History of Archaeology

The previously unpublished field diaries of the principal leaders involved in the first season of the Harvard Expedition to Samaria are held by the University's Semitic Museum. The narrative they contain sheds light on the organization and archaeological techniques applied at the site and gives some context to the much acclaimed final publication of the excavations (Reisner, Fisher & Lyon, 1924).

This article traces a century of efforts to create a National Museum in Guatemala City. Political instability and natural disasters thwarted these efforts, which nevertheless, formed a significant chapter in the country’s museum history. The contents of the laws and decrees that ordered the formation of museums provide indications about their political context and aims, while travelers’ reports and museum publications provide a hint at the collections and exhibitions of the first and second national museums, which functioned at the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País (1866-1881) and the Palacio de La Reforma (1898-1917). In addition to local politics, the country’s participation in international expositions, and foreign involvement in archaeological research and collecting played a role in museum formation and demise. Special attention is given to the laws and initiatives of the 1920’s, which led to the opening of a National Museum in 1930, with a critique of previous work on this critical period of Guatemalan museum history.

This chapter presents the important but not very well known
archival material relating to James Stewart’s
Vounous excavations kept in the archive of the
Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm. The Medelhavsmuseet
was founded in 1954 as a direct result of the Swedish
Cyprus Expedition in order to store the Swedish share
of the finds from the excavations. The archival material
from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition, including field
diaries, drawings, photographs, manuscripts and
correspondence, is kept in the archive of the museum.
Stewart’s excavations at Vounous were published by the
Swedish Institute in Rome in 1950 and Einar Gjerstad
invited Stewart to write about the Early Bronze Age in
Cyprus for Swedish Cyprus Expedition Volume IV, Part
1A (Stewart 1962). The good collaboration between
Stewart and Gjerstad prompted Stewart to donate
his field records to the Swedish Cyprus Expedition,
which thus duly came to the museum.

Écrire l’histoire de Metz-Divodurum n’est pas aisé.
Traditionnellement, les historiens se sont appuyés, pour
l’essentiel, sur les sources littéraires avant de prendre en compte,
dès le xviiie siècle, les sources archéologiques. Depuis plus
d’un demi-siècle, la fouille stratigraphique, notamment dans
le cadre de l’archéologie dite de sauvetage puis « préventive »
à partir des années 1980, a considérablement enrichi
la connaissance sur l’histoire de Metz. Elle a permis la mise
en évidence des différentes phases d’évolution connues par
la ville antique entre les Ier et IVe siècles apr. J.-C.

Writing Metz-Divodurum history isn’t easy. Traditionally,
historians mostly relied on literary sources before taking
archaeological sources into account since 18th century. For more
than a half century, the stratigraphic excavation, especially
in the context of rescue archeology, then called “preventive”
from 1980, considerably enriched knowledge on Metz history.
It enabled to highlight the different evolution phases of the
antique city between 1st and 4th centuries AD.

The Finnish researcher Matthias Alexander Castrén (1813–1852) carried out several excavations and archaeological surveys during his expeditions through Lapland, northern Russia, and southern Siberia between 1838 and 1849. This article presents a preliminary overview of his fieldwork, methods, and scholarly background in archaeology. Castrén represented a holistic view of cultural research, but showed signs of growing independence of its different realms. Castrén had adopted a view of stratigraphy and an idea of a sequence of different successive periods. On the other hand, his documentation could not compete with the most advanced archaeologists of his time. Castrén's archaeological results soon became outdated, but he provided an important pattern for future generations during the next hundred years.

Invited talk - University of Vienna (18 January 2022)
From the Adriatic Sea to the mountainous borders with Iran and from the Black Sea to the scorched shores of the Red Sea, the Ottoman domains were home to myriad locations of archaeological importance. The multitude of prehistoric, ancient and medieval civilisations that had left their imprint on Ottoman lands was bound to attract the interest of Europeans. Ottoman subjects were not in themselves left uninterested. Visits, digs, illicit traffic, museums and many more activities attest to this.
As the 19th century was progressing with the number of manifestations of an interest in ancient finds rising, the Ottoman state decided to take it upon itself to regulate this area of human activity. This presentation discusses the legal responses of the Ottoman state to this rising interest and, more specifically, the laws on antiquities of 1869, 1874, 1884 and 1906. It traces their origins, such as the incidents or other factors that motivated the state to promulgate the laws. It aims to shed light on the topics these laws covered, such as definitions on antiquities, the ownership of finds, stipulations on the import and, significantly, export of antiquities, any protective measures, and the regulation of excavations. It also provides a comparison between Ottoman archaeological legislation and that of the Greek kingdom in an attempt to identify points of convergence and divergence. To what extent was Ottoman policy inspired by Greece’s treatment of antiquities? Finally, this presentation does not fail to investigate the reasons for replacing one law with another. In this, a discussion of how each law was implemented in the vast domains of the empire remains crucial.
In all, this presentation aims to provide a comprehensive picture as to the Ottoman legal approaches to antiquities that, together with the development of Ottoman museums, encapsulate Ottoman archaeological policy. In discussing the laws, we shall see how the Ottoman state evolved from being largely a bystander into a guardian of antiquities in its lands.

