- iron Age Crete, Iron Age Greece, Conflict Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Hohenstaufen in Sicily, and 25 moreGreek Sicily, Roman Sicily, Archaeology of Crete, Aegean Archaeology, Mediterranean Archeology, the island of Crete, Terracotta Figurines, Hellenistic Sicily, Greek funerary rituals, Battlefield Archaeology, Funerary Practices, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Funerary Archaeology, Greek Pottery, Landascape Archaeology, Iron Age Inteconnections, Archaic Crete, Hellenistic pottery production, Archaeology, Orientalizing Period in the Mediterranean, Laconian pottery, archaic Greek Pottery, Greek Archaeology, Greek Epigraphy, Zooarchaeology, Rock Art (Archaeology), and Prehistoric Rock Artedit
Η νεκρόπολη της πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου που ανακαλύφθηκε στον λόφο του Προφήτη Ηλία στο Αφράτι, ανασκάφηκε από τον Doro Levi το 1924, αφορά στον οικισμό που παραδοσιακά ταυτιζόταν με την αρχαία πόλη των Αρκάδων, και ήταν η πρώτη ως ένα... more
Η νεκρόπολη της πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου που ανακαλύφθηκε στον λόφο του Προφήτη Ηλία στο Αφράτι,
ανασκάφηκε από τον Doro Levi το 1924, αφορά στον οικισμό που παραδοσιακά ταυτιζόταν με την αρχαία πόλη
των Αρκάδων, και ήταν η πρώτη ως ένα βαθμό που ανακαλύφθηκε στην Κρήτη. Η περιπετειώδης πορεία της ανα-
σκαφής και της δημοσίευσης και η απουσία επόμενων προγραμματισμένων ερευνών στον χώρο αφήνουν πολλά
σκοτεινά σημεία και μερικές φορές έχουν οδηγήσει σε παραπλανητική ερμηνεία των ανασκαφικών δεδομένων.
Πολυάριθμα αντικείμενα, αλλά προερχόμενα από ταραχώδεις λαθρανασκαφές που έγιναν στον λόφο τη δεκαετία
του 1960, δεν βοηθούν στη διευκρίνιση της ιστορίας του αρχαίου οικισμού.
Η αναθεώρηση του εξοπλισμού των επιμέρους τάφων και των διαθέσιμων ανασκαφικών δεδομένων, χάρη
και στη μεγαλύτερη γνώση των υλικών σχεδόν εκατό χρόνια μετά την ανασκαφή, προσφέρει νέα στοιχεία για την
αποσαφήνιση ενός πιο αντικειμενικού τοπογραφικού πλαισίου διαχρονικά. Ένα από τα πιο ενδιαφέροντα στοιχεία
είναι η ελάχιστα τεκμηριωμένη σε άλλα μέρη του νησιού, παρουσία ταφών που χρονολογούνται μετά το 630 π.Χ.
και στην αρχαϊκή περίοδο. Αναδύεται λοιπόν, η εικόνα ενός οικισμού της πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου που ήταν σε
επαφή κυρίως με τις σύγχρονές του «πόλεις» στην κεντρική Κρήτη. Η προνομιούχα θέση του στη διασταύρωση
των κατευθύνσεων Ανατολής-Δύσης και Βορρά-Νότου ευνόησε τις σχέσεις με τον έξω κόσμο και την κυκλοφορία
ανθρώπων, αγαθών και ιδεών.
ανασκάφηκε από τον Doro Levi το 1924, αφορά στον οικισμό που παραδοσιακά ταυτιζόταν με την αρχαία πόλη
των Αρκάδων, και ήταν η πρώτη ως ένα βαθμό που ανακαλύφθηκε στην Κρήτη. Η περιπετειώδης πορεία της ανα-
σκαφής και της δημοσίευσης και η απουσία επόμενων προγραμματισμένων ερευνών στον χώρο αφήνουν πολλά
σκοτεινά σημεία και μερικές φορές έχουν οδηγήσει σε παραπλανητική ερμηνεία των ανασκαφικών δεδομένων.
Πολυάριθμα αντικείμενα, αλλά προερχόμενα από ταραχώδεις λαθρανασκαφές που έγιναν στον λόφο τη δεκαετία
του 1960, δεν βοηθούν στη διευκρίνιση της ιστορίας του αρχαίου οικισμού.
