History of Archeology

The bronze crescent moon with Etruscan dedication to the lunar deity Tiur is a remarkable epigraphic document associated with Città della Pieve by virtue of its long collecting history, which sees it at the center of attention of exponents of the antiquarian and archeology world starting from the very early nineteenth century. Found halfway between Cetona and Chiusi, the inscribed crescent was purchased by Filippo Becchetti, bishop of Città della Pieve, who soon after donated it to cardinal Stefano Borgia; this gift, which thus will enrich the encyclopedic collection of the
cardinal at the twilight of his existence, represents an episode on the margins of eighteenth-century collecting. The bronze will only come into the Vatican collections in 1925, after it had even lost the memory of its location. In addition to the perspective of the history of the studies, the monument is now reconsidered starting from the new data emerged from the close examination and from the information supplied by archival documents, which also allow us to clarify the provenance context, in the light of recent acquisitions on the Etruscan religion and cult practices. The crescent, referable to a sanctuary, is confirmed as an extraordinary testimony for the archaic age on the astral cults in Etruria and on their connections with the chthonic and water ones. His relationship with the obelisk of Città della Pieve is also clarified, to which it has been related somehow, with notes on the subject of the reception in Etruria of this monumental class.

Community detection is a major issue in network analysis. This paper combines a socio-historical approach with an experimental reconstruction of programs to investigate the early automation of clique detection algorithms, which remains one of the unsolved NP-complete problems today. The research led by the archaeologist Jean-Claude Gardin from the 1950s on non-numerical information and graph analysis is retraced to demonstrate the early contributions of social sciences and humanities. The limited recognition and reception of Gardin’s innovative computer application to the humanities are addressed through two factors, in addition to the effects of historiography and bibliographies on the recording, discoverability, and reuse of scientific productions: 1) funding policies, evidenced by the transfer of research effort on graph applications from temporary interdisciplinary spaces to disciplinary organizations related to the then-emerging field of computer science; and 2) the erratic careers of algorithms, in which efficiency, flaws, corrections, and authors’ status, were determining factors.

Although public archaeology has become increasingly popular since the 1980s, there were archaeologists engaged with the public well before this time. Yet, there have been very few attempts to document these early examples of public archaeology in the United States. Many of these early examples were associated with historic site restorations. One such example comes from the archaeological program at the historic Mormon city of Nauvoo, Illinois, during the 1960s. Here, J. C. Harrington, his wife Virginia, and others continued a longstanding tradition of interpreting excavations to the public by utilizing various illustrative methods. The program of interpreting archaeology to the public in Nauvoo is in many ways a forerunner to much of what has since been promoted as noteworthy examples of public archaeology.

Na Garnek archeologa składa się kilkanaście anegdotycznych opowieści, inspirowanych wydarzeniami, przyjaźniami i miejscami, których akcja toczy się na terenie Egiptu, Syrii i Kurdystanu irackiego. Życie archeologów na Bliskim Wschodzie, naszkicowane 70 lat temu przez Agathę Christie Mallowan w książce „Opowiedzcie mi jak tam żyjecie”, mimo komórek i internetu nie zmieniło się od czasów, kiedy Max Mallowan prowadził prace w Syrii. Jak wówczas, dochodzi do nieustannych zderzeń mentalności Wschodu i Zachodu, często wywołujących śmiech, czasem zdziwienie, a niekiedy niedowierzanie.
Garnek archeologa utrzymany jest w podobnej tonacji stylistycznej jak Niewinny antropolog Nigela Bareya, ale nawiązuje do modnego trendu kulinarnej przygody i odkrywania kultur.
II pierwsze rozdziały: Nowy świat oraz Tell Rad Szakra. Plus spis treści całej książki i słowniki z objaśnieniami.

