Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(4): 3465-3471
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2018; 7(4): 3465-3471
Received: 21-05-2018
Accepted: 24-06-2018
DS Masolkar
Assistant professor, Entomology
Section, College of Agriculture,
Umarkhed, Maharashtra, India
RW Gawande
Associate professor, Entomology
Section, College of Agriculture,
Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Puja G Chandrawanshi
Assistant professor, Entomology
Section, College of Agriculture,
Umarkhed, Maharashtra, India
SS Shinde
Ex. PG Student, College of
Agriculture, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India
Management of Khapra beetle on stored wheat
with organic products
DS Masolkar, RW Gawande, Puja G Chandrawanshi and SS Shinde
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum.) is nutritionally important cereal crop and comprises major source of protein
with minerals and vitamins. In Maharashtra, it is grown in rabi season. Trogoderma granarium is one of
the most important and destructive pest of various stored cereals grains in India including wheat. The
khapra beetle is not only causing quantitative losses but also cause qualitative losses in nutrition that
makes most cereals unfit for marketing as well as human consumption. Utilization of insecticides is one
of the important components of IPM programmes. Insecticides targeted against insect pest in field
conditions and also damage the beneficial fauna in nature. Due to their several drawbacks, researchers
are trying to adopt alternative methods of pest control. (Mahmud et al. 2002). Laboratory experiment was
conducted to study “Management of khapra beetle on stored wheat with organic products” at Insectory
Field laboratory of Entomology Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during 2016-2017 with the two
plant powders i.e., black pepper powder, vekhand powder @ 10 g/kg seeds and five vegetable oils i.e.,
Neem oil, castor oil, mustard oil, karanj oil and coconut oil @ 10ml/kg seeds tested till120 days of
storage against khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) infesting stored wheat seeds. The observations on
100 seeds at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days on oviposition, adult emergence, grain damage, grain weight loss
and per cent germination due to infestation of Trogoderma granarium were recorded. Considering the
parameters like oviposition, adult emergence, seed damage, seed weight loss and per cent seed
germination and ICBR, neem oil @ 10 ml/kg, found effective treatments against dermestid, Trogoderma
granarium infesting wheat in storage. The findings of the present investigation indicated that organic
derivatives might be useful as insect control agent for commercial use. On the basis of interpretation of
data it can be concluded that, without wheat seed treatment the insect species Trogoderma granarium
causes maximum damage to the extent of Rs. 519.30 during the storage at 120 days as against the organic
seed treatment neem oil @ 10 ml/kg seed incurred expenditure Rs. 194.71 towards seed protectant. And
hence it is advised for seed treatments.
Keywords: wheat grain (T. astivum,) khapra beetle (T. granarium), neem oil, karanj oil etc.
Correspondence
DS Masolkar
Assistant professor, Entomology
Section, College of Agriculture,
Umarkhed, Maharashtra, India
Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., T. durum Desf.) is an important cereal crop in India. Wheat is
the caryopsis type of fruit. Originally from the Levant region of the near east but now
cultivated worldwide. Wheat is the world's most important cereal crop in terms of both area
cultivated (221.73 million ha) and amount of grain produced (751Million t). It is widely grown
throughout the temperate zones (in Northern Europe up to 60 °N) and in some tropical/subtropical areas at higher elevations. World production of wheat was estimated to 751.36 million
tons in 2016-2017. Last year world production was 735.23 million tons (Anonymous, 2017).
In India, according to the second advance estimate of the government, Wheat production
touched 96. 64 Million tons in 2016-17 season over to 86.53 million tons in last year 315 lakh
hectares area was under wheat crop this year as compared to 296 lakh hectares. Consumption
of wheat in our country is about 89.90 lakh tons annually (Anonymous, 2017a). In
Maharashtra, area under wheat is 9.11 lakh hectare with production 9.81 lakh tons
(Anonymous 2017b). Wheat is used in various forms, viz., Chapattis, dalia, halwa, sweet meat
etc. and is consumed by more than one thousand million human beings. In most of the urban
areas in the country, the use of baked leavened bread, flakes, cakes, biscuits etc, is increasing
at fast rate. Wheat possesses relatively a high content of niacin, thiamine and protein (gluten)
which is essential for bakers. A recent estimate by the Ministry of Food and Civil supplies,
Government of India, puts the total preventable post-harvest losses of food grains at tune of 10
per cent of the total production or about 20million tones which is equivalent to the total food
grains produced in Australia annually. The estimated post – harvest losses during 2003-04 in
storage at farm level in wheat was 21.99 per cent or 0.95 kg/q (Basavaraja et al. 2007). A
survey conducted by Mukherjee et al. (1998) revealed that the annual loss of grains due to
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
insects was estimated to be 5.90 million tones, reflecting the
intensity of insect pests problems in stores. Stored product
insects can cause postharvest losses, estimated up to 9 per
cent in developed countries to 20per cent or more in
developing countries (Philips and Thorne, 2010). Wheat is
attacked by a number of insect pests under storage conditions,
out of which the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts
is one of the world’s most damaging pests of whole and
ground cereals, oilseeds, dry fruits and other stored products.
