Central asian history

This chapter deals with Kyrgyz-language narratives concerned with the character Manas, stories that have, since their first recorded appearance in 1856, been crafted for a variety of audiences in a variety of media for a variety of purposes. An obvious outlier in a volume exploring storytelling and stories in and from the medieval west, this study is intended to provide a parallel of a living tradition with material from ‘past’ cultures and in doing so raise uncomfortable questions for medievalists. The difficulty in recognizing the shifting contexts and meanings of narratives told and retold in different times, the reliance on manuscript and printed sources for stories once completely oral, the oft-unrecorded influence politics has on the content and message of a performance, and on the adaptation, appreciation, longevity, and understanding of stories are all present in a living tradition that has been used to inform debates about classical, medieval, and contemporary narratives. The role of scholarship in creating the meaning of these narratives is also emphasized

The paper intends to show how Justin’s Epitoma, despite being a work much easier to read in pieces than as a continuous whole, from a philological point of view must be considered as a unit, to avoid the risk of underestimating its most significant and pervasive aspects. Among these stands out the color Romanus, i.e. the application of Roman terminology to foreign countries, an essential means by which Trogus tries to bring closer to its readership the history of civilizations distant in time and space. Thanks to an analysis focused on the color Romanus in greater detail and on a full scale, it is possible to give a new interpretation of one of the much-debated passages of the Epitoma, Iust. 41.2.1–2, and call into question the famous conjecture probulorum proposed by Alfred von Gutschmid.

The ancient Buddhist world was centered in the Eastern reaches of Eurasia. The boundary of this religious tradition is here names "The Great Circle of Buddhism".  Based on the accounts of pilgrims who traveled from the coast of China to India, stopping at Java or Sumatra, and moving around the coasts of India before crossing the land area of Inner Asia, the "Great Circle" becomes the map for Buddhism.

This is a draft version of one of the the four papers presented in a joint panel on the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription from Mongolia (currently in the National Institute of Archeology, Ulaanbaator) with my colleagues Dieter Maue, Mehmet Ölmez, and Étienne de la Vaissière on August 31, 2017 in conjunction with 60th meeting of PIAC in Székesfehérvár, Hungary. My colleagues' papers will be uploaded to Academia.edu shortly, and currently we are working on a co-authored article.

Various documentary and numismatic sources mention the Kidarites, an enigmatic group of nomads in Central Asian history. This article attempts to reconstruct the chronology of the Kidarites primarily on the basis of documentary sources, especially Chinese Buddhist sources which have not yet been thoroughly studied. From this study we can see that much historical information is preserved in the biographies and chronicles of Chinese Buddhist literature. The author also discusses the ethno-political affinities of the Kidarites as well as their relationships with other contemporary ethnic groups.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, held 3rd-14th June 1992, launched the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which operates through its annual roadshow the UN Conference of Parties (COP) that seeks to establish sustainable management of the global climate system.

The  'Earth Summit' by UN in 1992 brought the problems  in climate to the attention of even some of the world's most remote and isolated nations. One of these nations was the Hopi Nation in Arizona, a non-sovereign nation - which the UN labels as 'indigenous peoples'. In a long chain of events beginning from the League of Nations' decision in 1926 to deny the First Nations of Americas and the small island nations' representation in that international forum, its successor the United Nations, turned down four attempts by the Hopi Nation to raise the issue between 1948 and 1992. Finally, in the immediate aftermath of the Rio Earth Summit (1992), the United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar authorised the Hopi Nation to table the matter to the floor of UN General Assembly 10th-11th December 1992.

The First Nations of Americas Ethnoclimatology Motion and the Tradition-Keepers ('Faith-Keepers') background to that motion is elaborated here in this UNFCCC submission with further points were raised in 1st-2nd October 2018 at CRIAS conference. This contextualises the First Nations of Americas UN General Assembly Investigation Request 101292 which was the Concluding Plea of the World Indigenous Peoples' Joint Summit with the United Nations Parties ('Member States') Delegations to open the first UN Year of the Indigenous People (1993) to other ethnoclimatologies appearing world wide. The Geophysical Annotations were discussed at the Cochabamba-Tiquipaya Climate Summit (CMPCC1) in aftermath of the collapsed Copenhagen Climate Summit COP15 (2009) with the request from the UNESCO Delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia on 7th January 2010 and His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma.

