Petr Menšík

During a surface artefact survey at the Březnice u Bechyně cadastre,
near Tábor, at the beginning of 2005, Jiří Beneš, Jiří Boček
and Jaromír Ernekr from Bechyně discovered a hitherto unknown
archaeological site. At that moment, no one had any idea how
significant these finds had just been. However, during the subsequent
field surveys and the test pitting in the summer of the
same year, it became clear that it was not a typical agricultural
settlement with a few standard settlement features typical for
southern Bohemia. The sunken feature captured by the first excavation
clearly belonged to the category of the specific ‘trenches’ 1,
already known from other southern and western Bohemian and
southern German sites of the Late and Final Bronze Ages. However,
as it subsequently turned out, nowhere else were these trenches
captured in such an abundant number as at the Březnice site.
During further fieldwork, which took place there between
2005 and 2009 and in 2019, the Late Bronze Age settlement in
Březnice provided not only the most extensive set of finds from
the later phase of the Late Bronze Age in southern Bohemia but
also brought various other types of data sets associated with important
research questions. The need to process the obtained data
and an effort to address at least some of the related issues led
us to set up a grant project, which was implemented from 2018
to 2021 and which resulted, inter alia, in publishing this book.

Burgwälle der Bronzezeit; Burgwälle der älteren und mittleren Bronzezeit; Burgwälle der älteren und mittleren Bronzezeit (chronologische Entwicklung; Burgwälle der jüngeren und späten Bronzezeit; Burgwälle der jüng- und spätbronzezeit (chronologische Entwicklung).

Strakonicko představuje jeden z nejvýznamnějších regionů pro poznání pravěku a raného středověku v jižních Čechách. Objevuje se zde podstatná část osídlených období z naší minulosti od lovců a sběračů ve starší době kamenné až po závěr raného středověku.
V této publikaci je prezentován jeden specifický druh nemovitých památek ze Strakonicka, kterými jsou hradiště. Představují opevněná sídla na vyvýšených polohách s rozdílnou velikostí a funkcí. Stopy lidské činnosti se na vyvýšených místech objevují již od mladších úseků
starší doby kamenné, avšak skutečné pozůstatky obecně po opevnění lze nalézt až v pozdní době kamenné (eneolit), s výrazným nástupem lokalit označovaných jako hradiště se však setkáváme až v pozdějších obdobích. Jedná se zejména o dobu bronzovou, dobu železnou
a některé části raného středověku. Naopak lidé v některých dobách výšiny neopevňovali, jmenovat můžeme například závěr pozdní doby kamenné (eneolit), případně dobu římskou a dobu stěhování národů. Zde bude prezentováno celkem sedm lokalit nacházejících se na
Strakonicku, přičemž pozornost bude věnována zejména movitému charakteru těchto lokalit, jejich historii poznání, výsledkům povrchového průzkumu a výsledkům metod moderní dokumentace. Nemovité nálezy z těchto lokalit jsou již mimo rozsah této práce a byly nebo budou zveřejněny na jiném místě. Oněch sedm hradišť ze Strakonicka, dodnes patrných v krajině, jsou Láz, Libětice, Němětice, Katovice, Řepice, Skočice a Třebohostice.

The book provides overall information about Prehistory up to Early Middle Age period of the Milevsko region in a scientific-popular form. It investigates immovable monuments preserved until present (barrow burial grounds and hillforts). Other movable finds recovered in the region are mentioned as well. The book contents ample pictorial supplement.

Pozdní doba bronzová představuje v jižních Čechách epochu, která ve srovnání s předchozími fázemi doby bronzové poskytuje daleko méně pramenů (srov. Chvojka 2015). Dosud zde zcela chybějí s jistotou prokázané hrobové nálezy, v jednotkách lokalit lze počítat depoty kovových artefaktů, výšinná opevněná i neopevněná sídliště a ojedinělé nálezy. Relativně největší počet komponent pozdní doby bronzové tak v jižních Čechách spadá na rovinná sídliště, ovšem i v jejich případě je stav poznání dosud velmi omezený. Za lépe poznaná, tj. moderně prozkoumaná, vyhodnocená a publikovaná, lze označit jen pět sídlišť: Strakonice (Michálek 2002), Milenovice (Fröhlich-Chvojka 2001), Čížová (první sezóna výzkumu: Fröhlich-Chvojka-Jiřík 2004; další sezóny výzkumu aktuálně zpracovává a k publikaci připravuje K. Pokorná), Písek (Pokorná et al. 2016) a Topělec (Pokorná et al. 2017). Dalším rovinným sídlištěm pozdní doby bronzové, které bylo již před téměř 15 lety odborně zkoumáno, dosud však nebylo podrobněji zpracováno, je lokalita v Senožatech na Bechyňsku. Předložený článek se tak snaží uvedený dluh napravit a přinést komplexní vyhodnocení této zajímavé lokality.

Okolí obce Zbůchu je dobře známé v souvislosti s poměrně rozsáhlou těžbou černého uhlí v obdobích relativně nedávných, resp. v 19. a v podstatné části 20. století, která v této souvislosti zachovala celou řadu movitých i nemovitých památek. Nicméně vzhledem k umístění této obce, je osídlení tohoto místa a jeho nejbližšího okolí daleko starší. Lze předpokládat, že díky nejen blízkému chotěšovskému klášteru a známým písemným pramenům, se brzy najdou taktéž archeologické doklady osídlení středověkého stáří v jádru této obce, případně v jejím blízkém okolí. Podkladem této studie jsou však ty nejstarší nálezy přítomnosti našich předků na tomto území, které lze na základě archeologických pramenů datovat několik tisíc let do naší minulosti.

KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA archeologické kosti-kolageny-druhové rozlišení-ZooMS-MALDI-TOF MSanalýza hlavních komponent (PCA) KEY WORDS archaeological bones-collagens-species identification-ZooMS-MALDI-TOF MSprincipal component analysis (PCA) PROTEOMIC DIFFERENTIATION OF BONES OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES Vertebrate bones or their fragments are, together with fragments of ceramic vessels, among the most common finds at archaeological sites in the Czech Republic. There has been an increased interest in determining the animal origin of bones both in the field of archaeology and palaeontology, as well as in the field of food safety or criminal investigations. Methods based on proteomic analysis are also used today to identify animal species of the given material. In the case of archaeological bone samples, this is ZooMS (Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry), where the basis is the analysis of collagens, which represent the most abundant bone proteins. Recent bones from nine animal species and three bones dated to the Early Middle Ages were analysed. The samples were enzymatically cleaved, and the resulting peptides were analysed using the MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight) mass spectrometry technique. The evaluation of the mass spectra was carried out using the mathematical method of PCA (Principal Component Analysis).

