122 RAZ KLETTER 12; 13.3:25); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. XVI:233); Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Fig. 18:4– 10); and Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26). At Tel Anafa, compare to the fusiform group (Berlin 1997: Pls. 13, 14). Base of Amphora (Fig. 39:15).— It is probably of Rhodian type. See Gorzalczany 1999:30*, Fig. 4:21, with references. Figure 38:1, although listed under jugs, is perhaps another amphora, cf. Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997: Pl. 1:1, 3). Jugs(?) (Fig. 38:1, 2).— These rims are probably from wide-neck jugs, see Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Fig. 17:1, 2); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Figs. 6.31, 6.32). Similar forms of rims appear among jars (and amphoras) as well, e.g., Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997: Pl. 55: PW468, 469) and Apollonia (Fischer and Tal 1999: Fig. 5.15: 12–14). Pipe(?) (Fig. 38:7).— I have not found exact comparisons to this vessel. It lacks handles and is not an amphora, and the material is typical of jars or jugs. The rim is similar to rims of jars (Fig. 38:4; 39:13 above). Juglets (Fig. 37:13, 14).— The body of a crude juglet, ribbed, and resembling cooking pots (Fig. 37:14), is perforated near the neck. Comparisons: Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Fig. 17:11, 12); Tel Mikhal (Fischer 1989: Fig. 13.2:17). Flask (Fig. 37:15).— The flask has good comparisons at Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Figs. 11:11; 18:1, 2); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.34:1); Tel Mikhal (Fischer 1989: Fig. 13.2:19); and Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997: Pls. 47: PW424; 48). Jars.— The common form of jar has a rim extended outside, rounded or triangular in section and thickened (Figs. 38:3–6; 39:13). See Ramat Aviv (Gorzalczany 1999: Fig. 4: 14–20); Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Fig. 22:4); Tel Mikhal (Fischer 1989: Figs. 13.2:21; 13.3:14); Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997: Pl. 58: PW484, 485); Apollonia (Fischer and Tal 1999: Fig. 5.15:5, 6, 8–10); and Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Figs. 6.35:4, 6, 10; 6.37:1, 2). Figure 39:12 can also be a large jug (cf. Dor—Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.30:4, 5), but seems too large for jug-rims of this type, and similar shapes appear among jars; cf. Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Figs. 6.36:10, 11; 6.37:5, 8) and Apollonia (Fischer and Tal 1999: Figs. 5.7.20 [base]; 5.13:3 [jar]). Large Vessel or Stand (Fig. 39:14).— I found no comparisons for this piece. Basalt Mortars (Figs. 38:8; 39:16).— Though they resemble MB II basalt bowls, they are not out of place. Similar bowls were used in the Hellenistic period as well, cf. Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Fig. 28:8, 9) and Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.61:15). Stamped Amphora Handles Donald T. Ariel Two stamped amphora handles were found in the excavation of the Hellenistic well (L807). Both handles belong to the Rhodian class. Conventions regarding the readings follow Finkielsztejn 2001:213–216. Dates follow the lower chronology (in Finkielsztejn 2001). 