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Academia Letters
Framework for Quantitative Incorporation of Human Behaviour into Irrigation Schemes Performance Assessment2021 •
2001 •
El programa completo de lecturas de la obra de Freud (versión Amorrortu) tal como la realizamos entre 1999 y 2001.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Between cities and villages: the livestock economy in historical Palestine. Namdar, Gadot and Sapir-Hen 2024. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences.2024 •
This study aims at establishing a historically based model of animal husbandry in urban and rural settlements, in the Southern Levant. This type of model is required in the field of zooarchaeology, to better analyze and study ancient faunal remains. It also applies a non-traditional method to study and differentiate between urban and rural economies. For this aim, we used British Mandate tax files and village statistics. These are the best available historical documents for this period, that recorded herds management statistics in all settlements of Palestine. We selected only settlements inhabited by the indigenous population and divided the data into four environmental regions. We analyzed the livestock abundance and herd demography in each region. Each urban center was considered independently, while the rural villages were classified into three groups, based on the most common livestock (cattle, sheep, or goats). Results show economic variations between urban and rural settlements as well as regional trends, such as in pastoralism and agricultural management. In addition, meat industries were common in most urban centers, being the primary difference from rural economies. We applied this model to two large zooarchaeological case studies, dating from the Early Islamic to the Ottoman period; Mount Zion, located in the urban city of Jerusalem, and Tel Beth Shemesh (East), whose size and nature were not historically recorded. We found that the economic variations reflected in the model were also present in the faunal assemblages.
Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, Yaz-Haziran 2024, Sayı 110, 199-225
ŞAH İSMAİL DÖNEMİ PORTEKİZ-SAFEVİ İLİŞKİLERİ: ANTÓNIO TENREIRO’NUN PORTEKİZ ELÇİSİYLE ŞAH İSMAİL’İN SARAYINA SEYAHATİ (1523-1524) PORTUGAL-SAFAVID IRAN RELATIONS IN THE PERIOD OF SHAH ISMAIL: ANTÓNIO TENREIRO’S TRAVEL WITH THE PORTUGUESE ENVOY TO THE COURT OF SHAH ISMAIL (1523-1524)2024 •
Portekiz-Safevî temasları, tarihte ilk kez Afonso de Albuquerque komutasındaki Portekiz donanmasının Basra Körfezi’ne girip Hürmüz Krallığı’nı egemenliği altına almaya çalıştığı 1507 yılında gerçekleşti. Konumu gereği ticaret yollarıyla olan bağlantısı sayesinde limana uğrayan malların gümrük vergilerinden büyük gelir elde eden Hürmüz, Hindistan ve İran ticaret yolları arasında güvenli üsler inşa etmek isteyen Portekizlilerin dikkatini çekti. Şah İsmail’e vasallık vergisi ödeyen Hürmüz kralını boyunduruğu altına alıp Hürmüz Adası’nda bir kale inşaatına girişen Portekizliler, bu sayede Basra Körfezi’nin askeri ve ticari kontrolünü ele geçirmeyi başardılar. Şah İsmail’in, Hürmüz’den alınan gelirden vazgeçmek gibi bir niyeti yoktu. Her fırsatta Hürmüz üzerindeki haklarını hatırlatmaktan imtina etmediği gibi askeri anlamda Portekizlilerin adadaki faaliyetlerini tehdit etmekteydi. Diplomatik kanalları açık tutan Portekiz Krallığı, Şah’ın tehditlerini baskılamaya çalışmaktaydı. Çaldıran mağlubiyeti sebebiyle yaralarını sarmakta zorlanan Şah İsmail’in Portekizlilerle iyi ilişkiler kurmaktan başka tercih yolu bulunmamaktaydı. Hürmüz’den gelen vasallık vergisini alamasa da anlaşma yolunu seçen Şah İsmail, Basra Körfezi’nde başta İranlı tüccarlar olmak üzere halkının Arabistan topraklarına deniz yoluyla taşınmasını Portekizlilere kabul ettirdi. Kendisine isyan eden Mekran kralına karşı askeri yardım ile giriş Hürmüz olmak şartıyla ana ticaret limanı Goa’da İranlı tüccarların faaliyetine izin verecek sözü Portekiz’den aldı. 1522’de Hürmüz’deki Portekizli yetkililerin gümrüklerin kontrolünü devralması üzerine, Hürmüz kralı Portekizlilere karşı ayaklandı. Vasallık vergisini Şah İsmail’e teklif edip Portekizlilere karşı ondan yardım istedi. Fakat Hürmüz kralının aniden ölümü ve yerine geçen yeni kralın Portekizlilerle anlaşması üzerine ulaşan yardım işe yaramayınca Şah İsmail, Hürmüz’e giden kafileleri engelledi. Gelirini kaybeden Hürmüz kralı, Portekizlilere vasallık vergisini ödeyemedi. Neticede Hürmüz’ü Safevi baskısından kurtarmak amacıyla Portekiz’in Hindistan valisi D. Duarte de Menezes, müzakere yapmak