Radiocarbon Dating (Earth Sciences)

Usual  suspects  here  too .  Carnegie , Rothschilds , Rockefeller , Ford , DuPont .
All  of  the  foot  soldiers  are  from  Manhattan  Project –the  so  called  Atomic  Bomb makers .
Radiocarbon dating is not based upon fact, but on three assumptions: 1) that an accurate half-life for carbon-14 is precisely measurable; 2 ) that cosmic radiation has been constant for many thousands of years; and 3 ) that the nitrogen supply available to be acted upon by this radiation has been constant.

Growth rates and longevities were estimated for five major fishery species of parrotfishes (“uhu”) at Oahu, Hawai’i. All species grew rapidly with von Bertalanffy growth formula k values ≥0.4·year−1. Longevities were found to range broadly among the three small species, 4 years in Calotomus carolinus and 6 and 11 years in Scarus psittacus and Chlorurus spilurus, and to 15–20 years in Scarus rubroviolaceus and Chlorurus perspicillatus for the two large species. Age reading and growth curves for the latter two large species were validated using bomb radiocarbon dating. Median ages at sexual maturity as females (AM50) and at sex change (from female to terminal phase male, AΔ50) were estimated using logistic models. Sexual maturation occurred at 1–2 years for the small species and at 3–3.5 years in the large species. AΔ50 estimates ranged from 2 to 4 years in the small species and were about 5 and 7 years in S. rubroviolaceus and C. perspicillatus, respectively. Estimated milestones poo...

El propósito de este trabajo es discutir la intensidad y redundancia de la ocupación humana en el sitio El Tigre durante el Holoceno tardío final a partir del estudio de los procesos de formación del sitio. En un trabajo anterior (Martínez et al. 2005) se propuso la existencia de un componente arqueológico superior (ca. 500 años AP) y se planteó la  posible existencia de uno inferior. Esta discusión es retomada en este trabajo a partir del estudio de distintas líneas de análisis. Se discuten evidencias estratigráficas, cronológicas (C14 y OCR), diagenéticas y las distribuciones y frecuencias de los restos óseos y artefactos líticos a lo largo de la secuencia estratigráfica estudiada. Se analizan diversas variables a los efectos de identificar la acción de agentes y/o procesos tafonómicos. A través de este análisis se concluyó que sólo puede proponerse la existencia del componente superior y que su cronología sería de ca. 900-500 años AP.

The various methods that have so far been applied to the dating of rock art in China are considered and their effectiveness is examined. The approaches are compared and contrasted with those employed in various other parts of the world, particularly in the light of the new methodology of direct dating. The utility of new techniques is considered for future dating work on Chinese rock art, by discussing their potential applicability, the tendency towards over-sophisticated methods, their reliability and their relevance for Chinese researchers. Guidelines are presented for future strategies in this field.

The Suisun Marsh study area encompasses roughly 67,000 acres. About 10% of this area has been inventoried at various intensities for 46 proposed projects. Four prehistoric resources have been recorded within the designated study area—two occupation areas and two isolates. Eighteen historic-era resources include secondary refuse, ranches, farms, landings, a railway station and a church. Based on historic-era documents and maps, there is a potential for, at a minimum, 89 additional resources, including duck clubs; additional ranches, farms, landings, and railroad stations; settlements and towns; a cemetery; and a school. All resources, except isolates, should be presumed sensitive and either be avoided or tested/researched should ground-disturbing activities be planned within their known or purported boundaries.
The geoarchaeological sensitivity model focuses on the depositional history of late-Pleistocene to Holocene-age surface landforms within the Suisun Marsh study area to discern where the archaeological record is likely to be buried and cultural remains preserved. We first reconstruct significant landscape changes in the San Francisco Bay-Delta during the period of human occupation, detailing sea-level changes; deposition from hydraulic gold mining; reduction of vegetation cover from drought, livestock grazing, and erosion; artificial levees and reclaimed marsh lands; fluctuating salinity levels; changes back and forth from brackish tidal flat to freshwater marsh; and accumulation of peat and sediments. We then identify the age and extent of different landform segments over the past 15,000 years using digital soil surveys, refined through the compilation and analysis of regional radiocarbon data and archaeological site distribution by environmental variables.
Results of the Cumulative Model indicate that 95% of the study area has Moderate or lower sensitivity that requires little to no further management. Only 317 acres (<0.5%) are of Very High sensitivity and about 2,980 acres (~4.3%) are considered High sensitivity, areas which would need to be avoided or tested prior to any deep construction activities.