Dans le dossier Leenhardt conservé aux archives de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, on trouve quelques pages détachées d’un journal intime, accompagnées d’une lettre signée : Marius Archambault – l’un des premiers archéologues amateurs de Nouvelle-Calédonie et du Pacifique. En explorant la raison justifiant la présence de ces notes au sein des archives Leenhardt, ce qui peut apparaître comme une anecdote s’avère comme le fil conducteur qui révèle la trame complexe des relations personnelles, intellectuelles et institutionnelles tissées entre le pasteur et la discipline archéologique alors naissante en Calédonie et dans la région. Le rôle de Jeanne Leenhardt, son épouse, à travers sa propre histoire personnelle, s’y montre fondamental. Les connections entre le couple Leenhardt et le développement de l’archéologie dans le Pacifique s’étendent au-delà du monde francophone et de la Calédonie, de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1950. Dans cette contribution, je m’attarderai sur les circonstances de la rencontre entre Marius Archambault et le couple Leenhardt au tout début du XXe siècle, ainsi que sur le soutien essentiel qu’ils offrirent à ses travaux. Le contexte intellectuel sera exposé, mais aussi l’importance des histoires biographiques des protagonistes. De plus, j’explorerai la continuité de l’intérêt porté par Maurice Leenhardt aux questions d’archéologie en Nouvelle-Calédonie et dans le Pacifique, tout autant que le rôle actif qu’il pris dans la réalisation d’une archéologie professionnelle océaniste.

(Maurice - and Jeanne - Leenhardt and the archaeology of New Caledonia: connecting the dots) In the Leenhardt file that is kept by the Archives of New Caledonia, one can find a few pages detached from a diary, accompanied by a letter signed: Marius Archambault - one of the early amateur archaeologists active in New Caledonia and the Pacific. An exploration of the reasons justifying the presence of these notes within the Leenhardt’s archives reveals the complex web of personal, intellectual and institutional relationships woven between the pastor and the archaeological discipline then emerging in New Caledonia and the region. The role of Jeanne Leenhardt, his wife, through her own personal history, is fundamental. The connections between the Leenhardts and the development of archaeology in the Pacific extend beyond the French-speaking world and New Caledonia, from the end of the 19th century to the 1950s. In this contribution, I focus on the circumstances of the encounter between Marius Archambault and the Leenhardts at the very beginning of the 20th century, as well as the essential support they offered to his work. The intellectual background is exposed, but also the importance of the biographical histories of the protagonists. In addition, I explore the continuity of Maurice Leenhardt's interest in archaeological issues throughout New Caledonia and the Pacific, as well as the active role he took in the development of professional archaeology in Oceania.

Desde su descubrimiento en 1882, la gruta de Atxurra ha venido siendo escenario de numerosos hallazgos relacionados con las diferentes ciencias del karst; recientemente ha saltado a la fama por el hallazgo en ella del mayor santuario de arte rupestre del País Vasco. Paradójicamente, Atxurra ha sido hasta hace poco tiempo la cueva más maltratada de Vizcaya; debido al vandalismo, principalmente, pero también por la mala gestión de su patrimonio. En este artículo hacemos un repaso de las investigaciones realizadas en esta cueva a lo largo de la historia, buscando aprender de los errores cometidos para no repetirlos en el futuro.

Although a lot of undocumented archaeology has been undertaken in the Big Bend area in the past, the most significant early work (late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries) was carried out by three men: Clarence B. Moore, Elias H. Sellards, and J. Clarence Simpson. These researchers brought some professionalism to the work, and made efforts to disseminate the results of their excavations and other studies. They also ensured that archaeological collections were deposited in museum collections where they would be curated and available for study by other researchers. None of them had professional training in archaeology, but they nevertheless made lasting contributions to our knowledge of the region.

Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several changes, reconstructions and landslides along its more than five hundred years of operation. But despite this still unknown for certain functions for which it was designed and that, regardless of the construction elements, materials have been located just still less inscriptions that shed some light on a mystery that will try here exhibit various theories that enable closer to resolution.

Historical archaeology – the archaeology of the Modern World – has its disciplinary roots in the historic preservation movement of the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Historical archaeology’s true institutional beginnings, however, are tied to the federally sponsored archaeology projects conducted under the auspices of the New Deal programs of the 1930s. Chief among those projects in terms of the development of historical archaeology in the United States were the 1934-1941 excavations at Jamestown, Virginia, directed by J. C. Harrington. During this critical time in the history of the field, Harrington established some of the fundamental methods and practices used by historical archaeologists today and did much to promote and legitimize the emerging discipline. As a result of these efforts, Harrington is widely recognized as the “founding father” of historical archaeology in the United States.

