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An Experimental-assessment of Human Exposure-levels to Aircraft
Noise-hazards in the Neighbouring-environments of four Nigerian
Airports
To cite this article: Osagie Ibhadode et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 413 012080
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An Experimental-assessment of Human Exposure-levels to
Aircraft Noise-hazards in the Neighbouring-environments of
four Nigerian Airports
Ibhadode Osagie 1, Oyedepo O. S.2, Ogunro A. S.1, Azeta Joseph2, Solomon O.
Banjo2, Umanah, I. I.1, Apeh, E.S.1, Ayoola A. R.1
1
Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI), Km 10 Idiroko Road, P. M.
B. 1055, Ota; Ogun state, Nigeria.
2
Covenant University (CU), Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota; Ogun state, Nigeria.
E-mail address: osagie.ibhadode@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper reports a scientific-assessment of the exposure-levels of aircraft noisehazards suffered by persons living/working within the neighbourhoods of four Airports [Ibadan,
Benin-City, Warri and Owerri] in Nigeria. Physical measurements of selected aircraft and
environmental noise parameters [Ambient Noise Level ( ANL ), Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ),
Aircraft Take-off Noise-level ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise-level ( ALNL )]; were
carried-out using the integrated CR811C Noise meter, during one hundred and twenty (120)
periodic noise sampling-surveys; performed [from January to December 2017] at thirty (30)
randomly-selected study-locations, within the vicinity of each of these four(4) airports in
accordance with the Method/Standard-procedures specified by the International Standards
Organisation’s (ISO) relevant standards—ISO 3891, ISO 1996-1 and ISO 1996-2. The results
showed that: while
SPL ranged from 103-115 dB ( A ) , ANL ranged from 52.3 – 64.1
dB ( A ) , the ATNL ranged from 69.6 – 87.7 dB ( A ) , and ALNL ranged from 66.2 – 82.7
dB ( A ) . Actually, these results are alarming, since they significantly exceed the WHO Standard
Recommended Maximum Noise-levels of: 35
dB ( A ) [Indoor], 55 dB ( A ) [Outdoor] to
prevent Speech-intelligibility, Noise-annoyance & Sleep-disturbance; and 90
dB ( A ) [being the
Permissible Noise level/limit for 8hour daytime safe human exposure]. These and the results of
the Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test) carried-out, clearly prove the existence of a
generally ignored, but yet dangerous problem of continuous human-exposure to excessively highlevels of Aircraft noise-hazards to which residents of Airports’ neighborhoods are subjected.
Keywords: Aircraft Noise-hazard, Airport, Environment, Exposure-level, Noise-level
1. Introduction
The problem of the marine environment is gaining widespread social attention. Bohai Sea is the The history
of our modern world is unarguably incomplete without the repetitive mention of the ‘generic word’
“Aircrafts”—which refers to aeroplanes, helicopters, drones and the likes. Suffice it to say that, in almost
every metropolitan city of the world today, [including Nigeria’s big cities], the regular sights of flying
aircrafts traversing our earth’s atmosphere with their accompanying noise emissions, seem to have become
a part of the daily lives of the citizenry.
Noise pollution—be it aircraft-generated or not, has been repeatedly proven to be a global health hazard,
which may have motivated governmental leaders all over the world to champion the noble cause for
‘Quieter Cities’—a worthwhile move, which would not only enhance human health-conditions, but would
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1234567890‘’“”
also foster positive country-to-country relations, while ensuring that tourism-related economic gains are
reaped etc. [1]. Research evidence has proven that an alarming minority percentage of people living in big
cities of developing countries like Nigeria, are gradually becoming partially aware of some of the
dangers/health risks associated with hazardous noise exposure [2].
In 2008, Kaltenbach, M. et al showed that there is a dose-response relationship between arterial
hypertension occurrence and exposure to aircraft noise; this was based on the findings of their empirical
study on the ‘Health Consequences of Aircraft Noise’, from which they found out that: ‘Increased risk of
hypertension [for their human subjects] was linked to outdoor aircraft noise-induced equivalent Sound
Pressure Levels of 45dB( A) in the night and 60dB( A) during the day[3]. There is a higher probability for
persons living in areas with medium and high background environmental noise to suffer the same level of
aircraft noise hazard, than their counterparts residing in low background environmental noise areas [4].