Ancient bone bioapatite is a potential source of diverse and
significant elemental and isotopic data that could be used to
provide  information  on  ancient  chronologies,
paleoenvironments,  and  paleodiets.  However,  buried  bone
bioapatite  often  undergoes  diagenesis  and  foreign
contaminants  alter  the  original  biogenic  signal.  Though
different  methods,  most  often  based  on  weak  acid
treatments,  have  been  proposed  for  the  cleaning  of  ancient
bone  bioapatite,  there  is  currently  no  universally  accepted
protocol.
Here, we propose an approach that explores the composite
nature of bone and is based on recent research that showed
an association between collagen and bioapatite preservation
at the micro-scale.
An  exploratory  study  was  made  on  a  small  number  of
ancient  bones  with  significant  collagen  content.  The  tested
protocols  involved  bone  powdering  to  the  osteon  scale,
without bleaching of collagen, and the use of acetic acid and
EDTA  solutions.  Comparison  of  the  performance  of  acetic
acid  and  EDTA  protocols  was  based  on  the  analysis  of
infrared spectra performed pre and post treatment.
Although  based  on  a  limited  dataset,  the  results  obtained
showed  that  for  an  EDTA  (0.5M –  2h  treatment)  based
protocol crystallinity values were closer to those observed in
fresh  bone  than  those  of  an  acetic  acid  (0.1M  –  4h
treatment)  based  protocol.  These  first  promising  results
warrant  further  investigation  to  include  a  larger  dataset,
testing of protocols with varying solution concentrations and
treatment  times,  and  the  use  of  other  methods  (e.g.
radiocarbon dating) to compare protocol performance.

The current study begins with the premise that the archaeological record is inherently biased by processes
of landscape evolution. Older archaeological deposits are frequently under-represented at the surface of the
modern landscape due to cyclical periods of erosion and deposition during the Holocene (<11,500 cal BP).
These geomorphic processes are well expressed in District 1 where the many high-relief river canyons have
undergone intense periods of erosion, removing once habitable terraces; and the inter-montane valleys became
sediment traps as floodplains and alluvial fans developed episodically over the last 15,000 years. Just as
importantly, the Pacific coastline in District 1 has progressively been inundated and eroded since sea-level began
to rise at the end of the Pleistocene, continuing to the present day. The net-effect of these changes is a loss of
many portions of the landscape once available for human occupation, as well as a modern ground surface made
up of a mosaic of ancient and recent landforms, each of which has very different potential to preserve a complete
record of human occupation.

The article concerns results of radio-carbon dating of the horse bones found during excavation of funeral complexes in Altai dated by II century BC – V century AD. It is part of system studying of ancient and medieval horses from archaeological sites. This work is carried out for two last decades with involvement of different experts from the natural-science sphere of knowledge. The analysis of osteological materials from the necropolises Yaloman-II and Stepushka-I relating to various stages of Bulan-Koby culture is so far carried out. The received data have essential value not only for definition of date of creation of each object and specification of a chronological framework of certain animal populations existence. It also gives the chance for consideration of the fixed objective information in a historical context with an exit to private and general reconstruction.

