V. Smyntyna (Odessa, Ukraine)Landscape in Archaeology and Primitive History: Main Approaches to Conceptualisation444
S. I. Medyanik (São Paulo, Brazil – Kishinev, Moldova), I. V. Sapozhnikov (Odessa, Ukraine)Natural Habitat of the Early Man in South-West of the Eastern Europe in Late Palaeolithic (based on palynological data and sections from the station Bolshaya Akkarzha)454
G. V. Grigorieva (St. - Petersburg, Russia)Planigraphy of Sew-on-Beads on the Upper Palaeolithic Settlement of Yudinovo (excavations of 1988 – 1990, 1995 – 1997 and 2000 – 2001)467

ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEOREMS 

L. S. Klejn (St. - Petersburg, Russia)How to Distinguish a Good Theoretical Archaeological Work of a Bad One?482
M. V. Anikovich (St. - Petersburg, Russia)Some Methodological Problems of Primitive Archaeology and Basic Generalizing Concepts: «Archaeological Stage», «Archaeological Culture», «Technical Complex», «Cultural-Historical Region»487

REVIEWS 

Yu. E. Demidenko, D. Yy. Nuzhnyi (Kiev, Ukraine)Upper Palaeolithic Problems in the North Black Sea Region and I.V. Sapozhnikov’s Book “Bolshaya Akkarzha. Upper Palaeolithic Economy and Culture of the Ukrainian Steppe”507
V. Ya. Shumkin (St. - Petersburg, Russia)The Death Again Has Chosen the Best One...To the Memory of Vladimir Ivanovich Timofeev (14.06.1947 – 08.08.2004)524

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

List of abbreviations527


Содержание

AD GLORIAM 

Н. А. Рэйляну (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Н.А. Кетрару: Начало большого пути Free!9
С. И. Коваленко (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Первый «каменщик» Молдовы Free!11
Н. К. Анисюткин, Г. В. Григорьева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Н.А. Кетрару и палеолит Молдовы Free!14
Список опубликованных работ Н.А. Кетрару
Список опубликованных работ Free!18


ЧЕЛОВЕК – МАМОНТ – КУЛЬТУРА 

З. А. Абрамова (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Каталог изображений мамонта в европейском палеолитическом искусстве малых форм23
З. А. Абрамова (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Каталог изображений мамонта в палеолитическом настенном искусстве Европы68
Н. К. Анисюткин (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Мамонт в среднем палеолите Восточной Европы (к вопросу о мустьерских жилых структурах и использовании костей мамонта)114
С. А. Васильев (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Человек и мамонт в палеолите Северной Америки130
И. Е. Кузьмина (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Позднеантропогеновая териофауна юго-запада и центра Русской равнины141
В. В. Попов (Воронеж, Россия)
Кости мамонта в конструкции жилища аносовско-мезинского типа на стоянке Костёнки 11 (Аносовка 2)157


ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПУБЛИКАЦИИ 

В. Н. Степанчук (Киев, Украина)
Стоянка Мира в Среднем Поднепровье: к вопросу o гомогенности палеолитических слоев187
А. В. Главенчук (Одесса, Украина)
Исследование производственного участка на позднепалеолитическом поселении Анетовке206
А. П. Весельский (Симферополь, Украина)
Бодрак – новый памятник верхнего палеолита в Юго-Западном Крыму228
С. П. Смольянинова (Одесса, Украина)
О некоторых группах изделий с вторичной обработкой ряда мезолитических стоянок Северо-Западного Причерноморья248
С. О. Ремизов (Волгоград, Россия)
Новая стоянка каменного века на территории Волгоградской области267


ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПАЛЕОЛИТА И МЕЗОЛИТА ЕВРОПЫ 

Ю. Э. Демиденко (Киев, Украина)
Проблемы эпохальной и индустриальной атрибуции комплексов находок типа нижнего слоя грота Киик-Коба в Крыму271
С. И. Коваленко (Кишинёв, Молдова)
К вопросу о днестровском эпиориньяке301
Н. П. Оленковский (Херсон, Украина)
Нижнеднепровская эпиграветтская культура307
И. В. Сапожников (Одесса, Украина)
Стоянка Чобручи и периодизация заключительного этапа позднего палеолита причерноморских степей334