Its immense economic significance is due to its potential to
cause huge loss in stored grains through voracious feeding
and heating of grains, in larval ability to withstand starvation
for up to three years as well as in its ability to live on food
with very low moisture content. Beside the quantitative loss,
the insect infestation in wheat grains reduce germination and
produce unpleasant odour, dirty appearance and abhorrent
taste due to contamination with insect fragments and
excrement (Khare et al.,1974). Severe infestations of grains
by khapra beetle may make it unpalatable or un-marketable.
Grain quality may decrease due to depletion of specific
nutrients. Infestation levels of 75per cent in wheat, maize, and
sorghum grains results in significant decreases in crude fat,
total carbohydrates, sugars and true protein contents and
increases in moisture, crude fiber and total protein contents
(Jood and Kapoor, 1993 and Jood et al., 1993, 1996) Insect
infestation, causing losses are the most serious problems in
grain storage, particularly in villages and towns in developing
countries because of humid- tropical conditions, poor
sanitation and inappropriate storage facilities (Semple, 1985).
In the present
The stored wheat undergoes qualitative and quantitative
losses to varying degree, depending upon the storage
structures / receptacles used and storage practices followed.
Hence, the information about the storage conditions, practices
and assessment of losses caused by T.granarium is discussed
for better management of pest.1.2Importance and need of
study Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) and
other beetles of Dermestidae family are considered to be the
most destructive stored product pests in the tropics and
subtropics (Burges, 2008). The pest is of worldwide
occurrence but requires hot conditions for rapid breeding.
Moderately low temperature slow down development and
induce diapause (Burgesand Burrel, 1964). The primary
natural foods of this pest are wheat, corn, oats, rice, peas,
lentils, bajra, rye, pea nuts, oilseeds like linseed etc.
Generally, the infestation occurs in superficial layers of the
grain as the pest is not able to penetrate beyond some depths
into the grain. The damage to grain is done by larvae while
the adult is harmless. As a rule the larvae attack the embryo
point but in case of heavy infestation other parts of the grain
may also damaged. The khapra beetle T. granarium can breed
at 40°C in grains containing higher moisture content but rate
of development is reduced considerably In present research
work, different seed protectants such as neem oil, black
pepper powder, vekhand powder, mustard oil, neem oil, castor
oil and coconut oil were evaluated for their efficacy against
dermestid beetles. Keeping this in view, the foliage. Twisted
and curled leaves are generally the first symptoms noticed.
When larvae cause damages on leaf it become the severe
infestation, ultimately the plant can retard the growth and
yield, but their effect on mature trees is less serious than
nursery, Such infestations usually occur in late summer. They
rarely occur in spring because the production of new growth
is prolific and synchronized and quickly becomes immune to
attack
Materials and Methods
The experiment on “Management of khapra beetle on stored
wheat with organic products” was conducted in the Biocontrol
laboratory of Entomology Section, College of Agriculture,
Nagpur, Maharashtra, during November, 2016 to March,
2017under the laboratory conditions lasting for a period of
120 days. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used
with three replication eight treatments,
The procedure given in manual of the equipment.
Maintenance of insect culture: To maintain the stock culture
of Trogoderma granarium, the sound and healthy wheat
grains of variety Lok-1 were cleaned and sieved to remove the
fractions of grains or30insects. The grains sterilized at
60±5°C for 8 hrs in order to eliminate both apparent and
hidden infestation of insects and mites.The initial infested
seeds of wheat were obtained from the college farm stores and
reared to obtain the culture of khapra beetle, Trogoderma
granarium. The plastic vials of 1 kg capacity were used as
storage containers. The material input required for conducting
experiment like neem oil, vekhand powder, mustard oil,
castor oil, karanj oil, coconut oil, black pepper powder, seeds
of wheat, gunny bags and labels are used.
The observation on oviposition (egg laying), adult emergence
per cent seed damage, per cent weight loss and germination
percentage were recorded at interval of 30 days by drawing
the uniform seed sample from each of the treatment, The
uniform seed samples were drawn from each treatment and
number of eggs laid on these seeds were recorded, The
uniform seed samples were drawn from each treatment and
number of seeds with exit holes (adult emergence) was
counted. The data were further transformed into square root or
arc sin values for statistical analysis.