Η αναθεώρηση του εξοπλισμού των επιμέρους τάφων και των διαθέσιμων ανασκαφικών δεδομένων, χάρη
και στη μεγαλύτερη γνώση των υλικών σχεδόν εκατό χρόνια μετά την ανασκαφή, προσφέρει νέα στοιχεία για την
αποσαφήνιση ενός πιο αντικειμενικού τοπογραφικού πλαισίου διαχρονικά. Ένα από τα πιο ενδιαφέροντα στοιχεία
είναι η ελάχιστα τεκμηριωμένη σε άλλα μέρη του νησιού, παρουσία ταφών που χρονολογούνται μετά το 630 π.Χ.
και στην αρχαϊκή περίοδο. Αναδύεται λοιπόν, η εικόνα ενός οικισμού της πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου που ήταν σε
επαφή κυρίως με τις σύγχρονές του «πόλεις» στην κεντρική Κρήτη. Η προνομιούχα θέση του στη διασταύρωση
των κατευθύνσεων Ανατολής-Δύσης και Βορρά-Νότου ευνόησε τις σχέσεις με τον έξω κόσμο και την κυκλοφορία
ανθρώπων, αγαθών και ιδεών.
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A low presen-ce of Early Bronze Age settlements along the middle valley of the river Dittaino had been explained, in the past, by the pre-sumed not very fertile nature of the land. Recent archaeological surveys of the area NW of the... more
A low presen-ce of Early Bronze Age settlements along the middle valley of the river Dittaino had been explained, in the past, by the pre-sumed not very fertile nature of the land. Recent archaeological surveys of the area NW of the Catania Plain, on the other hand, have made it possible to demonstrate that such apparent scarcity was actually due to a research gap. One of the newly discovered settlements on the edge of the Catania Plain was located at the foot of the rock formation called Pietraperciata (perforated rock), suggestively sculpted by nature, two kilometers from the course of the Dittaino river. The presence of a prehistoric village is proved by fragments of millstones for grinding cereals, lithic tools (flint, jasper, quartzite, basalt) and Early Bronze Age sherds scattered on the surface. The rock carvings are located a few hundred meters from the Early Bron-ze Age settlement, on the top of the rock formation, within a small rock shelter overlooking the Dittaino river valley. They represent one of the very few examples of rock art in eastern Sicily. A Φ-shaped human figure, typical of late European prehistory, and star-like and cruciform motifs are engraved there. Linear incisions typical of the Mesolithic have been disco-vered in another sector of the rocky ridge when drafting the present paper.
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During an on-the-spot visit-preliminary to a campaign of non-invasive fluorescence X investigations aimed at better documenting the already known Neolithic age rock paintings of the Riparo Cassataro-two new figures depicted with red ocher... more
During an on-the-spot visit-preliminary to a campaign of non-invasive fluorescence X investigations aimed at better documenting the already known Neolithic age rock paintings of the Riparo Cassataro-two new figures depicted with red ocher were discovered. Pending the conclusion of the ongoing investigations, rather difficult from the logistic point of view, I give news of such a discovery, of that of new rock carvings at Pietraperciata and of anthropomorphic figurines from Monte Guazzarano. Riparo Cassataro is located by the Simeto river, the other two sites along the Dittaino river valley, in central-eastern Sicily.
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The ongoing study of the rich cemetery of Siderospilia near Prinias reveals new, interesting, data on a little known area of central Crete at the beginning of the Early Iron Age. The tombs of the Protogeometric phase (970-840 BC) were... more
The ongoing study of the rich cemetery of Siderospilia near Prinias reveals new, interesting, data on a little known area of central Crete at the beginning of the Early Iron Age.
The tombs of the Protogeometric phase (970-840 BC) were concentrated on a rocky rise in the north-eastern quadrant of the necropolis. The place-name Siderospilia (Iron cave) may be linked to the discovery, in the past, of one or more tombs containing a large amount of iron objects, above all weapons (e.g. Tomb J). The presence of several (at least 20) tombs of horses and dogs not associated with human remains, dating since the Protogeometric period, is the main feature of the Siderospilia cemetery. This evidence validates the hypothesis of a Cretan origin of the mortuary practices - in particular the killing of horses and dogs - described by Homer in connection with the funeral of Patroclus. The reflection of Cretan burial customs in such an important event of the Iliad is a first, important, indication of the projection of Crete towards the "outside world".