Several new pre-Neolithic sites from the wider surroundings of Veselí nad Lužnicí. Surface surveys by Vladimír Prokop. Thanks to V. Prokop's intensive surface prospecting, it was possible to identify a number of pre-Neolithic sites in the northwestern part of the Jindřichův Hradec region and in the southeastern part of the Tábor region. The total number of known sites thus rose to 41. This shows that this area was intensively sought after and settled during the monitored periods. In addition to other evidence of Mesolithic settlement, it was also possible to prove the presence of settlement in the Magdalenian period and at the end of the Middle Palaeolithic.

Südböhmen ist eine Region an der Grenze zwischen einigen wichtigen mitteleuropäischen Kulturkreisen: dem oberen Donaugebiet im Süden
und Südwesten, dem mittleren Donaugebiet im
Südosten und den zentralen Gebieten Böhmens
im Norden (Abb. 1). Während des Endneolithikums war Südböhmen nur sporadisch besiedelt,
wobei dort aus der zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. bisher keine Belege menschlicher Aktivitäten bekannt sind1. Erst in der entwickelten Phase der frühen Bronzezeit (Bz A2)
entstand in Südböhmen eine stabile Besiedlung
mit fester Siedlungsstruktur, die sich jedoch in
den folgenden bronzezeitlichen Phasen in unterschiedlicher Form zeigte2. Während der frühen
Bronzezeit war die südböhmische Region stark
an die donauländischen Kulturgruppen (vor
allem Straubing und Unterwölbling) gebunden,
obwohl auch Einflüsse der mittelböhmischen
Únětice-Kultur identifizierbar sind3. Am deutlichsten sind die Einflüsse aus dem Donaugebiet in Südböhmen am Ende der frühen und
am Anfang der mittleren Bronzezeit (Bz A2/B1)
zu sehen, was auch mehrere Siedlungsfunde
belegen4. In der folgenden mittleren Bronzezeit (Bz B2 und Bz C) bildete die Region eine
gemeinsame Kultureinheit mit den Hügelgräbergruppen in Westböhmen, Oberpfalz, Niederbayern und Oberösterreich5. Die Besiedlung
Südböhmens entwickelte sich danach kontinuierlich bis in die Urnenfelderzeit, wobei die
Region ihre kulturelle Ausrichtung vor allem
auf das mittelböhmische Gebiet mit der Knovíz (Bz D–Ha A) und der folgenden Štítary-Kultur
(Ha B) verschob6. Die kulturelle Beeinflussung
Südböhmens durch die Donau- und Alpenregionen dauerte jedoch auch während der Urnenfelderzeit ununterbrochen fort.
Seit der entwickelten Stufe der frühen Bronzezeit (Bz A2) sind in Südböhmen zahlreiche
Siedlungsfunde belegt. Südböhmische bronzezeitliche Siedlungen können nur in zwei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: Höhen- und Flachlandsiedlungen. Im Unterschied zu einigen anderen
Regionen sind in diesem Gebiet keine weiteren
Siedlungstypen, wie z.B. Pfahlbau-, Tell- oder
Höhlensiedlungen, nachgewiesen. Die zwei erwähnten Siedlungstypen können jedoch weiter
untergliedert werden, wobei die einzelnen Fundstellentypen verschiedene Funktionen sowie
Positionen in der damaligen Siedlungshierarchie repräsentieren können.

The paper discusses the phenomenon of the persistence of the military, political, and social function of the present-day Bohemian-Bavarian borderland, shaped by the mountain ranges of the Bohemian Forest and the Šumava. The authors have traced the development of settlement patterns in prehistory, the Middle Ages, and the modern period, extending their studies to cover also to recent times. The discussed area constituted a barrier that limited cultural influences from both sides, which is reflected in the discovered relics of material culture. The paper also discusses, using numerous examples, the symbolic role of strongholds and castles located on mountain peaks, which came down to demonstrating the presence of power over the surrounding territory. The Bohemian-Bavarian frontier can also be seen as a peculiar landscape of conflict, which through its morphological characteristics imposed a timeless borderland form of political, military and social organisation.

The reconstruction of the settlement ́s hinterland and acquisition of plant resources is one of the
crucial questions in the field of environmental archaeology. Our study is focused on the reconstruction
of the settlement’s structure and character of the environment from which the site drew resources.
These research questions were addressed by the interpretation of plant macroremains, charcoals,
and the results of the spatial model. We have focused on the maximum size of the settlement that
the surrounding countryside was able to withstand. Our results clearly demonstrated significant
deforestation and intensive land use in the vicinity of the Late Bronze Age study site. As the weed
taxa showed, a wide range of crops was grown in rather dry or less often in damp fields. Based on our
archaeobotanical results, we were able to reconstruct several types of grasslands: dry pastures and
fallow fields on plateaus and slopes, wet pastures or meadows in the floodplain. Acidophilous oak
forests, alluvial forests, and shrubs were reconstructed as the most common forest habitats in the
vicinity of the study site. Based on the archaeological knowledge of the region, we assume relatively
low population density during the Late Bronze Age, and thus only a small part of the more or less
forested landscape was significantly affected by human activities.

A barrow grave from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age near Přední Ptákovice (Strakonice District). In 2017, a so far unknown barrow containing a cremation burial was discovered on the eastern outskirts of the town of Strakonice. According to several distinctive bronze grave goods, it dates back to the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. It is the most westerly proven barrow grave from this period in South Bohemia. It was situated in a landscape which has so far been considered as a region with exclusively flat graves. The metal finds from the grave were analyzed using XRF analysis, the cremated bones were anthropologically investigated.

The subject of the paper is to inform about the new discovery of a book clip found using a metal detector on the outskirts of the town of Soběslav in the Tábor region.
In addition to archaeological and historical evaluation, an element analysis of the object using electron microscopy was also carried out, which brought
valuable knowledge of the composition of this kind of artifact.

Cílem tohoto článku je
přispět k poznání doby bronzové
v okolí Kralovic v severovýchodní části
Plzeňska. Toto období je prozatím
v tomto regionu známo spíše v náznacích.
V příspěvku se jedná o zpracování
tří bronzových artefaktů objevených
náhodně pomocí detektorů kovů mimo
známé archeologické lokality. Jde
o dýku s plochou čepelí ze střední doby
bronzové, fragment kulovité jehlice se
zúženým krčkem z mladší doby bronzové
a sekerku s týlními laloky a příčným
ostřím z pozdní doby bronzové. Dýka
a jehlice byly podrobeny traseologické
analýze.