The key tenents of the Geophysical Annotations being:

(1) A signal noise from a substantial radiocarbon-dilution effect due to major sea level retreats and rises during the Ice Ages that depressurised methane clathrates - releasing copious amounts of methane and carbon dioxide into air from depressurised seabed clathrates and also from thawing terra firma permafrost; this results in regressive, or sideway, 14C  readings in tree rings ("tree rings in a wrong order"). Thus, the Ice Ages era (the last glacial maxium to holocene thermal maximum period) cores of the tree trunks can appear substantially 14C-younger than the tree trunks' latest (outermost) tree-rings which cannot be the case due to the extreme steadiness of the radiocarbon's decay rate.

(2) Methane accumulates to upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere: hence any methane signature in the ice cores is only from methane-in-transit. Additionally the global warming episode that ended the ice ages had heavy methane loads that warmed and melted away most of the era's recent ice surfaces, thus obliterating the-then-most recently laid down snow stratum (leaving behind the earlier less methane rich snow layers). This caused incomplete records (time gaps) in the ice cores, and hence "global warming" always appears "before" higher atmospheric CO2 or CH4 levels (hence appearing as if them being 'respondents', rather than the drivers of climate warning).

(3) Noting that the partial melting equations can also be run inverse direction, it is proposed that the Pleistocene glaciations resulted in damage to Peridotite which partially melted producing basalt deposition in a large scale onto the seafloor in vast effusive eruptions with field emission of heat rather than radial spot emission of heat like in modern-day Surtseyan eruptions that have only a minimal heat crossing to sea surface due to small spatial extent of hot subsea surface. The vaporisation of sea water in field emission is vast due to spatial extent of hot subsea surface greatly exceeding the thickness of overlying water column, leading to runaway snowfalls. This caused an inflated size hydrological cycle which effectively washed out atmosphere-generated radiocarbon while geological seabed-associated depressurised carbon-12 was being released en masse leading to negligible carbon-14 readings (the radiocarbon-dilution effect by the Pleistocene's hydrological cycle / sea bed depressurisation).

On these three premises, the First Nations of Americans Ethnoclimatology Motion at the United Nations General Assembly on 10th-11th December 1992 is proposed as a variant possibility to the climate theories advocated aggressively by the Western Group of Nations and their influential academia. Its implications to present-day climate change suggest that the Polar Ice Caps will continue on their much-faster-than-anticipated loss trajectory to violent collapses. This aspect was highlighted in Sea Research Society's Evidence Giving at the UK Houses of Parliament in Environmental Audit Committee evidence giving on 5th and 24th April 2017. The urgency of situation is underlined by the fact that despite world-wide economic shut down by covid-19, carbon dioxide has continued its rapid rise to 417 parts per million indicating that time to act is running out as the remaining North Pole marine ice cap is soon to melt away and then destabilise the surrounding glaciers post Arctic sea ice (most notably the Greenland Ice Sheet).

This paper reconsiders the existing accounts of Qutayba b. Muslim's campaigns in Bukhārā in the context of the region's historical topography. It proposes a new yet more coherent reconstruction of the course of events during these campaigns. The resulting new narrative highlights how difficult this first step of the conquest of Mā warāʾ-al-nahr was for the Arab armies.

""The common understanding of early Chinese diplomacy largely is informed by the term 'tributary system:' during the Han period, foreign entities mainly engaged with the Chinese empire in order to secure economic profit. This view is based on the assumption that the rendition of tribute (gòng 貢) usually was reciprocated with 'counter-gifts' by the court. Accordingly, to the eyes of all foreigners, delivering tribute was only a 'cloak for trade' devoid of any notion of submission. On the other hand, the Chinese court is believed to have silently tolerated this kind of 'economic exchange' because receiving tribute was equalled with at least nominal acceptance of Chinese suzerainty and as a manifestation of its claim to universal power.
The situation as it is depicted in the transmitted sources, however, is far more complex. By retracing different methods of diplomatic interaction to Chunqiu and Zhanguo times, I shall demonstrate that Han diplomacy was far from having been an ideological exercise. I am also going to show that the Han court continued to use established strategies of diplomatic interaction by adapting them to the necessities of the time.""