üzere elçi olarak Baltasar Pessoa’yı Şah İsmail’in sarayına gönderdi. Bu bağlamda Portekiz elçisine İran yolculuğunda eşlik eden António Tenreiro’nun gözlemlerini kaleme aldığı “Itinerario..” adlı seyahatnamesinin İran ile ilgili kısmının Portekizceden tercümesi, Portekiz- Safevî İlişkileri ve İran’ı bir Portekizli seyyahın gözünden görmemiz açısından önemi haizdir. Portuguese-Safavid contacts took place for the first time in history in 1507, when the Portuguese fleet under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque entered the Persian Gulf and tried to dominate the Kingdom of Hormuz. Thanks to its location and connection to the trade routes, Hormuz, which generated large revenues from customs duties on goods passing through the port, attracted the attention of the Portuguese, who wanted to build secure bases between the Indian and Iranian trade routes. The Portuguese subjugated the King of Hormuz, who paid a tribute to Shah Ismail, and started the construction of a fortress on the island of Hormuz, thus gaining military and commercial control of the Persian Gulf. Shah Ismail had no intention of giving up the revenue from Hormuz. He did not refrain from reminding his rights over Hormuz at every opportunity and threatened the Portuguese activities in the island militarily. Keeping diplomatic channels open, the Kingdom of Portugal tried to suppress the Shah’s threats. Shah Ismail, struggling to recover from the defeat at Çaldıran, had no other choice but to establish good relations with the Portuguese. Although he did not receive the tribute from Hormuz, Shah Ismail, who chose the path of agreement, made the Portuguese accept the transportation of his people, especially Iranian merchants in the Persian Gulf, to the lands of Arabia by sea. In 1522, when the Portuguese authorities in Hormuz took control of the customs, the king of Hormuz revolted against the Portuguese. He offered the tribute to Shah Ismail and asked for his help against the Portuguese. However, after the sudden death of the King of Hormuz and the new king’s agreement with the Portuguese, the help did not work and Shah Ismail prevented the caravans going to Hormuz. The King of Hormuz, who had lost his income, could not pay the tribute to the Portuguese. As a result, in order to save Hormuz from Safavid pressure, the Portuguese governor of India, D. Duarte de Menezes, sent Baltasar Pessoa to Shah Ismail’s court as an envoy to negotiate. In this context, the translation from Portuguese of the section on Iran in the travelogue “Itinerario...” in which António Tenreiro, who accompanied the Portuguese envoy on his journey to Iran, wrote his observations, is important for us to see Portuguese-Safavid Relations and Iran through the eyes of a Portuguese traveler.
Historia 396, vol. 14, Nº 1, pp. 1-4.
PRESENTACIÓN AL DOSSIER: EL RÉGIMEN DE INTENDENCIAS: REFORMAS Y RESISTENCIAS A SU IMPLANTACIÓN2024 •
Lucrecia Enriquez Agrazar, Red de Estudios del Régimen de Subdelegaciones en la América Borbónica (RERSAB)
La implantación de la reforma del régimen de intendencias en los virreinatos del Río de la Plata, Nueva España y Perú y en zonas específicas del imperio, como Caracas o Cuba, empezó a ser estudiada hacia mediados del siglo XX por la historiografía americanista. La temática fue relevada inicialmente por los historiadores del derecho analizando los cambios y continuidades respecto al sistema de gobierno de los Habsburgo, destacando las novedades en todos los ámbitos de gobierno introducidas por los Borbones, para salir de la supuesta decadencia en la que la Monarquía estaba sumida, según el diagnóstico contemporáneo. No obstante, los balances se limitaron a valorar la reforma en términos de éxito o fracaso. Siguiendo una nueva línea historiográfica, centrada en la aplicación a nivel local del régimen, proponemos analizar la historiografía sobre el régimen de intendencias en América. En efecto, los estudios más recientes destacan el casuismo en su aplicación a nivel local, en algunos casos, reformas a la reforma al momento de evaluar su implantación o de ejecutarla o diversas resistencias al cambio que se prolongaron en el tiempo. Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es poner de relieve tanto la adaptación de este sistema a nivel local como las resistencias que generó, las que derivaron en profundos cambios del nuevo régimen mismo o en una postergación indefinida de su implantación. Esto condujo a que uno de los fines centrales de esta reforma, la uniformidad de los reinos, no se alcanzara.
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