МОНОГРАФИЯ В ЖУРНАЛЕ 

А. Н. Сорокин (Москва, Россия)
Мезолитические стоянки низовьев р. Мокши359


ЭКО-СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ 

Е. В. Смынтына (Одесса, Украина)
Ландшафт в археологии и первобытной истории: основные подходы к концептуализации444
С. И. Медяник (Сан-Паулу, Бразилия – Кишинёв, Молдова), И. В. Сапожников (Одесса, Украина)
Природная среда обитания древнего человека на юго-западе Восточной Европы в позднем палеолите (по данным палинологии стоянки Большая Аккаржа и опорных разрезов)454
Г. В. Григорьева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Планиграфия бус-нашивок верхнепалеолитического поселения Юдиново (раскопки 1988–1990, 1995–1997, 2000–2001 гг.)467


ТЕОРЕМЫ АРХЕОЛОГИИ 

Л. С. Клейн (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Как отличить хорошую теоретическую работу по археологии от плохой?482
М. В. Аникович (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Некоторые методологические проблемы первобытной археологии и основные обобщающие понятия: «археологическая эпоха», «археологическая культура», «технокомплекс», «историко-культурная область»487


РЕЦЕНЗИИ 

Ю. Э. Демиденко, Д. Ю. Нужный (Киев, Украина)
Проблемы верхнего палеолита Северного Причерноморья и книга И.В. Сапожникова «Большая Аккаржа. Хозяйство и культура позднего палеолита Степной Украины» 507
В. Я. Шумкин (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Опять смерть лучших выбирает… Памяти Владимира Ивановича Тимофеева (14.06.1947 – 08.08.2004) 524


ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений527

Extended research has shown that the environmental stimuli triggered biomechanical and biochemical alterations in human species since the early Palaeolithic times (Laoupi, 2011; Laoupi, 2016). One unique example is the fact that our remote ancestors chose repeatedly the volcanic environments, where they survived, lived, reproduced and evolved. Other biogenetic alterations helped also Neanderthals to survive in harsh conditions. Even more caves with their ionized internal atmosphere, acoustics, biochemical composition and soothing impact were healing places for humans, places of initiation, education and mystic allegories (Laoupi, 2007). The volcanic landscapes and their positive impact on human health

C’erano elefanti in Italia prima dell'arrivo di Pirro? E 'difficile immaginare che due o trecentomila anni fa la campagna romana era attraversato da branchi di elefanti, ma il territorio di Roma è tra i più ricchi al mondo per l’enorme quantità di siti con resti fossili databili tra il Pliocene e il Pleisocene. I primi ritrovamenti risalgono alla metà del 500 e continuano fino alla urbanizzazione moderna, che ha sepolto sotto il cemento, un grande quantità di siti in cui erano stati scoperti resti fossili
La campagna romana costituiva, nel passato, un ambiente particolarmente favorevole, sia per gli esseri umani e per gli altri mammiferi. Tra i numerosi animali che hanno accompagnato la presenza dell'uomo in queste terre, gli elefanti costituiscono una realtà curiosa, quasi incredibile da immaginare oggi nei territori altamente antropizzati della capitale italiana.
I protagonisti di questo libro sono gli elefanti e le loro relazioni con l'ambiente e gli esseri umani nel corso del tempo. Gli argomenti trattati comprendono, problematiche geologiche climatiche e ambientali e inoltre molti temi di carattere paleontologico, antropologico ed evolutivo.
Per la prima volta sono pubblicati tutti i dati relativi alle centinaia di resti fossili di elefanti rinvenuti nel tempo nel territorio di Roma. Inoltre sono presentati siti e musei in cui è possibile acquisire informazioni più dettagliate.
Infine sono presi in considerazione  i problemi legati al ruolo di questo grande mammifero nell'immaginario collettivo, dalla sua rappresentazione nell'arte preistorica fino alla sua influenza, reale e simbolica, nella storia antica e la sua iconografia in epoca classica.