Fragestellung: Der Ausbruch des Laacher-See-Vulkans soll sich vor etwa 12.900 Jahren ereignet haben. Für zwei neue Proben eines verkohlten Baumstamms in den Tephra-Ablagerungen des Laacher-See-Vulkans sind Radiokarbon-Bestimmungen durchgeführt worden. Die Ergebnisse der herkömmlichen Altersinterpretation betragen 10.999 ± 60 und 11.099 ± 68 konventionelle 14C-Jahre BP bzw. mit einer angegebenen Wahrscheinlichkeit von 95 % 13.017 bis 12.727 und 13.091 bis 12.794 kalibrierte 14C-Jahre BP. Die kalibrierten Radiokarbon-Alter sollen Kalenderjahren entsprechen. Insofern stimmen die kalibrierten Alter mit dem ausgewiesenen Ausbruchsdatum von etwa 12.900 Jahren überein. Dennoch stellt sich die Frage, wie diese Alter konkret ermittelt werden und inwieweit diese Alter gültig (valide) sind.

Archaeologically monitored topsoil stripping of the site of a waste water treatment works at Ballywilliam, Donaghadee, Co Down, led to the identification and excavation of a burnt mound and a number of associated pits. Some are interpreted as troughs, and one preserved evidence of having been wood-lined. Radiocarbon determinations indicate use in the Early Bronze Age.

Ranikot fort, Sindh Pakistan is largest wall (fort)  of Sindh. Its genuine period must be confirmed by applying radiocarbon test.The sample must be taken from Shah-Pere Gate where outer repaired wall has become crumbled and actual ancient inner wall of the fort is appeared. While taking samples of charcoal from Shah-Pere Gate, the genuine radiocarbon dating test must be applied. A great wall of Sindh needs genuine radiocarbon dating and authentic scientific research. By applying, genuine radiocarbon dating or other scientific techniques for dating, this precious and astonishing heritage will receive its authentic historical period and recognition.

The seven counties of Caltrans District 6/9 encompass a diverse landscape, extending eastward from the
Diablo and Temblor ranges, across the San Joaquin Valley and Sierra Nevada, to the southwestern Great Basin and
northern Mojave Desert (Figure 1). Included within the study area are Mt. Whitney and Death Valley, the highest
(4,421 meters [14,505 feet] above sea level) and lowest (86 meters [282 feet] below sea level) points, respectively, in
the contiguous United States. Over the span of human occupation in the new world, roughly the past 15,000
years, this landscape has changed dramatically, providing a dynamic backdrop for human colonization, social
development, and economic change. In response to world-wide fluctuations in climate, massive glaciers that once
occupied the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada receded, extensive river and lake systems east and west of the Sierra
Nevada declined and often dried, 35 genera of mammals including the largest ice-age herbivores became extinct
(Grayson 1993), and repeated cycles of erosion and deposition sculpted and transformed the landscape. Such
extensive changes not only affected the ways in which humans interacted with the environment, but also how and
where evidence of past human occupation is preserved in the modern landscape.
The current study begins with the premise that the archaeological record is inherently biased by processes
of landscape evolution. Older archaeological deposits are frequently under-represented at the surface of the
modern landscape due to cyclical periods of erosion and deposition during the Holocene (<11,500 cal BP). This
is particularly true in the southern San Joaquin Valley and basins east of the Sierra Nevada where substantial
alluvial fans and floodplains developed episodically during the span of human occupation. Yet the region also has
among the highest concentrations of surface archaeological deposits in California dating to the late Pleistocene
and early Holocene. The presence of these ancient surface sites attests to the temporal mosaic that is the modern
geomorphic landscape.
With this in mind, a primary goal of the current study was to establish the age and depositional history
of late Pleistocene landforms (<25,000 years old) within the seven counties of Caltrans District 6/9.
Understanding the age of different landforms is first-order geochronology (Butzer 1980; Renfrew 1976; Waters
1992), a fundamental step in discerning where the archaeological record is likely to be buried, and where
cultural remains deposited over the entire span of human occupation may be preserved on or just below the
modern ground surface. By mapping the age of surface landforms, we are able to make an initial assessment of
the potential for buried archaeological resources throughout a large segment of south-central California, from
the eastern foothills of the Coast Ranges to the valleys of the western Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert,
providing baseline information on the age of associated archaeological sites. Maps and descriptions of Holocene
landscape evolution generated by this study should supplement surface surveys and provide additional contextual
information that can be used by resource managers to make decisions about the need for subsurface
reconnaissance in particular project areas.