Results and Discussion
1. Effect of organic products on oviposition of Trogoderma
granarium in wheat:
The data on average number of eggs laid by Trogoderma
granarium on 100 seeds of wheat treated with different
organic and chemical products are presented in Table 2 and
depicted in Fig.1observations on eggs laid by khapra beetle on
wheat seeds at 30 days after seed treatments revealed that the
neem oil treatment @ 10 ml/kg wheat seeds observed superior
over all the treatments in recording lowest (T3 - 7.00) number
of eggs per 100 seeds, but found on par with treatment
coconut oil @ 10 ml/kg seeds (T4 - 7.66 eggs), karanj oil @
10 ml/kg seeds (T5 - 8.33 eggs) and 10 gm/kg per
100seeds.The next effective treatment, castor oil (T2-10.66
eggs) found. The next effective treatment, castor oil (T2 10.66 eggs) found on par with vekhand powder (T7 - 8.66
eggs), karanj oil (T5- 8.33 eggs) mustard oil (T1–11.33 eggs)
and black pepper powder (T6–11.33 eggs). Maximum number
of eggs was recorded in untreated control i.e. 17 eggs/100
seeds. The subsequent observations on oviposition recorded at
60days shown similar effect by the treatments with neem oil
(T3) @ 10.00ml/kg (20.33 eggs), vekhand powder (T7)
(20.66 eggs) and karanj oil (T5 -21.33 eggs);all these
treatments were found on par with each other. The treatment
coconut oil (T4) observed 22.66 eggs and found next better
treatment. The treatment black pepper powder (T6 – 27.33
eggs)and castor oil (T2 – 27.66 eggs) were found on par with
eachexhibited parity in laying eggs to the extent of 27.66 eggs
in the treatment castor oil (T2); both these treatments were
found on par with each other as compared to control (T8 – 32
eggs).The data on egg laying by Trogoderma granarium at 90
days after seed treatments indicated that the treatments neem
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
oil (T3 – 29.66eggs), karanj oil (T5 – 30.33 eggs) and coconut
oil (T4 – 32.33 eggs)were found statistically significant over
all the treatments and on par with each other. The treatment
vekhand powder (T7 – 34.33 eggs) and black pepper powder
(T6–37.66 eggs) were next effective treatments in order of
recording minimum egg laying. The treatment castor oil (T2 –
43 eggs) and mustard oil (T1–45 eggs) had shown parity with
each other as compared to untreated control where maximum
51.33 eggs/100 seeds was observed. The data analyzed and
interpreted on oviposition by Trogoderma granarium at 120
days after treatment shown that, the treatment (T3) neem oil
and (T5) karanj oil recorded lowest number of eggs to the
extent of 47.66 and 49.66 eggs/ 100 seeds as against 74.66 in
untreated control treatment.
Similar results about the effectiveness of neem oil against the
khapra beetle was observed by Jakhar, (2004) [3] who reported
that neem oil at 1ml/100 seeds prevented egg laying of khapra
beetle Trogoderma granarium on wheat grains. Studies of
Jood et al. (1993), Rolania and Bhargawa (2015) [5] Yadav et
al (2004) [8], Chander and Ahmed (1983) [2] confirmed
Sr No.
Treatment
Dose/kg seed
T1
Mustard oil
10ml
T2
Castor oil
10ml
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Neem oil
Coconut oil
Karanj oil
Black pepper powder
Vekhand powder
Control
‘F’ test
SE (m) +
CD at 5%
10ml
10ml
10ml
10g
10g
-------
Treatment
Dose/kg seed
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Mustard oil
Castor oil
Neem oil
Coconut oil
Karanj oil
Black pepper powder
Vekhand powder
Control
‘F’ test
SE (m) +
CD at 5%
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10g
10g
-------
2. Effect of organic products on adult emergence:
The observations recorded on effect of organic products on
adult emergence per 100 seeds at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days
after seed treatments are shown in Table 3and presented
graphically in Fig. 2The observations on adult emergence at
30 days after seed treatments exhibited that the treatment (T1)
neem oil @ 10 ml/kg seeds recorded significantly no adult
emergence on100 seeds, which was found at par with the
treatment karanj oil (T5), coconut oil (T4) and vekhand
powder (T7). Other treatments with castor oil (T2),
blackpepper powder (T6) registered 0.33 and
1. Effect of organic products on oviposition of Trogoderma
granarium in wheat:
Mean No. of eggs laid per 100 seeds at
30 DAT
60 DAT
90 DAT
120 DAT
11.33 (19.61) 29.66 (32.98) 45.00 (42.12) 61.66 (51.75)
27.66
10.66 (19.02)
43.00 (40.96) 61.33 (51.54)
(31.72)
7.00 (15.31) 20.33 (26.78) 29.66 (32.98) 47.66 (43.66)
7.66 (15.92) 22.66 (28.41) 32.33 (34.64) 54.33 (47.49)
8.33 (16.68) 21.33 (27.48) 30.33 (33.41) 49.66 (44.80)
11.33 (19.64) 27.33 (31.50) 37.66 (37.84) 57.33 (49.21)
8.66 (17.07) 20.66 (27.03) 34.33 (35.85) 57.00 (49.02)
17.00 (24.34) 32.00 (34.44) 51.33(45.76) 74.66 (59.79)
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
1.01
0.73
1.00
1.11
2.97
2.15
2.93
3.25
0.33 adults and found on par with each other. The treatment
(T1) mustard oil @ 10 ml/kg noted 1.33 adults as compared to
untreated control where maximum 2.66 adult emergence were
observed. The observations on adult emergence at 60 days
after seed treatments exhibited that the treatment neem oil
(T3) @ 10 ml/kg seeds found statistically significant over all
the treatments and observed lowest number of adult
emergence per 100 seeds (7.33 adults). The treatment Karanj
oil (T5 - 10.00 adults) found on par with coconut oil (T410.33 adults). The treatment with castor oil (T2) recorded
11.33adults per 100 seeds and found on par with vekhand
powder (T7–12.33 adults), black pepper powder (T6– 12.66
adults) per 100 seeds and found on par with each other. The
treatment mustard oil (T1) noted14.33 adults as compared to
Sr No.