There were elephants in Italy before the arrival of Pyrrhus? It is difficult to imagine that two or three hundred thousand years ago the Roman Campagna was crossed by herds of elephants, however the Rome territory is among the richest in the world for prehistoric fossil evidences connected with the oldest prehistory. The first findings date back to the mid-500 and continue until the modern urbanization which has buried under concrete, a lot of sites where the fossils were discovered
The Roman Campagna constituted, in the past, a particularly favorable environment, both for humans and for other mammals. Among the numerous animals that have gone together with the man presence in these lands, the elephants are a curious reality, almost incredible to imagine today in the highly anthropized quarters of Italian capital.
The leading actors of this book are elephants and their relationships with the environment and humans over time. The discussed topics include environmental, geological and climatic issues and moreover paleontological, anthropological, and evolutive questions.
For the first time are published all the data related to the hundreds of fossil remains of elephants in the territory of Rome. Furthermore the museum-areas, where you can acquire more detailed information are described.
Finally, problems linked to the role of this large mammal in the collective imagination, from its representation in prehistoric art up to his influence, real and symbolic, in ancient history and its iconography in classical times, are focused.
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In addition to housing some of the oldest known rock art in the world, Daraki-Chattan is also an important Palaeolithic site because it is one of the very few Indian locations where Mode 1 (pre-Acheulian) occupation evidence has been excavated in a stratified context. Overlain by a typical Acheulian with hand-axes, this deposit has yielded very simple, Oldowan-like stone artefacts made mostly of the local quartzite. Here we provide a brief description and of these tools, including several hammerstones that are presumed to have been used in the creation of some of the numerous cupules on the cave walls. We consider not only the typology of this assemblage, but also place it within the context of the Lower Palaeolithic of India.

H. Meller, Geisteskraft – Die Altsteinzeit im Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle. In: H. Meller (Hrsg.), Erkenntnisjäger. Kultur und Umwelt des frühen Menschen. Festschrift für Dietrich Mania. Veröff. Landesamt Denkmalpfl. u. Arch. Sachsen-Anhalt 57 (Halle [Saale] 2003) 697-704.

Донбасс - крупная географическая область на юге Восточной Европы. Основной водной артерией является р. Северский Донец - главный правобережный приток р. Дон. Благодаря особенностям геологической истории, Донбасс изобилует источниками качественного кремня мелового генезиса. Систематическое заселение региона началось в среднем палеолите. Фоновыми памятниками являются комплексы«восточного микока» (Антоновка, Черкасское). Известны также специфические пластинчатые индустрии (Курдюмовка, Белокузьминовка). Переход от среднего палеолита к позднему характерен для модели прерывистой эволюции. В позднем палеолите развивались различные культурные традиции («селетоидные»,«ориньякоидные» и «граветтоидные»), которые не образуют устойчивых во времени культурных секвеций.

Designed to acquaint both young and old with the familiar shapes of light found within your bodies and in the nature around you. The ancient Letters are called the ALhhim/Elohim, as Strengths of combined Light energies, those in night and day, through which Sounds of Light are uttered. They vibrate through their forms the sounds of spiritual meanings of INfinite. The ALphah Bayit song in the following pages vivifies these characters and makes the alphabet easy for everyone to learn. The LETTERS are Sound Vibrations of LIGHT. They are shared by Peoples of Proto-Canaanite as Phoenicians, Hebrews, Samaritans, Brahmic and Arabic clans emerging in the Mesopotamia cradle of civilizations. They inherently abide together to form all things and appear as patterns of Light weavings. Though through them they are uttered in languages, they are only Heard, not Seen. They are Tools of the Writers, weapons of enemies, and cultivators of Friends. In brief, they are properly known as The ALhhim-the cohesive vibrations of the Faces of Yehu and their sides of Illuminations: Moon and Sun.  An orientation of the Letters of Antiquities deduced by the 22 inner primary assembled energies in the Body. Upon MAN and all species discerning the origins of its body-suit weaving, suspended in stones of faculties, men and species speak their peace as flowing messages in Seed.