In this thesis I combine data from regional archaeological surveys and the excavation of eight stratified sites to examine aspects of continuity and change in the late Holocene archaeological record of the southern Curtis Coast, southeast Queensland, Australia. I focus on theoretical and methodological problems emerging out of studies in southeast Queensland, particularly the issues of chronology-building and assessment of site integrity.         

Results of surveys and excavations are presented. Excavations were conducted at the Seven Mile Creek Mound, Mort Creek Site Complex, Pancake Creek Site Complex, Ironbark Site Complex, Eurimbula Creek 1, Eurimbula Creek 2, Eurimbula Site 1 and Tom's Creek Site Complex. Differences in site structure, content and chronology are used to establish a framework to describe variability in the regional archaeological record through space and time. Radiocarbon dates and items of European material culture indicate that occupation of these sites spans from around 4,000 years ago into the post-contact period. Dates were also obtained from several eroding archaeological deposits which were not subject to excavation. In total, 66 radiocarbon dates are presented from 12 archaeological sites.       

Radiocarbon determinations are critically assessed to provide a reliable basis for calibrating radiocarbon dates into an absolute regional chronology. Local marine and estuarine reservoir effects are characterised through a study of known-age marine shell specimens and archaeological shell/charcoal paired samples. The object of the study was to assess the potential influence of localised variation in marine reservoir effect on accurately dating marine and estuarine shell from archaeological deposits in the area. Results indicate that the routinely-applied ΔR value of - 5 ± 35 for northeast Australia is wrong. The determined values suggest a minor revision to Reimer and Reimer's (2000) recommended value for near-shore open marine environments in northeast Australia from ΔR= +11 ± 5 to +12 ± 7, and specifically for central Queensland to ΔR= +10 ± 7. In contrast, data obtained from estuarine shell/charcoal pairs demonstrate a general lack of consistency, suggesting estuary-specific patterns of variation in terrestrial carbon input and exchange with the open ocean. Preliminary data indicate that in some estuaries, at some time periods, a ΔR value of more than -155 ± 55 may be appropriate.       

Radiocarbon determinations, stratigraphy and bivalve conjoin analyses are used to evaluate the integrity of the open shell midden deposits investigated for the project. Methods for identifying and interpreting bivalve conjoins in archaeological shell assemblages are developed and tested. Results indicate that contrary to the cautions of Lourandos (1996,1997), the open sites studied exhibit a high degree of vertical and horizontal integrity.       

Results suggest continuous restructuring of settlement-subsistence systems in the region throughout the late Holocene. A regional trajectory towards increased site occupation, intensity of site use, and localisation of resource use is identified. A three-phase cultural chronology is developed for the region which proposes initial occupation before 4,000 years ago and significant changes in resource use after 1,500 BP, including the widespread appearance of shellfishing and changes in stone raw material sources. Phase I (pre-4,000 BP-c.1,500 BP) saw ephemeral coastal occupation by groups which occasionally used coastal resources as part of a diffuse and highly-mobile settlement strategy covering a broad area. Land-using groups may have been primarily based around the predictable resources of major rivers such as the Boyne. Phase II (c.1,500 BP-c.AD 1850s) is characterised by intensive permanent and structured low mobility strategies throughout the coastal zone. This phase is defined by a localisation in the use of resources. Extremely large, low density archaeological sites are established throughout the region on the lower margins of major estuaries and smaller resources extraction sites are also established. Phase III (c.AD 1850s-c.AD 1920s) saw the emergence of post-European mobility systems. Despite disappearing from the European historical record for the area. Aboriginal people continued to use traditional camping places well into the period of European settlement.     

Results are discussed in the wider context of key themes in archaeological cultural chronologies proposed for southeast Queensland and adjacent regions which emphasise recent changes in settlement and subsistence strategies linked to intensifying patterns of regional land-use. Patterns identified on the southern Curtis Coast generally concur with other findings from southeast Queensland, suggesting major restructuring of coastal occupation strategies in the late Holocene and especially the last 1,000 years.