Isolated fi nds of Bronze Age metal objects documented in South Bohemia in 2017-2020. In the article, new isolated Bronze Age metal fi nds are published which have been documented in the territory of South Bohemia over the last about fi ve years and which have not been published anywhere else. These are 137 bronze or copper artefacts from 128 sites which are dateable to all chronological phases of the Bronze Age. Some of them are quite unique in South Bohemia, with analogies in other Central European regions. Several artefacts were subjected to spectral analysis in order to determine their chemical composition. A spearhead from Horažďovice was also subjected to traceological analysis. In addition to an enrichment of the typological spectrum of artefacts, these discoveries in some cases also proved human activities in regions regarded as uninhabited or only sporadically utilized. Thus the presented article clearly shows the importance and signifi cance of documentation and rescue of these unique fi nds. Their interpretive value is lower than that of those made in settlement, funerary or hoard contexts, but they are defi nitely not without importance for our knowledge of prehistoric settlement and human activities in the region. Klíčová slova: jižní Čechy-doba bronzová-ojedinělý nález-bronzové a měděné artefakty-analýzy XRF-traseologie

Rozhovor byl proveden s doc. Františkem Gabrielem a doc. Vladimírem Salačem, dále žáky prof.
Neustupného, konkrétně dr. Ladislavem Čapkem, dr. Lubošem Chroustovským, dr. Davidem
Novákem, Mgr. Janem Pařezem a Mgr. Filipem Prekopem. Všem zmiňovaným byly položeny
stejné otázky.

Pípy z různých materiálů  tvořily  běžnou součást české i evropské středověké hmotné
kultury. I přes tuto skutečnost máme z našeho území dochován pouze nevelký počet především
kovových exemplářů, které však ve své době patřily spíše k těm honosným. V tomto článku
budeme věnovat pozornost  dvěma velmi podobným pípám ze slitiny  mědi z Křivoklátu a
Hýskova ve středních Čechách.

Early medieval barrow burials (from the turn of 7th and 8th to the 10th centuries) represent the final stage of Bohemian history when this kind of burial rite is used. Within Bohemia, the phenomenon is widespread in southern Bohemia, lesser concentrations are to be found in north-eastern and western Bohemia. Current archaeological research dates the oldest barrows in western Bohemia back to the 8th century. Burial sites are formed by up to several dozen barrows, sometimes oriented in an east-west direction, however, smaller groups are much more frequent. Barrows are usually rather small (5–6 meters in diameter; 1 meter tall), with exceptional barrows reaching a width of up to 14 metres and a height of 2 metres. Predominantly, they have a circular ground plan, as oval or square shapes are much less frequent. The most characteristic feature of the described period is a shallow ditch around the barrow circumference. In the earlier part of the period, cremation was used (e.g. Bezemín, Lhota u Černošína) with the cremation residue spilled either on top of a barrow right under the embankment, or scattered within the uppermost layer. Grave goods comprise predominantly vessels, iron knives are much less common. From the 9th century, inhumation of one or more individuals began to be practised within a single barrow. The latest evidence of a burial mound can be found Hlohovičky u Rokycan.

This paper offers an overview of Early Bronze Age burial mounds in southern Bohemia. The existing records were subjected to critical review, after which only nine sites have been retained as definite burial grounds belonging to this period. However, 42 others must be considered uncertain or questionable. Despite the very limited state of knowledge and almost entire absence of modern surveys, it is safe to assume that these burial mounds can be considered the only form graves in Early Bronze Age southern Bohemia. All the definite cases are inhumation graves with quite rich grave goods. Most of them fall within the later phase of the Early Bronze Age period (Br A2). Among well-surveyed sites are two burial grounds near Těšínov and burial mounds at Vodňany, Hosty, Hluboká nad Vltavou and Křtěnov. The only available 14C date was obtained for a single barrow at Dobešice.