Ceramics and metal objects testify to specific connections with the Greek continent, with Cyprus and with Egypt. The products imported from these areas are often prestige goods that only the wealthy local elites could afford. The social need to exhibit these products in the context of expensive mortuary practices can be considered the driving force of the interconnections with the "outside world". The central position of the anonymous settlement, on the route connecting the northern and southern coasts of central Crete, made easier such contacts.
Given these premises, the settlement on the Patela hill had to play a non-secondary role as a receiver and processor of cultural impulses coming from the "outside world". This will be visually evident, in the next Protogeometric B phase, thanks to the rich non-native decorative repertoire that will merge in the local pottery.
The tombs of the Protogeometric phase (970-840 BC) were concentrated on a rocky rise in the north-eastern quadrant of the necropolis. The place-name Siderospilia (Iron cave) may be linked to the discovery, in the past, of one or more tombs containing a large amount of iron objects, above all weapons (e.g. Tomb J). The presence of several (at least 20) tombs of horses and dogs not associated with human remains, dating since the Protogeometric period, is the main feature of the Siderospilia cemetery. This evidence validates the hypothesis of a Cretan origin of the mortuary practices - in particular the killing of horses and dogs - described by Homer in connection with the funeral of Patroclus. The reflection of Cretan burial customs in such an important event of the Iliad is a first, important, indication of the projection of Crete towards the "outside world".
Ceramics and metal objects testify to specific connections with the Greek continent, with Cyprus and with Egypt. The products imported from these areas are often prestige goods that only the wealthy local elites could afford. The social need to exhibit these products in the context of expensive mortuary practices can be considered the driving force of the interconnections with the "outside world". The central position of the anonymous settlement, on the route connecting the northern and southern coasts of central Crete, made easier such contacts.
Given these premises, the settlement on the Patela hill had to play a non-secondary role as a receiver and processor of cultural impulses coming from the "outside world". This will be visually evident, in the next Protogeometric B phase, thanks to the rich non-native decorative repertoire that will merge in the local pottery.
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In 1975 two burials were accidentally discovered at Orthi Petra, to the southeast edge of the urban area of the ancient Arkades on the Prophitis Ilias hill of Aphrati. These were a Late Orientalising cinerary urn, in the form of a plain... more
In 1975 two burials were accidentally discovered at Orthi Petra, to the southeast edge of the urban area of the ancient Arkades on the Prophitis Ilias hill of Aphrati. These were a Late Orientalising cinerary urn, in the form of a plain “straight-sided pithos”, and a 6th century BC clay sarcophagus containing a few bones, an oinochoe, an amphoriskos and a very badly preserved blade of a short sword of the same type that was part of the hoplites’ weaponry. The sarcophagus is a unique example in Archaic Crete, it stands out against the desolate landscape of the contemporary Cretan burials and could express the social status of the deceased. As evidenced by a few other monuments, this diversity is probably due to the purpose of giving a special visibility to the defenders of the polis in the period of its emergence.
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ABSTRACT – The data presented here were acquired during a small-scale archaeological survey conducted in response to the threat of earthworks from the widening of the main road linking Crete’s northern and southern coasts. The data shed... more
ABSTRACT – The data presented here were acquired during a small-scale archaeological survey
conducted in response to the threat of earthworks from the widening of the main road linking
Crete’s northern and southern coasts. The data shed new light on a previously unknown
region in an important area of the island and invite consideration on ancient communication
lines. These field investigations add some new areas of Minoan pottery scatters and a new
burial site to the previously known sites. A large Minoan settlement was also discovered on
a wide rocky plateau (Aghiosthomiani Patela) opposite the well-known Iron Age polis situated
on a similar plateau (the Priniani Patela). In the first area, archaeological evidence dating both
to the First and to the Second Palace periods fills the gap between Knossos and Phaistos with
regard to large Minoan settlements. Furthermore, some areas with Early Iron Age evidence
bear witness to the stretch of an ancient route linking the Mesara area and the anonymous
city on the Priniani Patela with Mount Ida.