The process and timing of initial dog domestication is an important topic in human evolution and one which has inspired much recent debate. Findings of putative domesticated dogs have recently been reported from two Gravettian sites by Germonpre et al. (2015a), joining a handful of other reputed " Paleolithic dogs " dating to before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Though these findings have been challenged previously, this paper draws attention to the most significant shortcoming in claims of early domesticated dogs e a lack of data on Pleistocene wolf variation. Without comprehensive data on the range of variation within Pleistocene wolf populations, the identification of domesticated dogs from prior to the Late Upper Paleolithic cannot be conclusively accepted or rejected.

Book Review of from "Cave Art to Hubble: A History of Astronomical Record Keeping (2020) by Jonathan Powell as printed in the June 2020 issue of Physics Today (magazine of the American Institute of Physics).The book review covers proposed astronomical observations in Gobekli Tepe, French Lascaux Cave, Stonehenge, the Nebra Sky Disc, Dendra Zodiac, Roman Farnese Atlas and the author's theme of comets and the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. The reviewer added the work of Alexander Marshack and Chantal Jegues-Wolkiewiez to the discussion.

Basket-weaving classes, programs, and instruction books for ages 3 to 18 may provide insights into the cognitive demands of basket-weaving and the development of those skills. An understanding of the cognitive skills as related to basketry may apply to the possible early use of basket technology by Lower, Middle or Upper Paleolithic hominins such as Homo habilis 2 million years ago.

Tarih boyunca insanoğlunun en temel gereksinimi kuşkusuz ki beslenme ve barınma ihtiyacı olmuştur. İnsanoğlu ilk başta beslenme ihtiyacını çevresinde bulunan besin kaynaklarını toplayarak karşılamış ve sonraki süreçte avcılık ile uğraşmıştır. İnsanoğlunun beslenmenin ardından ikinci serüveni ise yaşayacak yer arayışı olmuştur. İnsanoğlu doğa koşullarının getirmiş olduğu olumsuz şartlar ve vahşi hayvanların saldırılarından korunmak gibi temel yaşamsal gerekçelerden ötürü kapalı bir barınak ihtiyacı duymuş ve tarihsel süreçte mağaralar insanların uğrak noktası olmuştur.

This text is an historical sketch of the excavations carried out by René de Saint-Périer in the Paleolithic sites of the Save gorge (Lespugue, Haute-Garonne). The main sources are the 25 articles and short notes published on the Lespugue sites by Saint-Périer between 1911 and 1933; the direct examination of the Saint-Périer collections in the Musée d’Archéologie Nationale and in several local museums (in Lespugue, Saint-Gaudens and Montmaurin) also provided complementary, unpublished information. A first phase of intensive excavation work (1911-1914) was interrupted by the First World War; but Saint-Périer’s activity in Lespugue resumed with renewed dynamism in the 1920s following the discovery of the famous Gravettian Venus. From 1928 on, although now busy excavating the Isturitz cave, Saint-Périer still excavated sporadically in Lespugue until 1937. Other research programs, including both excavations and the reexamination of ancient collections, followed from the 1960s until today.

The replacement hypothesis proposes that “modern humans” evolved only in sub-Saharan Africa, through a speciation event rendering them unable to breed with other hominins. They then spread throughout Africa, then to Asia, Australia and finally to Europe, replacing all other humans by exterminating or outcompeting them. In this critical analysis of the replacement hypothesis it is shown that it began as a hoax, later reinforced by false paleoanthropological claims and a series of flawed genetic propositions, yet it became almost universally accepted during the 1990s and has since dominated the discipline. The numerous shortcomings of the hypothesis are appraised from genetic, anthropological, and archaeological perspectives and it is refuted. The resulting hiatus in the history of the human genus is then filled with an outline of a comprehensive alternative theory presented recently, which not only explains the origins of “modern humans” but also numerous so far unexplained aspects of being human.