Radiocarbon dates for the Early Bronze Age of Northern England are presented, these provide an independent chronology for the Collared Urns of the region together with associated Accessory Vessels and grave goods. The results indicate that Collared Urns were in use in Northern England between 2000/1950 BC and 1600/1550 BC. Comparison of the dates obtained for Northern England show that they are broadly correspondent with those obtained for Ireland, Scotland and Wales in previous studies. This rebuts the idea that Collared Urns radiated from southern England, reaching northern and western Britain after a passage of time, instead the pattern is one of parallel development in all the regions considered here.

KEYWORDS
EARLY BRONZE AGE, COLLARED URNS, DATING, BRITISH PREHISTORY, IRISH PREHISTORY, SCOTTISH PREHISTORY, BURIAL BARROW, CHRONOLOGY, RADIOCARBON DATING, LANCASHIRE, NORTH WEST ENGLAND

It has become increasingly apparent that a significant portion of the archaeological record in central
California lies buried in alluvial fans and floodplains. Until recently, few studies have attempted to examine
the relationship between the evolution of the Holocene landscape and the nature and completeness of the
archaeological record. This document addresses the issue, primarily to assist the California Department of
Transportation in planning for a number of current and anticipated highway-improvement projects in the
Hollister, San Juan, and Southern Santa Clara valleys. Comprehensive background research on the geological,
climatic, and archaeological history of the region is combined with new field studies and an analysis of
archaeological settlement patterns to develop a three-dimensional picture of local landscape change and to
identify sensitivity zones that reflect the potential for buried archaeological sites.

Социокультурные процессы в энеолите Уральского региона были связаны как с эволюционными изменениями в местных постнеолитических социумах, так и с миграционной активностью населения более южных территорий, что значительно затрудняет культурно-исторический анализ археологических материалов. До недавнего времени хронология и периодизация
уральского энеолита строилась преимущественно на основе стратиграфии, типологии артефактов и интуиции исследователей. В статье анализируются более 150 радиоуглеродных дат, полученных для разных регионов Урала и сопредельных территорий. Начало энеолита в Волго-Уралье на рубеже VI и V тыс. до н.э. связано с миграциями носителей керамических традиций съезженского и хвалынского типов. Во второй половине V тыс. до н.э. сформировались местные энеолитические
традиции: токская и турганикская Волго-Уралья, гребенчатая и ложношнуровая Зауралья, новоильинская и гаринско-борская Прикамья. Наиболее поздним представляется начало энеолита на территории Северного Казахстана.

If one examines literature on the Turin Shroud, one will find statements claiming in effect that the 3-1 herringbone weave found on it can only be found in ancient times in the Middle East and also statements that it can be only be found in medieval times in Europe.  Obviously, if the Shroud were authentic, it would need to fit in with the former category.  The fact that there is not a consensus on this question is one of many puzzling aspects of the cloth.
    This bibliography lists the major sources that address the question.  I have also included some papers regarding experiments on textiles, which have applications to dating the Shroud.  The bibliography includes both English and non-English sources.  There are three Parts.  Part I will be sources that believe the Shroud is medieval.  Part II will be sources that are neutral; these entries may not even mention the Shroud but will have application to the Shroud in terms of possibly helping to determine the age of the Shroud.  Part III will be sources that believe the Shroud is ancient.  The bibliography will be updated as needed.

The methods for estimating the antiquity of rock art are reviewed critically, dividing them into traditional and scientific
approaches. The reliability of both is examined critically. It seems that the most promising options have attracted only
limited interest, while those methods that have been afforded the most sustained research efforts have been discredited
or provide only tenuous results. Thus the continuing difficulties in this field are to some extent attributable to
opportunistic use of sophisticated but not always appropriate technology, combined with a systematic neglect of more
modest but dependable methods.