Synekdemos, a geographical text of Hierokles presents the administrative structure of the Eastern Roman Empire in the early 6th century AD. Six dioeceses (large administrative units), 64 eparchiai (provinces) and 920 poleis (cities) are registered in catalogues, in such a way that the political geography of the period becomes apparent. The critical edition by Honigmann (1939) displays maps without a geophysical background. This fact makes the study of the historical settlements network more difficult. In order to facilitate this study, maps of the 64 provinces have been created to describe and offer a clear overall view of the regional context. These maps follow historical topography as this appeared in Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000). In addition, they support a database which classifies the settlements according to historical and geographical criteria. The first set of criteria is related to parameters and variables, such as the date of foundation, constant presence in five historical periods, ancient and modern toponyms. The second set is related to the location of the settlements, and uses parameters and variables, such as geomorphology, water elements, communication networks and presence of a nodal point or port. The province of Palaia Epeiros has been chosen as an example of the advantages that such a database has to offer. The combination of maps with a database improves the historical-geographical study of the settlements network, and accentuates the importance of Synecdemos as a basic geographical text of the period, α quality that has escaped the attention of the “official” History of Cartography (1987).""

This book presents a new study of Greek large-scale bronze statuary of the late Archaic and Classical periods. It examines the discovery, origin, style, date, artistic attribution, identification, and interpretation of the surviving bronzes, and focuses in particular on their technical features and casting techniques. It contains over 170 plates of photographs and drawings to illustrate its discussion.

It also places the development of the casting techniques in connection with the stylistic evolution in Greek free-standing sculpture. During the Classical period, artists preferred bronze to marble when creating their contrapposto figures. Indisputably, bronze gave particular freedom to artists in creating three-dimensional figures. In addition, the evolution in style encouraged the development of the uses of bronze to serve the new needs and tendencies in sculpture during the late Archaic and especially the Classical period. Through the examination of how technical matters affect style, this book presents fresh interpretations of these important monuments of Greek art and offers a new approach in the field of Greek free-standing bronze sculpture.

Arthur Posnansky was the illustrious pioneer of Tiwanaku archaeology, remembered as a quixotic, flamboyant, and swashbuckling character. He was a naval officer, a businessman, and a scholar. He dedicated nearly fifty years of his life to the study of the Andean past, which resonates through the history of Bolivian archaeology. While clearly not the field’s father, his commanding presence and outsized legacy could make him the czar of Tiwanaku archaeology. He developed a hyperbolic narrative of Tiwanaku as the ’cradle of American man’ and tirelessly promoted it in Europe and the Americas. Like many pioneers, he was not trained as an archaeologist. His theories were based on little concrete information but he defended them with enviable passion. His ideas were strongly influenced by intellectual trends he lived though and participated in, including racist anthropology. This has led some to dismiss him as a misguided, self-appointed champion of Tiwanaku. However, I suggest that Posnansky’s life and times are very relevant to both understanding popular views and scholarly interpretations of the site.

Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Persönlichkeit der bekannten westböhmischen Archäologen F.X.Franc, der von den 70er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts auf dem Schloss Kozel wirkte und nachher in den Jahren 1893-1904 im Städtischen Museum in Pilsen. Diese Arbeit stützt sich besonders auf die Kollektion erhaltener
Schriftstücke aus dem Nachlass von F. X. Franc, die heute im Archiv der Stadt Pilsen aufbewahrt werden. Es handelt sich um über 300 evidierte Dokumente. Für eine ausführlichere Analyse wurde aus diesen Archivalien vor allem die Korrespondenz gewählt, die Franc mit anderen Forschern auf dem Gebiet
der Geschichtswissenschaften führte (s. Übersicht der Namen in Tab. 1).
Eine chronologische Übersicht des erhaltenen Briefwechsels zeigt, dass die Zeit der höchsten Intensität der Kontakte mit Forschern in die Zeit von 1880 bis 1895 fällt, obwohl sie im beschränkten Maß auch später fortgesetzt wurde (Abb. 1 und 2). Anfangs stand F. X. Franc im engen schriftlichen Kontakt vornehmlich zu Vertretern des Wiener Forscherkreises (F. Heger, F. von Hochstetter, A. V. Šembera, J. N. Woldřich, J. Szombathy) und zu Fachleuten aus den ländlichen Regionen von Böhmen und Mähren (J. Smolík, J. Strnad, J. Wankel, K. Čermák, später auch R. K. Weinzierl). Der Nachrichtenaustausch gewinnt an Intensität, nachdem die archäologischen Funde und Abbildungen von Franc auf der mit dem 1889 stattfindendem Archäologiekongres verbundenen Ausstellung verdiente Bewunderung erntete. Damals erweiterte sich der Umkreis seiner Kontakte um weitere bedeutende Persönlichkeiten (J. Richlý, K. J. Maška, A. Sedláček), einschließlich der Vertreter deutscher und ungarischer Prähistorie (J. Naue, P. Reinecke, M. Wosinski). Nachrichten von den Hauptdarstellern der Archäologie in Prag (namentlich L. Niederle, J. Matiegka, J. L. Píč) erscheinen erst am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (wenn wir J. Smolík nicht rechnen, der mit Franc bereits von 1878 in Briefwechsel stand, s. Abb. 3). Das hängt wahrscheinlich mit der Rivalität von zwei Prager Forscherkreisen an der Wende des 19. und 20. Jhs. zusammen, deren Leiter einerseits L. Niederle als Vertreter der sog. „Universitätsschule“ und andererseits die um das Museum organisierte Gruppe repräsentierende J. L. Píč waren. Franc wurde von beiden Gruppierungen ungefähr in der Zeit angesprochen, als er sich entschloss seine Wirkungsstätte zu ändern und als Sekretär des Städtischen Museums in Pilsen anzutreten. Er war bereit seine Ergebnisse und Erfahrung mit jedem zu teilen, der Interesse zeigte, aber in fachliche Streitigkeiten in Prag hat er nicht direkt eingegriffen. Falls er sich mit anderen Forschern uneinig geworden ist, war es eher durch ein Gefühl der ungenügenden Anerkennung seiner eigenen Entdeckungen verursacht. Größtenteils waren aber diese Uneinigkeiten dadurch hervorgerufen, dass die Hauptberichte von Franc erst lange nach seinem Tod herausgegeben wurden und seine Zeitgenossen also nur von anderen Autoren niedergeschriebene Sekundärinformationen und Zusammenfassungen zitieren konnten. Die Kollektion der studierten Archivalien, auf die dieser Artikel Aufmerksamkeit leitet, ist also nicht nur als Quelle zum Studium des persönlichen und beruflichen Lebens des bedeutenden Archäologen F. X. Franc zu benutzen, aber im gewissen Maß auch als Illustration allgemeinerer Züge der Entwicklung der archäologischen Disziplin des ausgehenden 19. Jahrhunderts in Böhmen. Begreiflicherweise ist es ein Blickwinkel, in dem einerseits viele grundsätzliche Ereignisse fehlen und andererseits scheinbar Nebensachliches betont wird. Trotzdem handelt es sich um eine wertvolle Sonde in die Mikrogeschichte einer konkreten Persönlichkeit, begrenzt durch den Horizont ihrer persönlichen und fachlichen Kontakte, und davon ergibt sich auch die resultierende Betrachtungsweise.

""Archaeologist, Teacher, Friend. Nicolai Telnov’s Anniversary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

MONOGRAPH INSIDE THE JOURNAL
N. V. Zhilina (Moscow, Russia). Stamped Jewel Attire Reconstructed Based on Old Rus Hoards of 10th — 13th Centuries (from the ornamental stamping to the emblem of the princely power). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
V. Ivanišević (Belgrad, Serbia), M. Kazanski (Paris, France). Justinian’s Heruli in Northern
Illyricum and Their Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova). North-Eastern Possessions of the First Bulgarian Kingdom in 7th—10th cc.: History and Burial Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
A. V. Kurbatov (St.-Petersburg, Russia). Raw materials for leather crafts, technical means
for leather processing and assortment of leathers in Mediaeval Rus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

JEWELLER’S CRAFT
A. G. Shpilev (Kursk, Russia). Adornments of Romny Time from Kursk Oblast
(second half of 8th — late 10th cc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Y. V. Stepanova (Tver’, Russia). Temple Rings from Ancient Russian Rural Archaeological Sites in the Upper Volga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
S. S. Ryabtseva (St.-Petersburg, Russia — Kishinev, Moldova), N. P. Telnov (Kishinev, Moldova). A Hoard from Alcedar and Centers of Jewellery Industry in Eastern Europe in late 9th — early 11th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
А. Boldureanu (Kishinev, Moldova). The Byzantine and Islamic Coins from Alcedar Hoard . . . 301