Summary: The colour red has played a predominant role in the cultural history of mankind since Palaeolithic times. Ice Age cave art was created on the cave walls by engraving or by painting, mainly in red or black, or in a few known cases by sculp­ turing. In recent years, geochemical anal yses of colour pig­ ments taken from Palaeolithic sites have been performed with increasing frequency and using new techniques. It has been shown that Palaeolithic artists used specific methods to prepare their final painting material. They manipulated its composition and ingredients and sometimes heated yellow pigments to change their colour into red. These analy­ ses provide a deep insight into the production process (Chaîne Opératoire) of cave wall paintings. Iconographic study is essential to discover correlations between the visual content of images and their colour. A complete data set of Palaeolithic painted hand stencils in caves in France and Northern Spain has been examined statistically and region­ ally with respect to colour choice. This case study revealed a distinct preference for red, combined with striking regional distribution patterns.

Zusammenfassung: Die Farbe Rot spielt in der menschlichen Kulturgeschichte seit dem Paläolithikum eine besondere Rolle. Neben Gravierun­ gen und eher seltenen Skulpturen ist die eiszeitliche Höhlen­ kunst von Wandmalereien in den Farben Rot oder Schwarz geprägt. In den letzten Jahren sind geochemische Analysen von in der Altsteinzeit genutzten Pigmenten deutlich inten­ siviert worden. Dabei konnten besondere Aufbereitungsver­ fahren und Farbmischungen bis hin zu Brennvorgängen zur Farbveränderung nachgewiesen werden. Solche Analysen erlauben ein vertieftes Verständnis der Produktionskette (Chaîne Opératoire) zur Herstellung der farbigen Höhlen­ malereien. In ikonografischer Hinsicht ist zu klären, inwie­ weit ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen der Farbe Rot und bestimmten Inhalten der Eiszeitkunst besteht. Rote und schwarze altsteinzeitliche Handnegative aus Höhlen in Frank­ reich und Nordspanien wurden vollständig erfasst und statis­ tisch sowie regional unter dem Aspekt der Farbwahl aus­ gewertet. Diese Fallstudie ergab eine deutliche Präferenz für Rot sowie ein auffallendes regionales Verteilungsmuster.

Aksaray is an important center for archaeological research. It has been visited by experts from different disciplines of archeology. Archaeological investigations are examined under two headings: excavations and surveys. Three sites are still ongoing excavations in Aksaray, it is among the most important excavations in Turkey. In addition, especially with the increasing number of systematic surveys since the 1990s, significant results have been achieved. Although these archaeological studies have been published individually by research teams, it does not make it possible to make an overall assessment of Aksaray. Therefore, in order to eliminate this negativity, archaeological studies carried out in Aksaray have been brought together. In this way, people who are interested in Aksaray and archeology will have the chance to work together on this subject. In addition, which areas of Aksaray Province and which studies are done and what results are reached will be explained chronologically. The greatest deficiency in archaeological research conducted around Aksaray is about the Paleolithic Age. If Nenezi Dağ finds from previous surveys are put aside, there is no data about this age throughout the province. For this reason, the results of our Paleolithic researches we started in 2015 and around Aksaray and completed in 2019 are also included in this study. In this way, all archaeological data of Aksaray and its immediate surroundings are presented in chronological order with the settlement areas. In the introduction part of the article, the history of the archaeological researches carried out in and around Aksaray is explained. In the second chapter; Surveys and Excavations have been evaluated under the headings and all the data have been gathered in the conclusion section.