conducted in response to the threat of earthworks from the widening of the main road linking
Crete’s northern and southern coasts. The data shed new light on a previously unknown
region in an important area of the island and invite consideration on ancient communication
lines. These field investigations add some new areas of Minoan pottery scatters and a new
burial site to the previously known sites. A large Minoan settlement was also discovered on
a wide rocky plateau (Aghiosthomiani Patela) opposite the well-known Iron Age polis situated
on a similar plateau (the Priniani Patela). In the first area, archaeological evidence dating both
to the First and to the Second Palace periods fills the gap between Knossos and Phaistos with
regard to large Minoan settlements. Furthermore, some areas with Early Iron Age evidence
bear witness to the stretch of an ancient route linking the Mesara area and the anonymous
city on the Priniani Patela with Mount Ida.
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The Necropolis of Aphrati-Arkades after the Late Orientalizing Phase The tomb furnishings of the known Knossian cemeteries provide the reference frame for the ceramic sequence in central Crete until ca. 630 BC, when all of them were... more
The Necropolis of Aphrati-Arkades after the Late Orientalizing Phase
The tomb furnishings of the known Knossian cemeteries provide the reference frame for the ceramic sequence in central Crete until ca. 630 BC, when all of them were suddenly abandoned. After this year, which is the final term for the Knossian Late Orientalizing, finds are very rare. In addition, the evidence of the period at the turn of the 7th and the 6th centuries is scarce elsewhere in Crete. The Iron Age necropolis on the steep western slope of the Prophitis Ilias ridge in central Crete (nearby the modern village of Aphrati Pediadas) is an exception. The cemetery consists of a sort of “urn field”, with more than 160 individual secondary cremation burials in the open field, and of six built tombs containing both inhumations and cremation urns. Inverted clay basins covered some of the cremation urns buried in the open field. The presence of Corinthian imports, and of local vases under Corinthian influence related to the individual burials, is the circumstance that provides a reliable chronological base for dating the grave goods of the latest individual tombs in a period between 630/615 and 550 BC. On this basis, we can throw some light on this “Last” Orientalizing phase by sketching out the features of the ceramic production in a central Crete site and partially fill the chronological gap between the end of the 7th and the 6th centuries BC.
The use of inverted clay basins to cover some of the individual burials is the most outstanding feature at Aphrati-Arkades and is particularly in vogue during the last phase of the necropolis. This custom has implied historical speculation, since has been attributed to Oriental refugees buried at Aphrati. A re-examination of the problem suggests directions for further research.
The tomb furnishings of the known Knossian cemeteries provide the reference frame for the ceramic sequence in central Crete until ca. 630 BC, when all of them were suddenly abandoned. After this year, which is the final term for the Knossian Late Orientalizing, finds are very rare. In addition, the evidence of the period at the turn of the 7th and the 6th centuries is scarce elsewhere in Crete. The Iron Age necropolis on the steep western slope of the Prophitis Ilias ridge in central Crete (nearby the modern village of Aphrati Pediadas) is an exception. The cemetery consists of a sort of “urn field”, with more than 160 individual secondary cremation burials in the open field, and of six built tombs containing both inhumations and cremation urns. Inverted clay basins covered some of the cremation urns buried in the open field. The presence of Corinthian imports, and of local vases under Corinthian influence related to the individual burials, is the circumstance that provides a reliable chronological base for dating the grave goods of the latest individual tombs in a period between 630/615 and 550 BC. On this basis, we can throw some light on this “Last” Orientalizing phase by sketching out the features of the ceramic production in a central Crete site and partially fill the chronological gap between the end of the 7th and the 6th centuries BC.
The use of inverted clay basins to cover some of the individual burials is the most outstanding feature at Aphrati-Arkades and is particularly in vogue during the last phase of the necropolis. This custom has implied historical speculation, since has been attributed to Oriental refugees buried at Aphrati. A re-examination of the problem suggests directions for further research.
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Nel 1990, in vista della costruzione della superstrada tra Iraklion e Aghia Varvara, la Missione Archeologica di Priniàs attuò una serie di ricognizioni di superficie mirate ad individuare l’eventuale presenza di siti d’interesse... more
Nel 1990, in vista della costruzione della superstrada tra Iraklion e Aghia Varvara, la Missione Archeologica di Priniàs attuò una serie di ricognizioni di superficie mirate ad individuare l’eventuale presenza di siti d’interesse archeologico. Ne furono scoperti vari di età minoica, geometrica, ellenistica ed imperiale.