Pembahasan mengenai fosil dan rumus menghitung umurnya dengan radioativitas merupakan pembahasan umum yang oleh beberapa ilmuwan sudah dibahas. Judul ini kami pilih karena mengungkap sisi lain prasejarah serta kami ingin membahas, mengetahui sekaligus mendalami  tentang bagaimana cara menghitungnya. Penelitian tentang umur fosil sebenarnya sudah lama terjadi. Mulai dengan cara sederhana yakni dengan merekonstruksi awal masa pra-sejarah hingga menggunakan radioaktivitas saat ini. Hal ini tidaklah lepas dari perkembangan zaman serta ditemukannya berbagai penemuan yang mendukung.  Membahas masalah fosil tentu tidak akan ada habisnya. Namun jika kita mempelajari cara menghitung umur fosil, maka kita akan dapat memperkirakan sendiri dari zaman manakah fosil tersebut berasal.  Maka dari itu, melalui makalah ini, kami mencoba untuk menggali secara jelas dan memberikan informasi mengenai cara perhitungan ini dengan baik dan akurat.

Periodically prized, falling in and out of fashion's favor since the 14th century, handcrafted artisan Venetian Murano glass ranges from relatively simple, small bottles and perfume atomizers to large, colorful, and complex works of collectible art.

Murano glass is manufactured using techniques dating back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was Venice's position as a mercantile and shipping hub between 1300 and 1500 that helped establish a worldwide appetite for the glass made by generations of glass workers, both men and women, on the nearby island of Murano. References describing Murano glass as "dragon glass" refer not only to fiery flecks of color in Murano glass but also to the legend that the bones of a slain dragon are embedded in the colorful mosaic floor of the Romanesque Church of Santa Maria and San Donato.

…

In 2021, archaeologists working the Brooks Range of Alaska found Murano beads brought by aboriginal explorers across the Bering Strait in their search for caribou hunting grounds….Along with beads found at other Alaskan sites, these Murano beads became the earliest known artifacts found thus far in the Americas.

Some of the alchemical secrets of Murano artistry included the fast, high-temperature melting of metal oxides and salts of tin and titanium to create vibrant colors, as well as the embedding of tiny copper crystals in aventurine glass to mimic the presence of gold. Highly refined glass, slow-cured in kilns to remove impurities, was made clear for "cristallo."

Murano glass, a fusion of science and art, has always carried a mystique.

It was once widely believed that glass containers could be used as poison detectors. Bottles made from exquisitely delicate Murano glass (or Venetian glass) were thought to fracture or explode when filled with poison.

There is no scientific evidence, however, supporting claims that the crystalline structure of Murano glass would vibrate beyond the frequency and amplitude expected with temperature changes.


Murano glassware technology and techniques can be dated to at least 1800 BC in Egypt. As early as the third century BC, glassmakers created "thousand-flowers glass," which became signatory of both Islamic and Renaissance glass art. It was a widely exported product of Murano in the 14th century.

Millefiori glass is a form of murrine glass in which thin slices of glass rods, each composed of several multi-colored glass strands, are melted into one single rod. The cross-sections of these glass rods look like flowers, or flower petals. Silica sand, soda ash, and lime are mixed and heated to 2372 degrees Fahrenheit (1300 C) to form lead-free liquid crystal. Bars of molten glass are then shaped and placed in preheated patterned molds to assume their intended shape before being placed back in the furnace to be encased in molten crystal. The molten glob is then stretched into a murrini cane, cooled, and cut to the desired length. Individual cane rods are bundled into complex murrini rods which, after cooling, are again cut to desired lengths before being incorporated into paperweights, decorative objects, and pieces of jewelry.

The more recent database is v29, available at : https://ees.kuleuven.be/en/geography/projects/14c-palaeolithic
The database contains now 12766 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 15053 radiometric data:  Conv. 14C  and AMS 14C (11690 items), TL (979  items), OSL (401  items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (1983 items)  from the European (Russian Siberia included) Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, held 3rd-14th June 1992, launched the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which operates through its annual roadshow the UN Conference of Parties (COP) that seeks to establish sustainable management of the global climate system.