This paper uses original documentary evidence held in the archives of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society in Devizes to reassess the work of William Cunnington, FSA, carried out on behalf of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, and the contribution of his two principal excavators, Stephen and John Parker, of Heytesbury, in Wiltshire. Previously the Parkers have been regarded as little more than regular labourers on Cunnington’s pioneering excavations; the evidence now suggests that they (and in particular John) were, in fact, key to the success of Cunnington’s work. By the time of Cunnington’s death in 1810, John Parker was identifying new sites on the Wiltshire Downs and, on occasion, taking sole responsibility for excavating and interpreting them. After 1810 Hoare sponsored few further excavations and, though John was employed on at least one occasion, in 1814, the Parkers dropped back into obscurity and poverty without the regular employment, and perhaps protection, provided by Cunnington. Although John’s obituary in 1867 described him as Cunnington’s ‘principal pioneer’, no research has
previously been undertaken that specifically considers the contribution of the Parkers in those early British excavations. This paper seeks to redress that oversight.

Le Musée de La Cour d'Or, Metz Métropole conserve dans ses réserves le mobilier mis au jour en 1902-1903 lors de la fouille du grand amphithéâtre de Metz par les savants allemands. Première véritable fouille anticipée en milieu urbain en Lorraine, sa documentation , relativement abondante, est toujours conservée. Toutefois, les publications concernant l'édifice datent du début du XXe siècle et ne prennent en compte qu'une partie du mobilier découvert. Récemment, une campagne de récolement menée au Musée de La Cour d'Or a permis d'identifier l'intégralité des objets mis au jour. Ces collections pourraient être utilement mises en relation avec celles issues des fouilles récentes menées aux abords du monument.

Abstract The La Cour d'Or, Metz Métropole Museum holds the artifacts recovered in 1902-1903 during the excavation of the grand amphitheater of Metz by German scholars. This was the first true research excavation in the Lorraine urban sector and its relatively abundant documentation is still preserved. Nevertheless, the publications concerning this edifice date to the early 20 th century and do not include some of the artifacts discovered. A recent inventory conducted at the Musée de La Cour d'Or enabled the identification of all the recovered artifacts. These collections can be usefully linked to those originating from the recent excavations carried out in proximity to the monument.

Zusammenfassung In den Archiven des Musée de La Cour d'Or-Metz Métropole wird das Fundmaterial aufbewahrt, das deutsche Archäologen 1902-1903 bei der Ausgrabung des großen Amphitheaters von Metz-Divodurum entdeckt haben. Es handelt sich um die erste Präventivgrabung in städtischem Umfeld in Lothringen. Die relativ umfangreiche Grabungsdokumentation ist noch erhalten. Doch die Veröffentlichungen des Bauwerks stammen aus den ersten Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts und berücksichtigen nur einen Teil des Fundmaterials. Unlängst konnte bei einer Bestandsaufnahme im Musée de La Cour d'Or das gesamte Fundmaterial dieser Grabung identifiziert werden. Es wäre zweckdienlich, diese Sammlungen mit den Funden der kürzlich um das Bauwerk durchgeführten Ausgrabungen abzugleichen.

Bjørnar Olsen gir her en innføring i teori for arkeologistudenter. På en lettfattelig måte presenterer han de ulike teoretiske retningene og deres syn på forholdet mellom teori og data, på samfunn og endring, på materiell kultur og på arkeologiens rolle i samfunnet.

Editor’s note: In examining this issue, we discovered an inadvertent typographical error in the Pykles article indicating Cotter’s class was first offered in “the 1966–67 academic year” (p. 33). This should have read “1960–61,” which is when Cotter first offered “Problems and Methods in of Historical Archaeology.” The source for this information is: Schuyler, Robert L., 2003, The Second Largest City in the English-Speaking World: John L. Cotter and the Historical Archaeology of Philadelphia, 1960– 1999. In Philadelphia and the Development of Americanist Archaeology, edited by D. D. Fowler and D. R. Wilcox, pp. 156–164. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. We apologize for the error

The search of historians and archaeologists for the historic "reric" in the 1930th - an important trading place mentioned in carolingian sources at the coast of the southern baltic sea- gives an example of national-socialistic view on archaeological sources.