This paper presents and analyses half a page of Uzbek text that appears in a Tajik-language prose work published at the turn of the 20th century. The Uzbek text was written by a Bukharan bilingual who had Bukharan Tajik as his native language but also possessed competence in Uzbek. The text is a rare example of an Uzbek text written in fully vocalized Hebrew script, and thus provides a rare glimpse into the Tajik-Uzbek bilingualism in the capital area of the emirate of Bukhara in the late 19th century.

""The Book is a Migration Story of Turkestani Refugee Azam Hashmi Turkistani (1915, Andijan-1973, Karachi ) after Socialist Occupation and Revolution in 1931. He migrated from Turkestan to Afghanistan. later on, he moved to the Indian Sub-continent and lived in Delhi, Bombay and Punjab many years. After creation of Pakistan, He migrated to  Karachi, the capital of Pakistan and lived till his death.

He was well known leader of Turk refugees in Indian Sub-continent. He founded "Turk refugees Association" in 1934 in Delhi. He was also Editor of  monthly journal "Tarjuman" from 1938 to 1940 which was published in Urdu, Persian and Turkic language from Delhi. The Journal was a representative  of Turk refugees. He wrote many articles in many Turkic journals e.g "Yash Turkistan" of Mustafa Shokay and "Milli Turkistan", Germany.

He came to Pakistan after partition of sub-continent. He struggled hardly for Turk refugees and Turkestan issue. He represented (West) Turkistan in World Muslim Congress held in Karachi in 1951. He again started his Urdu-turkic magazine "Tarjuman ". Later on, he published "Tarjuman e Afkar " in Turkic languagel from 1952 to 1959. He wrote his migration story in Urdu. He died on 30th July, 1973 in Karachi, Pakistan.

This book is about his memoirs of migration. it is a historical  document about the Turkestan History of that era. The book is in Urdu language and it has not translated in English yet."
download the book  fom archive.org :
http://archive.org/details/Samarqand-O-Bukhara--Ki-Khuni-Sargazisht

This graduate seminar shifts the typical geographic focus of World War II from Europe and the Pacific to the borderlands of the British, French, Japanese, and Soviet empires. The goal of this seminar is to explore the different ways that comparative and transnational methodologies can help graduate students understand wartime and postwar phenomena such as mobilization, sexual violence, and decolonization. We will approach these issues by discussing books and articles that examine the wartime and immediate postwar histories of Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia. This course will acquaint graduate students with perspectives and methodologies useful for their own research projects while providing a solid foundation for a comprehensive understanding of postwar world history.

It is a geohistorical article written in Japanese.
Through the revision of the Old Uigur inscriptions from Bezeklik and other texts, I assembled the attestations of toponym NYZWNK = nižüng ~ NYSWNK = nišüng and LYSWNK = lišüng, which are Old Uigur transcriptions for Chin. 寧戎 ning-rong, and identified them with the Modern Bezeklik Caves, the Buddhist sanctuary in Turfan basin, Xinjiang, China.

Статья посвящена анализу малоизученного, редкого и ценного источника по истории Туркестанского восстания 1916 г. - журнала "Туркестанские епархиальные ведомости", который издавался Туркестанской и Ташкентской епархией Русской православной церкви.
The article is devoted to the analysis of a little-studied, rare and valuable source on the history of the Turkestan uprising of 1916 - the journal "Turkestan Diocesan Vedomosti", which was published by the Turkestan and Tashkent dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church.