1. Reg. No. 8016, L807, IAA 2001-2241. Circular stamp ’Επ’ ιερšως ’Αρ. [- - -]δάμου rose The profile of the handle is angular, and the handle should therefore be dated sometime in the second century BCE. Two alternative restorations, ’Arc…damoj or ’AristÒdamoj, name eponyms of the first quarter of the A MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II SITE WEST OF TELL QASILE second century BCE. ’Arc…damoj officiated c. 180/178 BCE (Finkielsztejn 2001:192), while the term of ’AristÒdamoj (2nd) is dated roughly fourteen years later, c. 166/164 BCE (Finkielsztejn 2001:192). Considering the spacing of the letters and the room available on the stamp, it is highly probable that the stamp names ’AristÒdamoj 2nd. 2. Reg. No. 8002, L807, IAA 2001-2242. Rectangular stamp [’Επˆ] Κλεάρχου [Θ]εσ[μο]φορίου The stamp is double impressed. This eponym’s general date has been Period II (Ariel 1990:36, S38). Finkielsztejn (2000:144, CRh 8) refined the date to c. 202–199 BCE. In Finkielsztejn 2001:191 this was adjusted slightly upward to c. 203–200 BCE. Roughly the same period was independently discussed by Lungu (1990) in the publication of forty handles from a pair of tumuli excavated at Indepenţa in Romania. Κλέαρχος was not included in Lungu’s discussion, indicating that he viewed Κλέαρχος as officiating slightly before the period beginning with Qeuf£nhj 2nd. In terms of the lower chronology this means that, in Lungu’s view, the term of Κλέαρχος was earlier than that of Qeuf£nhj 2nd (also found in c. 203– 200 BCE, according to Finkielsztejn 2001). A Ptolemaic Coin from L101 Robert Kool Reg. No. 1033, L101, IAA 74675. Ptolemy III Euergetes, Alexandria, 246–221 BCE. Obv.: Head of Zeus Ammon r., with diadem and floral ornament. Rev.: [- - -] Eagle l., on thunderbolt, at shoulder cornucopiae. 123 Æ, ↑, 5.07 gm, 16 mm. SNG Ptolemies: Pl. VII, No. 182. Summary of the Hellenistic Finds The Hellenistic finds at the site are dated to the second century BCE, based particularly on the Rhodian stamps (see Ariel, above), and on the relief bowls. A longer time-range is probable (see Kool, above) since we have only a refuse pit and a well, where material could have been deposited over a long period of time. LATER PERIODS Remains of later periods are meager: one glazed sherd (B1028) and fragments of Ottomanperiod glass bracelets in L101. Cuttings in the rock were found in L705 and L500–503, south and east of the site, but these were devoid of antiquities and seem to be modern. In the late Ottoman and modern periods the site was crisscrossed by foundations, sewage pipes and water pipes. At some places, we noticed a stratigraphy of pipes, intersecting each other. From this phase we found few pottery fragments (Fig. 40), modern roof tiles, and common ‘plastic age’ finds. Ottoman-Period Gaza Ware (Fig. 40) Very few sherds of gray Gaza ware were found at the site. Drawn are a rim and a spout of a jar. Gaza ware is dated usually to the nineteenth–early twentieth century CE, but it was suggested that it spans the whole Ottoman period, starting as early as the sixteenth century CE. Comparisons: Ramat Ha-Nadiv (Boas 2000:547–548, Pls. I:6–8, 14–15; II:1–5); Ramot Nof (Ustinova and Nahshoni 1994: Fig. 14:8–14); and Ta‘anach (Ziadeh 1995: Fig. 13:5–7). A MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II SITE WEST OF TELL QASILE 125 REFERENCES Amiran R. 1969. Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land. Jerusalem. Avidar A. 1991. The Beads from 1986–1990 Seasons. In A. Kempinski and W.D. Niemeier eds. Excavations at Kabri: Preliminary Report, 1990 Season. Tel Aviv. Pp. 27–31 (Hebrew). Ariel D.T. 1990. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh 2: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Ayalon E. 1988. A Byzantine Road and Other Discoveries in the Vicinity of Tell Qasile. Israel— People and Land 4:9–33 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 7*). Barkay G. 1994. Tombs and Burials in Judah in the Biblical Period. In I. Singer ed. Burials and Burial Customs in Eretz Israel in Antiquity. Jerusalem. Pp. 96–164 (Hebrew). Barkay G. 1999. Burial Caves and Dwellings in Judah during Iron Age II: Sociological Aspects. In A. Faust and A. Maeir eds. Material Culture, Society and Ideology (Conference Proceedings, Bar Ilan University). Ramat Gan. Pp. 96–102 (Hebrew). Baines J. 1982. Interpreting Sinuhe. JEA 63:31–44. Bar-Yosef D. 1999. Shells from Archaeological Contexts in Israel. Qadmoniyot 117:45–51 (Hebrew). Beck P. 1975. The Pottery of the Middle Bronze Age IIA at Tell Aphek. Tel Aviv 2:45–85. Beck P. 1985. The Middle Bronze Age IIA Pottery from Aphek, 1972–1984: First Summary. Tel Aviv 12:181–203. Beck P. and Zevulun U. 1996. Back to Square One. BASOR 304:64–75. Ben-Tor D. 1994. The Historical Implications of Middle Kingdom Scarabs found in Palestine bearing Private Names and Titles of Officials. BASOR 294:7–22. Ben-Tor D. 1998. The Relations between Egypt and Palestine during the Middle Kingdom as Reflected by Contemporary Canaanite Scarabs. In C.J. Eyre ed. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 82). Leuven. Pp. 154–162. Berlin A. 1997. The Plain Wares. In S.C. Herbert ed. Tel Anafa II: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. Ann Arbor. Pp. 1–211. Bienkowski P. 1989. The Division of Middle Bronze IIB–C in Palestine. Levant 21:169–176. Bietak M. 1988. Archäologischer Befund und historische Interpretation am Beispiel der Tell El-Yahudiya Ware. In S. Schoske ed. Akten des Vierten internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses München. Hamburg. Pp. 7–34. Boas A. 2000. Pottery and Small Finds from the Late Ottoman Village and the Early Zionist Settlement. In Y. Hirschfeld ed. Ramat Hanadiv Excavations. Jerusalem. Pp. 547–580. Bollweg J. 1999. Vorderasiatische Wagentypen im Spiegel der Terracottaplastik bis zur Altbabylonischer Zeit (OBO 167). Fribourg. Bonfil R. 1992. MB II Pithoi in Palestine. Eretz-Israel 23:26–37 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 146*). Bottéro J. 1987. The Mythology of Death. In Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning and the Gods (Z. Bahrani and M. Van de Mieroop trans.). Chicago. Pp. 268–282. Brandl B. 1993. Clay, Bone, Metal and Stone Objects. In I. Finkelstein ed. Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical Site. Tel Aviv. Pp. 223–262. Bunimovitz S. and Finkelstein I. 1993. Pottery. In I. Finkelstein ed. Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical Site. Tel Aviv. Cohen-Weinberger A. This volume. Petrographic Analysis of Pottery from a Middle Bronze Age II Site West of Tell Qasile. Cole D.P. 1984. Shechem I: The Middle Bronze IIB Pottery. Winona Lake. Cooper J.S. 1983. The Curse of Agade. Baltimore. Cooper J.S. 1992. The Fate of Mankind: Death and Afterlife in Mesopotamia. In H. Obayashi ed. Death and Afterlife. New York. Pp. 19–34. Cornell L. 1997. Note on Moulded Bowls. In S.C. Herbert ed. Tel Anafa II: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. Ann Arbor. Pp. 407–416. Damati E. and Stepansky Y. 1996. A Middle Bronze Age II Burial Cave on Mt. Canaan, Zefat (Wadi Hamra). ‘Atiqot 29:1*–29* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 107–108). Dothan M. 1971. Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963, 1965, Soundings in 1967 (‘Atiqot [ES] 9–10). Jerusalem. Dothan M. and Porath Y. 1993. Ashdod V: Excavation of Area G—The Fourth–Sixth Seasons of Excavations, 1968–1970 (‘Atiqot 23). Jerusalem. Edelstein G., Milevski I. and Aurant S. 1998. Villages, Terraces and Stone Mounds: Excavations at Manahat, Jerusalem 1987–1989 (IAA Reports 3). Jerusalem. Elgavish J. 1974. Archaeological Excavations at Shikmona, Report 2: The Level of the Hellenistic Period, Stratum 4. Haifa (Hebrew). Epstein C. 1974. Middle Bronze Age Tombs at Kfar Szold and Ginosar. ‘Atiqot (HS) 7:13–39 (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 2–6). 126 RAZ KLETTER Finkielsztejn G. 2000. Amphoras and Stamped Handles from ‘Akko. ‘Atiqot 39:135–153. Finkielsztejn G. 2001. Chronologie détaillée et révisée des éponymes amphoriques rhodiaens de 270 à 108 av. J.