').!Sea Swallow 58 (2009) SEABIRD DIVERSITY IN BRAZIL: A REVIEW By Caio J. Carlos Abstract This paper presents a review of the current knowledge on seabird diversity in Brazil. The term 'seabird' is applied ro members of the Orders Sphenisciforrnes (penguins). Procellariiformes (albatrosses. petrels, shearwaters and allies), some Pelecaniformcs (boobies, gannets, pelicans and frigatebirds) and some marine Charadriiforrnes (skuas, gulls. terns and skimmers). A total or 91 species of 14 families have been confirmed in the country. Of these, 25 breed in the country and the remaining 65 are divided into the following categories: 'Migrants from Southern South America. sub-Antarctic or Antarctic regions· (28 spp.), 'Migrants from Nonhern Hemisphere' (13 ssp.). and 'Vagrants (26 ssp.). Some species have two status categories because in Brazil migrant birds overlap with resident ones. Fifty species breed on Brazilian oceanic islands. while six have been nesting and breeding on small coastal islands in south-east and south Brazil. Seven species breed on the continental coast or further inland. Migrant birds include coastal (gulls and terns) and pelagic (penguins. albatrosses, petrels and skuas) species. Coastal migrants are mainly from the Northern Hemisphere. while pelagic ones originate from the Southern Ocean. Brazil harbours a significant diversity of seabirds and has great responsibility in the conservation of many species. However. there are still few conservation programmes involving seabirds. Many islands where eabirds breed (e.g. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago) are not adequately managed and important coastal habitats have suffered from everal hundred years of degradation from human impacts. Introduction Brazil is the largest country of South America, occupying almost 50% the subcontinent's land area. The country's coastline is c. 8.500 km-long and lies roughly between 4°N and 34°S (Willwock 1994, Ab 'Saber 200 I; Figure I). zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB It contains a variety of environments including mangrove forests, sandy beaches, and coral reefs. From a geomorphologic point of view, the Brazilian coast can be divided into several distinct sectors, but for simplicity, here it will be divided in an Equatorial Coa l. running from the border with French Guiana 10 Cabo de Sao Roque (c. 5°S) in the State or Rio Grande do Norte: an Eastern Coast. from Cabo de Sao Roque to the Staie of Santa Catarina (c.2 8°S); and a Southern Coast. including the Stare of Rio Grande do Sul. The following lines include a brief description of the environmental characteristics of these sectors. based on information taken from lnstituio Brasileiro de Geogrrifia e Estatfstica ( 1977). Willwock ( 1994) and Ab' Saber (200 I J. c__,__,_ __ _..~'--''----------' Figure L zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT Map of Brazil showing coastal stares and main oceanic currents. Abbreviations: AP-Amapa. PA-Para, MA-Maranhiio. Pl-Piaui, Cli-Ceara, - Rio Grande do Norte. PB-Paraiba, PE-Pernambuco. AL-Alagoas. SE-Sergipe. BA-Bahia. ES-Espirito Santo. RJ-Rio de Janeiro. SP-Siio Paulo, PRPararui. SC-Santa Catarina. and RS Rio Grande do Sul. NBC-North Brazilian Current. BC- Brazil Current, and FC-Falklancl Cu1Ten1. 17 )..{Sea Swallow 58 (2009) The northern pan of the Equatorial Coast. between the States of Arnapa and Maranhao, has extensive mangroves and contains the huge Amazon River estuary. In the States of Piaui, Ceara and northern Rio Grande do None the coast is sandy with isolated lagoon and mangroves restricted to major river mouths. The continental shelf is broad. up lo 300 km in some places, but only 140 km in Ceara. The hydrography off Equatorial coast is determined by the Northern Brazilian current and the Amazon River discharge (Silveira et al. 1994). The Eastern Coast includes 10 Brazilian states. The southern limit of this region (c. 28°S) roughly coincides with the southernmost extent or tropical ecosystems, such as mangroves. The coast is sandy. interrupted occasionally by rocky areas, bays, lagoons and estuaries. Many important estuarine complexes are found in the States of Parafba (Barra de Marnanguape), Pernambuco (Canal de Santa Cruz). Bahia (Camamu and Todos os Santos bays). Rio de Janeiro (Sepeiiba and Guanabara bays), Sao Paulo (Cananeia region), Parana (Parunagua bay) and Santa Catarina (Babiionga bay). There are many coastal islands between 20-30°S. Off-shore. the west-flowing South Equatorial current reaches the Brazilian coast just north or the city of Recife (c.8°S). The current splits, with the North Brazilian Current flowing north along the Equatorial Coast. and the Brazil Current flowing south-ward up to the Southern Coast (Silveira zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA el zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA al. 2000). Between 5-22°S the continental shelf is narrow, 50-90 km of width, but widens up 220 km between 24-28°S. The Southern Coast includes (28°30' S. 34°00' S) the southern Santa Catarina and all Rio Grande do Sul. This coast is a long (> 700 km) sandy beach inrerrupred by the mouth of coa tal lagoons. such the 'Lagoa do Peixe and 'Lagoa dos Paios. The continental shelf extends to 100-170 km from the coast. In the winter. the cold. northward flowing FalkJand Current advances progressively over continental shelf'(Castello & Moeller 1977. Garcia 1998). With such a range or different coastal and oceanic features. the Brazilian seas support a diverse fauna. Marine fauna of Brazil have been widely studied, especially after the Brazilian government established the 'Assessment of Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone National Programme· in 1994 (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente 2006). Knowledge of diversity of seabirds in Brazil gained up to the 1990s have been summarized in Pinto ( 1978), Sick ( 1997). and Vooren & Brusque ( 1999) and references cited therein. In the pre ent paper my aim is to update this information. based mainly on my surveys in the literature. Brazilian museum collections and fieldwork in the last six years. There is no single and unambiguous definition of what is a ·seabird'. For some authors. this term is applied to any species that obtain the majority of their food from coastal waters or from the open ocean, although some restrict its use to the latter group. Here the term 'seabird' is used taxonomically to members or the Orders Sphenisciformes (penguins), Procellariiformes (albatrosses. petrels, shearwarers and allies), some Pelecaniforrnes (boobies. gannets, pelicans and zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA frigatebirds) and some marine Charadriiformes (skuas. gulls, terns and skimmers). Diversity and status of seabirds in Brazil According to data of the most recent check-list of Brazilian birds (Brazilian Committee of Ornithological Records 2008). a total of9 I seabird species of 14 families have been confirmed in the country (Appendix). The most diverse family is Procellariidae (fulmars. petrels. and shearwaters). with 25 (27%) species. followed by Stemidae (tern and noddies) with 17 zyxwvu 18 ),{Sea Swallow 58 (2009) ( 18%) and Diomedeidae (albatrosses) with I 0 ( 11 %). The number of species in each family is given in Figure 2. Figure 2. Number of seabirds species confirmed in Brazil in each or the 14 families. Family Procclluriidac Stemidae Diomcdcidae No. Spp.l 25 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF 25 17 10 Laridac Stcrcorariidac Hydrobatidae R 7 5 Sphcniscidnc 4 17 10 Suiidac 4 Phncthontidae zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Frcg:Hidrtt.'. Pclccanoididac Pclecanidae Chionidae Rhyncopidae It should be mentioned here that species indicated as 'confirmed' are those with at least one record in Brazil supported by tangible evidence that is available for independent verification. namely. a whole or partial museum specimen. archived or published photographs. and video recordings (Brazilian Committee of Ornithological Records 2000. 