ARCHAEOLOGY OF REPRESENTATIONS
Y. V. Mysko, S. V. Pyvovarov (Chernivtsi, Ukraine). Finds of Knives with Curls on the Handles in the Region of the Upper Prut and the Middle Dniester . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 309
I. Berdzenishvili (Tbilisi, Georgia). Early Christians in Abkhazia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet 329
Requirements to contributions to Stratum plus. 345

Содержание

AD GLORIAM 

Р. А. Рабинович (Кишинев, Молдова), С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинев, Молдова)
Археолог. Учитель. Друг. К юбилею Николая Петровича Тельнова 15

МОНОГРАФИЯ В ЖУРНАЛЕ 

Н. В. Жилина (Москва, Россия)
Тисненый убор по древнерусским кладам X—XIII вв. (от орнаментального рифления до эмблемы княжеской власти) 23

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПУБЛИКАЦИИ 

В. Иванишевич (Белград, Сербия), М. Казанский (Париж, Франция)
Герулы Юстиниана в Северном Иллирикуме и их археологические следы 147
Н. Д. Руссев (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Северо-восточные владения Дунайской Болгарии VII—X вв.: история и погребальные памятники 159
А. В. Курбатов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Кожевенное сырье, техническое обеспечение его выделки и сортамент кож средневековой Руси 169

ЮВЕЛИРНОЕ ДЕЛО 

А. Г. Шпилев (Курск, Россия)
Украшения роменского времени из Курской области (вторая половина VIII — конец X вв.) 221
Ю. В. Степанова (Тверь, Россия)
Височные кольца из древнерусских сельских памятников Верхневолжья 275
С. С. Рябцева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия — Кишинёв, Молдова), Н. П. Тельнов (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Алчедарский клад и центры ювелирного производства Восточной Европы конца IX — начала XI вв. 285
А. Болдуряну (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Византийские и исламские монеты из Алчедарского клада 301

АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ 

Ю. В. Мысько, С. В. Пивоваров (Черновцы, Украина)
Находки ножей с волютообразными навершиями в Верхнем Попрутье и Среднем Поднестровье 309
И. Бердзенишвили (Тбилиси, Грузия)
Раннее христианство в Абхазии 317

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений325
References Transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin Alphabet327
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus»
Требования 341

Olga Tufnell’s ‘Perfect Journey’

By Jack Green and Ros Henry

Blog published on TrowelBlazers, April 26, 2021.

https://trowelblazers.com/olga-tufnells-perfect-journey/

Excerpt:  Olga Tufnell (1905‒1985) was a British archaeologist who mainly worked in Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s, whose archive of letters and photographs are housed at the Palestine Exploration Fund, London. She is best known for her scholarly publications on the excavations of Tell ed-Duweir (ancient Lachish), as well scarabs and stamp seals from the East Mediterranean. You can read her full TrowelBlazers bio here. Tufnell’s reminiscences and letters provide insights into dig life during the so-called “golden age” of archaeology in the Holy Land, and the wider cultural, political, and gendered context of fieldwork within Mandate Palestine.

In our new open access book entitled Olga Tufnell’s “Perfect Journey.” Letters and Photographs of an Archaeologist in the Levant and Mediterranean (UCL Press), we present her letters from this period for the first time. They provide a personal account of her experiences, shedding light on travel and dig life during extraordinary times.

The letters offer insights into social and professional networks and the history of archaeology. They provide a contemporary view of the role of foreign archaeologists, relationships with local workers and their families, and the colonial frameworks within which they operated. The letters are important because they give Olga Tufnell’s viewpoint as an individual at times and places which saw significant social and political change. The letters reflect the attitudes of the day: some static and resistant to change; others indicating the growing acceptance of women in a man’s world.

On drawn reconstruction in archaeology, esp. between the late 18th and beginning 20th cents. The paper focusses on town-reconstructions as Athens, Pompei, Rome, Pergamon or Vienne and others. It investigates  the intentions of the drawing architects, their idea of the ancient town and the ways to transfer these ideas to a broader public.

Опублікований лист з архіву керівника розкопок Мелітопольського кургану Олексія Івановича Тереножкіна, який є не лише цікавим курйозом з історії дослідження цієї визначної пам'ятки і документом епохи, а й джерелом до вивчення стану пам'яткоохоронної справи у повоєнний час. Він змушує ще раз звернути увагу і на сучасне відношення громадськості та органів охорони культурної спадщини до загрози і наявних фактів руйнації археологічних об'єктів урбаністичними чинниками.