This chapter presents new results from ongoing field work in the CentralRegion of the Emirate of Sharjah (UAE) and contextualizes these results with archaeological, geographic and paleo-climatic data of southern Arabia. Main archaeological results include the discovery of Acheulean handaxes and assemblages from Faya Shelter, a new Paleolithic sequence of seven archaeological horizons (AH) at site FAYNE1, Jebel Faya. Lithic assemblages are characterized by Levallois centripetal and bifacial reduction in AH VI, the production of elongated flakes in AH V, reduction from multiple platform cores in AH IV and blade production from parallel flat cores in AH II. Examination of the South Arabian Paleolithic record indicates that Southwest and Southeast Arabia form a connected habitat during MIS 5e, but are separated between later stages of MIS 5 probably until mid-MIS 3. A re-connection might have occurred during late-MIS 3. Complex settlement dynamics in addition to mosaic environmental conditions argue against simple conclusions about the role of Arabia for hominin dispersals out of Africa and call for a regional focus in this context. South Arabian geographic conditions provide arguments against the coastal pathway as major dispersal route. Instead, it seems more likely that hominins expanded their range during wet periods through the interior of South Arabia.

The Paleolithic Age is the beginning of human history and geologically covers the Pleistocene part of the Quaternary period. Human societies of this age had lived a nomadic life. Livelihood economies were hunting and gathering. People living in this era used cave and rock shelters as well as open shelters as temporary shelters. Paleolithic groups of people produced tools and weapons using raw materials obtained from nature. These tools and weapons were indispensable for meeting all the daily work and needs of the Paleolithic man. Many types of raw materials such as wood, bone, horn, and especially stone types showing conchoidal fracture were used for the production of tools and weapons. Therefore, in this age that covers a large part of human history, we also see the oldest form of production in human history. The most important feature that distinguishes human beings from other species is already known that human beings can produce tools. Therefore, if a chronological order is made under the title of production, it is seen that the fi rst production is about tool production. This habit has continued for generations and formed the basis of the continuation of humanity and the civilizations established by future generations. This is because if human beings cannot produce tools, they will not be able to win the game of survival in nature and will face being endangered. In the article, the fi rst analysis focuses on the initial stages of the chipped stone tool production. It continues with an exploration of the chipped stone tool examples, produced in the Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic ages well as the examples of the Upper, Middle, and Lower Paleolithic tools, in the following parts of the article, with reference to their characteristics as observed in their cultural periods. Thus, this article presents a chronological development of the chipped tool production in the Paleolithic age, exemplifying it from its oldest versions and to the latest ones

New excavations at Contrebandiers Cave, Morocco, began in 2007 and continued through 2010. This site, originally excavated by Roche in the 1950s, contained deposits with Aterian, Iberomaurusian, and Neolithic materials, although the latter were completely removed during Roche's excavations. This report presents an overview of the recent excavations, the stratigraphic sequence of the site, absolute dates based on OSL, TL, and ESR, and detailed data on the lithic (Iberomaurusian, Aterian, and Mousterian) and faunal assemblages, the latter of which includes large mammals, microvertebrates, and marine shells.

À quoi ressemblait la Terre quand d’autres hommes que nous la peuplaient ? Comment y vivaient-ils ? Comment les hommes modernes sont-ils apparus et quel fut leur périple à la sortie de leur berceau africain ? Quels furent leurs rapports avec leurs cousins, et notamment les Néandertaliens ? Quand – et par qui! ? – ont été inventés le feu, les outils, les premières sépultures, l’art ? Qui étaient Toumaï, Lucy, le petit Homme de Florès ou le nouveau venu, Homo naledi ? Autant de questions, et bien d’autres, auxquelles répondent deux grands spécialistes de la paléoanthropologie – l’histoire naturelle de l’homme – et de la préhistoire – son histoire culturelle – en s’appuyant sur l’ensemble des découvertes scientifiques les plus récentes. L’évolution foisonnante de l’humanité et la vie quotidienne des hommes qui nous ont précédés sont retracées de façon claire et accessible, et abondamment illustrées par plus de 200 photos, cartes et dessins, permettant de mieux voir et comprendre toute la richesse de notre préhistoire.