2008). Species whose presence is supported only by sight records or by unpublished or non-archived tangible evidence are placed on a 'hypothetical list. This category currently includes five birds known Pterodroma in the country from only a few doubtful sight records: Black-capped Petrel zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP hasitata. Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii. Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis, Bandrumped (or Madeiran) Storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro, and Antarctic Cormorant (or Shag) Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis (Braziliun Committee of Ornithological Records 2008). Herc the status of a given species refers firstly to whether it breeds in the country's territory or elsewhere. The winter ranges of some migrant species overlap with the ranges of conspecific residents. Thus five species (Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla, Least Tern Stemula antillarun. South American Tern Sterno hirundinacea. Sandwich Tern Thalasseus zyxwvutsr eurygnathus. and Royal Tern T. 1110xi11111s) are placed in two Status categories. zyxwvutsrqponml or thekjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK 91 seabird species confirmed in Brazil, 25 breed in the country. The remaining 65 are divided into the following categories: 'Migrants from Southern South America. sub-Antarctic or Antarctic regions' (28 spp.). 'Migrants from Northern Hemisphere' ( l 3 ssp.). and 'Vagrants' (26 ssp.) (Appendix). Migrant species are those which undertake seasonal movements in response to changes in food availability. habitat or weather. According to criteria adopted by Brazilian Committee of Ornithological Records (2008), vagrant species are those 'with apparently irregular occurrence in Brazil'. The category 'Vagrant' includes three penguins. five albatrosses. six petrels, two storm-petrels. one diving-petrel, one tropic-bird. one pelican. two gannets, one sheathbill, three gulls, and two terns (Appendix). For some or these birds (e.g. Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis and Snowy Sheathbill Chinnis a/bus) Brazil is probably an important part or their range. 19 ).{Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) Breeding seabirds in Brazil As already mentioned, 25 seabird species breed in Brazil. Among this group, the family Sternidac is the most numerous with 12 species. There arc also three petrels. three boobies. three frigarcbirds. four gulls. and one skimmer confirmed LO be breeding in the country (Appendix). Nesting and breeding occur mainly on oceanic islands, but there are some species with large colonies on coastal islands, and other on sanely beaches. lagoons and salt marshes along the mainland coast. Brazil has six sets or oceanic islands: Saini Peter and Saini Paul Archipelago, Rocas Atoll. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Abrolhos Archipelago. and Trindade and Manin Vaz Islands. The islands' position and distance zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPON from the coast are shown in Table I. Three petrels. two tropicbird . three boobies. three frigatebirds, two noddles and two terns breed or formerly bred on these i: land (Figure 3). The numberofspecies on each island group varies from four on Saint Peter and Saint Paul to eleven on Fernando de Noronha (Alves et al. 2004. Both & Freitas 2004. Fonseca-Neto 2004, Schulz-Neto 2004a, b: Table 2). Six birds appear in the national list of' threatened species in Brazil (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente 2003): Trindacle Petrel Pterodrodma arminjoniana ('Vulnerable'), Audubon's Shearwater Pt1ffi11us lherminieri ('Critically Endangered'). Red-billedTropicbird Phaethon aetltereus (·Vulnerable·). Recl-tai led Tropicbird Plwe1'1011 lepturus. Great Frigatebird Fregata 111i11or ('Critically Endangered'). and Lesser Frigatebird Frcgata ariel ('Critically Endangered'). Trindade Petrel is also globally threatened (Birdl.ife International 2004). Figure 3. Masked Booby zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC Sula dactylatra off Ceani, north-east Brazil; 4 September 2004. zyxwvu Pho10: A. Campos (Aquasis). 20 )/Sea Swallow 58 (2009) Table 1. Position. distance from the coast and area of the six sets of Brazilian oceanic islands where seabirds are known tO breed. Data were taken from Voorcn & Brusque ( 1999). Islands Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelago Position oo•ss-N.19°21 Distance ·w from the coast 960 km Rocas Atoll crscs. 33•.io·w 2.rn km Fernando de Noronha archipelago 03"50"S. 32•30· w 360 km Ahrolhos archipelago 17°55'5. Trindude Island 20°3o·s. 29•19·w 1.150 km Manin Vaz Islands 20° IS' S. 28°55" W 1.200 Km Table 2. Seabird species breeding on Brazilian Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSP). Archipelago (FN). Abrolhos Archipelago (AA). (MV). The symbols mean: breeding not observed was suggested, but not confirmed(?): and extinct 1 Refers to subspecies 'Refers to subspecies 3 Refers to subspecies 'Refers to subspecies 38°-lO'W 75 km oceanic islands. The island groups arc: Rocas Atoll (RA). Fernando de Noronha Trindacle Island (TD). Manin Vaz Islands so far(-): breeding confirmed r-): breeding I]). Phaethon acthereus aethereus: Phaethon lepturus ascensionis: Fregata minor nicolli: Fregata oriel trinitatis. Species (English zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA /Scicnufic names) ~I\' Sl'SI' zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcb RA FN .-\.-\ Tl zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ? Trindadc Petrel Ptcmdnnna {ll"IJ1i11j1111imm Kermadec Petrel Ptemdroma neglecta Audubon's Shearwatcr Puffinus lherminicri Red-billed Trcpicbird Phaethon aethereus 1 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturm·= Masked Booby Sula dm:rylmrn ') Red-footed Booby Sula sula ·1· Brown Booby '! S11la leucogaster Magnificent l-rigatcbird Fregata llfag11ifitt'11.f Great Frigaicbird zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Fregtnn 111ino1~~ Lesser Frigatcbird Freginu oriot' Brown Noddy Bruck Noddy A11011s ? ? stoiidns Anoll.\' 111i1111r11.~ white Tern Gigys alba Sooty Tern Onvchoprion fuscatus Trindade Petrels breed on Trindade and Manin Vaz Islands (Sick 1997. Vooren & Brusque 1999). although there is no recent evidence of breeding at the latter site. Kerrnadec Petrels zyxwvutsrq P. neglecta also nest on Trindade. where they are outnumbered by Trindade Petrels by a proportion of 20 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA to I (I mber 2004 ). Popu la ti on ofTrindade was esti mated to be approxi mutely 21 ~Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) 5.000 birds in the J 990's (Fonseca-Neto 2004), but this figure includes at least 5% Kerrnadec Petrels. Audubon Shearwater is 'Critically Endangered' in Brazil because its population is so small. Two nesting sites are known: Morro do Leiio and Morro da Vfuva islets in Fernando do Noronha archipelago. with 11 nests (Silva e Silva & Olmos in press): and the ltatiaia islands on south-eastern coast (Efe & Musso 200 I; see below). Greater and Lesser Frigatebirds are widespread in the lndo-Pacific Oceans. but Trindade harbours the only population of these species in the Atlantic (Brooke 2004). The Atlantic Greater Frigatebird (subspecies nicolli) was first noted in 1874. when a large number of nesting pairs was observed on Trindade (see Murphy 1936). Later expeditions lo the island (e.g. Novaes 1952) successfully recorded its presence. bur did not provide information on population numbers. Olson (1981) was unable to record the bird in 1975. but thought it could be nesting on Martin Vaz. A small colony was found in 1987-1992 and there are two recent (year 2000) records of birds collecting nesting material. The current status in Martin Vaz is not known. In 1994 about 100 birds were seen following a fishing boat operating near Trindacle (Fonseca-Neto 2004). A small colony of Lesser Frigatebird (subspecies trinitatisi with five nests was recorded at Trindade in 1975, with a total