Dal 2014 la cattedra di Archeologia Classica dell’Università della Basilicata, Dip. di Scienze Umane, sta conducendo un progetto di ricerca ad Anzi (PZ), un importante centro antico della Basilicata interna. (direzione scientifica: Prof.ssa M. C. Monaco; responsabile archeologo: Dr. F. Donnici). Accanto alle indagini condotte sul campo (ricognizioni in superficie e scavi stratigrafici), una parte rilevante del lavoro di ricerca si è concentrato sulla ricostruzione delle vicende che videro coinvolto il piccolo comune lucano quale indiscusso protagonista sulla scena archeologica regnicola, in particolare nei primi trent’anni del XIX secolo. Durante questo periodo, infatti, le ricerche effettuate nel “fertilissimo” territorio di Anzi conobbero una stagione d’oro, in cui fu portate alla luce, a ritmi frenetici e senza un adeguato controllo, un “prodigioso” patrimonio archeologico, in larga parte poi disperso – spesso illegalmente – attraverso le vie e le modalità più disparate. Dalla lettura delle fonti bibliografiche ed archivistiche dell’epoca, emerge chiaramente come il ricco sito lucano fosse diventato non solo uno dei principali centri di approvvigionamento del vorace mercato antiquario napoletano, al pari di Nola, Paestum, Ruvo e Canosa, ma anche un ideale luogo d’incubazione per la nascita di veri e propri professionisti del settore, coinvolgendo in quest’attività specializzata un’ampia fascia della popolazione locale. Si tratta degli “esperti scavatori” e dei “rattoppatori de’ cocci” anzesi, all’epoca unanimemente riconosciuti come i più rinomati di tutto il Regno e, senza dubbio, tra i principali artefici, nel bene e nel male, delle sorti dell’archeologia lucana nel periodo in questione. Essi operarono al soldo dell’Intendenza borbonica in numerosi siti in tutta l’Italia Meridionale, ma nella stragrande maggioranza dei casi ebbero modo di esercitare la loro valente maestria senza alcuna “legittima permissione”. È questo, ad esempio, il caso degli scavi di Armento del 1814 in cui, soprattutto grazie all’abilità degli scavatori di Anzi, furono riportati alla luce celebri reperti come la corona aurea di Critonio, ora ai musei di Monaco.
In occasione del prossimo convegno di Reggio Calabria intendiamo riportare al centro del dibattito scientifico in materia il singolare caso di Anzi, un piccolo centro lucano in cui furono scritte pagine tanto significative quanto ancora poco conosciute della storia dell’archeologia borbonica. A tal fine, si cercherà, anche alla luce di una documentazione d’archivio in larga parte inedita, di ridare fisionomia storica ad alcuni protagonisti di quelle vicende e alle loro attività, spesso al confine tra archeologia ufficiale e ricerche clandestine.

Although public archaeology has become increasingly popular since the 1980s, there were archaeologists engaged with the public well before this time. Yet, there have been very few attempts to document these early examples of public archaeology in the United States. Many of these early examples were associated with historic site restorations. One such example comes from the archaeological program at the historic Mormon city of Nauvoo, Illinois, during the 1960s. Here, J. C. Harrington, his wife Virginia, and others continued a longstanding tradition of interpreting excavations to the public by utilizing various illustrative methods. The program of interpreting archaeology to the public in Nauvoo is in many ways a forerunner to much of what has since been promoted as noteworthy examples of public archaeology.

В статье подведены итоги исследовательской деятельности Оренбургской археологической экспедиции за 40 лет ее существования. Показан вклад ОАЭ в разработку ключевых проблем археологии каменного, бронзового и железного века Южного Приуралья, в организацию охранной деятельности в сфере археологии в Оренбургской области. Проанализирована роль использования в исследованиях ОАЭ комплексной методики, включающей методы археологии, естественно-научных и смежных дисциплин.

Prólogo al libro de Silvia T. Hernández Godoy, investigadora titular del Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Dirección Provincial de Cultura de Matanzas, y resultado de su tesis doctoral sobre la historia de la arqueología cubana entre 1847 y 1940. En este periodo el quehacer arqueológico pasa de ser prácticamente inexistente a tener una base institucional como disciplina científica. Silvia T. Hernández Godoy repasa en este libro los principales protagonistas de la arqueología cubana y las principales propuestas realizadas por ellos.