In 2004, Fransen, E. A. M. et al asserted that, there is a link between aircraft noise exposure level and
certain health indicators [such as the use of medicinal drugs for high blood pressure or cardiovascular illhealth, general wellbeing/health condition, and the use of sedatives or sleep medicine(s), during the
daytime; while the use of self-prescribed sedatives and sleep medicine(s) was prevalent among the
experimental subjects when exposed to aircraft noise hazard late in the evenings [5].
It has now been established that, particularly at high levels of exposure to aircraft noise, there exists
statistically significant relationship between the human cardiovascular health/wellbeing and exposurelevel to aircraft noise-hazard [6]. This may have necessitated the world’s apex health body—the World
Health Organization (WHO) to adopt 40dB( A) as the desirable threshold value for people/persons
subjected to chronic exposure to aircraft noise hazard [7]. At the moment, there is enough of scientific
evidence to assert that, there is a strong positive relationship between several health challenges/issues [and
particularly high blood pressure] and exposure to aircraft noise hazard—which according to several schools
of thought, is generally considered a “nuisance and an environmental stressor” [8].
Whether in the civil aviation sector or in the military aviation sector of a nation’s economy, aircrafts have
visibly shaped the course of human history and more often than not, positively impacted virtually all sectors
of the global economy including transportation, defence, Healthcare, Information Technology, Trade &
Commerce and Power etc. However, it is sad to mention that, the merits of the aircraft notwithstanding,
they also come with the accompanying demerits of aircraft-related environmental noise pollution—a
situation which at the moment, cannot be completely eliminated, but can only be controlled or mitigated.
The Wikipedia online free encyclopaedia defined Aircraft Noise as that pollution generated by an aircraft
or its parts, which occurs at different stages of an air flight i.e. on the ground when parked such as auxiliary
power units, when taxiing, on run-up from the propeller and the jet-exhaust, while taking-off, under and
beside the arrival and over-flying while enroute [9]. According to Mauskar J. M. (2008), Aircrafts are one
of the major sources of noise, especially when they take-off and land. Thus, it is ideally in the health interest
of the nearby residential human populace that, airports should be located at reasonable distances far away
from people, to prevent them from being negatively affected by traffic noise [10].
The World Health Organisation (WHO) is seriously concerned about the many negative consequences of
the aviation industry operation on the health conditions/general wellbeing of man. It has expressed genuine
fears that a prolonged exposed to 65dB( A) − 75dB( A) of aircraft noise for periods ranging from 5 – 30
years, could resulting hypertension and increased blood pressure [11]. So many research works have been
carried-out, which reported the negative effects of aircraft noise exposure on human health. Some
researchers have established the existence of a strong link/relationship between aircraft noise exposure and
sleep disturbance, hypertension, headaches, stress & fatigue, increased risk of heart attack and noiseannoyance etc. [5], [12], [13], [14], [15].
According to Gualandi, N. and Manteccchini, L. (2008), aircraft operations actually constitute a major
source of environmental externalities, particularly at the level of the local residents; also, noise pollution
is now a serious concern to persons who reside near airports. It has been shown that, Noise— [including
that emitted by an aircraft] can significantly affect the development of the cognitive capacity of children
[16], [17].
Thus, from the above discourse, it is clear that aircraft noise negatively affects human health. Although,
several studies have been conducted to investigate the noise pollution levels around some international
airports in Nigeria [e.g. Muritala Mohammed International Airport in Lagos, Nnamdi Azikiwe
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International Airport in Abuja, Port-Harcourt International Airport in Port-Harcourt, and Margaret Ekpo
International Airport in Calabar etc.]; little or no work has been done in relation to domestic airports in
Nigeria.
Our primary research hypothesis was that: “Persons residing/working within the proximate neighbouringenvironments of domestic airports in Nigeria are continuously subjected to hazardous levels of aircraft
noise pollution, which on prolonged daily exposure, will most certainly result in a number of physiological
and psychological ill-health conditions—as is scientifically proven by a multiplicity of scholarly research
literatures, globally”.
Consequently, the aim of this study is to carry-out a scientific assessment of the aircraft noise hazard-levels
[in terms of quantitative empirical estimates] that people/persons working/residing within the proximate
neighbouring-environments of four domestic airports in Nigeria—Ibadan Airport in Ibadan city of Oyo
state, South-Western Nigeria; Benin Airport in Benin-City of Edo state, South-Southern Nigeria; Owerri
Airport [also called “Sam Mbakwe Airport”] in Owerri city of Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria and Warri
Airport [also called “Osubi Airport”] in Warri city of Delta state, South-Southern Nigeria.