efficacy of vekhand powder against Trogoderma granarium
and reported that, Acorus calamus powder prevented egg.
Devi and Kalita (2011) Thus, these findings are in agreement
with the results of present investigation and supported the
data.
untreated control where highest number of adult emergence
was found i.e. 19.33 adults/100 seeds. The effect of all
organic treatments on adult emergence at 90days after seed
treatment indicated that the treatment neem oil(T3) @10
ml/kg seeds recorded lowest number of adult emergence i.e.
18.33 per 100 seeds and found on par with the treatments
vekhand powder (T7 - 19 adults), coconut oil (T4 - 20 adults).
The other treatments karanj oil (T5 - 22.33 adults), castor oil
(T2 - 23.66 adults) and blackpepper powder (T6 - 23.66
adults) were found on par with each other. The treatment
mustard oil (T1) recorded 29.33 adults’ emergence/100seeds
as compared to untreated control treatment where highest
Effect of organic products on adult emergence
Mean No. of eggs laid per 100 seeds at
30 DAT
60 DAT
90 DAT
120 DAT
11.33(19.61) 29.66 (32.98) 45.00 (42.12) 61.66 (51.75)
10.66(19.02) 27.66 (31.72) 43.00 (40.96) 61.33 (51.54)
7.00 (15.31) 20.33 (26.78) 29.66 (32.98) 47.66 (43.66)
7.66 (15.92) 22.66 (28.41) 32.33 (34.64) 54.33 (47.49)
8.33 (16.68) 21.33 (27.48) 30.33 (33.41) 49.66 (44.80)
11.33 (19.64) 27.33 (31.50) 37.66 (37.84) 57.33 (49.21)
8.66 (17.07) 20.66 (27.03) 34.33 (35.85) 57.00 (49.02)
17.00 (24.34) 32.00 (34.44) 51.33 (45.76) 74.66 (59.79)
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
1.01
0.73
1.00
1.11
2.97
2.15
2.93
3.25
number of adult emergence was found i.e. 36.33 adults/100
seeds. The observations on seed treatment of various organic
products at 120 days after treatment indicated that the
treatment neem oil (T3),coconut oil (T4), vekhand powder
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
(T7), and karanj oil (T5) expressed similar effect on adult
emergence to the extent of 27.33, 28.66, 29.33,30.33 adults
respectively as compared to 55 adults found in untreated
control treatment. The effectiveness of neem oil against the
beetles were observed by Khaire et al. (1992), This result was
also in agreement with Bhatnagar et al.(2001), Tiwary (1993)
[7]
who recorded the relative efficacy ofsome botanicals and
synthetic seed protectants against S. oryzae on wheat and
among botanicals, they found that vekhand powder
(0.05%)was significantly effective against the beetle causing
least adult emergence. The effectiveness of karanj oil against
the beetles were observed by Michaelraj and Sharma (2006)
[4]
who reported that karanj oil prevented adult emergence of
S. oryzae up to 100 days in wheat treated seeds. The next
effective treatment was black pepper powder (T6 –34.66
adults) followed by castor oil (T2 – 36.66 adults) and these
two treatments were found similar in effect adult emergence.
The treatment mustard oil (T1) noted 43.33 adults as
compared to 55 adult emergence found in untreated control
treatment. Overall results on the observation on adult
emergence revealed that, the effect of organic products was
decreasing and not lasting till120 days as the number of adult
found on increasing trend. The highest number of adult
emergence occurred in untreated control. The treatment with
organic products has recorded relatively less number of adult
emergence as compared to untreated control. In all the
treatments, the rate of oviposition and adult emergence was
found to be increased periodically and both these factors
ultimately affect the seed quality.