Ewiges Grenzgebiet? Die Siedlungsdynamik im Stromgebiet von Židova strouha
in Südböhmen während der sog. landwirtschaftlichen Vorgeschichte
Im Artikel sind alle Informationen über archäologische Funde von der Epoche seit dem Neolithikum bis zur
Römerzeit zusammengestellt, die aus der Mikroregion des Baches Židova strouha (Abb. 1) stammen. Es handelt
sich um das Gebiet, das bisher als eine Peripherie der dicht besiedelten Mikroregionen von Bechyně und Týn
nad Vltavou oft angenommen wurde. Nach der Zusammenstellung der 50 Fundstellen sieht jedoch das aktuelle
Bild anders aus (vgl. Tabelle 1 und Graph 1).
Die landwirtschaftliche Besiedlung beginnt dort im älteren Neolithikum, wann zwei Siedlungen bei Žimutice
und einige Einzelfunde im Südteil der Mikroregion bekannt sind (Abb. 7). In das Endneolithikum kann in die -
sem Gebiet bisher keinen Fund datiert werden. Die Belege der neuen Besiedlung stammen in dieser Mikroregion
erst aus der Frühbronzezeit, wann die Fundstellen im nördlichen Teil des Gebiets, in der näheren Umgebung
der zentralen befestigten Höhenfundstelle bei Nuzice, konzentriert sind (Abb. 8). Neben einigen potentiellen
Siedlungen können die ersten Hügelgräberfelder (Abb. 5–6) und ein Ringbarrenhortfund (Abb. 17:3–4) erwähnt
werden.
Eine stabile Besiedlung kann im analysierten Gebiet auch in der folgenden mittleren Bronzezeit finden
(Abb. 9). Es sind dort zwei Hügelgräberfelder, einige Flachlandsiedlungen und auch ein Einzelfund des Bronzeschwertes
von Smilovice bekannt (Abb. 17:5), der vielleicht eine lokale Elite am Ende der Mittelbronzezeit
andeutet.
Zu den Gipfeln der vorgeschichtlichen Besiedlung kann in der Mikroregion die Epoche der älteren und
mittleren Urnenfelderzeit (Bz D – Ha A) gezahlt werden, wann dort 12 Fundstellen bekannt sind (Abb. 10). Als
Zentralort kann eine ausgedehnte Siedlung der Stufe Ha A2 mit spezifischen sog. Rinnenobjekten bei Březnice
(Chvojka – Šálková 2011; Chvojka et al. 2019) anzunehmen, die inmitten einer ganz dichten Besiedlung situiert
ist (Abb. 2). Die meisten von diesen Fundstellen stammen jedoch schon aus der älteren Stufe der Urnenfelderzeit
(Bz D), wie drei Flachbrandgräberfelder (vgl. Chvojka et al. 2020) oder eine vor kurzem untersuchte Flachlandsiedlung
bei Nuzice (Abb. 4; 15:16; 16). In der Mikroregion von Židova strouha sind bisher keine urnenfelderzeitlichen
Höhensiedlungen oder Burgwälle sowie keine Hortfunde bekannt. Im Gegensatz zu den älteren urnenfelderzeitlichen
Stufen ist aus der späten Stufe dieser Epoche (Ha B) nur eine einzige Fundstelle bekannt,
die nur oberflächlich bei Březnice vor kurzem identifiziert wurde (Abb. 15:1–4).
Die meisten datierbaren Fundstellen sind in der analysierten Mikroregion in die Hallstattzeit eingeordnet.
Ähnlich wie in den vorherigen Perioden ist auch in dieser Epoche die Hauptkonzentration der Besiedlung bei
Březnice, d.h. im nördlichen Teil des Gebiets, zu sehen (Abb. 11). Von den 15 Fundstellen überwiegen die Flachlandsiedlungen
und nicht interpretierbare oberflächlich identifizierte Fundorte. In der Mikroregion wurden
auch zwei Flachbrandgräberfelder untersucht, wobei die fast komplette Absenz der hallstattzeitlichen Hügelgräberfelder
interessant ist.
Ein markanter Abstieg der Besiedlungsdichte in der Mikroregion ist in der Latènezeit zu sehen, wann dort
nur 7 Fundstellen mit meistens nur vereinzelten Funden bekannt sind (Abb. 12). Nur eine einzige Fundstelle
kann als Flachlandsiedlung interpretiert werden, andere sind oberflächliche Funde nicht zahlreicher Artefakte.
Vielleicht am Ende dieser Epoche verschwand die Besiedlung in Mikroregion gänzlich und in der folgenden
Römer- und Völkerwanderungszeit sind von dort bisher keine Funde bekannt. Eine neue stabile Besiedlung
begann dort erst während des Frühmittelalters (siehe Beneš 2017).
Obwohl sich in den meisten Epochen die Mikroregion von Židova strouha tatsächlich an der Grenze der
zentralen Mikroregionen befand, war sie zumindest für einige Epochen nicht die Peripherie – Beispiele für die
Bedeutung lokaler Besiedlung sind reiche neolithische Siedlungen in der Nähe von Žimutice, ein gut erhaltener
frühbronzezeitlicher Burgwall bei Nuzice, ein Bronzeschwert von Smilovice als Beweis für eine lokale mittelbronzezeitliche
Elite, eine zentrale Siedlung aus der Urnenfelderzeit bei Březnice oder intensive Besiedlung in
der Hallstattzeit.

Early and Middle Bronze Age burial mounds in southern Bohemia. Continuity or discontinuity of using burial
sites? Burial mounds are considered as a typical monument of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in southern Bohemia,
representing the only form of graves within BA–BC2 in the area. Although the existing literature has stated hundreds of
burial mounds at dozens of cemeteries, after a critical review, only 19 burial mounds from 10 sites can be assigned to the
Early Bronze Age, and further 73 burial mounds from 29 sites represent the Middle Bronze Age. Most of the mounds are
polycultural, however, burying attributable to both the monitored periods can be unequivocally proven only within four
mounds. Even so, an occasional continuity can be taken into account when thinking about using these funeral places.

In this work we proposed a novel methodological approach to detect and differentiate between
cooked and uncooked animal meat protein in archaeological samples. We tested two groups of
materials: ceramic dated to the early medieval period (9th–10th centuries CE) and soil samples collected
from the same stratigraphic layer that yielded these pottery fragments. Using an ELISA
immunological test designed to identify cooked pork, we found that pig proteins were present in
the studied pottery specimens, but the surrounding soil contained only uncooked pig proteins.
We interpret this observation in the sense that the ceramic vessels might be used for cooking
pork meat in the historic times. Pig proteins identified in soil matrix are of different origin, however,
and represent probably contamination from wild pigs’ manure, dropped in the area of the
sampled archaeological site until the present day.
This study suggests a new way of dealing with the complexities associated with research of biomolecules
extracted from archaeological samples—particularly those related to the fact that typical
study sites may contain a mixture of ancient raw and artificially processed proteins as well as
original protein content plus secondarily introduced/contaminating proteins (and other types of
biomolecules) of the same species.

Selected artefacts from Vimperk Castle. Material from the excavation by Tomáš Durdík in 2010. The
goal of this contribution is to publish important finds from the excavation in Vimperk Castle and Chateaux,
which took place in 2010. In addition to a piece of Late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic (?) chipped stone industry,
the analyzed assemblage of stratified artefacts consists of two armor plates from a brigandine, a fragmented bone lining of a crossbow’s body, four crossbow/bow arrowheads and a fragment of a currycomb.

Although the mountain and submontane areas of Šumava did not belong to a continuously populated area for most of
the prehistoric periods, numerous findings refer to at least occasional human activity in this landscape. To the most
important sites in this region belong prehistoric fortified settlements or hilltop sites in a total number of 24. Those
sites are situated in the (South-)Bohemian part of the Šumava Mountains. Three of those sites could not be dated more
precisely yet, 15 provided findings from a single chronological section and the remaining 6 are polycultural. The most
frequent is the Hallstatt to Early La Tène period, followed by the transition of the Early and Middle Bronze Age and the
Late La Tène Period. Most of the hilltop sites in the Šumava Mountains were located on the tops of hills or mountains.
Eleven sites were fortified, but the age of most fortifications is uncertain. 15 hilltop locations can be described as (at
least in some epochs) steadily populated places, others have provided only unstratified artefacts, thus their interpretation
is not certain. Most of the hilltop sites were tied to contemporary settlements, only 2 were located entirely outside of
the past settlement oikumena. A large part of the analyzed sites was tied to anticipated long-distance roads, some were
located close to raw material sources (mainly gold and graphite). The role of many prehistorical hilltop sites in Šumava
can only be speculated, but in general they could be pronounced as sites of variable functions - from steadily populated
power centres, through occasional supporting settlement structures to sites with potential unprofane roles.