2. Materials and Method
(i)
About the Study-areas
The four (4) Study-areas were the Neighbourhoods [i.e. Neighbouring-environments] of Ibadan Airport,
Benin Airport, Owerri Airport and Warri Airports—all in Nigeria.
Ibadan Airport [IATA: ‘IBA’, ICAO: ‘DNIB’] is located at coordinates (7°21’35’’N, 3°58’33’’E) has an
average Mean Sea Level elevation of 221m (i.e. 725ft), and 2,400m (i.e. 7,874ft) cumulatively long asphalt
run-ways. It is owned and operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), and mainly
serves the civil aviation needs of residents of Ibadan—the economically viable metropolitan capital city of
Oyo state in South-Western Nigeria. Ibadan is Africa’s second largest city [only next to ‘Cairo’ in Egypt],
West-Africa’s largest city by land area (6,800Km2 i.e. 2,600sq mi), and is Nigeria’s third most populous
city with an estimated population of 3,565,108 as at June 2018 [18], [19].
Benin Airport [IATA: ‘BNI’, ICAO: ‘DNBE’] is located at coordinates (6°19’00’’N, 5°36’00’’E) has an
average Mean Sea Level elevation of 79m (i.e. 258ft), and 2,400m (i.e. 7,874ft) cumulatively long asphalt
run-ways. It is owned and operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), and mainly
serves the civil aviation needs of residents of Benin-City—the economically viable metropolitan capital
city of Edo state in South-Southern Nigeria. Benin-City is Nigeria’s sixth most populous city with an
estimated population of 1,125.058 as at June 2018 [19], [20].
Owerri Airport also known as Sam Mbakwe Airport or Imo state Airport [IATA: ‘QOW’, ICAO: ‘DNIM’]
is located at coordinates (5°25’35’’N, 7°12’20’’E) has an average Mean Sea Level elevation of 114m (i.e.
373ft), and 2,700m (i.e. 8,858ft) cumulatively long asphalt run-ways. It is owned and operated by the
Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), and mainly serves the civil aviation needs of residents of
Owerri—the economically viable metropolitan capital city of Imo state in South-Eastern Nigeria. Owerri
is Nigeria’s forty-third most populous city with an estimated population of 215,038 as at June 2018 [19], [21].
Warri Airport also known as Osubi Airport [IATA: ‘QRW’, ICAO: ‘DNSU’] is located at coordinates
(5°35’50’’N, 5°49’10’’E) has an average Mean Sea Level elevation of 8.2m (i.e. 27ft), and 1,800m (i.e.
5.906ft) cumulatively long asphalt run-ways. It is owned and operated by the Shell Petroleum Development
Company (SPDC) Nigeria, and mainly serves the civil aviation needs of residents of Warri—the
economically viable, metropolitan city and oil-rich business hub in Delta state in South-Southern Nigeria.
Warri is Nigeria’s eighteenth most populous city with an estimated population of 536,023 as at June 2018
[19] [22].
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Fig 1:
Map of Nigeria showing the Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports [23]
(ii)
Experimental Programmme
Real-time physical measurements of two environmental noise parameters [Ambient Noise Level ( ANL )
and Sound Pressure Level ( SPL )] and two aircraft environmental noise parameters [Aircraft Take-off
Noise Level ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise Level ( ALNL )] around each of four(4) domestic airports
in Nigeria—Ibadan Airport (Lat. 7.3584°N, Long. 3.9751°E) in Oyo state, South-west Nigeria; Benin
Airport (Lat. 6.3172°N, Long. 5.6037°E) in Edo state, South-South Nigeria; Owerri Airport (Lat.
5.4274°N, Long. 7.2029°E) in Imo state, South-East Nigeria; and Warri Airport (Lat. 5.5945°N, Long.
5.8193°E) in Delta state, South-South Nigeria; were repeatedly measured nine (9) times on a weekly basis
during the one (1) year study-period, using the integrated CR811C Noise meter in accordance with and ISO
3891:1978 standards [24], ISO 1996-1:2016 [25], and ISO 1996-2:2016 [26].