Il lavoro, pur non essendo il risultato di una ricerca sistematica, dà tuttavia idea delle dinamiche di popolamento di un’area collinare posta lungo la via che collega la costa settentrionale di Creta a quella meridionale.
Il lavoro, pur non essendo il risultato di una ricerca sistematica, dà tuttavia idea delle dinamiche di popolamento di un’area collinare posta lungo la via che collega la costa settentrionale di Creta a quella meridionale.
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The necropolis of Siderospilia of Prinias and those of the Knossos area are the greatest Early Iron Age ones excavated in central Crete. A preliminary examination of the grave goods found in the first of these allowed us to identify the... more
The necropolis of Siderospilia of Prinias and those of the Knossos area are the greatest Early Iron Age ones excavated in central Crete. A preliminary examination of the grave goods found in the first of these allowed us to identify the tombs used in Protogeometric times and to give a first "physiognomy" to the contemporary ceramic style, previously known, in this area, by sporadic findings only.
The ceramics of Siderospilia continue, in parallel with the Knossos’ ones, the legacy of the TM IIIC and, at the same time, independently from the Knossos area, re-elaborate decorative motives and suggestions coming from the outside, especially from Cyprus. Among the imports, the showiest one is a rare Attic Late Protogeometric krater (1000-900 BC), which is the only one so far found in in a necropolis of Crete and the southernmost exported specimen in the Aegean Sea. The recipients of this and of other, valuable, imported metal products had to be the members of wealthy local aristocracies. Finally, it seems that the anonymous site on the Patela hill, thanks also to its privileged position on the route connecting the northern and the southern coasts of the island, attracted goods and ideas from various parts of the Mediterranean basin and that its role as mediator of stimuli coming from the outside was not secondary.
The ceramics of Siderospilia continue, in parallel with the Knossos’ ones, the legacy of the TM IIIC and, at the same time, independently from the Knossos area, re-elaborate decorative motives and suggestions coming from the outside, especially from Cyprus. Among the imports, the showiest one is a rare Attic Late Protogeometric krater (1000-900 BC), which is the only one so far found in in a necropolis of Crete and the southernmost exported specimen in the Aegean Sea. The recipients of this and of other, valuable, imported metal products had to be the members of wealthy local aristocracies. Finally, it seems that the anonymous site on the Patela hill, thanks also to its privileged position on the route connecting the northern and the southern coasts of the island, attracted goods and ideas from various parts of the Mediterranean basin and that its role as mediator of stimuli coming from the outside was not secondary.
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Deception aesthetic: terracotta figurines and forgers of Centuripe A small group of Hellenistic style figurines in the Libertini Collection of the Catania University Archaeological Museum is the focus of an ongoing authenticity study.... more
Deception aesthetic: terracotta figurines and forgers of Centuripe
A small group of Hellenistic style figurines in the Libertini Collection of the Catania University Archaeological Museum is the focus of an ongoing authenticity study. These comprise both genuine and fake figurines, as well as others that appear suspicious. Ancient Greek figurines of the Hellenistic period used as prototypes and mold-made replicas of these same figurines have been identified in other museum collections and in vintage photographs that belonged to Mr. Antonino Biondi, a forger who operated at Centuripe, Sicily, in the first half of the last century. The comparison among the figurines kept in various museums, the subjects of the mentioned photographs and the actual terracotta replicas of these, still made openly at Centuripe, allow us to understand the usual way the forger worked according to the principles of a real “deception aesthetic” exclusively aimed at profit.
A small group of Hellenistic style figurines in the Libertini Collection of the Catania University Archaeological Museum is the focus of an ongoing authenticity study. These comprise both genuine and fake figurines, as well as others that appear suspicious. Ancient Greek figurines of the Hellenistic period used as prototypes and mold-made replicas of these same figurines have been identified in other museum collections and in vintage photographs that belonged to Mr. Antonino Biondi, a forger who operated at Centuripe, Sicily, in the first half of the last century. The comparison among the figurines kept in various museums, the subjects of the mentioned photographs and the actual terracotta replicas of these, still made openly at Centuripe, allow us to understand the usual way the forger worked according to the principles of a real “deception aesthetic” exclusively aimed at profit.