Březnice near Bechyně (distr. Tábor, South Bohemia)
The Late Bronze Age settlement with trench-like features
Archaeological fieldwork in the prehistoric settlements in southern and western Bohemia and southern Germany have
repeatedly provided examples of an unusual type of settlement features (Fig. 1). These are long narrow pits or trenches,
mostly characteristic not only by their shape but also orientation according to cardinal points, their arrangement on the
site and contents of finds (e.g. Chvojka 2007; Chvojka/Šálková 2012; Metlička 2004; Schmotz 1988; Šálková 2010). The largest
number of these features in Bohemia was found in Březnice in south Bohemia; the aim of this paper is to provide information
about these findings and indicate the ways we intend to proceed in their interpretation.
The archaeological excavation in Březnice near Bechyně (Fig. 2) took place in 2005–2009. The reason was heavily
destructive ploughing, during which quantity of daub, ceramics and other artefacts, mostly noticeably burnt, appeared
on the surface of the field. Several trenchings (over the total area of 577 m2), with the primary aim to save the situations
from complete destruction had been performed (Chvojka/Šálková 2011). 10 oblong trenchlike features (Fig. 3), 1 storage pit,
1 (probably) oven, 3 separate sunken storage jars and 1 pottery hoard, 15 atypical sunken features and 22 scattered postholes
were recorded in the area. With one exception, these features do not interfere (there are no superpositions), which
may indicate that they came to being over a relatively short time span. The finds can be unambiguously dated to the Late
Bronze Age (in the Czech terminology, LBA), specifically to the Reinecke Ha A2 stage. This is in accordance with the radiocarbon
data acquired from the charred plant macroremains from features 1/07, 5/07, 6/07, and 3/09 (Tab. 1).
Trenches from Březnice have a typical recurring shape (Fig. 4). They are features with oblong groundplans, with
straight sides, usually 4–7 m long and 80–100 cm wide. In the longitudinal direction, the bottom is more or less straight,
whereas in the cross-section they have a bowllike shape; the depth of the features is usually up to 50 cm in subsoil layers.
Their identical orientation in the north-south direction is also apparent. No posthole structures have been found on the
site so far, therefore, we have no direct evidence for the assessment of the possible functional and spatial relationship of
the trenches to the above ground buildings.
One of the most apparent properties of the features is their rich find content consisting of pottery, daub, clay weights
and other artefacts (Fig. 5: A). The majority of artefacts displays signs of strong burning, which must have occurred elsewhere
than in the trenches themselves. The walls of the features did not show signs of burning. Burning of the contents
does not apply to all of the found items: in some cases, intentionally arranged fine vessels (bowls, buttons, Fig. 6) have
been found that were not burnt. Two of the trenches also contained accumulations of clay weights (Fig. 7), but without any
intentional arrangement.
Trenchlike features in Březnice have been analysed for macrobotanical material (Šálková 2010). From eight trenches,
1574.5 litres of filling have been analysed in 116 samples. The amount of macroremains varies within particular features;
nevertheless, the quantity is representative enough for interpretation. Variability both in the density of macrobotanical remains
and their composition has been attested. Generally, there are remains of barley, millet and other crops predominant
in the trenches. From the archaeobotanical point of view, the fillings have a refuse character and rubbish was intentionally
placed there, which, for some reason, had come into contact with fire.
Several hypotheses on the function of Late Bronze Age trenches have been suggested so far. German and Austrian literature
most often puts the trenches in context with textile production and considers them to be bedding trenches placed
under horizontal looms. Another interpretation of trenchlike features may be related to pottery production. Thousands
of vessel fragments may really indicate pottery production, but the trenches do not seem to be the place where this may
have happened since no exposition of the features to fire could be observed. Some other authors see the trenchlike features
and their fillings as evidence of cult activities. Finally, some archaeologists could see the trenches as refuse features (pits
used for the deposition of waste). Although the term “waste pit” as such is unsupportable (no pits in prehistory had the
function of depositing waste, even though they were often used for this purpose), the connection between the contents of
the pits and a specific type of settlement refuse is not entirely pointless. Majority of trenches in Březnice have uniform
fillings that were created during just one deposition event or over a very short period of time. This inference is supported
by joinable pottery fragments from different parts of features and/or levels of filling. The analysis of plant macroremains,
too, despite showing some minor variation identical for all layers, achieves the same result. However, a question appears
why the refuse was preferably put into the north-south oriented trenches rather than other settlement pits. The possible
answer may be that the trenches were (functional) parts of some buildings burnt down. Deposition or clearing the ruins
of the house after a fire could be accompanied by a number of ritual acts, which could include also depositing of complete
pottery vessels.
This model is, however, only a working one so far. Each of its individual parts will lead to articulating specific hypotheses,
which will be subsequently tested against the material, for instance, using deposition analysis of ceramics and
weights, examining the composition of plant macroremains, etc. Answering these questions will be subject to the grant
project in 2018–2020 (Czech Science Foundation, No. 18-10747S). In addition to the above-mentioned methods (deposition
analysis, archaeobotany), the methods of areal magnetometer survey with additional detailed magnetic susceptibility
measurements, typological-chronological analysis of artefacts and test piting will be also used.

Translated by Martin Brňovják

Hilltop Settlement and Hillfort Katovice »Kněží hora« (okr. Strakonice / CZ) – a Prehistoric and
Early Medieval Site in Southern Bohemia
Subject of the study is Katovice Hillfort, located near Strakonice in Southern Bohemia. Although the site was of
archaeological interest already in the 19th century, the first detailed survey was conducted in 2016-2017. Processing
both older and new finds together with non-destructive surveys and supported by technical and scientific analyses
have brought forward new facts about the site, which was settled from the Palaeolithic onwards, and several times
after that in Late Prehistory. However, it can be presumed that the site held its greatest importance in the Early Middle
Ages, when a large hillfort was built here. The examination of pottery and iron artefacts, animal bones and botanical
samples together with dating of the wall of the acropolis to the period between the second half of the 9th century to
the first half of the 10th century using radiocarbon, showed new aspects of the lifecycle and development of his Early
Medieval hillfort of supraregional importance.

Příspěvek představuje informace o ojedinělém nálezu bronzové sekery se středovými laloky, který byl učiněn v roce 2018 pomocí detektoru kovů nedaleko Stříbra. Jedná se o další z dokladů přítomnosti osídlení v mladší době bronzové na katastru této obce.