-C. environ. Premier bilan (BAR Int. S. 999). Oxford. Fischer M. 1989. Hellenistic Pottery (Strata V–III). In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series No. 8). Minneapolis and Tel Aviv. Pp. 177–187. Fischer M. ed. 1991. Yavne Yam and Its Surroundings. Kibbutz Palmahim (Hebrew). Fischer M. and Tal O. 1999. The Hellenistic Period. In I. Roll and O. Tal eds. Apollonia-Arsuf, Final Report of the Excavations I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series No. 16). Tel Aviv. Pp. 223–260. Garfinkel Y. and Bonfil R. 1990. Graves and Burial Customs of the MB IIA Period in Gesher. EretzIsrael 21:132–147 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 106*). Gardiner A. 1979. Egyptian Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford. Garland R. 1981. The Greek Way of Death. Ithaca, N.Y. Gerstenblith P. 1983. The Levant at the Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (ASOR Dissertation Series 5). Winona Lake. Geva S. 1982. Tell Jerishe: The Sukenik Excavations of the Middle Bronze Age Fortifications (Qedem 15). Jerusalem. Gophna R. and Beck P. 1981. The Rural Aspect of the Settlement Pattern of the Coastal Plain in the Middle Bronze Age II. Tel Aviv 8:45–80. Gorzalczany A. 1998. Ramat Aviv. ESI 18:54. Gorzalczany A. 1999. Hellenistic-Period Remains at Ramat Aviv. ‘Atiqot 38:25*–32* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 222–223). Gorzalczany A. 2006. The 1996 Excavations along the Northern Hill of Tel Mikhal (Tel Michal). ‘Atiqot 52:1–19. Guz-Zilberstein B. 1995. The Typology of Hellenistic Coarse Ware and Selected Loci of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. In E. Stern ed. Excavations at Dor, Final Report IB: Areas A and C: The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem. Pp. 289–433. Hallote R.S. 1994. Mortuary Practices and their Implications for Social Organization in the Middle Bronze Southern Levant. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago. Chicago. Ilan D. 1992. A Middle Bronze Age Cache from Tel Dan. Eretz-Israel 23:9–20 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 145*). Ilan D. 1996. The Middle Bronze Age Tombs. In A. Biran, D. Ilan and A. Greenberg eds. Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs. Jerusalem. Pp. 161–267. Ilan D., Hallote R.S. and Cline E.H. 2000. The Middle and Late Bronze Age Pottery from Area M. In I. Finkelstein ed. Megiddo III. Tel Aviv. Pp. 186–221. Kaplan J. 1955. A Cemetery of the Bronze Age Discovered near Tel Aviv Harbour. ‘Atiqot (ES) 1:1–12. Kaplan Y. 1957. Excavations in the Abattoir Hill, Tel Aviv. ‘Alon. Bulletin of the Department of Antiquities of the State of Israel 3:39–40 (Hebrew). Kaplan Y. 1971. Mesopotamian Elements in the Middle Bronze II Culture of Palestine. JNES 30:293–307. Kaplan J. 1972. The Archaeology and History of Tel Aviv-Jaffa. BA 35:66–95. Kaplan J. and Ritter-Kaplan H. 1993. Tel Aviv. In NEAEHL 4. P. 1454. Keel O. 1995. Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina/Israel (OBO Series Archaeologica 10). Freiburg and Göttingen. Kempinski A. 1983. Syrien und Palästina (Kanaan) in der letzten Phase der Mittelbronze IIB-Zeit (1650–1570 v. Chr.). Wiesbaden. Kempinski A. 1988. Excavations at Kabri: Preliminary Report 1987 Season. Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Kempinski A. 1989. Excavations at Kabri: Preliminary Report 1988 Season. Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Kenyon K.M. 1960. Excavations at Jericho I: The Tombs Excavated in 1952–54. London. Kenyon K.M. 1965. Excavations at Jericho II: The Tombs Excavated in 1955–58. London. Kenyon K.M. and Holland T.A. 1982. Excavations at Jericho IV: The Pottery Type Series and Other Finds. London. Killebrew A. 1996. Pottery Kilns from Deir el-Balah and Tel Miqne-Ekron. In J.D. Seger ed. Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology in Honor of G.W. Van Beek. Winona Lake. Pp. 135–162. Kletter R. and Gorzalzcany A. 2001. A Middle Bronze II Type of Pottery Kiln from the Coastal Plain of Israel. Levant 33:95–104. Kletter R. and Rapuano Y. 1998. A Roman Well at Khirbet Ibreiktas. ‘Atiqot 35:43–59. Kochavi M. 1989. Aphek-Antipatris: Five Thousand Years of History. Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Kochavi M. ed. 2000. Aphek-Antipatris I. Tel Aviv. Kochavi M. and Beck P. 1985. Aphek-Antipatris— 1985. ESI 4:5–6. A MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II SITE WEST OF TELL QASILE Kochavi M., Beck P., and Gophna R. 1981. AphekAntipatris, Tel Poleg, Tel Burga and Tel Zeror: Four Fortified Sites of the Middle Bronze IIa in the Sharon Plain. Eretz Israel 15:28–62 (Hebrew). Kolska Horwitz L. 1997. The Animal Bone Assemblage from the Middle Bronze II Tomb (T1181, Area L) at Hazor. In A. Ben-Tor ed. Hazor V: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavations, 1968. Jerusalem. Pp. 344–347. Kolska Horwitz L. 1999. Food for the Gods: Food for Thought. In A. Faust and A. Maeir eds. Material Culture, Society and Ideology. New Directions in the Archaeology of the Land of Israel (Conference Proceedings, Bar Ilan University). Ramat Gan. Pp. 31–41 (Hebrew). Levy Y. 1993. Rishon Leziyyon Sand Dunes. ESI 13:57–59. Loud G. 1948. Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935–39 (OIP 62). Chicago. Lungu V. 1990. Nouvelles données concernant la chronologie des amphores rhodiaens de la fin du IIIe siècle au début du II siècle av. J.-C. Dacia 34:209–217. Maeir A.M. 1997a. Tomb 1181: A MultipleInterment Burial Cave of the Transitional Middle Bronze Age IIA–B. In A. Ben-Tor ed. Hazor V: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavations, 1968. Jerusalem. Pp. 295–340. Maeir A.M. 1997b. The Material Culture of the Central Jordan Valley during the Middle Bronze II: Pottery and Settlement Pattern. Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University. Jerusalem (Hebrew). Maeir A.M. 2002. Red, White and Blue Ware. A Little-known Group of Painted Pottery of the Middle Bronze Age II. In E.D. Oren and S. Ahituv eds. Aharon Kempinski Memorial Studies in Archaeology and Related Disciplines (Beer Sheba 15). Be’er Sheva‘. Pp. 228–240. McGovern P.E., Fleming S.J. and Katz S.H. 1995. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine (University of Pennsylvania Museum). Philadelphia. McGovern P.E. and Harbottle G. 1997. “Hyksos” Trade Connections between Tell ed-Daba‘a (Avaris) and the Levant. A Neutron Activation Study of the Canaanite Jar. In E.D. Oren ed. The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. Philadelphia. Pp. 141–158. McHugh F. 1999. Theoretical and Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Mortuary Practice (BAR Int. S. 785). Oxford. Miron E. 1988. Narrow Type Canaanite Battle Axes of the Middle Bronze Age. Israel—People and Land 4:65–76 (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 9*–10*). 127 Murray M.A., Boulton N. and Heron C. 2000. Viticulture and Wine Production. In P.T. Nicholson and I. Show eds. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge. Pp. 577–608. Nagar Y. This volume. Anthropological Remains from a Middle Bronze Age II Site West of Tell Qasile. Negbi O. 1989. Bronze Age Pottery. In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series No. 8). Minneapolis and Tel Aviv. Pp. 43–63. Nir Y. and Eldar-Nir I. 1991. The Hellenistic Well at Yavne Yam. In M. Fisher ed. Yavne Yam and Its Surroundings. Kibbutz Palmahim. Pp. 106–110 (Hebrew). Paley S.M. and Porat Y. 1997. Early Middle Bronze IIA Remains at Tell el-Ifshar, Israel: A Preliminary Report. In E.D. Oren ed. The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. Philadelphia. Pp. 369–379. Petrie W.F. 1931. Ancient Gaza I: Tell el-‘Ajjul. London. Philip G. 1989. Metal Weapons of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Syria-Palestine (BAR Int. S. 526). Oxford. Redford D.B. 1996. A Response to Anson Rainey’s “Remark on Donald Redford’s Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times”. BASOR 301:77–81. Redmount C.A. 1995. Pots and People in the Egyptian Delta: Tell El-Maskhouta and the Hyksos. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 82:61–89. Roll I. and Ayalon E. 1989. Apollonia and the Southern Sharon: Model of a Coastal City and Its Hinterland. Tel Aviv. Rosenberger A. 1991. Loom Weights from Areas D and C. In A. Kempinski ed. Excavations at Kabri: Preliminary Report of 1990 Season. Tel Aviv. Pp. 19–21 (Hebrew). Rosenthal-Heginbottom R. 1995. Imported Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. In E. Stern ed. Excavations at Dor, Final Report IB: Areas A and C: The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem. Pp. 183–288. Rotroff S. 1982. Hellenistic Pottery: Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls (The Athenian Agora XXII). Princeton, N.J. Sade M. This volume. Archaeozoological Finds from the Excavations West of Tell Qasile. Sari K. 2000. Tel Aviv, Giv‘at Bet Ha-Mitbahayim. HA–ESI 111:101*. Sasson A. 1990. The Production of Lime in Palestine During the Mishnaic and Talmudic Period. M.A. thesis, Bar Ilan University. Ramat Gan (Hebrew). 128 RAZ KLETTER Sasson A. 1999. The Lime-burning Plant at the Ali-Muntar Hill in Gaza. Cathedra 81:95–107 (Hebrew). Schmidt R.B. 1994. Israel’s Beneficient Dead: Ancestor Cult and Necromancy in Ancient Israelite Religion and Tradition. Winona Lake. Shamir O. 1990–1993. Loomweights from Tel Qasile. Israel—People and Land 7–8:35–42 (Hebrew; English summary). Shamir O. 1996. Loomweights and Whorls. In D.T. Ariel ed. Excavations at the City of David 1978– 1985 Directed by Y. Shiloh (Qedem 35). Jerusalem. Pp. 135–170. Singer-Avitz L. 1989. Stone and Clay Objects. In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series No. 8). Minneapolis and Tel Aviv. Pp. 350–361. Singer-Avitz L. and Levy Y. 1992. An MB IIA Kiln at the Nahal Soreq Site. ‘Atiqot 21:9*–14* (Hebrew; English summary, p. 174). SNG Ptolemies: A. Kromann and O. Morkholm 1977. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: Denmark. Egypt: The Ptolemies. Copenhagen. Spencer A. 1982. Death in Ancient Egypt. London. Stern E. ed. 1984. Excavations at Tel Mevorach (1973–1976) II: The Bronze Age (Qedem 18). Jerusalem. Thompson H.A., Thompson D.B. and Rotroff S.I. 1987. Hellenistic Pottery and Terracottas. Chelsea, Mi. Tufnell O. 1962. The Courtyard Cemetery of Tell el ‘Ajjul, Palestine. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 3:1–37. Tufnell O. 1984. Studies on Scarab Seals (2 vols.). Warminster. Ustinova Y. and Nahshoni P. 1994. Salvage Excavations in Ramot Nof, Be’er Sheva. ‘Atiqot 25:157–177. Ward W.A. and Dever W.G. 1994. Studies on Scarab Seals III: Scarab Typology and Archaeological Context—An Essay on Middle Bronze Age Chronology. San Antonio. Wheeler M. 1982. Loomweights and Spindle Whorls. In K.M. Kenyon and T.A. Holland eds. Excavations at Jericho IV: The Pottery Types and Other Finds. London. Pp. 622–637. Williams D.P. 1977. The Tombs of the Middle Bronze Age II Period from the ‘500’ Cemetery at Tell Far‘ah (South). London. Ziadeh, G. 1995. Ottoman Ceramics from Ti‘inik, Palestine. Levant 27:209–251. Ziffer I. 1990. At that Time the Canaanites were in the Land: Daily Life in Canaan in the Middle Bronze Age I, 2000–1550 B.C.E. (Eretz Israel Museum). Tel Aviv.