Enrique Cabrejas nos relata de modo llano su experiencia personal con un descubrimiento extraordinario. El 21 de Abril de 2012 consiguió lo que parecía imposible: descifrar la escritura ibérica. Un hito sin precedentes en la historia de la escritura, solo comparable a los realizados por Champollion, al descodificar la escritura jeroglífica egipcia o Michael Ventris con la escritura de Creta.
Hijos de Titanes • El Secreto Íbero de Enrique Cabrejas lo convierte en un referente destacado a nivel mundial en historia y lingüística. Las innumerables evidencias, pruebas y significados que reporta, antes desconocidos, son referencia obligada para todos aquellos que quieran comprender la historia, la lengua antigua e, incluso, también la moderna de nuestro país, o para quienes en el futuro deseen estudiarla e investigarla en profundidad, más si cabe desde el ámbito académico.
Hasta la fecha, el significado de esas enigmáticas escrituras no se conocía, aunque desde la comunidad científica se le dio validez a un origen indiscutible celta. Estas páginas nos revelan qué hay de cierto en todo ello. La trascripción, de numerosos textos íberos y celtíberos, entre los cuales se encuentran los más emblemáticos: el Bronce de Luzaga, las Placas Botorrita I y I-II, la Tésera de Froehner son demostrables científicamente.
Cabrejas nos sorprende con un desenlace tan inesperado como fascinante que va más allá del descifrado de una lengua antigua. Capaz de responder a las preguntas que se han formulado los historiadores, lingüistas, investigadores y expertos durante décadas: ¿Quiénes fueron los íberos y los celtíberos? ¿Cómo se llamaban? ¿De dónde vinieron? ¿Cuáles fueron sus costumbres? ¿Qué escritura es la ibérica? ¿Cuál es la ancestral y extraordinaria cultura que nos legaron?
HIJOS DE TITANES • EL SECRETO ÍBERO  nos ilumina y nos abre los ojos, no solo para saber quiénes fuimos sino para conocer quiénes somos. Todo está implícito en su escritura y por primera vez ve la luz a través de esta imprescindible publicación.

The Grolier Codex (Codice Maya de Mexico, CMM) is discussed in the context of the archaeoastronomy of the ancient Americas on pages 98-99 of the March 1990 National Geographic Magazine article "America's Ancient Skywatchers" by John B. Carlson. One of four known ancient Maya books, the Grolier Codex depicts different manifestations of the planet Venus; the column of glyphs on the left of each panel records days in a 104-year Venus almanac. These plaster-coated bark-paper pages, carbon-dated to the 13th century, represent only half of the 20-page original. A numbered photographic arrangement of the Grolier Codex depictes the author's discovery that Codex pages 10 and 11 are actually two parts of the same "page 10".  Carlson clarifies the identities of Venus deities depicted in the Grolier Codex from a comparison of images from the Cacaxtla murals and links the images of the Grolier Codex with ancient Maya astronomically timed ritual warfare and sacrifice. (Grolier Codex photographs: Enrico Ferorelli; Other photos: Bob Sacha)

This article has been posted on Academia.edu as part of the Grolier Codex Project of the Center for Archaeoastronomy under the directorship of John B. Carlson, Ph.D.  The Grolier Codex Project seeks to further advance the study of the Maya Grolier Codex.

Новая книга кандидата исторических наук, ведущего научного сотрудника сектора нумизматики Национального музея истории Украины –
Андрея Бойко-Гагарина
«ФАЛЬШИВОМОНЕТНИЧЕСТВО В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ В ЭПОХУ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ И РАННЕГО НОВОГО ВРЕМЕНИ»
посвящена подделкам монет в ущерб денежному обращению. В работе изучены основные типы подделок монет, встречающихся в находках Центральной и Восточной Европы, анализируются причины появления фальсификатов, определена роль фальшивок в истории денежного обращения, локализированы потенциальные центры незаконного производства монет на территории современной Украины.
Киев, 2017. Тираж 400 шт.





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La recommandation est ancienne et, pourtant, ses effets se font toujours attendre. Au début des années 1980, le Conseil supérieur de la recherche archéologique (Csra), pensant solder un procès trop longtemps instruit, affichait déjà la ferme volonté d’extraire le site de Glozel – du nom d’un hameau de la commune de Ferrières-sur-Sichon,
dans l’Allier – du champ étriqué du débat archéologique. Il souhaitait alors que s’opère un basculement, à ses yeux salutaire, de la controverse scientifique vers la discussion historiographique, de manière à créer les conditions d’un débat renouvelé sur l’intégrité du gisement et la place tenue par « l’affaire » dans la fabrique de l’archéologie en France.