Raně středověké jehlice vyrobené z různých materiálů patří v širším evropském kontextu k méně běžným nálezům. Nově nalezené exempláře zejména z Kněží hory u Katovic a Tismic dokládají míru rozšíře-ní tohoto artefaktu, možnou jinakost v odívání v prostředí raně středověkých výšinných poloh a přispívají k diskusi týkající se datace a interpretace solitérních artefaktů nalezených mimo uzavřené celky. Klíčová slova: raný středověk-jehlice-hradiště-Kněží hora u Katovic-Tismice-jižní Čechy-střední Čechy. An iron pin from the Kněží hora hillfort, near Katovice (Strakonice district) and the finds of pins which are difficult to date from elevated sites in a broader context Abstract: Early medieval pins made of different materials belong with less common finds in a broader European context. Newly discovered specimens, especially from Kněží hora, near Katovice and Tismice, bear witness of the spreading of these artefacts and possible differences in clothing at early medieval elevated sites, and contribute to the discussion regarding the dating and interpretation of solitary artefacts excavated outside settlements.

The paper briefly informs on the state of knowledge of archaeological finds from “Kněží Hora” hill-top near Katovice,
Strakonice District in South Bohemia. The attention is paid to settlement‘s details from prehistory via the Early Medieval
hillfort to the use of its part for Graphite extraction in the 20th century. Certain movable aspects are described in
detail, pointing out the contacts with communities occupying areas outside the southern Bohemian territory.
The settlement of “Kněží Hora” was first used during the Magdalenian and Mesolithic, when the significant rise over
the surrounding landscape was first used by hunters using chipped industry made of both local and more distant materials.
A few pottery fragments also evidence Eneolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement. Whether the settlement was
fortified in any of these periods is, based on current knowledge, impossible to say; however, the site was fortified in the
Early Middle Ages in the 9th century, or at the beginning of the 10th century. The fortification consisted of an acropolis
and at least two bailies, and represented an important supraregional centre; the largest Early Medieval hillfort in Southern
Bohemia. During older and current minor archaeological surveys, among other finds such as common pottery
fragments, iron artefacts and animal bones, a fragment of stamp-decorated pottery has been found. The decoration of
the fragment is comparable to decoration patterns in Northern Germany and Scandinavia. Besides some minor evidence
of human activity in the Late Medieval and Modern period, the mountain was a regional centre in the first third
of the 20th century when graphite ore was mined here.

The Southern Bohemian Region belongs to regions where many hilltop settlements had been built since the Early Stone Age. However, the first fortified systems were built in the Late Bronze Age, as hilltops, mountain peaks, and promontories were fortified using complex systems of ramparts and ditches. This phenomenon thereafter continued into younger prehistoric periods, especially the Early Iron Age, resulting in the foundation of hilltops in the Early Middle Ages, starting with the 9 th century and frequently continuing in the form of castles and manor houses built in the Middle Ages and the Modern Period. This paper is not only an attempt to summarize and survey the use of hilltop sites and the continuity of settlements but also an effort to state their classification, characteristics, and function considering their practical, social and symbolical roles, which can be detected in both prehistoric (sophisticated fortifications with no practical use, relocation) and medieval (show of power, the question of defence) heritage. Keywords: hilltop settlement, Southern Bohemia, continuity and discontinuity, change over time. Pietų Bohemijos regiono kalvų gyvenviečių raidos nuo priešistorės iki vėlyvųjų viduramžių apžvalga Pietų Bohemija-vienas iš regionų, kuriame gyvenvietės kalvose buvo įrengiamos nuo ankstyvojo akmens amžiaus. Ta-čiau pirmosios įtvirtinimų sistemos, pasižymėjusios sudėtingomis gynybinių pylimų ir griovių struktūromis, kalvose, kalnų viršūnėse ar iškyšuliuose buvo įrengiamos vėlyvajame žalvario amžiuje. Šio reiškinio tęstinumas identifikuojamas ir vė-lyvesniais priešistorės laikotarpiais, ypač ankstyvajame geležies amžiuje. Ankstyvaisiais viduramžiais, nuo IX a., šio tipo įtvirtinimai dažnai tapo pilimis, o dar vėliau, viduramžiais ir naujaisiais laikais-dvarų sodybomis. Straipsnyje siekiama ne tik apžvelgti kalvose įrengtas gyvenvietes ir jų raidą, bet taip pat pateikti jų klasifikaciją, charakteristiką ir funkciją vertinant praktiniu, socialiniu ir simboliniu aspektais, kurie identifikuojami tiek priešistorės (sudėtingi įtvirtinimai, neturėję praktinės reikšmės, jų perkėlimas), tiek viduramžių (galios demonstravimas, gynybos klausimai) pavelde. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kalvų gyvenvietė, Pietų Bohemija, tęstinumas ir pertraukiamumas, raida. Vilnius University Press

Southern Bohemia belongs to the regions where many hilltop settlements were built from the Early Stone Age. However, the first fortified systems were built in the Late Bronze Age as hill-tops, mountain peaks and promontories were fortified by complex systems of ramparts and ditches. This phenomenon thereafter continued into younger prehistoric periods, especially the Early Iron Age, resulting in hillfort foundation in the Early Medieval Period from the 9th century, with frequent continuity in the form of castles and manor houses, to the Medieval and Modern Period. The paper not only tries to summarize and survey the use of hill-top sites and the continuity of settlement, but it tries to make their classification, characteristics and function considering practical, social and symbolical functions which can be detected in both prehistoric (sophisticated fortifications with no practical use, depositing) and medieval (power demonstration, question of defence) heritage.

Eneolitické osídlení představuje v jižních Čechách jedno z nejméně známých období pravěku. Většinou jsou lokality jako eneolitické určovány víceméně na základě broušených nástrojů a štípané kamenné industrie, datace drobných keramických souborů je problematická. Roztroušené časně a staro eneolitické keramické nálezy prozatím nedovolují bližší kulturní určení. Nejvýraznější osídlení je v zájmové oblasti datováno do středního eneolitu s orientací výskytu na střední tok řeky Vltavy a následně střední Čechy. Ostatní lokality nacházející se mimo tuto oblast, není možné ve většině případů chronologicky jednoznačně určit, mohou spadat do období eneolitu, ale také do starší doby bronzové. Taktéž osídlení mladého eneolitu není v jižních Čechách detekováno s výjimkou několika ojedinělých nálezů broušených kamenných ná-strojů. Otázkou zůstává taktéž vazba na okolní regiony. Kromě předpokládané komunikační trasy podél řeky Vltavy je možné pozorovat, kromě několika izolovaných nálezů, neosídlený pás obklopující jižní Čechy ze severu, východu i jihu. Nevyřešenou otázkou je poté vazba na intenzivněji osídlený západočeský region.