The integrated CR811C Noise meter is a type 1 integrated sound level meter which is specially designed and
equipped with the capacity to obtain and record precise field measurements of time-integrated sound level
values. Having a measurement accuracy of 1dB( A) , it measures sound levels from a minimum of 21dB( A)
to a minimum of 140dB( A) , with a measurement frequency which ranges from 25Hz to 16Hz . Furthermore,
this precision sound level meter measures sound levels using the ‘ A ’ weighting scale sound frequency,
which is preferable to sound frequency weighting scales ‘ B ’ and ‘ C ’, since it is most suitably similar to
the usual behaivoural response (reaction) of the human ear to most sound frequencies.
Three hourly measurements [morning (7am – 11am), afternoon (12noon -3pm) and evening (4pm – 8pm)]
were carried-out at thirty (30) selected locations in the neighbouring environments of each of these four
(4) airports, thrice every week, on any weekday [from Monday through Friday], for twelve (12) months
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413 (2018) 012080 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012080
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[from January to December 2017]. All measurements were taken and recorded in ‘ dB( A) ’ , where ‘ A ’
represents the A -weighting frequency for sound measurements.
Aircraft Take-off Noise Level ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise Level ( ALNL ) were measured when the
aircraft were taking-off and landing respectively. The Ambient Noise Level ( ANL )—being the background
noise level, was measured when the airports and the particular environments (neighbourhoods) were
observed to be least busy, with no major activity taking place. The Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) was
measured when the normal and/or major activities/operations were carried-out in the airports.
For the purpose of these experimental measurements, this measuring device—the CR811C Noise level meter,
which was equipped with the inherent operational capacity to take multiple precision measurements of
sound levels for the duration of a preset time, and then compute and record the average value; was first
calibrated, and specifically set at the following configurations: (a) the ‘ A -weighting frequency network’ ,
(b) one (1) hour measurement time operation, and (c) the ‘fast’ response range—[corresponding to a time
constant of 0.125s ]; after which, it was tripod-mounted at a height of 1.5m from the ground, with its
microphone always pointing in the direction of the airport. When all necessary measurements of the four
desired parameters had been performed, the daily/weekly averages were used to compute the monthly
averages, and then these monthly averages were used to compute the yearly averages for each of both
airports. Finally, the obtained yearly overall airport average values were analyzed by comparing them the
three reference values stated by the World Health Organization (WHO), i.e.: WHO Standard
Recommended Maximum Indoor Noise-level [ RINLWHO = 35dB( A) ], WHO Standard Recommended
Maximum Outdoor Noise-level [ RONLWHO = 55dB( A) ], and the WHO Standard Recommended Noiselevel/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure [ SPLWHO = 90dB( A) ]. This was
done to experimentally determine whether or not they conformed to these three standard values, and in the
event that they did not conform, a rigorous statistical analysis was carried-out to evaluate the levels of
deviations from the global standard values.
Also, the experimentally obtained data of the four acoustic parameters (‘ ANL ’, ‘ SPL ’, ‘ ATNL ’ and ‘ ALNL
’) were collated and tabulated in tables 1-4. As was earlier mentioned, the collated and tabulated data was
then subjected to statistical analysis, using the ‘SPSS-23 (Software Package for Statistics & Simulation23)’. This was carried-out to determine the levels (extents) by which the ANL as a parameter deviates
(differs/varies) from the ‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard Recommended Maximum Outdoor
Noise Level (RONLWHO ) ’ of 55dB( A) , and also to ascertain the different levels (extents) by which each of
