ARCHIVUM EURASIAE MEDII AEVI edited by P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, A. P. Martinez, J. Skaff, A. Zimonyi 23 (2017) Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2017 This journal and all contributions and illustrations contained therein are protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Phototypesetting by Roman K. Kovalev, Ewing, NJ Printing and binding by Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed on permanent/durable paper Printed in Germany www.harrassowitz-verlag.de ISSN 0724-8822 CONTENTS GAYBULLA BABAYAROV On The Relations Between The Rulers Of Chach And Tokharistan In The Pre-Islamic Period …………………………………….… 5 O. BUBENOK The Sogdians In The Western Caucasus …………………………………………. 21 В.В. ЕНУКОВ, О.Н. ЕНУКОВА†, В.П. ЛЕБЕДЕВ Шуклинский Клад Дирхемов X в. и Его Археологический Контекст …………………………………………………..… 35 HAYRETTIN İHSAN ERKOÇ Ecologic And Economic Factors In The Fall Of The Eastern Türk Qaghanate (627-630) ………………………………………….…… 69 FRANCESCA FIASCHETTI The Six Duties: Yuan Diplomatic Interactions With East And Southeast Asia …………………………………………………… 81 А.В. КУБАТИН Древнетюркские Титулы и Эпитеты На Согдоязычных Монетах Оазисов Средней Азии и Семиречья Эпохи Раннего Средневековья ..……………………………….. 103 RUTH I. MESERVE Wild Dogs Or Wild Cats? Puzzles In Lexical Sources And Medical Texts From China, Tibet And Mongolia ……………….………… 137 VALENTINA MORDVINTSEVA The ‘Sarmatian Animal Style’ Objects As Emblems Of Power In The North Pontic Region (3rd Cent. BC – 3rd Cent. AD) .………………….… 167 Я.В. ПИЛИПЧУК Этногенез и Миграции Печенегов ..…………………………………………… 207 SZABOLCS POLGÁR Nine Regions Of Khazaria …………………………………………………….... 257 ВЛАДИМИР В. ТИШИН Племенные Группировки Западно-Тюркского Каганата: Опыт Реконструкции Названий ……………………………………….……… 267 4 CONTENTS ISTVÁN ZIMONYI Key Issues Of The Early Hungarian History Theories In The Light Of Recent Literature ..…………………………………………….. 301 CRITICA Central Eurasia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Edited by István Zimonyi and Osman Karatay. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2016 [Turcologica 104]. xx + 445 pp. ISBN 978-3-447-10534-7 Reviewed by Michael R. Drompp …………………………………...…… 319 ECOLOGIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE FALL OF THE EASTERN TÜRK QAGHANATE (627-630) HAYRETTIN İHSAN ERKOÇ When the Tang 唐 Dynasty was founded in a fragmented and chaotic China in the year 618, the Eastern Türk Qaghanate in the north seemed to be enjoying the zenith of its power. While the newly-founded Tang Dynasty reunified China, the Eastern Türks continued their political and military activities in China, with raiding Türk armies advancing as far south to the Tang capital Chang’an 長安 in 626. However, various economic, political, military and social problems were undermining the power of the Eastern Türk Qaghanate, and this did not go unnoticed by Tang administrators. A series of natural disasters started to occur just a year later, triggering the sudden collapse of the Eastern Türk Qaghanate in a few years. In our study, we examined the dissatisfaction of the Türks for their administrators caused by some economic reasons. We also examined the natural disasters and their narratives in the Chinese sources in more detail. As some of these sources contain chronological problems and confusions in the cause and effect relationship regarding this issue, we focused on these problems and made a proper reconstruction of the events that led to the fall of the Eastern Türk Qaghanate. The Accounts of the Türks of ZS, SS and BS have stated that the economy of the Türks rely predominantly on animal husbandry and hunting.1 The structure of nomadic economy based on animal husbandry done in grasslands is built upon a fragile balance and one of the most detailed studies on this structure and the problems faced by this type of economy throughout history has been made by Khazanov.2 Di Cosmo has also studied the background of the weakness of nomadic economy.3 Agrarian products and luxury goods had to be acquired from sedentary neighbors, through trade, tributes and raiding. Nomadic rulers were able to preserve the loyalty of their nobility, tribesmen and vassals by the distribution of these foreign goods. A ruler who failed to do so was naturally doomed to fail; he was soon abandoned or 1 BS 99.3287; SS 84.1864; ZS 50.909. 2 Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World, (trans. Julia Crookenden), The University of Wisconsin Press, London, 1994, pp. 69-84, 228-230. 3 Nicola Di Cosmo, “State Formation and Periodization in Inner Asian History”, Journal of World History, 10/1, (1999), pp. 14-15. For Skaff’s description of Turko-Mongol economy and sociopolitical organization during the 6th-7th centuries, see Jonathan Karam Skaff, Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power and Connections, 580-800, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012, pp. 33-35. For Graff’s description of the military and political structure of the Eastern Türk Qaghanate, see David A. Graff, “Strategy and Contingency in the Tang Defeat of the Eastern Turks, 629-630”, Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800), (ed. Nicola Di Cosmo), Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill, Leiden, 2002, pp. 40-44.