3. Effect of organic products on per cent grain damage
caused by Trogoderma granarium
The observations recorded on seed damage caused by khapra
beetle at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after seed treatments were
shown in Table 4 and depicted in Fig. 3.The grain damage
caused by Trogoderma granarium after 30days of organic
product treatments showed that, the treatment neem oil (T3)
@ 10 ml/kg seeds and the treatment karanj oil (T5) @ 10
ml/kgseeds with were significantly superior over all the
treatments with no seed damage. The treatment (T7) vekhand
powder 10 gm/kg recorded grain damage to the extent of
2.33% and found next effective treatment as compared to
untreated control where 27.33% grain damage was recorded.
the treatment castor oil (T2 - 4.33%), mustard oil (T1 5.66%) were found on par with each other. The treatment
coconut oil (T4) and black pepper powder (T6) was found on
par with each The data on per cent seed damage at 60 days
after seed treatments indicated that the treatment, neem oil
(T3) @ 10 ml/kg seeds recorded lowest seed damage i.e. 4.33
per cent and found on par with karanj oil (T5 - 5.33%).The
Sr No.
Treatment
Dose/kg seed
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Mustard oil
Castor oil
Neem oil
Coconut oil
Karanj oil
Black pepper powder
Vekhand powder
Control
‘F’ test
SE (m) +
CD at 5%
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10g
10g
-------
treatment black pepper powder (T6) recorded 6.00% grain
damage and found next effective treatment. The other
treatments viz. vekhand powder (T7 -7.66%) and coconut oil
(T4 -8%) were found on par with each other. The treatment
castor oil (T2) and mustard oil (T1), recorded, 11.66 and
13.00 per cent grain damage, respectively and found on par as
compared to untreated control which observed maximum per
cent of grain damage i.e. 43.66 per cent. The grain damage
percentage noted at 90 days after seed treatment exhibited
that, the treatment with neem oil (T3) @ 10 ml/kgseeds
recorded lowest seed damage i.e. 9.33 per cent and found
statistically significant over all the treatments. The other
treatments viz.karanj oil, vekhand powder, black pepper
powder recorded12.00, 13.00, 13.33 per cent seed damage
respectively and these were on par with each other.
Remaining treatments coconut oil, castor oil, mustard oil
recorded, 16.66, 18.66 and 19.00 per cent seed damage
respectively, as compared to untreated control which observed
maximum per cent of grain damage i.e. 47.66 per cent. The
grain damage observed at 120 days revealed that the seed
treatment with neem oil (T3) @ 10 ml/kg seeds again
recorded lowest seed damage i.e. 15.33 per cent but found at
par with karanj oil (T5 -18.66%). The results of present
investigations work of Jood et al. (1993) used neem oil @ 2
per cent (w/w) against larvae of Trogoderma granarium.
They found that neem products completely prevented grain
damage by an introduced larval population. Similar
investigation was done by Sharma et. al. (1999) [5], that neem
oil (2%) protected maize for 5 months against S. oryzae,
S.cerealella, R. dominica and Trogoderma granarium.
Similar results about the effectiveness of karanj oil against the
pulse beetle were observed by Rolania and Bhargawa (2015)
[5]
who reported that karanj oil was most effective as surface
protectant to minimize the seed damage at (0.1, 0.5 and
1.0ml/100g seeds) against. serricorne on fennel seeds. The
other treatments, vekhand powder (T7 - 23.66%),
blackpepper powder (T6 - 24.66), castor oil (T2-25.33%),
coconut oil (T4-25.66), mustard oil (T1 - 26.33%) were found
on par with each other and observed next better to untreated
control with maximum per cent seed damage i.e. 80.00 per
cent
4 Effect of organic products on per cent seed weight loss
caused by Trogoderma granarium
The data recorded on seed weight loss caused by T. granarium
at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after seed treatments are shown in
Table 5 and presented graphically
5. Effect of organic products on per cent grain damage
caused by Trogoderma granarium
Mean number of adult emergence per 100 seeds at
30 DAT
60 DAT
90 DAT
120 DAT
1.33 (1.35)
14.33 (3.83)
29.33 (5.45)
43.33 (6.61)
0.33 (0.91)
11.33 (3.43)
23.66 (4.90)
36.66 (6.09)
0.00 (0.71)
7.33 (2.77)
18.33 (4.32)
27.33 (5.26)
0.00 (0.71)
10.33 (3.28)
20.00 (4.51)
28.66 (5.39)
0.00 (0.71)
10.00 (3.23)0
22.33 (4.76)
30.33 (5.55)
0.33 (0.91)
12.66 (3.62)
23.66 (4.90)
34.66 (5.92)
0.00 (0.71)
12.33 (3.57)
19.00(4.40)
29.33 (5.45)
2.66(1.77)
19.33(4.44)
36.33 (6.06)
55.00 (7.44)
Sig
Sig
Sig.
Sig.