the three other parameters [i.e. ‘ SPL ’, ‘ ATNL ’ and ‘ ALNL ’] deviate (differ/vary) from the ‘World Health
Organisation (WHO) Standard recommended Sound Pressure Level for 8 hour daytime safe human
exposure (SPLWHO ) ’ of 90dB( A)
Thus, the levels (extents) of deviations (variations) of these four acoustic parameters ‘ ANL ’and (‘ SPL ’, ‘
ATNL ’ and ‘ ALNL ’), from the WHO Standard Recommended Maximum Noise-levels [i.e. ‘ ( RONLWHO ) ’
and ‘ (SPLWHO ) ’ respectively], were obtained, by carrying-out a non-parametric statistical test called “The
Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test” on the values of these four acoustic parameters (‘ ANL ’, ‘ SPL ’, ‘ ATNL ’ and ‘
ALNL ’). Thus, with respect to the ‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard recommended Outdoor
Noise Level (RONLWHO ) ’ of 55dB( A) , one(1) ‘Null-Hypothesis ( H0 )’ and one(1) ‘Alternative Hypothesis (
Ha )’ were all stated to a significance-level ( ), as follows:
For parameter ’ ANL ’, → H0 : ANL = 55dB( A) , Ha : ANL 55dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
But with respect to the ‘‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard recommended Sound Pressure Level
for 8 hour daytime safe human exposure (SPLWHO ) ’ of 90dB( A) , three (3) ‘Null-Hypotheses ( H0 )’ and three
(3) ‘Alternative Hypotheses ( Ha )’ were all stated to a significance-level ( ), as follows:
For parameter ’ SPL ’, → H0 : SPL = 90dB( A) , Ha : SPL 90dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
For parameter ‘ ATNL ’, → H0 : ATNL = 90dB( A) , Ha : ATNL 90dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
For parameter ‘ ALNL ’, → H0 : ALNL = 90dB( A) , H A : ALNL 90dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
3. Results and Discussion
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Below are nine (9) tables and eight (8) figures in which are contained and illustrated the results obtained
during this twelve (12) months study. Specifically, Table 1 and Figure 2 display the results for Ibadan
domestic Airport in Oyo state, South-Western Nigeria; Table 2 and Figure 3 display the results for Benin
domestic Airport in Edo state, South-Southern Nigeria; Table 3 and Figure 4 display the results for Owerri
domestic Airport in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria and Table 4 and Figure 5 display the results for Warri
domestic Airport in Delta state, South-Southern Nigeria.
Table 1:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Ibadan Domestic Airport, in Oyo state, South-Western Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Average
63.5
64.0
62.0
57.2
65.2
61.3
64.5
54.5
74.2
54.9
59.8
65.9
61.1
68.0
47.5
72.1
56.0
71.4
54.8
69.1
55.6
66.4
59.8
73.3
61.2
58.6
67.5
56.3
72.1
73.8
63.1
107.0
116.0
113.0
116.0
108.0
115.0
113.0
112.0
114.0
110.0
115.0
111.0
114.0
112.0
113.0
115.0
108.0
109.0
113.0
114.0
110.0
117.0
115.0
115.0
113.0
104.0
98.0
112.0
106.0
112.0
112.7
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
77.0
88.4
81.7
84.6
84.2
90.7
78.6
84.4
85.0
77.0
73.9
80.6
80.8
77.5
87.8
71.4
86.5
77.8
77.3
77.0
84.2
89.5
78.3
83.5
77.0
86.7
84.1
79.3
85.8
89.6
82.0
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by which
SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
85.7
89.4
78.0
92.8
70.6
85.4
77.3
84.9
75.4
84.1
80.0
81.7
74.2
92.3
75.3
91.4
82.7
84.5
83.0
80.8
79.5
83.7
84.0
84.8
79.8
77.7
88.9
87.8
75.3
81.1
82.4
17.0
26.0
23.0
26.0
18.0
25.0
23.0
22.0
24.0
20.0
25.0
21.0
24.0
22.0
23.0
25.0
18.0
19.0
23.0
24.0
20.0
27.0
25.0
25.0
23.0
14.0
8.0
22.0
16.0
22.0
21.7
94.5
110.9
105.5
110.9
96.4
109.1
105.5
103.6
107.3
100.0
109.1
101.8
107.3
103.6
105.5
109.1
96.4
98.2
105.5
107.3
100.0
112.7
109.1
109.1
105.5
89.1
78.2
103.6
92.7
103.6
103.0
Ibadan Domestic Airport:
As could be seen from Table 1, the mean Ambient Noise level ( ANL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods
of Ibadan domestic Airport ranged from a minimum value of 47.5dB( A) to a maximum value of 74.2dB( A) ,
with an average value of 63.1dB( A) . Also, the mean Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) within these same thirty