Aeneolithic Settlement Strategies in Southern Bohemia. Current State of Research. Aeneolithic settlement in southern Bohemia represents one of the least known prehistoric periods. To a large extent, certain sites are often referred to as Aeneolithic based on finds of polished and chipped industry alone as the dating process of small pottery assemblages is usually problematic. Scattered Earliest and Early Aeneolithic finds have not allowed any closer cultural assignment so far. The most significant settlement is dated back to the middle Aeneolithic, and is linked to the middle Vltava River watercourse and central Bohemia. Other sites located outside this area are, in most cases, impossible to date properly as they may be considered being of both Aeneolithic and Early Bronze Age origin. Moreover, settlement of the Late Aeneolithic is not known in southern Bohemia expect of several isolated finds of polished industry. Therefore, the question remains whether the settlement was connected to the nearby regions. Except of assumed communication along the Vltava river and apart from few isolated finds, it is possible to observe an unoccupied strip of land encircling southern Bohemia from the north, east and south. There is, however, an unsolved question; the link to more intensively settled area of western Bohemia. 1. Úvod Eneolit patří k nejméně známým obdobím v celém pravěku jižních Čech. Tento region zcela jistě minimálně v některých fázích eneolitu představoval pouze tranzitní území s občasnými návštěvami z okolních osídlených oblastí. Zcela vyjasněna není ani chronologická a typologická příslušnost drobných keramických souborů, stejně jako příslušnost některých částí jižních Čech k chamské či řivnáčské kultuře. Text stručnou formou shrnuje sou-časný stav bádání a prezentuje hlavní jihočeské eneolitické keramické nálezy s následnou úvahou o možných vzta-zích k okolním regionům.

The present study is an archaeological and anthropological analysis of a grave pertaining to the Únětice culture and discovered in Holubice, in the Praha-západ district. In the tomb pit the remains of an adult male laid on his right side with his lower limbs sharply bent, had been buried. The skeleton was found to be only partially preserved. Only the frontal bone (os frontale), the major part of the left parietal bone (parietale sin) and a part of the left temporal bone (temporale sin) were preserved. The preserved part of the skull presents signs of a slash trauma including a skull penetration. Even though the bones went through an advanced healing process, the wound had remained open. The nature of the injury indicates that the wound was surgically treated and loose bone fragments were removed. The injury had not been fatal and the individual lived for some time after. The discovered grave is unique not only for its unusual and highly accurately datable grave goods, but above all for standing as proof of the considerable medical knowledge of the people from the Únětice culture.

Several new pre-Neolithic sites from the Jindřichův Hradec region. Apart from ten sites already known in the Jindřichův Hradec District (outside the area of former lakes), which are predominantly dated to the wide span of time from the Late Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic (usually conditionally) and which were listed in a study by S. Vencl and his colleagues (2006), 18 more new sites have been discovered, which represents an increase of 180 %. One hundred and twelve artefacts have been found, out of which almost half come from one site (Ponědraž 3, 54 artefacts). The majority of finds are dated to the Mesolithic (15 sites in total, 7 of them with a high degree of probability). Three sites (one of them with full certainty) can be attributed to the Late Palaeolithic.

Thanks to a professionally documented
find context, a hoard of ribs discovered in 2012 in Kučeř in the Písek region (Czech Republic) allowed
several important questions to be raised. Besides a typological analysis of artefacts from the hoard in
a context in which individual ribs were divided into a total of four groups, archaeobotanical analyses and
radiocarbon dating were also performed. One important question is the relationship between the hoard
and the settlement whose existence was confirmed in several small trenches, making it possible to analyse
the relationship between Early Bronze Age mass finds and contemporary flatland settlements in the broader
territory of eastern Europe. Palynological analysis and an analysis of plant macro-remains allow for
thought on the character of human activities in the settlement area. A comparison of archaeobotanical
and radiocarbon data from the hoard and the occupation layer then enable deliberation on the mutual
relationship between these two components.

The south Bohemian region in the Bronze Age period was, due to its geographical situation, an area which mediated
contacts between Danubian and Alpine areas to the south and central Bohemian areas. The most significant mark of this
activity is raw material import, especially Alpine copper, as evidenced by numerous south Bohemian copper hoards in
form of ring, rib and circular ingots. Moreover, Alpine salt must have been transported via the south Bohemian region,
but this is hard to recognize archaeologically. On the contrary, the south Bohemian region offered stocks of gold and
graphite, whose local extraction and export is highly probable for the Bronze Age.
Significant traces of long-distance contacts are also imports of high-value goods, as in the case of the south Bohemian
Early Bronze Age, where bronze artefacts of south German and Alpine areas are found. However, goods from these
areas are also known to have existed in south Bohemia at the end of the Middle Bronze Age (chip-carved decorated
pottery), or at the beginning of the Urnfield period (Riegsee-horizon copper). Throughout almost the entire Bronze
Age, imports from the Middle Danube region and Carpathian basin are also evidenced (e.g. the Middle Bronze Age
settlement of Hosty), as well as finds of a northern European origin (silicide daggers, amber and some prestige bronze
weapons).
We must also assume imports of new ideas, customs and cultural standards as well as people, although we presuppose
human migration to a limited extend only. A hint of generally shared architectural customs may be represented by certain
floor plans from the Middle Bronze Age fortifications in south Bohemia and the Middle Danube area.

Die äneolithische Besiedlung zählt in Südböhmen zu den Phasen der Urzeit, von denen wir die geringsten Kenntnisse
haben. Einige Plätze wurden meist auf Grund geschliffener und geschlagener Steinartefakte als äneolithisch bestimmt, die
Datierung kleinerer Bestände an keramischem Material ist oft problematisch. Die am stärksten ausgeprägte Besiedlung
im untersuchten Gebiet wird in das mittlere Äneolithikum (wahrscheinlich die Řivnáč-Kultur) mit Bindung an den Mittellauf
der Moldau datiert. Andere, außerhalb dieses Gebiets liegende Plätze lassen sich in den meisten Fällen chronologisch
nicht eindeutig bestimmen und können sowohl in das Äneolithikum als auch in die frühe Bronzezeit gehören.

