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2024
The Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) literature tends to focus on bias as a problem that requires ex post solutions (e.g. fairness metrics), rather than addressing the underlying social and technical conditions that (re)produce it. In this article, we propose a complementary strategy that uses genealogy as a constructive, epistemic critique to explain algorithmic bias in terms of the conditions that enable it. We focus on XAI feature attributions (Shapley values) and counterfactual approaches as potential tools to gauge these conditions and offer two main contributions. One is constructive: we develop a theoretical framework to classify these approaches according to their relevance for bias as evidence of social disparities. We draw on Pearl’s ladder of causation (2000, 2009) to order these XAI approaches concerning their ability to answer fairness-relevant questions and identify fairness-relevant solutions. The other contribution is critical: we evaluate these approaches in terms of their assumptions about the role of protected characteristics in discriminatory outcomes. We achieve this by building on Kohler-Hausmann’s (2019) constructivist theory of discrimination. We derive three recommendations for XAI practitioners to develop and AI policymakers to regulate tools that address algorithmic bias in its conditions and hence mitigate its future occurrence.
Eski Türk Runik Yazılı ile Uygur Yazılı Sosyokültürel Metin Örnekleri Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma, 2024
In this article, a Turkic runiform inscription and a Uyghur written letter will be examined comparatively from a linguistic perspective. The research question is to what extent are the Yenisey inscriptions and the letters from the Old Uyghurs similar? Hemçik-Çırgakı (E 41) from the Yenisei Inscriptions was chosen as the sample text for the Turkish Runic written document, and letter numbered Or. 8212 (180) was chosen as the sample text for the Uyghur written text. Care has been taken to ensure that both texts bear the general characteristics of their genres. These texts, which reflect the sociocultural life of their period, were examined in terms of morphology, syntax and semantics. An evaluation was made on some common features identified as a result of comparing the texts.
Review of International Studies, 2022
European Management Review, 2024
The last decade has witnessed increased demand by employers and workers for greater flexibility, especially regarding remote and hybrid work. There has therefore been a substantial increase in academic interest in coworking, including within business and management studies. We conduct a systematic literature review of research on coworking and coworking spaces (CWS) to argue this field is now sufficiently developed to merit recognition as an important element of discussion surrounding workplaces of the future. We outline the core themes in coworking research and identify three key research weaknesses relating to common understandings of community, context and change. The article then advances a future research agenda based on two avenues of enquiry. First, greater attention needs to be paid to the value propositions of CWS as businesses. Second, the concept of embeddedness should be used to better understand CWS in their local and national contexts, and we argue for a broader, place-based analytical focus on CWS. We present two possible future scenarios for CWS, based on opposing forces of homogenisation and differentiation, and we outline their relevance for further debate surrounding workplaces of the future.
การวิจัยนี้เป็นการศึกษาการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ผ่านแอปพลิเคชันเครือข่ายสังคมบนโทรศัพท์มือถือ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษา 1) สาเหตุของการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ของบุคคลที่มีชื่อเสียงในประเทศไทย และ 2) รูปแบบและวิธีการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ผ่าน Instagram ของบุคคลที่มีชื่อเสียงในประเทศไทย โดยใช้วิธีการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ ประกอบด้วยวิธีการสัมภาษณ์แบบเจาะลึก และวิธีการวิเคราะห์เนื้อหาภาพบน Instagram โดยเจาะจงศึกษากลุ่มบุคคลที่มีชื่อเสียงจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 9 คน ที่มีอาชีพเป็นนักแสดง นักร้อง และพิธีกร เป็นผู้ใช้ Instagram อย่างสม่ำเสมอและมีจำนวนผู้ติดตาม (followers) ไม่น้อยกว่า 70,000 คน ผลการวิจัยพบว่า สาเหตุของการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ของบุคคลที่มีชื่อเสียงประกอบไปด้วย 2 ประเด็นสำคัญคือ สาเหตุด้านจิตวิทยาของการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ และสาเหตุด้านเทคโนโลยีของการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ ส่วนรูปแบบของการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ของบุคคลที่มีชื่อเสียงเป็นการเลือกนำเสนอตัวตนในด้านบวก โดยมีวิธีการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ 3 วิธีคือ (1) การสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ผ่านการนำเสนอเกี่ยวกับตนเอง (2) การสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ผ่านการแสดงความสัมพันธ์ทางสังคม และ (3) การสร้างอัตลักษณ์ออนไลน์ผ่านการบริโภคทางวัฒนธรรม
Възможна ли е ислямска модерност? Концепцията за „разкриващ превод“ на Абдуррахман Таха IS ISLAMIC MODERNITY POSSIBLE? ABDURRAHMAN TAHA'S CONCEPT OF "EXPLORATORY TRANSLATION", 2024
This article focuses on several key ideas of the contemporary Moroccan philosopher Abdurrahman Taha. The methodological framework of the analysis is set by the concept of epistemological crisis introduced by Alasdair McIntyre. Taha formulates three basic universal principles of modernity and considers each of them in its historical manifestation. According to him, the translation tradition in Islamic history has failed to create an autonomous creative process because its two major movements mimic thoughts, ideas and lifestyles that are neither deeply rooted nor organic to Muslim societies. Their common characteristic is imitation of ancient as well as of modern ideas. They should be replaced by the new concept of “exploratory translation„, which not only reveals the creative energy of the original text, but also allows recipients to turn it into a stimulus for their own creativity. According to Taha, a conscious effort to renew the translation tradition is the best way to create an authentic Islamic modernity. Keywords Abdurrahman Taha, epistemological crisis, Islamic Modernity, translation tradition, „exploratory translation“
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