(30) airport neighbourhoods ranged from a minimum value of 107.0dB( A) to a maximum value of 117.0dB( A)
, with an average value of 112.4dB( A) . Thus, it is obvious that, all six (6) values of both environmental noise
parameters were far greater than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by
the World Health Organisation (WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering
413 (2018) 012080 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012080
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The mean Aircraft Take-off Noise level ( ATNL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Ibadan domestic
Airport ranged from a minimum value of 71.4dB( A) to a maximum value of 90.7dB( A) , with an average value
of 82.0dB( A) . Also, the mean Aircraft Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) within these same thirty (30)
Table 2:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Benin Domestic Airport, in Edo state, South-Southern Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Average
69.4
54.6
69.0
53.1
63.8
58.9
67.7
57.9
63.3
61.7
60.8
71.4
61.8
57.3
63.4
64.7
61.6
64.2
58.8
59.9
63.5
58.6
67.0
59.4
69.3
63.7
70.3
68.8
65.9
67.2
63.2
114.0
114.0
105.0
117.0
114.0
116.0
113.0
110.0
109.0
109.0
114.0
106.0
104.0
110.0
117.0
109.0
115.0
104.0
111.0
110.0
112.0
114.0
107.0
113.0
116.0
114.0
109.0
114.0
112.0
110.0
111.4
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
78.5
78.1
83.2
72.9
87.8
73.4
83.9
74.9
70.8
85.6
81.4
76.6
86.3
78.2
86.5
87.8
82.9
82.1
75.8
79.5
76.8
73.6
91.6
78.4
83.0
90.8
83.6
89.7
91.4
73.5
81.3
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by
which SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
81.5
87.5
76.2
94.5
81.9
72.9
73.6
74.0
80.0
76.3
84.1
69.6
85.9
79.6
70.4
72.7
80.8
79.6
81.6
85.6
78.4
89.7
70.9
92.3
77.7
93.8
85.7
92.1
93.8
92.4
81.8
24.0
24.0
15.0
27.0
24.0
26.0
23.0
20.0
19.0
19.0
24.0
16.0
14.0
20.0
27.0
19.0
25.0
14.0
21.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
17.0
23.0
26.0
24.0
19.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
21.4
107.3
107.3
90.9
112.7
107.3
110.9
105.5
100.0
98.2
98.2
107.3
92.7
89.1
100.0
112.7
98.2
109.1
89.1
101.8
100.0
103.6
107.3
94.5
105.5
110.9
107.3
98.2
107.3
103.6
100.0
102.5
airport neighbourhoods ranged from a minimum value of 70.6dB( A) to a maximum value of 92.8dB( A) , with
an average value of 82.4dB( A) . Thus, it is obvious that, all six (6) values of both aircraft noise parameters
and environmental noise parameters were far greater than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and
55dB( A) recommended by the WHO for indoor and outdoor activities respectively; but were lesser than the
Standard Maximum Noise level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human
exposure.
As is pictorially represented in Figure 2 and shown in Table 1, twenty-one (21) out of thirty (30)
neighbouring-environments of Ibadan domestic airport had mean SPL values that deviated upward from
the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%, while seven (7)
out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated downward from the
RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining two (2) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that
deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
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Table 3:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Owerri Domestic Airport, in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Average
53.8
64.3
71.4
59.2
64.2
55.8
70.0
55.5
63.5
51.7
69.5
67.7
51.0
66.2
53.7
74.6
59.7
65.5
68.0
58.9
53.6
61.1
66.8
53.1
72.2
73.7
68.5
57.2
71.7
69.9
63.1
107.0
114.0
116.0
106.0
114.0
107.0
108.0
111.0
112.0
116.0
106.0
112.0
110.0
113.0
111.0
114.0
107.0
115.0
109.0
111.0
104.0
112.0
115.0
108.0
110.0
106.0
102.0
99.0
110.0
105.0
109.7
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
78.3
88.9
78.8
81.3
73.2
72.5
88.5
73.4
86.7
89.5
74.3
82.0
91.6
77.6
90.6
89.5
76.2
83.4
85.3
79.9
90.5
81.4
82.0
82.3
92.6
87.4
91.8
88.5
90.7
86.4
83.8
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by
which SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
76.6.