0.10
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.29
0.44
0.46
0.35
~ 3468 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
in Fig.4.The data on grain weight loss at 30 days after seed
treatments revealed that, the treatment neem oil (T3) @ 10
ml/kg seeds recorded0.87 per cent weight loss and found
statistically significant over all the treatments. The treatment
karanj oil (T5) recorded 1.24 per cent weight loss and being
the next best treatment. The remaining treatments castor oil
(T2 – 1.78%), coconut oil (T4 – 1.99%), mustard oil (T1 –
2.25%) and vekhand powder (T7 – 2.33%) were found on par
with each other. The treatment black pepper powder (T6 –
2.74%) found better as compared to untreated control which
recorded maximum grain weight loss i.e. 8.22 per cent. The
data on per cent grain weight loss at 60 days after seed
treatments indicated that the treatment, neem oil (T3) @ 10
ml/kgseeds recorded 1.22 per cent weight loss and statistically
significant over all the treatment. The treatment vekhand
powder (T7 - 2.62%), karanj oil (T5 - 2.63%) and castor oil
(T2- 2.91%) were observed at par with each other. The other
treatments mustard oil (T1) recorded 3.17 per cent weight loss
and found on par with castor oil (T2). The treatments coconut
oil (T4) and black pepper powder (T6) recorded 4.76and 4.86
per cent seed weight loss respectively and found on par with
each other and also better as compared to untreated control,
which recorded maximum per cent seed weight loss i.e. 17.03
per cent at 60 DAT. other and recorded 6 per cent each grain
damage as compared to untreated control where maximum
damage to the tune of 27.33 per cent was observed. The data
recorded on seed weight loss the percentage wheat seeds
weight loss at 90 days after seed treatments showed that the
treatment with neem oil (T3) @ 10 ml/kgseeds recorded
weight loss to the tune of 2.62 per cent and found statistically
significant over all the treatments. The treatment karanj oil
(T5 - 3.92%) was found to be the next best treatment. The
remaining treatments viz. coconut oil (T4), vekhand powder
(T7), castor oil (T2)and mustard oil(T1) recorded 5.48, 6.00,
6.13 and 6.72 per cent seed weight loss respectively and
found on par with each other. The treatment black pepper
powder (T6 – 6.74%) performed better as compared to the
untreated control, which recorded maximum per cent of seed
weight loss i.e. 19.45 per cent. Similar trend of observations
on wheat grain weight loss were seen at 120days after
treatments. The treatment neem oil (T3) @ 10ml/kg seeds
recorded 5.25 per cent grain weight loss and found
statistically superior over all other treatment. The
effectiveness of neem oil against the beetle were observed by
Singh (2005) [6] who reported the significant effect of neem
oil in seed weight due to C. Chinensis infesting Khesari seeds
in storage. Bhardwaj and Verma (2013) [1] also reported that
neem oil was most effective treatment which minimized the
weight loss up to 0.11 (0.78) per cent. The treatment vekhand
Sr. No.
Treatment
Dose/kg seeds
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Mustard oil
Castor oil
Neem oil
Coconut oil
Karanj oil
Black pepper powder
Vekhand powder
Control
‘F’ test
SE (m) +
CD at 5%
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10g
10g
-------
powder (T7 - 7.19%), karanj oil (T5 -7.24%) and coconut oil
(T4 - 7.29%) were found to be on par with each other. The
present findings in respect of vekhand powder are in
conformity with Gawade et al. (2009) who reported that neem
oil (2.5ml/kg) and vekhand powder (2.5 g/kg) were
significantly effective inreducing the per cent weight loss of
treated cowpea seed. The remaining treatments black pepper
powder (T6 - 9.24%),castor oil (T2 - 9.26%)and mustard oil
(T1 - 10.21%) were found on par with each other and better as
compared to untreated control (23.08%).Overall data
indicated that the grains treated with neem oil @ 10ml/g seeds
proved significantly superior over the remaining treatments.
Karanj oil, vekhand powder and coconut oil were at par with
each other and next in order of excellence which recorded
lowest seed weight loss during the storage periods. All the
seed protectants tested recorded significantly lowest seed
weight loss than untreated control.