Gegenstand der Studie ist ein einzigartiges Grab der Aunjetitzer Kultur, das in der Gemeinde Holubice in einem nur
teilweise freigelegten Gräberfeld ausgegraben wurde. In der ungewöhnlich geräumigen Grabgrube wurden die Überreste
eines erwachsenen Individuums männlichen Geschlechts bestattet. Das Individuum lag auf der linken Seite, seine
unteren Gliedmaßen waren stark angewinkelt. Die erhaltenen Schädelteile weisen Spuren einer ausgedehnten Verletzung
auf, wahrscheinlich einer Schnittwunde, die zu einem Schädelbruch führte. Der Charakter der Verletzung zeigt,
dass die Wunde chirurgisch behandelt wurde und lose Knochensplitter entfernt wurden. Das Individuum erlag seiner
Verletzung nicht und lebte noch lange nach dem Verletzungszeitpunkt. Die sterblichen Überreste wurden offenbar in
einem ausgehöhlten Baumsarg bestattet. Auf seiner letzten Reise wurde der Verstorbene mit einem Schieferwetzstein
und einem für die Aunjetitzer Kultur üblichen Bronzebeil mit nur leicht ausgeprägten Lappen ausgestattet. Teil der
Grabbeigaben war auch ein vollkommen einzigartiger Bronzedolch mit Heft. Der Gesamtfund wurde mithilfe der
Radiokarbonmethode
auf die Zeitspanne zwischen 1981 und 1772 v. C hr. datiert. Das freigelegte Grab ist nicht nur
aufgrund seiner außergewöhnlichen und relativ gut datierbaren Grabbeigaben einzigartig, es ist vor allem auch ein
Beleg der beachtenswerten medizinischen Kenntnisse der Träger der Aunjetitzer Kultur.

Südböhmen wurde lange für ein Gebiet gehalten, das in der Kupfersteinzeit nicht besiedelt war. Bekannt waren lediglich vereinzelte Funde geschliffener Artefakte und das Gebiet wurde als Transitregion
betrachtet. Heute dagegen kennt man bereits Fundstätten mit kleinen Keramiksammlungen, deren kulturelle Zugehörigkeit jedoch nicht völlig geklärt ist. Einzigartig ist ein kleineres Gefäß aus Vlkov mit leicht gewölbten Wänden und drei ovalen Knubben auf der Wölbung. Von A. Beneš wurde das Gefäß auf die Spätphase der Stichbandkeramik, eventuell auch auf die Lengyel-Kultur datiert. Leider ist es heute verschollen. Vor kurzer Zeit bearbeitete andere Fundstücke von dieser Stätte haben einen ähnlichen Charakter. Es gibt jedoch keine entsprechenden Analogien im südböhmischen Gebiet. Die Datierung der genannten Scherben ist nicht eindeutig: sie können in einem breiten Intervall zwischen der jüngeren Phase der Stichbandkeramik bis in die mittlere Kupfersteinzeit zugeordnet werden. Es könnte sich auf theoretischer Ebene jedoch um einen Beleg
des Eindringens der Lengyel-Kultur handeln, deren nächstgelegene Fundstätten sich an der Grenze zwischen Böhmen und Mähren befinden.
Es wurde angenommen, dass die frühe Kupfersteinzeit, repräsentiert durch die Trichterbecherkultur, an den Stätten Skalka u Milenovic und Bernartice anzutreffen ist. Auf der Grundlage neuer Bearbeitungen
wurden die Keramikfunde jedoch auf die späte Bronzezeit umdatiert.
Auch bei einem weiteren außergewöhnlichen Fund bestehen Schwierigkeiten. Es handelt sich um einen
Tulpenbecher mit zugespitztem Boden. Dieser wurde in der Vergangenheit in die Michelsberger
Kultur datiert, eventuell auch auf den Beginn der Trichterbecherkultur in Niederösterreich. Zu dem
Becher können in der Michelsberger Kultur weder auf böhmischem noch auf deutschem Gebiet Analogien
gefunden werden. Das Gefäß entspricht ebenfalls nicht der Fundkollektion jüngerer Michelsberger
Keramik, die in Westböhmen identifiziert wurde (Homole u Křížence und Černý vrch u Svržna).
Das Gefäß ähnelt in gewissem Maße den keramischen Formen der semi-neolithischen Memel-Kultur
in Polen, welche in den Zeitraum zwischen der älteren Kupfersteinzeit und dem Beginn der Bronzezeit
datiert werden können. Zwischen den Funden aus dem Oppidum in Hrazany wurde kürzlich eine kleine
Keramiksammlung identifiziert, welche auf eine mögliche Beziehung zu dieser Kultur verweist
(Abb. 1).
Ein weiterer Beleg der Anwesenheit des Menschen in der Kupfersteinezeit ist ein Keramikbruchstück,
das im Zentrum der Stadt České Budějovice im Hof des Bischofssitzes gefunden wurde und offenbar
eine Analogie in der Altheimer Kultur hat (Abb. 2).
Die anschließende Besiedlung während der älteren Kupfersteinzeit in Südböhmen ist auf der Grundlage
einer neuen Revision älterer Fundstücksammlungen nicht völlig eindeutig. Die Badener Kultur ist
an der polykulturellen Stätte Hosty vertreten, wo einige Objekte aus der Boleráz-Stufe dieser Kultur
untersucht werden sollen.
Deutlicher ist in Südböhmen mittelneolithische Besiedlung vertreten. Dieser hat A. Beneš auch einige
keramische Bruchstücke aus Vlkov zugeordnet, welche er der Cham-Kultur zuschrieb, wobei auch über
eine mögliche Beziehung zur mährischen Jevišovice-Kultur nachgedacht wurde (Abb. 3). Die Cham-
Kultur soll in der gesamten südböhmischen Region verbreitet gewesen sein. Auf der Grundlage neuester
Forschungen scheint jedoch wenigstens das mittlere Moldaugebiet eher in den Einflussbereich der
mittelböhmischen Řivnáč-Kultur gefallen zu sein (Abb. 4). Fraglich ist die kulturelle Zugehörigkeit in
anderen Teilen Südböhmens, in denen in der Vergangenheit weniger ausdrucksstarke Sammlungen
ohne aussagekräftige chronologische Elemente gefunden wurden, z.B. Tábor, Skočice, Strakonice, Velešín
sowie die „kupfersteinzeitlichen“ mit Strohabdrücken verzierten Scherben von einem Höhensitz
südlich von Jindřichův Hrádec. Die Kupfersteinzeit ist stärker durch vereinzelte Funde von Steinäxten
belegt. Eine eigenständige Frage betrifft das mögliche Übergreifen der Řivnáč-Kultur in die jüngere
Kupfersteinzeit in Südböhmen, was von ersten Radiokarbon-Daten von der Stätte Kostelec nad Vltavou
angedeutet wird.
Eine dauerhafte Besiedlung durch die Schnurkeramik-Kultur und die Glockenbecher-Kultur ist nicht
belegt, bekannt sind lediglich vereinzelte Funde geschliffener Artefakte aus den Gebieten um Horky,
Prachatice und Strakonice (Abb. 5).