population of about 50 birds (Olson 1981). Nesting was also observed in 1987-1992. but only five of flying birds were seen during several field-trips in 1994-2000 (Fonseca-Neto 2004). The taxonomic status of Trindade Greater and Lesser Frigatebirds deserves a thorough inve ligation. Olson ( 1981) suggested that there are osteological differences between Atlantic and Inda-Paci fie Lesser Frigatebirds. The TrindacleLesser Frigatebirds are believed to exhibit a distinctive juvenile plumage (Olson 1981 j.As cccurred with Cape Verde KiteMilv11sfasciicc111da ( .ee Sangster 2000). the frigatebirds of Trindade may be another case or a distinct species becoming extinct without anything being done because its taxonomic status was not resolved. The native vegetation of Trindade Island, once dominated by dense forest . has been almost eliminated through the combined destruction of man-made fires to open the land for failed colonization projects, and overgrazing by inrrocluced pigs and goat (Olson 1981. FonsecaNeto 2004). Forest destruction resulted in the collapse of tree-nesting seabirds, including Red-footed Booby Sula sula (currently extinct) and the two endemic Irigatebird subspecies. l.n Brazil, Red-billed (subspecies aetliereus) and Wither-tailed Tropicbirds (subspecies zyxwvut ascensionis) breed on Fernando de Noronha and Arbrolhos archipelagos (Sick 1997. Alves er al. 2004. Schulz-Neto 2004a). Despite being national parks. both Abrolhos and Fernando de Noronha have serious problems with introduced predators. especially rats. Apparently. there are no plans to control introduced predators. al least in Abrolhos, despite the issue being well-known to the Brazilian conservation agency. A total of six seabird species have been nesting and breeding on small coastal islands in south-east and south Brazil. roughly between 2 i-29°S (Table 3). A least 37 breeding sites have been recorded on the coast of the States of Espirito Santo (4 sites), Rio de Janeiro zyxwvuts (7 sites). Sao Paulo ( 15 sites). Pnrana (3 sites) and Sama Catarina (8 sites). The State of Rio Grande do Sul in southernmost Brazil has no islands. and the alleged breeding colonies of Kelp Gulls zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Larus do111i11ica1111s along the tate 's coastline (Amas 1991) have never been confirmed. For each iaxa. the number of breeding ites. in brackets. is as follows: Brown Booby Sula leucogaster (16). Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens (10), Kelp Gull (10), South American Tern Sterna hirundinacea ( 16), Cayenne Tern Thalasseus sandiviceusis eurvgnathus 22 ),.{Sea Swallow 58 (2009) ( 16). and Royal Tern Thalasseus 111axi11111s (6) (Sick 1997, Alves et al. 2004, Branco 2004. Campos zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA el al. 2004. Efe 2004. Krul 2004. Yorio & Efe 2008). Human disturbance can result in an increa ed risk or egg and chick predation. nest desertion. reducing hatching success and increased stress for the birds. Not all. ires will be used every year because birds may shift the location of breeding colonies in response to human disturbance. Table 3. lnshore islands where seabirds breed. or formerly bred. in south-east and south Brazil. Species are Brown Booby 511/a le11cuga1er(BB). Magnificem Frigatebird Fregata niagnijicens (M.F). Kelp Gull Lams do111i11icw111s (KG). South American Tern Sterna liirundinacea (SA). Sandwich Tern Tlialasseus sandiciceusis (SD). and Royal Tern Thalasseus maxinius. The states are: Espirito Santo (ES). Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR). and Santa Catarina (SC). The symbols mean: breeding not observed so far(-) and breeding confirmed Ie), Sile name State Location Bil MF SA KC 20°20· s. 40° 16. w Itatinia Is. ES Pacoie Is. 20°21s. -10°16·w ES Escalvada I. ES 20°42·s. -10°2-i·w Branca I. ES 2 l"O(J'S. -!0°4TW 21°oo·s. 40"-lTW Papagaios zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA I. RJ Santana or Macac Archpcl. 22°2-l' s. -ll°-12' \V RJ 21°3s·s. -11°s7·w Lajc dos trinut-rcis I. RJ Guanabara Bay Is. RJ 22°-!8' s. -!3"09' w 23•00· s. -11 °00· w Caho Frio I. RJ 23•02·s. -1J0nw Cagarras I. RJ Redondo I. RJ 23°0-l·s. 43°12·w Cabra I. SP 23"-l4'S. -l5°02·w zvsos. -1s•o9·w Surnitica I. SP Figueira I. SP 23°55'S.4511l8"W Cod6 l. SP zs-sss. -15°1 sw Alcatrazes Archipcl. U'06·s. -1s0-12·w SP Apara I. SP 23•5os. 45•33·w Praiuha l. SP 23°51 S. -15°25' W 2-1°04·s. 45•39·w Amigo I. SP Lnje de Sumos I. 2-1°1-1·s. -11>"11>·w SP 2cJ022·s. 46"4s·w Gaivoia I. SP 2-1•14·s. 46°41 '\V Lajc da Conceicao I. SI' Guarau I. 24°23·s. 46"59·w SP Queimada Grande I. 24"29'S. 46 41 ·w SP Born Abrigo l. SP 25'1>TS. 47°51 ·w Castilho I. SP 25"1TS.47°57'\V 25"2'.l'S. -l8"(J2'\V Figueira I. PR Currais I. PR 25°4-l'S. -l8°22'W ltacolnmis Is. PR 25°5 1 · s. 48°2-l' w 26°22'S. -19•31 ·w Tamboretcs Archipcl. SC ltacolornis ls. 26°-l2'S. 48°37'\V SC Gale I. SC 21°11 ·s. -18°2YW Desena l. 27"16'S. 48°20'\V SC 27°-18' S,-!8°3-l. \V Cardos I. SC Molcqucs do Sul Is. 27"51 's. -18°26'\V SC 2s021 ·s. -18"36·w Fora I. SC Galheta I. 28"32'S. 48°.JS'W SC 1 SD' RT zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Refers to Cayenne Tern. the subspecies zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHG Thalasseus saudicicensis eurvgruuhus. 23 )f Sea zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS (2009) A small colony of Audubon's Shearwater (five nests) was observed in August 1993 on ltatiaia ls lands. a cosral rocky archipelago in Espirito Santo (Efe & Musso 200 I). I am not aware of rhe current status or this colony. but since the islands are protected and a permit is required to land or secure boats, the population there has great chances lO increase or at least keep stable. To my knowledge the Itatiaia archipelago is the southernmost nesting site of Audubon's Shearwater in the Atlantic Ocean (cf. Brooke 2004). Also. worthy of mention is that these islands are regarded as the largest nesting site or Cayenne Terns, where approximately l 0.00013.000 breed every year (Efe et al. 2000. Yorio & Efe 2009). Kelp Gulls. South American Terns. Cayenne Terns and Royal Terns also breed in Uruguay and Argentina during the austral spring and su111111er (e.g. Yorio et al. 1994, 1998, Quintana & Yorio 1997). Based on analyses of data of seasonal abundance and plumage moult it can be concluded that at least in southernmost Brazil. where these species do not breed. they also occur as visitors from southern South America in austral winter months. especially May-July (Vooren & Chiaradia 1990, Bugoni & Vooren 2005). On the other hand, populations of Brazilian islands breed in April-August (e.g. Branco 2004. Previlltz et al. 2009). Brazilian population stocks are certainly genetically isolated from the Uruguayan and Argentinean ones, and thus are subject to different environmental and anthropogenic pressures. Seven species breed on the continental coast or further inland. This group includes three gulls. three tern . and the Black Skimmer Rhvucops niger (Table 4). In southernmost Brazil, five species (Brown-hooded Chroicocephalus maculipennis and Grey-headed Gulls Chroicoceplialus cirrocephalus. Trudeau's Sterno trudeaui and Yellow-billed Terns Sternula superciliaris. and Black Skimmer) breed on marshes, river beaches and islands. and lakes, but move to the coast during the non-breeding season (Belton 1984. Vooren zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcb & Chiaradia 1990. Efe el al. 200 I). In the same region. a mixed colony with a few pairs of Large-billed Phaetusa simplex, Gull-billed Gelochelidon nilotica. and Yellow-bi I led Terns Sternu!a superciliaris were observed once at Lagoa do Peixe National Park in early November 1986 (Auras 1991 ). I spent two years (2005-2006) working in this Park. but was unable 10 record any breeding activity of these species. However, I observed juvenile Large-billed Terns being fed by adults on I April 2006 (C.J. Carlos & C.E. Fedrizzi, unpubl. data), suggesting that at least this species still breeds there or on nearby areas. In other regions of the country, like the Amazon basin, Large-billed, Yellow-billed Terns and Black Skimmers breed in loose groups on sandbanks and sandy beaches of major rivers (Sick 1997). lam not aware of any published information about breeding of these species on coastal areas outside Rio Grande do Sul, but it may also occuron coastal marshes, lagoons and sandbars of the northern and north-eastern region. as previously suggested by Antas ( 1991 ). Grey-headed Gulls (Figure4) and Gull-billed Terns are reported to breed between April-June on salt pans on the northern coast of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Azevedo-Junior zyxwvutsrqpon et al. 2004 ). Mangroves and salt-works are a conspicuous feature on the northern coast or the States of Rio Grande None and Ceara. The shallow tanks support large biomass of Brine shrimps zyxwvuts (Anemia sp.), which serves as food for waterbirds (especially shorebirds), while sandbanks amidst the ponds provide nesting and roosting ues. 24 ~Sea Swallow 58 (2009) Table 4. Seabird species breeding on the continental coast or inland ecosystems of Brazil. The states are: Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Bahia (BA). Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Maranhao (MA), Para (PA). and Arnapa (AP). The symbols mean: breeding not observed so Iart-): breeding confinned P); breeding was suggested, but not confirrned I"). Species (English/Scit.'.ntific names) Brown-hooded Gull Chroicoceplutlns snacnlipennis RS M RN CE MA I'( PA AP zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA •) Grey-headed Gull Chroiroccphalns rirmrephulus Laughing Gull zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA L1·11co11fuwm utririltu ? ? Least Tern Stcrnutn wail/anm ') •) ·1 Yellow-billed Tern Sternnla superdliaris ? ·1 ? t •7 °) ') ') ') ') Large-hilled Tern Phnetnsa simplex ? Gull-billccJ Tl.'rn Grlocbelidon nihnicu Snowy-crowned Tern Sterno trndenui ? ? ') ') ? zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfe '? Olad .. Skimmer Nhyr1c·o11., ni~er Unril very recently. Laughing Gull l.eucophaeus atricilla (Figure 5) and Least Tern Steniu!a antillarum were considered to be migrants from North America (Sick 1997. Vooren & Brusque 1999). However. these two seabirds were found breeding on sandy beaches on the northern Brazilian coast (Rodrigues 2008. A.A.F. Rodrigues pers. comm.). Breeding Laughing Gull and Least Tern is also likely to occur on lagoons and associated swamps in coastal areas of Piaui-Ceara, but this needs more fieldwork. Although Brazil harbours breeding populations of Laughing Gull and Least Tern. a few birds ringed in North America have been recovered in the country (Olmos 2002a). thus indicating that migrant birds mix with resident ones at least on the northern and north-eastern coasts. or Figure 4. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Grey-headed Gull zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Rio Grande do Norte. northeast Brazil. 25 February 2005. Photo: zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML C. Albano. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHG 25 ).f Sea Swallow 58 (2009) Figure 5. Laughing Gulls Leucophaeus atricilla and one Large-billed Tern Pltaetusa simplex, Maranhao, north Brazil, February 2007. Pharo: F. Olmos. Non-breeding seabirds in Brazil. Non-breeding seabirds in Brazil (both migratory and vagrants) comprise 67 species. This group includes four penguins (three arc vagrants). I 0 albatrosses (five vagrants), 20 petrels (five vagrants). three storm-petrels (two vagrants), one vagrant diving-petrel. one vagrant tropicbird. one vagrant pelican, two vagrant gannets, one vagrant sheath bill, six skuas, five gulls (three vagrants), and six terns (two vagrants). Twentyeight migrant species originate from the Southern South America, sub-Antarctic islands and the Antarctic continent. and 13 from the North Hemisphere. Migratory seabirds can be divided into coastal and pelagic species. Costa! species are mainly tern and gulls, while pelagic ones are albatrosses, pen-els and skuas. Coastal migrants are: Laughing Gull. Olrogs Gull Lams atlanticus. Least Tern. Common Tern Stema hirundo, and Roseate Tern S. dougallii, All but Olrogs Gull are migrants from North America. Laughing Gulls and Least Terns are abundant on the northern and north-eastern coasts zyxwvutsrqponm (Rodrigues 2008, Girao er al. 2008. C. .I.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI Carlos unpubl. data), but most bircls seen there arc likely to be Kelp Gulls, South American Terns, Cayenne Terns, and Royal Terns breeding populations. breed in Brazil. but birds from Uruguay/Argentina migrate to southern Brazil in the winter. Large flocks ( 12.000-14.000 birds) of Common Terns (Figure 6) have been recorded in Lagoa do Peixe National Park (31 °14· S. 51 °00'W) in the extreme south of the country (e.g. Harington zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA er al. 1986. Lara-Resende 1988). This species also concentrates along other parts of the Brazilian coa t, generally near food-rich wetland areas. Until recently, the wintering grounds of North-American Roseate Terns were virtually unknown. However, the combined workofBrazilian and American ornithologists (e.g. Hays et al. 1997. 1999. Lima er al. 2006). identified Manguc Scco (I l 27'S, 37"27'W) in the State of Bahia as an important site for 0 26 '.:{f Sea zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Swallow 58 (2009) this species. Common Terns also concentrate abundantly at this point. Surprisingly. part of the Common Tern population from the Azores archipelago in the North Atlantic winters in Mangue Seco. thus making transatlantic migration (Hays el al. 1997, 1999). Figure 6. Common Tern S1er11a hirunrlo, Rin Grande do None. north-east Brazil. 22 October 2005. Pho10: C. Albano. Most pelagic migrants (78%) are from the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. This group includes one penguin. five albatrosses. 12 petrels. one storm-petrel. and three skuas. Only six pelagic migrants (Cory's Shearwaier Calonectrts borealis. Cape Verde Shearwater C. edwardsii. Manx Shearwaier P11ffi1111sp11fji1111.1·. Leach's Storm-petrel zyxwvutsrqponml Oceanodroma kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA lcucorhoa. Great Skua Siercorarius skua, and Arctic Tern Sterno paradisea) come from the Northern Hemisphere. The sources of some pelagic migratory species are easy to identify. For example, Tristan Albatross zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Dioiuedea dabbeuena and Spectacle Petrels Procellaria conspicillata breed respectively on Gough and Inaccessible Islands. both in the South Atlantic. The two species are common visitors in winter to zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC off-shore waters or south-east and south Brazil (Neves & Olmos 200 I. Olmos 1997. 200 I, Denes et al. 2007). Other species (e.g. Giant Petrels Macronectes spp.) have many breeding sites and birds found in Brazil may come from different breeding populations. as shown by ring recoveries (Olmos 2002a). In the South Atlantic and adjacent Southern Ocean. pelagic seabirds (penguins. petrels. and skuas) breed on four major regions. based on geographical proximity and similarities of the avifauna: (I) Southern Patagonia/Falkland Islands. (2) South Georgia/South Orkneys/South Sandwich Islands. (3) Tristan da Cunha/Gough Islands. and (4) the Antarctic Peninsula and continent (Table 5). The number of seabird species occurring habitually (excluding the vagrants) in each of these regions is as follows: S. Patagonia/Falkland ls. (10 out of 18 spp.), 27 )..