5. Effect of organic products on seed germination of wheat
The analyzed data on per cent seed germination as influenced
by organic products and dermestid infestation at 30, 60, 90
and 120 days after treatment are shown in Table 6 and
depicted in Fig. 5. The germination percentage of wheat seed
treated with various organic products tested at 30 days after
treatments clearly indicated that, all the organic products
tested didn’t affect the seed germination, since there was no
significant difference between germination of seed with
different organic products and untreated control. However at
60 days onwards, significant difference in seed germination
was observed due to impact of various seed treatments. The
treatment neem oil (T3) @ 10 ml/kg seeds recorded highest
seed germination i.e. 93.00 per cent and it was statistically on
par with karanj oil (T5), vekhand powder (T7) and castor oil
(T2) with 92.00, 92.00 and89.33 per cent seed germination,
respectively. The treatments coconut oil (T4 - 84.33%),
mustard oil (T1 - 84.00%) and black pepper powder (T6 80.66%) were found on par with each other and better as
compared to untreated control 75.66 per cent seed
germination. The data on seed germination, at 90 days after
treatment showed that the treatment neem oil (T3) @ 10
ml/kg seeds recorded highest seed germination i.e. 91.33 per
cent seeds and found on par with karanj oil (T5 - 88.33%)
seed germination. The treatment vekhand powder (T7 87.66%), mustard oil (T1 - 86.33%) and coconut oil (T4 86.00%) and
4 Effect of organic products on per cent seed weight loss
caused by Trogoderma granarium
Mean per cent grain damage per 100 seeds at
30 DAT
60 DAT
90 DAT
120 DAT
5.66 (13.75) 13.00 (21.13) 19.00 (25.82) 26.33(30.85)
4.33 (11.99) 11.66 (19.96) 18.667 (25.57) 25.33 (30.19)
0.00 (0.00) 4.33 (12.01)
9.33 (17.74) 15.33 (23.03)
6.00 (14.14) 8.00 (16.42) 16.66 (24.07) 25.66 (30.42)
0.00 (0.00) 5.33 (13.34) 12.00 (20.25) 18.66 (25.58)
6.00 (14.14) 6.00 (14.17) 13.33 (21.40) 24.66 (29.75)
2.33 (6.74) 7.66 (16.06) 13.00 (21.10) 23.66 (29.08)
27.33(31.51) 43.66 (41.35) 47.66 (43.66) 80.00 (63.47)
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
Sig.
0.67
0.71
0.79
0.92
1.96
2.09
2.31
2.69
castor oil (T2 - 85.00%) were found on par with each other.
The remaining treatment black pepper powder (T6 - 74.66%)
found next better treatment as compared to untreated control
(T8 - 54.66%) which registered lowest germination
~ 3469 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
percentage of seed which means maximum loss of seed
quality due to pest infestation in the absence of seed
protectants. The analysis of data of seed germination and
interpretation of results at 120 days after treatment, concluded
that the treatment neem oil(T3) @ 10 ml/kg seeds recorded
i.e. 85.33 per cent, vekhand powder(T7), karanj oil (T5),
castor oil (T2) with 84.33, 83.33and 80.00per cent seed
germination respectively and found statistically on par with
each other. This result was in accordance with Bhatnagar et
al. (2001) who observed that germination get decreased as the
number of holes got increased. Studies of Singh and Sharma
(2003) also supported the present findings who reported that
the botanicals used @ 2.5, 5.0 and10.00 ml/kg seeds at four
different time intervals (4 to 6h and 3, 6 and 9 months post
treatment). The botanicals could not affect the germination of
the seeds. In the present study, all seed treatments had not
affected the germination of seeds during 120 days of storage
period. Thus, germination of stored wheat was improved due
to the protection these organic treatments from damage by
Trogoderma granarium. None of the treatments apparently
reduced the seed germination indicating that these vegetable
oils can be used safely for the control of Trogoderma
granarium. Effectiveness of vekhand powder was found in
agreement with the results obtained by Geetha Lakshmi and
Venugopal (2007) who reported that rhizome powder of A.
Sr.
No.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Treatment
Dose/kg seeds
Mustard oil
Castor oil
Neem oil
Coconut oil
Karanj oil
Black pepper powder
Vekhand powder
Control
‘F’ test
SE (m) +
CD at 5%
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10ml
10g
10g
-------
calamus each at concentration of3.00 per cent did not show
any adverse effect on germination of seed. Similar results
about the effectiveness of oils were observed by Khaire et al.
(1992) who reported that neem, castor, mustard and
groundnut oils when used against Callosobruchus chinensis
were safe from seed germination point of view. The
remaining treatment mustard oil (T1 - 76.66%), coconut
oil(T4 - 75.33%),black pepper powder (T6 - 71.33%) were the
next best organic treatments as compared to untreated control
(49.00%), in registering germination percentage at 120 days
after treatment.
Overall results of seed germination exhibited that neem oil @
10ml/kg seeds recorded highest seed germination (85.33%)
and it was found on par with karanj oil @ 10ml/kg seeds and
vekhand powder @10g/kg seeds and castor oil (T2- 80%)
while untreated control recorded lowest seed germination
(49.00%). All the organic material tested recorded
significantly higher percentage seed germination in
considerable manner than untreated control. The germination
was adversely affected in untreated control treatment due to
infestation of Trogoderma granarium and gradually decreased
with advancement in storage period and infestation of pest in
case of untreated control
5. Effect of organic products on seed germination of wheat
30 DAT
2.25 (1.65)
1.78 (1.58)
0.87 (1.16)
1.99 (1.57)
1.24 (1.31)
2.74 (1.79)
2.33 (1.68)
8.22 (2.94)
Sig.
