TUGAS INDIVIDU 10

-- signify 1) कोतियाळ kōtiyāḷa ’sickle wielder’ rebus: koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel’ 2) kutar ‘dishevelled’ rebus: kudār ‘pickaxe’ Rebus: କୁଠାରୁ kuṭhāru ‘armourer’ Sickle-wielder. 1) कोतियाळ kōtiyāḷa 'sickle wielder'-वि. कोयिा (शस्त्र) घे िले ला (िीर). 'ये क धाििी आगळें । लोहागळे कोतियाळ । फरशधर ॥'-काललका २२.७. कोयिा kōyatā m. sickle-Date's "Maharashtra sabdakosa" Te. koḍavali, (VPK) koḍali, koḍēli, koḍvali sickle; goḍi-vaḍu to bend (intr.); goḍi-veṭṭu id. (tr.); ḍoṅku curvature; ḍoṅkena a sort of spear with a bent or curved head. Kol. koḍval (pl. koḍvasil), (Kin.) koṛva sickle; (Pat., p. 119) koṭe false. Nk. koṛval sickle.(DEDR 2054) Rebus2. koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel'; koṭṭiya gaṇa 'guild of seafarers on dhow' Dishevelled hair. kutar 'dishevelled' 2.kudār 'pickaxe'Rebus: କୁ ଠାରୁ kuṭhāru 'armourer' Oriya. କୁ ଦାରି-kudāri ପ୍ରାଦଦ. (ସମ୍ବ ଲପୁ ର) ବି. (ସଂ. କୁ ଦାର) ଭୂ ମ୍ି କାଟି ବା ଅସ୍ତ୍ର-An one-sided pickaxe. Awadhi. kudārⁱ 'pickaxe'; Hindi. kudāl,°ār m. 'mattock' kuddāla 'a kind of spade or mattock'.

Военная археология 7, 2022

Remains of lamellar and plate armour from the territory of medieval south-western Rus’ are extremely rare finds. In this context, finds of armour plates with small holes which were discovered at the “Zamczysko” stronghold in Biała Góra, which is now a quarter of Sanok, seem to become especially significant. In the Early Middle Ages, Sanok (south-eastern Poland) was the south-westernmost part of Halych Rus’. It was first mentioned in the Kiev Letopis in 1150 when the Hungarian King Geza II launched an expedition to Halych Rus’. On the other hand, the stronghold which can be identified with Sanok mentioned in the letopises was located 4 km to the north in a locality of Trepcza, on a hill known as “Horodyszcze”. The existence of this centre was put to an end in the second half of the 13th century. Apart from these two strongholds, in the Old Rus’ period there was one smaller hillfort, situated in the quarter of Biała Góra in the range of the Słonne Mountains in a forested hill called “Zamczysko”. Hovewer, one of the most intriguing categories of finds which were discovered at the “Zamczysko” hill are 65 iron plates and one made of copper. On the basis of their shapes six basic variants of armour plates were isolated. The detailed analysis of these finds proved that that they have the closest analogies in the 13th- and 14th-century armour plates from Belarus, Northern Russia (Novgorod) and Lithuania (Vilnius) as well as Gotland (Wisby). Scattered finds, traces of fire of the fortifications, and a considerable number of discovered projectiles of missile weapons demonstrate that the stronghold in Sanok-Biała Góra fell prey to destruction, perhaps in result of an invasion and burning. It was most probably at that time that the discussed armour plates found their way to the ground. When could this occur and who gave the order to attack the stronghold? The concise analysis of finds and analysis of political situation in the borderland of the Kingdom of Poland and Halych-Volodymyr Rus’ suggest only one event – the expedition of Polish King Casimir the Great in 1340.

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Chapter forthcoming in Benjamin Martill and Sebastian Schindler, eds., Theory as Ideology in International Relations: The Politics of Knowledge, 2019

Neoliberalism is more than an ideology. It is the hegemonic theory and practice of the late 20 th and 21 st centuries. It has become dominant in world politics because of a lack of effective alternatives in a rapidly changing structural environment, especially globalisation. However, this chapter argues first of all that neoliberalism is characterised by a critical range of tensions and contradictions. At its heart is the concept of competition, not only in the economic system but in human society and behaviour generally; social behaviour is merely the sum total of individuals' actions. People are seen as generating modernity and progress in a complex range of ways, biological, metaphysical, evolutionary and ideological. The main policy dimensions include free trade, financial orthodoxy, arm's-length regulation, privatisation, the cutback of public services and the like, each of which has given rise to significant critiques and political conflicts. However, neoliberalism has been 'overdetermined'. It is deeply embedded today in both policymaking and discourse despite-but partly because of-these tensions. This chapter argues that the fundamental paradox is between whether neoliberalism derives from spontaneous human behaviour, like classical liberalism, or whether it requires a strong state to monitor and enforce it, as in Ordoliberalism. 2