{Sea Swallow 58 (2009) S. Georgia/South Orkneys/South Sandwich ls. ( 11 out of 21 spp.). Tristan da Cunha/Gough Is. (8 out or 15 spp.). Antarctic Peninsula and continent (8 out of 18 spp.). (Table 5) Among the group or pelagic migrants from the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, only one species. the Southern Royal Albatross Diomedca epotuophora, breeds outside of Atlantic Ocean. This species breeds in New Zealand, but non-breeding birds forage on the west and east coast South America (Marchant & Higgins 1990, Brooke 2004). Table 5. Number of pelagic seabird species breeding on Southern Patagonia/Falkland Is. (SPF). South Georgia/South Orkneys/South Sandwich Is (SGOS). Tristan da Cunha/Gough ls. (TCG). and Antarctic Peninsula and continent (APC) regions. and their status in Brazil: VA - Vagrants. MS - Migrants from Southern South America. sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. The symbols mean: breeding not observed so fart-): breeding confirmed (•). Species (English/scil'nlilk names) Status King Penguin Apteuodytes patagonicus Sl'F SGOS TCC Al'C VA Emperor Penguin Aptenodvtes jorsteri Gcmoo Penguin t'vgoscetts pupua Chinxrrnp Penguin l'yga.\'C't'ii., cntarvttcus Magellanic Penguin Snheniscus 11wgt•!/o11ic11.\ MS Macaroni Penguin Endyptcs chrvsotophus VA Rockhopper Penguin VA Endvptes chrysocome Sooty Albatmvv Phncbetriu [uscn Light-rnamlcd Albatross \I-\ VA Phoebotria palpcbrntu Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Thotossorcti- rhlororhvnchos MS Black-brewed Albatross Thotassarcho 111ela11011hris MS Grey-headed Albatros« Thatassarche ctnvsossomo VA Southern Giam-Pctrcl MS Macronectes gigu111eu.\ Northern Giant-Petrel Mucronectes ltalli ~IS Southern Fulmur Fnltnarus gluciatoides MS Antarctic Petrel lbntassoica antarctica Cape Petrel 1Ja111im1 capense MS Snow Petrel Pagodrmnu 111\'eu Kerguclcn Petrel l.ngensu brevimstris VA Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodonna mollls MS Atlantic Petrel Pterodromu incena ~IS Great-winged V,\ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB Petrel Ptenrdnnnn 111twm111cm Blue Petrel Hatobacna cucmteu MS Fairy Prion Pachyp1ila 111rr11r zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA VA Broad-billed Priori Pachvptilu viuoto 28 ')f Sea Swallow 58 (2009) Antarctic Prion Puchvptila desokua MS Slender-billed Priou l1i1ch,r1ui/a helrhrri ~IS Grey Petrel t'raccllnria d111'r1·11 V,\ White-chinned ~IS Petrel Prucelluria urquinoctiulis Spectacled Petrel Procelloria co11.r11icillaro MS Soory Shcmwatcr Puffinus griseus MS P11Jji1111s grm·i, MS Greater Shcnrwarcr Little Shcarwater /111/jinus assisnilis' ~IS White-bellied Sturm-Petre! Fngenn grulluria Black-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregettu t nrpica VA Wilson's Stonu-I'crrcl MS Oceonites ocoanicus White-faced Storm-Petrel Pelngndnnnu ntnrina- VA Common Diving-Petrel Pelecnuoidrv urinauis South Georgia Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides georgicns Magellanic Diving-Petrel l'eiecunoides mugellani Chilean Skua Vt\ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF tvlS St( n·omri11.'i rhileusis 1 South Polar Sku:t Stcrcorarius mnccnrmicki MS zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB MS Southern Skua Stercorarius <mtarcticus 'Species currently placed on the Hypothetical List: The single Brazilian specimen refers to subspecies P Canario · archipelagos in North Atlantic. 1 111. hvpoleuca from Madeira and Antarctic and sub-Antarctic migrants. especially those from Tristan da Cunha/Gough and Patagonia/Falkland Is .. have in the Brazilian waters between 23-34°S. one of their main feeding grounds (e.g. Vooren & Brusque 1999. Carlos 2006). Spectacled Petrels of Tristan da Cunha (Figure 7) disperse to the waters off south-east and south Brazil (Olmos 1997. Neves zyxwvutsrq et al. 2006). with relatively small numbers recorded off the west coast of southern Africa (Carnphuysen & Van Der Meer 2000). The Falkland Islands hold over three quarters of the world population of Bluck-browed Albatross T. melanopluis (Gales 1998). After breeding. birds from the Falklands winter on the Patagonian Shelf. but immature birds forage mainly in Brazilian waters (Olmos 1997. Carlos 2006. Neves et al. 2006). Pelagic migrants from the zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB lorthern Hemisphere nest on islands roughly located between Iceland (c. 60°N) and Cape Verde archipelago (c. I 5°N). Two species are common and abundant off Brazil: Cory's and Manx Shearwaiers. Cory's Shearwarer breeds on the Azores Canary Islands. and the Madeira group and is known to migrate across the Atlantic towards waters off southern Brazi I. Uruguay and Argentina (Cooke & Mills 1977. Brooke 2004) The species mainly occurs in eastern Brazil during the summer and autumn, January-May, but there are several winter (July) records. Manx Shearwaier are more abundant off eastern Brazil in spring. October-November. while en route to their wintering quarters off Southern South zyxwvuts 29 ¥Sea Swallow 58 (2009) America (Brooke 1990, 2004). Until very recently, Cape Verde Shearwaters were known in Brazil from a handful or sight records and museum specimens (Petry el al. 2000. Lima el al. 2002. Olmos 2002d). However, recent at sea observations and beach surveys have shown that this species is a regular visitor to off-shore waters of eastern Brazil. in a pattern similar to that described for Cory's Shearwarers (Olmos & Bugoni 2006. C. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfe J. Carlos. L. Bugoni & C. E. Fedrizzi in prep.). Leach's Storm-petrels are frequent seen in off-shore waters of northeastern Brazil in the summer, January-March. Twenty-six species are currently considered as vagrants to Brazil. most of which are from the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. One species. White-faced Storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina. breeds on islands of the North and South Atlantic (Marchall! zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYX & Higgins 1990. Brooke 2004 ). but according to Lima zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED el al. (2002) the single Brazilian specimen refers to the subspecies hvpoleuca of Madeira and Canaries archipelugos. Figure 7. Tristan Albatross zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Diomedea dabbeuena. Spectacled Petrels Procellaria cotispicillata and other seabirds off Santa Catarina. southern Brazil: August 1999. Photo: F. Olmos. Discussion Beside harbouring several seabird breeding colonies. Brazil is vi sired by many species from both the Northern Hemisphere ancl Southern Ocean and Antarctic region. However, what the numbers presented in this work really mean in relation to the seabird diversity in the Atlantic and world-wide? In order to make an assessment of the relative importance of Brazil to seabirds. l will compare the number of procellariiforms in the country with the number of species in the world and the number of species breeding on the Atlantic Ocean (Marchant & Higgins 1990. Brooke 2004). The reason why I choose the procellariiforrns for chis analysis is because they are the most species-rich order of seabirds (e.g. Brooke 200 I, 2004). zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWV 30 )/Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT (2009) As shown before. 40 species of albatrosses and petrels have at least one documented record from Brazil. It corresponds to 32.8% of" the world's diversity of procellnriiforrns ( 125 spp.: Brooke 200 I. 2004). This number of species is significant because the Economic Exclusive Zone or Brazil. with 4.5 million km: (Brazilian Continental Shell" Survey Project 2004). covers only a small fraction ( 1.2%) of the surface area (361 million km ') or all oceans. Of course, not all species are common and abundant in Brazil According to the check-list of the Brazilian Commiuee of Ornithological Rrecords (2008). 13 (26.5%) procellariiform species are vagrants to the country. However. only recently the status or many seabirds has become belier known. and species once considered merely as rare or accidentals in Brazi I (e.g. Tristan Albatross. Spectacled Petrel, and Nonhern Gian! Petrels Macronectes lialli. Pornurine Skua Stercorarius fHJ111ari1111s) are indeed regular members of the countrys avifuuna (Manuscelli el al. 1995. Olmos 1997. 2000. 