0.039
0.11
Summary and conclusion
Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera,
Dermestidae) is one of the most important and destructive
pest of stored cereals in general and wheat in particular being
an important limiting factor in storage of cereals. The present
study at Insectory field laboratory, College of Agriculture,
Nagpur during 2016-17 carried out to evaluate the
performance of seven commonly used organic products
against khapra beetle infesting wheat under normal storage
conditions. The results of the studies are summarized in this
chapter. Seven organic products viz., neem oil, mustard oil,
karanj oil, coconut oil and castor oil @ 10ml/kg seeds and
two powders i.e. black pepper powder and vekhand powder @
10g/kg seeds along with untreated control were evaluated by
using Complete Randomized Design.
1. Effect of organic products on adult emergence: The
observations on seed treatment of various organic
products at 120 days after treatment indicated that the
treatment neem oil (T3),coconut oil (T4), vekhand
powder (T7), and karanj oil (T5) expressed similar effect
on adult emergence to the extent of 27.33, 28.66,
29.33,30.33 adults respectively as compared to 55 adults
found in untreated control treatment.
2. Effect of organic products on adult emergence: The
observations on seed treatment of various organic
3.
4.
~ 3470 ~
Per cent seed weight loss
at
60 DAT
90 DAT
3.17 (1.91)
6.72 (2.63)
2.91 (1.84)
6.13 (2.57)
1.22 (1.30)
2.62 (1.76)
4.76 (2.29)
5.480 (2.44)
2.63 (1.76)
3.92 (2.10)
4.86 (2.31)
6.74 (2.68)
2.62 (1.76)
6.00 (2.54)
17.03 (4.18)
19.45 (4.46)
Sig.
Sig.
0.047
0.068
0.14
0.19
120 DAT
10.21 (3.26)
9.26 (3.11)
5.25 (2.39)
7.29 (2.78)
7.24 (2.78)
9.24 (3.11)
7.19 (2.76)
23.08(4.85)
Sig.
0.08
0.24
products at 120 days after treatment indicated that the
treatment neem oil (T3), coconut oil (T4), vekhand
powder (T7), and karanj oil (T5) expressed similar effect
on adult emergence to the extent of 27.33, 28.66, 29.33,
30.33 adults respectively as compared to 55 adults found
in untreated control treatment
Effect of organic products on per cent grain damage
caused by Trogoderma granarium. The grain damage
observed at 120 days revealed that the seed treatment
with neem oil(T3) @ 10 ml/kg seeds again recorded
lowest seed damage i.e. 15.33 per cent but found at par
with karanj oil (T5 -18.66%).
Effect of organic products on per cent grain weight loss
caused by Trogoderma granarium. Similar trend of
observations on wheat grain weight loss were seen at 120
days after treatments. The treatment neem oil (T3) @
10ml/kg seeds recorded 5.25 per cent grain weight loss
and found statistically superior over all other treatment.
The treatment vekhand powder (T7 - 7.19%), karanj oil
(T5 - 7.24%) and coconut oil (T4 - 7.29%)were found to
be on par with each other. The remaining treatments
black pepper powder (T6 - 9.24%),castor oil (T2 9.26%)and mustard oil (T1 - 10.21%) were found on par
with each other and better as compared to untreated
control (23.08%).
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
5.
Effect of organic products on seed germination of wheat
seeds: The analysis of data of seed germination and
interpretation of results at 120 days after treatment,
concluded that the treatment neem oil (T3) @ 10 ml/kg
seeds recorded i.e. 85.33 per cent, vekhand powder (T7),
karanj oil (T5), castor oil (T2) with 84.33, 83.33 and
80.00 per cent seed germination respectively and found
statistically on par with each other. The remaining
treatment mustard oil (T1 - 76.66%), coconut oil(T4 75.33%), black pepper powder (T6 - 71.33%) were the
next best organic treatments as compared to untreated
control (49.00%), in registering germination percentage
at 120 days after treatment.
Conclusion
Following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the results of
the present investigation. Taking into consideration all the
parameters like oviposition, adult emergence, seed damage,
seed weight loss and per cent seed germination and ICBR, the
treatment neem oil 10 ml/kg was found effective treatments
against dermestids, Trogoderma granarium. Infesting wheat
in storage with CB ratio 1: 1.59 (Ranked - 1) neem oil. The
next best treatment was castor oil (Ranked 2 – 1:1.93 CB
ratio) and mustard oil (Ranked 3 – 1:2.61). The findings of
the present investigation indicated that organic derivatives
might be useful for management of Trogoderma granarium
besides safe food provisions. On the basis of interpretation of
data it can be concluded that, without wheat seed treatment
the insect species Trogoderma granarium causes maximum
damage to the extent of Rs. 519.30 during the storage at 120
days as against the organic seed treatment neem oil @ 10
ml/kg seed incurred expenditure Rs. 194.71 towards seed
protectant. And hence it is advised for seed treatments.
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