This paper analyses New Persian words transcribed in Chinese script in huihuiguan zazi 回回館雜字, a New Persian-Chinese glossary compiled in Ming China. The analysis reveals a correspondence between the vowel contrasts of modern Tajik and those of the variety of New Persian whose words are recorded in the glossary. This paper also identifies, based on historical records, the variety as an early fifteenth-century New Persian which had diplomatic currency in the Timurid court in Samarkand.

Этномазаика программ радио «Достук» Общественной телерадиовещательной корпорации Кыргызстана Аннотция: Кыргызстан-полиэтническое государство, в котором проживают представители более 100 различных этносов. Контент СМИ Кыргызстана отражает многоязычие и культуру этносов, проживающих на территории республики. Сегодня в информационном поле Кыргызстана представлены печатные СМИ (газеты, журналы), основным предназначением которых является разностороннее освещение жизнедеятельности той или иной этнической группы, её взаимодействие в полиэтническом обществе. Этнотематическая составляющая материалов этих изданий является если не абсолютной, то преобладающей, что дает нам право классифицировать их как этнические СМИ. Их учредителями являются этнические общественные объединения (ЭОО), источниками финансирования-этнические общины, а также в некоторых случаях этнические прародины. По последним данным, свои печатные издания имеют около 10 этнических общественных объединений. Государство обеспечивает вещание этническим группам на родном языке на Общественной телерадиовещательной корпорации (ОТРК) Кыргызской Республики. Редакционная политика ОТРК строится в интересах всего населения Кыргызстана, с учетом этнического, национального и культурного разнообразия страны. В телевизионном формате все этнические группы Кыргызстана имеют возможность 1-2 раза в год участвовать в специальных телепрограммах ОТРК, освещающих этносферу, таких как «Колесо жизни», «Мекеним Кыргызстан», а также в этнопрограммах других частных телеканалов. Радио «Достук» (Дружба) запустилось в рамках стратегии развития ОТРК в период 2013-2015 года, а также в соответствии с концепцией укрепления единства народа и межэтнических отношений в Кыргызской Республике. Оновной контент радио создается в тесном в тесном сотрудничестве с диаспорами, а также с Ассамблеей народов Кыргызстана. На сегодняшний день на радио "Достук" свои программы вещают дунгане, татары, уйгуры, украинцы, поляки и другие. В связи с межэтническими конфликтами (например, с 2010 года) сегодня, как никогда необходимо развитие культуры межэтнических отношений, межличностного диалога в полиэтническом обществе.

Alptegin (d. 352/963), a military slave commander under the later Sāmānids, is also reported to be the founder of the Ghaznavid state. In this article, narratives about him are analyzed in two parts: first, the reports about him in the earlier sources are examined, and in the second part, the focus is on the Alptegin stories in Niz ̣ām al-Mulk's Siyāsat-nāma. The article shows that the figure in the Siyāsat-nāma is not meant to represent the " historical " Alptegin, but that the author, by telling stories about Alptegin, discusses serious problems which occurred within the relationship between a ruler and his most powerful retainers. In particular, Alptegin is represented as the typically loyal servant who stays loyal even if his lord treats him without due respect, and the stories also show that revolt in such cases was the normal reaction. Factual accuracy therefore is not on the agenda of the author, and it would be wrong to expect it.

This is a workshop program. The workshop focuses on the relations between China and Central Asia during the Han-Parthian Empire period, or the early formation phase of the so-called Silk Road. It is a preparatory meeting for a future conference, which will be a large interdisciplinary study on the subject.

This article aims to assess how the dynamics of Central Asian integration have contributed to the regionness of this part of the Eurasian continent. The author will take a closer look at the earlier integration attempts in Central Asia, by highlighting the scope, depth and drivers of these processes through history. First, the author compares various frames of how Central Asia has been conceived by various scholars. Secondly it will analyze Central Asian regionness through the lens of Hettne & Söderbaum’s New Regionalism Theory. The author argues that the structural changes under Stalin have put the regional ‘nationalist’ dynamics on such a path dependency that the integrational point of gravity is shifting towards Kazakhstan and is no longer in the core of the region (Uzbekistan). This can have dire consequences for the future, as transnational challenges are no addressed.