2002c. Neves & Olmos 200 I. Bugoni et al. 2003. Carlos et al. 2005. Denes et al. 2007). Fi tty-one species of albatrosses and petrels breed on i lands distributed from the Nonh Atlantic to Antarctic region, 36 (70.6%) of which have been confirmed in Brazil. This percentage speaks for itself and does not require any explanation. Most species without Brazilian records either migrate to waters off western and southern Africa (e.g. European Storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagirns) or tend to feed inshore and rarely disperse far from their breeding colonies. e.g. Diving Petrels Pelecauoides spp. (Marchant & Higgins 1990. Brooke 2004). For other species, like Black-capped Petrel which now breeds in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. the Brazilian records should still be confirmed by tangible evidence (Brazilian Committee of Ornithological Records 2000. 2008). Wonh of mention is that Brazil holds the only breeding colony of Trindade and Kennadec Petrels in the Atlantic. A gadfly petrel species breeding on Round Island in the Indian Ocean may refer to Trindade or Herald Petrels Pterodrotna heraldica (Brooke et al. 2000). Depending on the taxonomic status of birds from Round Island, Trinclade may be the only site of the world where Trindade Petrels breed. In my comparisons. I did not include five species that do 1101 breed in the Atlantic. but occur in Brazil. namely. Southern Royal Albatross zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI Diomedea epomophora, Northern Royal Albatross D. sanfordi. Shy Albatross Tlialassarce cauta. While-headed Petrel Pterorlronia lessonii and Shon-tailed Shcarwatcr P1([fi1111.1· tenuirostris. Southern Royal Albatross is a regular visitor in winier 10 waters off south-east and south Brazil. and the same is probably true for Nonhern Royal and Shy Albatrosses (Petry zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI e1 al. 1991. Olmos 2002b, Carlos et al. 2004. Lima et al. 2004. Denes er al. 2007). The analysis above, although simple, dernonsurues clearly that Braziliun waters are important not only for Atlantic and Antarctic seabirds but also for birds from distant lands like Australia and New Zealand. Here seabird species find suitable areas LO forage along the coastline and inshore and off-shore waters, and many sites for nesting. Seabirds evolved 10 exploit zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE different rood resources in the world's oceans. Therefore. species tend to concentrate in areas ofhigh biological production in temperate-polar latitude waters or areas of cold. per istent boundary currents flowing toward the equator, such as the Benguela in Africa and the Humboldt of western South America (Murphy 1936. Warhan 1990. Brooke 2004). Oceanographic conditions off Brazilian coast during most of the year are greatly 31 ).f Sea zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Swallow 58 (2009) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWV influenced by the warm South Equatorial and Brazil currents, thus resuuinz in waters of relatively low productivity (Longhurst & Pauly J 987). In the winier. strong southerly winds blow along the coast of South Brazil. As a result. the cold and nutrient rich Falkland current extends northward and dominates waters off south Brazil (Castello & Moeller 1977. Garcia 1998). but nm infrequently it reaches as far north as 23°S in the south-east (Campos er al. 1996). This phenomenon. associate with discharse of La Plata River and Patos Lagoon system. causes an increase or the biological production and a rapid influx or Antarctic and sub-Antarctic organisms. including seabirds, in the shell' waters or southern Brazil (e.g. Murphy 1936. Palacio 1982, Carlos 2006). This explains why th.is region contains the highest number of seabird species. and the largest breeding colonies. Breeding of seabirds of inshore islands of south-east and south Brazil occurs mainly in the winter at a time when there is much food available in the environment. North of23°S, biological productivity is linked 10 the discharge of major rivers and lagoons. Several estuaries are located along the Brazilian coastline and coastal ecosystems associated to them (mangroves, sandy beaches. etc.) provide habitats to seabirds. Important areas include. for example. the huge Amazon River estuary. mouth of Parnaiba and Sao Francisco Rivers. and the lguape-Cananeia-Parunagua Estuary. Lota! upwellings foster fish populations in north-cast and south-east Brazil and around oceanic islands and seamounds (Longhurst & Pauly 1987). including Saint Peter and Saint Paul and Fernando de Noronha Archipelagos and Trindade Island. All are important for seabirds, especially the tropical species (eg Figatebirds and Bobbies). and some probably support the large concentrations of migram species like terns. Seabirds spend most of their life at sea. often foraging far away from their nesting sites. Other species undertake long-distance migrations over thousands of kilometers.While foraging and/ or migrating seabirds are at risk of being killed by fisheries and affected by oil spills and other pollution. Longline fisheries operating off south Brazil are known to kill many threatened species. such as Wandering. Tristan. Black-brewed and Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses. The observed population decline of' these species is mainly a result of heavy incidental mortality in long line fisheries (Neves & Olmos 1998. Olmos zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP el al. 200 I. Neves er al. 2007), and the Brazilian fishing fleet has it share in this decline. Coruinuing loss and degradation of coastal habitats has direct impacts on seabirds. especially long-distance migrants like Common and Roseate Tern . On islands. alien invasive species. notably rats. prey mainly upon seabird eggs and chicks. thus reducing seabird population abundance. This is a serious problem on the main island of Fernando de Noronha where rats. cats. dogs and Tegu Lizards prey on ground-nesting seabirds and their eggs. Brazil has a great responsibility in the conservation or many seabird species from different geographical regions. However. there are still few conservation programmes involving this group of birds in the country. ln June 2006. the Brazilian government launched. with support ofBirdLi fe International. a national action plan for the conservation of albatrosses and petrels. aiming zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 10 protect nesting sites or resident proccllari i terms anti implement actions 10 reduce the incidental catch of seabirds by the longl.ines (Neves zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO et al. 2006). More recently. the Brazilian Ministry or Environment has recently launched a committee to develop. up 10 the encl of 2009. a conservation plan for the threatened non-Procellariforrnes seabirds occurring in Brazilian waters. Species included are: the two Red-billed and White-tailed Tropicbirds, Greater and Lesser Frigatcbirds. and Cayenne and Royal Terns. 32 ),f Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) The challenge of seabird conservation in Brazil is even greater because many islands where seabirds breed are not adequately protected. and important coastal habitats (e.g. mangroves. saltmarshes. dunes. lagoons. and sandy beaches) have suffered from several hundred years or degradation from human impacts. Most negative coastal and estuarine habitat impacts are the result of coastal development. as residential. commercial and industrial land use in coastal areas has intensified. Acknowledgments I thank C. M. vooren, my former advisor. for sharing with me with me his broad knowledge of Brazilian seabirds. I am also grateful to F. Olmos. C. Albano and A. Campos for allowing me to use their great photographs. The typescript benefited from input of C. E. Fedrizzi and the editorial advice or G. Lewis. S. M. Azevedo-Junior ( UFPE). P. Lima (MCNC). L. F. Silveira (MZUSP). J.M. R. Soto (MOVI) and C. M. Voorcm (FUEG) kindly allowed me lo examine specimens under their care. In 2004-2006 my studies was supported by the Coordcnaciio de Aperleicoamenro de Pessoa! de Nivel Superior (CAPES). Brazil. References Ab· Saber. A. N. (200 I). l.iioral do Brasil - Bratilian coast. Meralivros. Sao Paulo. Alves, V. S .. Soares.A. B.A .. Couto, G. S .. Efe, M. A & Ribeiro.A. B. B. (2004).Al'es marinhas de Abrolhos - Bahia. Brasil. Pp. 213-232 i11: Branco. J. 0. (org.) Aves marinhas e insulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservacao. Ediiora Univali. ltajaf. Auras, P. T. Z. ( 1991 ). Status and conservation if seabirds breeding in Brazilian waters. Pp. 141-158 i11: Croxall. J.P. (Eel.). Seabirds status and conservation: a supplement. l nternarional Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP Tech. Publ. I). Cambridge. UK. Azevedo-Junior. S. M .. Larrazabal. M. E. Pena. 0. (2004). Ai·es aqutiticas de ambientes aniropicos {salinas) do Rio Grande du Norte, Brasil. Pp. 255-266 in: Branco. J. 0. (org.J Aves marinhas e insulares brasilcirus: bioecologia e conservacao. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW Ediiora Univali. lrajaf. Bellon. W. ( 1984). Birds of Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil pan l . Rlieidae through Furnariidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 369-636. BirclLife International (2004) Threatened birds 1~( the world 200-1. CD-ROM. 1 nternational, Cambridge, UK. Birdl.ife Branco, J. 0. (2004). Ai•es marinhas das I/has de Santa Catarina. Pp. 15-36 in: Branco. J. 0. (org.) Aves marinhas e insulares brasi leiras: bioecologia e conservacao. Editora Univali. Irajaf. Brazilian Comminee of'Ornirhologicul Records (2000). Deliberaciies do CBRO. Nauereria I: 34. Brazilian Cornmiuee of Ornithological Records (2008). zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Checklist of the birds of Brazil. Version 05/l 012008. 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Olmos, F. (2002c) Po111ari11e Jaegers Siercorarius potnarinus wintering (~ff Brazil. Atlantic Seabirds 4: 73-76. Olmos. F. (2002d).At-sea recordsof Cape VerdeShearwaters Calonectris edwardsii in Brazil. Atlantic Seabirds 4: 77-80. Olmos. F. & Bugoni. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC L. (2006). zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Agregaroes de aves marinhas associadas d pesca de espinhel-dc-fundo 11C1 regiiio sudeste-sul do Brasil. Pp. 69-81 in: Neves. T. S .. Bugoni. L. & Rossi-Wongtschowski. C. L. B. (eds.) Aves oceanicas e suas inieracoes com a pesca na regiao sudeste -sul do Brasil. lnstituto Oceanografico-U'Sf' (Serie docurneruos REVIZEE: Score Sul). Sao Paulo. 37 ).f Sea zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT (2009) Olmos. F., Neves, T. S. & Bastos, G. C. (200 I). A pesca com espinheis ea mortalidade de aves marinhas 110 Brasil. Pp.327-337 in: Albuquerque. J. L.. F. Candido-Jr.vJ .. 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R. l. & Vooren, C. M. (2009) Breeding biology of Kelp Culls (Lams domiuicanus) 011 Desert Island, Southern Brazil. Ornitologfa Neotropical 20: 61-72. Quintana, F. & Yorio, P. (1998) Competition for nest sires between Kelp Culls (Lams do111i11ica1111s) and Tems ( Sterno 111a .xima and S. eurygnatha) in Patagonia. Auk I 15: I 068-1071. Rodrigues.A.A. F. (2007). Prioriryareasforco11servarionof111igra101ya11d 011 the coast of Brazilian A111aza11ia11. Revista Brasileira de Orniiologia resident waterbirds 15: 209-218. Sangster. J. (2000). Ta.ro110111ic stabilitv and avian extinctions. Conservation 579-581. Biology 14: Schulz-Neto, A. (2004n). Aves insulates do Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha. Pp. 147168 in: Branco, J.O. (org.) Aves marinhas e insulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservacao, ltajaf: Editora da Univali. Schulz-Neto, A. (2004b). Aves marinhas do A to I das Rocas. Pp. 169-192 in: Branco, J.O. (org.) Aves iuarinhas e iusulares brasileiras: bioecologia e conservaciio. ltajaf: Editora da Univali. Sick. H. ( 1997). Oruitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira. Silva e Silva. R. & Olmos, F. (in press). Notes 011 the biology and morphology o.fAudubon 's Shearwaters P11/ji1111s llierminierijront Fernando de Noronha, north-eastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 17. Silveira, zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA I. C. A .. Miranda. & Brown, W. S (1994). zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA On the origins of the North Brazil Current. 38 )..f Sea zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Swallow 58 (2009) Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 22501-22512. Silveira, I. C. A., Schimidt, A. C. K., Campos. E. J. D., Godoi, S. S. & Ikeda. Y. (2000). A 171-183. Corrente do Brasil ao largo da cos ta brasileira. Revista Brasileiade0ceanografia48: Souza, J.M. ( 1999). Mar territorial, zona economica exclusiva 011 plaiajonna continental? Revista Brasileira de Geoffsica 17: 79-82. Villwock.J.A. ( 1994).A costa brasileira: geologic e evoluciio. NotasTecnicas Cl). Pono Alegre. Vooren. C. M. & Brusque. L. F. (1999). As aves do ambienre costeiro do Brasil: biodiversidade e conservacao. Fundacao Un.iversidade Federal do Rio Grande. Rio Grande. Vooren. C. M. & Chiaradia, A. ( 1990). Seasonal abundance and behaviour of coastal birds on Cassino beach. Brazil. Ornitologfa Neotropical I: 9-24. Warham, .J. ( 1990). The petrels: their ecology and breeding systems. Academic Press. London. Yorio, P. & Efe, M.A. (2009). Population status of Royal and Cayenne Terns breeding in Argentina and Brazil. Waterbirds 31: 561-570. Yorio, P.. Quintana, F., Campagna, C. & Harris, G. ( 1994). Diversidad, abuudancia ydinamica espacio-temporal de la colonia inixta de aves marinas en P1111w Leon. Patagonia. Ornitologfa Neotropical 6: 69-77. Yorio, zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA P., Bertelloui, M., Gandini, P. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA & Frere, E. ( 1998) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS Kelp Culls zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZ (Lams do111i11ica1111s) breeding 011 the Argentinecoast: population status and a review of its relationship with coastal management and conservation. Marine Ornithology 26: 11-18. Caio ,J. Carlos Rua Mario Damiani Panatta 680, zyxwvutsrqpon Cinquentenario, 95013-290, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil E-mail: macronectest@yahoo.co.uk 39 ).{Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) 40 ).! Sea zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Swallow 58 (2009) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT 41 )f zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) 42 )/Sea Swallow 58 (2009) (/) zyxwvuts "<!: cc r-, ~ ..c en -~ ~ 0 '"·::: :E ~] ~u 43 ).t Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) Appendix zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 1. Check-list of seabirds species confirmed in Brazil. Taxonomy and species sequence follow the Brazilian Commiuee of Ornithological Records (2008). Status refers to whether species breed in the country or elsewhere: Breeding in the country (13): Migrant from the Southern South America, sub-Antarctic islands and the Antarctic continent (MS): Migrant from the North hemisphere (MN): and Vagrant (V) species with apparently irregular occurrence in Brazil. Museum collections housing voucher specimens documenting the occurrence of the various species are: MPEG - Museu Paraense Emilio Goledi (Belem). UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (Recife). MCNC - Muscu de Ciencias Naiurais da CETREL (Carnacari). MNRJ - Museu Nacional/Universidadc Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro). MZUSP · Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo). UFSC - Universidade Federal de Sanra Catarina (Florian6polis): MOYl . Museu Oceanografico da Univerisade do Yale do Itajaf, MCN-FZB - Museu de Ciencias Naturals da Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul (Pono Alegre), UNISlNOS - Universidade do Yale do Rio dos Sinos (Sao Leopoldo). UFPel - Universidude Federal de Pelotas (Peloras). FURG - Fundacfio Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). BMNH - Natural History Museum (Tring), USNM - United States National Museum. Smithsonian Insrirurion (Washington. DC). Order SPHENISCIFORMES Family SPHENISCIOAE (4 spp.) King Penguin Aptenodyies patagonicns (VA): MNRJ Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magcllanicus (MS): UFPE, MCNC, MNRJ. MZUSP, MOVL FURG Macaroni Penguin Eudvptes chrvsoiophus (VA): MZUSP Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrvsocome (VA): MCN-FZB. UFPel. FURG Order PROCELLARUFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE (10 spp.) Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca (VA): MCNC, MZUSP. MOVI. FURG Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata (VA): MCNC. MZUSP Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos (MS): UFPE. MCNC, MNRJ. MZUSP. MOVI. FURG Black-brewed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris (MS): MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. MOVI. FURG Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrvsostoma (VA): MNRJ. MZUSP Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta (VA): MCNC. MNRJ. MOVI Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora (MS); MNRJ. MZUSP. UNISINOS. FURG Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi (VA); FURG Wandering Albatross Diomedea ex11/c111s (MS): MOVI Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena (MS): MZUSP. MOY!. FURG Family PROCELLARJIDAE (25 spp.) Southern Giant-Petrel zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Macronectes giganteus (MS); MNRJ. MZUSP. MOVI, FURG Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes ha/Ii (MS): MZUSP. FURG Southern Fulrnar F11/111arus glacialoides (MS): UFPE. MCNC. MNRJ, MZUSP. MOVI. FURG Cape Petrel Daption capense (!VIS): MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. MOY!. FURG Kcrguclen Petrel zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA L11ge11sa brevirostris (VA): MCNC. MNRJ, FURG Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma 1110//is (MS): MCNC. MZUSP. MOVI, FURG Atlantic Petrel Pterodonna incerta (MS); MCNC, MNRJ, MZUSP. MOVI. FURG White-headed Petrel Pterodrotna lessonii (VA): UFSC Kerrnadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta (BJ: USNM Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera (VA): FURG 44 ).{Sea Swallow 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU (2009) Trindade Petrel Pterodronia ar111i11jo11ia11a (BJ: MNRJ Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea (MS): MNRJ. UNTS!NOS Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila viuata (VA): FURG Antarctic Prion Pacliyptilo desolata (MS): IVIPEG. UFPE. MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. FURG Slender-billed Priem Pachvptila belcheri (MS): MCNC. MNR.J. MZUSP, FURG Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea (VA): MCNC. FURG White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis (MS): IVICNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. MOY!. FURG Spectacled Petrel Procellaria conspicillata (!VIS): MZUSP. MOY!. FURG Cory's Shcarwaicr C11!011ec:1ri.1· zyxwvutsrqponml borealiskjih(MN): gfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA UFPE, MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. MOVI. FURG Cape Verde Shcarwaier C11/1111ec1ris edwtulrsii (MN): UFPE. MZUSP. UNISINOS Sooty Sheurwatcr 1'11ffi1111s griseus (MS): MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. FURG Short-tailed Shearwarer P11ff11111s tenuirostris (VA): single Brazilian specimen deposited in a private collection Greater Shearwaier l'ufji1111s i;ra1•is (MS): UFPE. MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP, MOVI. FURG Manx Shcarwaier Pl(fft1111s f"(f.li11us (MN): UFPE. MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. ivlQVI. FURG Audubon's Shcurwaier P11[fi1111.1· lherminieri (B): MNRJ. MZUSP Family HYDROBATIDAE (5 spp.) White-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregetta grallaria (MS): Published photographs Black-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregetta tropica (VA): IVICNC. BMNH Wilson's Storm-Petrel Ocea11i11•.1· oceanicus (MS): MCNC, MNRJ, MZUSP. FURG White-faced Stenn-Petrel Pelugodrorna 11wri1111 (VA): MCNC Leach's Sturm-Petrel Occanodroma leucorlioa (MN): MPEG. MCNC. MNRJ. IVIZUSP Family PELECANOIDlDAE (I sp.) Magellanic Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides nieagellani (VA): FURG Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE (3spp.) Red-billed Tropicbird Ph11e1ho11 aethereus (B): MNRJ, MZUSP Red-tailed Tropicbircl Plwe1/1011 rubricauda (VA): Published photographs White-tailed Tropicbircl Phaethon lepturus (B): MNRJ. MZUSP Family PELECANrnAE (I sp.) Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis (VA): MPEG Family SUUDAE (5 spp.) Cape Gannet Moms capensis (VA): Published photographs Australian Gannet Moms serrator (VA): MNRJ Masked Booby Sula dactvlatra (B): UFPE. MCNC. Ml\l"RJ. MZUSP Red-footed Booby Sula sula (B): MNRJ Brown Booby S11/a leucogaster (B): UFPE. MCNC, MNRJ. MZUSP Family FREGATlDAE (3 spp.) Magnificent Frigarebird Fregata magnificens (B): UFPE. MNRJ. MZUSP. MOY!. FURG Great Frigntcbird Frega111111i11or (B): MNR.I Lesser Frigatebird Fregata oriel (13): MNRJ Family CHIONlDAE (I zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA sp.) Snowy Shcathbill Chinnis a/bus (VA); FURG Family STERCORARIIDAE (7 spp.) Great Skua zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Stercorarius skua (MN): iv!PEG 45 )f Sea Swallow zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML 58 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWV (2009) Franklin's Gull Latus pipixcan. Arica. Chile. 24 November 2004. Pho10: Neil Cheshire. Chilean Skua Stercorarius chilensis (MS): MCNC. MNRJ. FURG. BMNH South Polar Skua Stercorarius macconnicki (MS): UFPE. MCNC. MNRJ Southern Skua Stercorarius antarcticus (MS): MCNC. MCN-FZB, FURG Pomarinc Jaeger Stercorarius po111ari1111s (1vlN): MC 1C. MZUSP. UNISJNOS Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus (MN): MCNC. MZUSP. FURG Long-tailed Jaeger Stcrcorarius /011gica11d11s (MN): MCNC. MZUSP. FURG Family LARI DAE (8 spp.) Brown-hooded Gull Chroicocephulus 111ac11/ipe1111is (B): MOY!. FURG Grey-headed Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (B}: Published photographs Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla (BfMN); Published photographs Franklin's Gull Leucophueus pipixran (VA): Published photographs Olrogs Gull Latus a1/a111ic11s (MS): Published photographs Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis (VA): Published photographs Kelp Gull Lams do111i11ica1111s (B/MS): MNRJ, MZUSP, MOVL FUHG Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus (YA); Published photographs Family STERNLDAE (17 spp.) Brown loddy zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA A11011s stolidns (B): MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. MCN-PZB. FURG Black Noddy A11ot1s 111i1111111s (B): MPEG. MNRJ. i'VIZUSP White Tern Gygis alba (BJ: MNRJ. MZUSP Sooty Tern Onvchoprion fuscutus (B): MNR.I. MCNC. MZUSP Least Tern Sternula a111illan1111 (B/lvfN): Published photographs Yellow-billed Tern S1em11/a snperciliaris (BJ: MPEG. MZUSP. FCRG Large-billed Tern Plutctusa si111J1/cx <BJ: MPEG. MNR.I. MZUSP Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica (13): MZUSP Black Tern Clilidonias niger (\IA): Published photographs Common Tern Sterno liirundo (i'vl'-1): MPEG. UFPE. MCNC. MZUSP. MOVI, FURG Roseate Tern Sterno dougallii (MN); UFPE. MCNC. MZUSP Arctic Tern Sterno paradisnea (MN): MC C. MNR.I South American Tern Sterno hirnndinttcea (B/MS): MZUSP. FURG Antarctic Tern Sterno vinata (Yi\): MNRJ Trudeau's Tern S1er11a trudeaui (B): FURG Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis (B/MS): MCNC. MNRJ. MZUSP. FURG Royal Tern Tlialasseus 111a.ri111us (BfMS): FURG Family RHYNCOPIDAE zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA (l sp.) Black Skimmer zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Rhvncops niger ( B): UFPE. MZUSP. FURG zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW 46