The  'Earth Summit' by UN in 1992 brought the problems  in climate to the attention of even some of the world's most remote and isolated nations. One of these nations was the Hopi Nation in Arizona, a non-sovereign nation - which the UN labels as 'indigenous peoples'. In a long chain of events beginning from the League of Nations' decision in 1926 to deny the First Nations of Americas and the small island nations' representation in that international forum, its successor the United Nations, turned down four attempts by the Hopi Nation to raise the issue between 1948 and 1992. Finally, in the immediate aftermath of the Rio Earth Summit (1992), the United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar authorised the Hopi Nation to table the matter to the floor of UN General Assembly 10th-11th December 1992.

The First Nations of Americas Ethnoclimatology Motion and the Tradition-Keepers ('Faith-Keepers') background to that motion is elaborated here in this UNFCCC submission with further points were raised in 1st-2nd October 2018 at CRIAS conference. This contextualises the First Nations of Americas UN General Assembly Investigation Request 101292 which was the Concluding Plea of the World Indigenous Peoples' Joint Summit with the United Nations Parties ('Member States') Delegations to open the first UN Year of the Indigenous People (1993) to other ethnoclimatologies appearing world wide. The Geophysical Annotations were discussed at the Cochabamba-Tiquipaya Climate Summit (CMPCC1) in aftermath of the collapsed Copenhagen Climate Summit COP15 (2009) with the request from the UNESCO Delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia on 7th January 2010 and His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma.

The key tenents of the Geophysical Annotations being:

(1) A signal noise from a substantial radiocarbon-dilution effect due to major sea level retreats and rises during the Ice Ages that depressurised methane clathrates - releasing copious amounts of methane and carbon dioxide into air from depressurised seabed clathrates and also from thawing terra firma permafrost; this results in regressive, or sideway, 14C  readings in tree rings ("tree rings in a wrong order"). Thus, the Ice Ages era (the last glacial maxium to holocene thermal maximum period) cores of the tree trunks can appear substantially 14C-younger than the tree trunks' latest (outermost) tree-rings which cannot be the case due to the extreme steadiness of the radiocarbon's decay rate.

(2) Methane accumulates to upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere: hence any methane signature in the ice cores is only from methane-in-transit. Additionally the global warming episode that ended the ice ages had heavy methane loads that warmed and melted away most of the era's recent ice surfaces, thus obliterating the-then-most recently laid down snow stratum (leaving behind the earlier less methane rich snow layers). This caused incomplete records (time gaps) in the ice cores, and hence "global warming" always appears "before" higher atmospheric CO2 or CH4 levels (hence appearing as if them being 'respondents', rather than the drivers of climate warning).

(3) Noting that the partial melting equations can also be run inverse direction, it is proposed that the Pleistocene glaciations resulted in damage to Peridotite which partially melted producing basalt deposition in a large scale onto the seafloor in vast effusive eruptions with field emission of heat rather than radial spot emission of heat like in modern-day Surtseyan eruptions that have only a minimal heat crossing to sea surface due to small spatial extent of hot subsea surface. The vaporisation of sea water in field emission is vast due to spatial extent of hot subsea surface greatly exceeding the thickness of overlying water column, leading to runaway snowfalls. This caused an inflated size hydrological cycle which effectively washed out atmosphere-generated radiocarbon while geological seabed-associated depressurised carbon-12 was being released en masse leading to negligible carbon-14 readings (the radiocarbon-dilution effect by the Pleistocene's hydrological cycle / sea bed depressurisation).

On these three premises, the First Nations of Americans Ethnoclimatology Motion at the United Nations General Assembly on 10th-11th December 1992 is proposed as a variant possibility to the climate theories advocated aggressively by the Western Group of Nations and their influential academia. Its implications to present-day climate change suggest that the Polar Ice Caps will continue on their much-faster-than-anticipated loss trajectory to violent collapses. This aspect was highlighted in Sea Research Society's Evidence Giving at the UK Houses of Parliament in Environmental Audit Committee evidence giving on 5th and 24th April 2017. The urgency of situation is underlined by the fact that despite world-wide economic shut down by covid-19, carbon dioxide has continued its rapid rise to 417 parts per million indicating that time to act is running out as the remaining North Pole marine ice cap is soon to melt away and then destabilise the surrounding glaciers post Arctic sea ice (most notably the Greenland Ice Sheet).