V roku 1871 uskutočnil Béla Majláth v jaskyni pod Mníchom, ležiacej za humnami obce Lisková, prvý speleoarcheologický výskum v uhorskej časti monarchie. Jeho výsledkom bol objav podozrivo vyzerajúcej ľudskej lebky mohutnejšieho vzhľadu, kamenné nástroje, ľudské a zvieracie kosti a údajné zuby z mamuta. Nález okamžite vyvolal obrovský záujem, pretože dovtedy sa také staré pozostatky človeka nenašli v žiadnej jaskyni v Uhorsku. Preto bol v roku 1874 poverený realizáciou revízneho výzkumu mladý geológ Lajos Lóczy, neskôr jeden z najvýznamnejších maďarských geografov a cestovateľov. Jeho závery priniesli dôležité poznatky o existencii osídlenia z viacerých pravekých aj historických fáz. Ľudské pozostatky z viac ako 48 jedincov vniesli do problematiky viac svetla. Od tejto chvíle jaskyňu prekopávali ďalší a ďalší, v snahe objaviť skryté poklady.
Publikácia podáva podrobný prehľad o dejinách výskumu tejto pozoruhodnej krasovej lokality, analýzu nálezov, písomných správ a svedectiev, aby na na konci pomohla odhaliť tajuplné rituály, ktoré sa tu počas takmer 6 000 rokov odohrávali. Početné zvyšky ludí, medené, bronzové a jantárové šperky, keramické zlomky a kamenné nástroje dotvárajú kulisu rituálov, ktoré zahŕňali aj tzv. exkarnáciu, čiže zámerné oddeľovanie svaloviny od kostí ako aj rôzne prejavy pohrebných obradov. Najintenzívnejšia etapa využívania jaskyne je spojená s ľudom lengyelskej kultúry a lievikovitých pohárov v neskorej dobe kamennej-medenej. Najmä posledne menovaná kultúra je spojená s budovaním megalitických pamiatok po celej západnej a severnej Európe. To, ako sa ide megalitizmu odrazili pri využívaní jaskýň, kto boli ľudia, ktorí v neďalekých Starohorských vrchoch ťažili meď a prečo svojich mŕtvych mohli pochovávať do skalnej hrobky sa môže čitateľ dozvedieť na konci celého príbehu. Publikácia, na ktorej pracoval tím popredných odborníkov, je písaná pútavým investigatívnym štýlom, pridržiava sa však dôsledne vedeckých faktov a dostupných prameňov. Okrem materiálovej časti sa dotýka aj rôznych legiend spojenej s touto jaskyňou aj vrchom Mních, na ktorom v praveku vznikla sústava hradísk a údajne tu mal stať aj termplársky kláštor. Kniha sa však dotýka ja mmnohých ďalších otázok liptovskej prehistórie, čím sa stáva dôležitým prameňom nielen k dejinám tohto regionu. Najstaršia kovová plastika vola so zvyškom jarma je dôležitým prameňom do problematiky vynálezu záprahu v dobe medenej, čím sa Liskovská jaskyňa zaraďuje k najdôležitejším európskym jaskynným náleziskám.

The article analyzes five letters from the correspondence of prominent scientists specialized in Scythian history studies in the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The letters contain interesting and valuable information about the processes and activities of in the Institute of Archaeology in the end of 60th – the beginning of 70th years of 20th century, the organization of expeditions and field studies, professional and personal relationships
between the scientists.

The systematic study of archaeological sites in the Donbass region began in the 1880s. The history of regional archaeology can be conditionally divided into the following stages: the Romantic, the pre-Gorodtsov, the Gorodtsov, the Early Soviet, the Middle Soviet, the Late Soviet, and the Contemporary ones. The key events for the identification of starting points of the periods are the beginning of kurgan excavations in 1888; XII and XIII Archaeological Congresses, in 1903 and 1905 respectively; the establishment of local museums in a series of towns and cities in the first half of the 1920s; years of the Great Patriotic War; the foundation of the Department of Archaeology in the State Donetsk University (1973); dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Donetsk Archaeological Center was formed and firmly established in the time period between 1973 and 1991. The Center is known for its active scholarly publishing and studies in specialized areas of archaeology.