This is a now outdated CalPal archaeological 14C-database. It is maintained for referencing purposes. The stand-alone xlsx-format database from Dec 2023 is a more recent version. It is available for download on this page. The most recent CalPal archaeological database is always integrated in the most recent version of CalPal. Its properties are described in the History of CalPal on this page (above) .

To our knowledge, the dataset described in this paper represents the largest existing repository of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates for the whole Near East from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene (15,000-1,500 cal. yr. BP). It is composed of 11,027 radiocarbon dates from 1,023 sites that have been collected comprehensively by cross-checking multiple sources (extant digital archives and databases, edited volumes, monographs, journals papers, archaeological excavation reports, etc.) under the umbrella of the Leverhulme Trust funded project "Changing the Face of the Mediterranean" and of the ERC project "CLASS-Climate, Landscape, Settlement and Society: Exploring Human-Environment Interaction in the Ancient Near East". This is an ongoing dataset that will be updated step by step with newly published radiocarbon dates.

"This book presents the papers and discussions held at the second meeting of the European Megalithic Studies Group (Seville, Spain, November 2008). This is therefore a cooperative, international book that brings together leading specialists from several European countries, including France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, and Spain. This volume revolves around two crucial aspects of recent research on prehistoric monuments: time (chronology) and matter (raw materials as used in both architecture and artefacts). Both topics have generated much discussion in recent years and form one of the main cutting edges of current research on prehistoric monuments. These two main themes have recently witnessed major advances thanks to the application of new scientific techniques to old and new archaeological problems. For the chronology theme, specific issues include the origin of prehistoric monuments, the limitations and advantages of newly available high-resolution dating techniques (such as AMS radiocarbon analysis of pigments, thermoluminiscence and OSL), and patterns of utilisation, re-utilisation and abandonment. For rare rocks, some of the specific issues covered by this book are rock selection, the frequency and type of rare materials (variscite, quartz, amber, etc.), trade and exchange, the manipulation of raw materials, the symbolic catchment of geological landscapes, and the sourcing of stones. The idea here is to explore the value, function and symbolism of the materials in their prehistoric context, their placement and positioning in relation to funerary structures (architecture) and human remains (individuals), and the evidence they provide for interregional interaction."

The following geoarchaeological investigation was implemented as part of the inventory to provide Caltrans with baseline information on the potential for buried archaeological resources along rural road segments. This is the fourth in a series of geoarchaeological investigations conducted for Caltrans designed to address the relationship between late Quaternary landscape evolution and the structure and visibility of the archaeological record. Studies similar to this were previously performed within Caltrans districts 1, 3, 6/9, and 10, which include the southern Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys (Meyer and Rosenthal 2008; Rosenthal and Meyer 2004), the southwestern Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert (Meyer et al. 2010), the eastern Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada (Rosenthal and Meyer 2004b), and adjacent portions of the North Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains (Meyer et al. 2011).
The seven counties of Caltrans District 2 encompass a large segment of northeastern California, extending eastward from the rugged uplands of the Klamath Mountains and North Coast Ranges across the northern Sacramento Valley, and portions of the southern Cascade Range, northern Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau, and northwest Great Basin.
The current study begins with the premise that the archaeological record is inherently biased by processes of landscape evolution. Older archaeological deposits are frequently under-represented at the surface of the modern landscape due to cyclical periods of erosion and deposition during the Holocene (<11,500 cal BP). These geomorphic processes are well expressed in District 2 where many once habitable landforms were removed by erosion of the uplands, or were buried episodically by sediments deposited within the lowland valleys over the last 15,000 years. The net-effect of these changes is a loss of many portions of the landscape once available for human occupation, as well as a modern ground surface made up of a mosaic of ancient and recent landforms, each of which has very different potential to preserve a complete record of human occupation.