86.3
73.2
75.4
69.1
82.7
85.7
71.5
87.9
79.1
82.4
81.6
71.7
81.8
68.5
86.7
92.3
87.3
78.6
87.7
72.3
83.5
79.3
82.6
80.9
69.2
89.6
85.7
86.4
91.1
81.0
17.0
24.0
26.0
16.0
24.0
17.0
18.0
21.0
22.0
26.0
16.0
22.0
20.0
23.0
21.0
24.0
17.0
25.0
19.0
21.0
14.0
22.0
25.0
18.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
9.0
20.0
15.0
20.5
94.5
107.3
110.9
92.7
107.3
94.5
96.4
101.8
103.6
110.9
92.7
103.6
100.0
105.5
101.8
107.3
94.5
109.1
98.2
101.8
89.1
103.6
109.1
96.4
100.0
92.7
85.5
80.0
100.0
90.9
101.3
Benin Domestic Airport:
The experimental results shown in Table 2, revealed that, for all thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Benin
domestic Airport, mean Ambient Noise Level ( ANL ) peaked at 71.4dB( A) , averaged at 63.2dB( A) , and
recorded its five lowest values of 53.1dB( A) , 54.6dB( A) , 57.3dB( A) , 57.9dB( A) and 58.6dB( A) . It was noted
that, the peak ANL , average ANL and three(3) of the five(5) lowest ANL values, [not to mention the other
twenty-five (25) ANL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of 55dB( A) recommended by the
World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities (RONLWHO ) . In the same vein, while mean Sound
Pressure Level ( SPL ) peaked at 117.0dB( A) , averaged at 111.4dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of
104dB( A) [twice], 105.0dB( A) , 106.0dB( A) 107.0dB( A) and 109.0dB( A) [four times]. It was noted that, the peak
SPL , average SPL and all five(5) lowest SPL values, [excluding the other twenty-five (25) SPL values]
were higher than the Standard Maximum Noise level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8)
hour daily safe human exposure.
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1234567890‘’“”
Table 4:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Warri Domestic Airport, in Delta state, South-Southern Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
Average
57.1
69.8
56.3
75.7
64.8
71.5
53.1
62.1
57.9
72.4
55.1
75.2
64.9
69.0
62.3
59.6
63.5
62.5
65.9
73.2
64.2
66.9
67.6
75.6
62.8
73.6
74.9
75.4
72.8
74.6
66.7
112.0
105.0
112.0
109.0
103.0
113.0
114.0
112.0
111.0
116.0
116.0
105.0
117.0
108.0
114.0
108.0
108.0
109.0
114.0
110.0
113.0
110.0
106.0
103.0
102.0
107.0
109.0
110.0
108.0
109.0
109.8
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
69.5
81.7
82.9
73.7
78.6
80.7
82.9
87.8
82.8
80.9
80.5
82.7
88.9
79.8
76.5
72.2
87.3
73.4
87.6
76.2
83.8
72.4
89.6
84.2
77.0
85.5
78.2
80.3
87.6
88.1
81.1
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by
which SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
73.3
82.7
85.4
78.7
88.9
80.2
81.7
72.4
85.2
78.8
78.5
89.0
92.3
80.1
87.8
79.5
74.6
83.1
80.0
77.2
82.8
74.6
92.3
87.8
79.5
90
91.7
78.6
83.7
85.2
82.5
22.0
15.0
22.0
19.0
13.0
23.0
24.0
22.0
21.0
26.0
26.0
15.0
27.0
18.0
24.0
18.0
18.0
19.0
24.0
20.0
23.0
20.0
16.0
13.0
12.0
17.0
19.0
20.0
18.0
19.0
19.8
103.6
90.9
103.6
98.2
87.3
105.5
107.3
103.6
101.8
110.9
110.9
90.9
112.7
96.4
107.3
96.4
96.4
98.2
107.3
100.0
105.5
100.0
92.7
87.3
85.5
94.5
98.2
100.0
96.4
98.2
100.0
Similarly, in this same Table 2, is presented the mean Aircraft Take-off Noise level ( ATNL ) and mean
Aircraft Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) results, from which it was observed that, the mean ATNL peaked at
91.6dB( A) , averaged at 81.3dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of 70.8dB( A) , 72.9dB( A) , 73.4dB( A) ,
73.5dB( A) and 73.6dB( A) . It was noted that, the peak ATNL , average ATNL and all five(5) lowest ATNL
values, [not to mention the other twenty-five (25) ATNL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of
55dB( A) recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities ( RONLWHO ) .
Likewise, the mean ALNL peaked at 94.5dB( A) , averaged at 81.8dB( A) , and recorded its five(5) lowest
values of 69.9dB( A) , 70.4dB( A) , 70.9dB( A) , 72.7dB( A) and 72.9dB( A) . It was noted that, although, all these
values of ALNL [with exception to its peak value] were lower than the Standard Maximum Noise level of
90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ); yet, they all
significantly exceeded the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by the World
Health Organisation (WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
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SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
23%
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
7%
70%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
Fig. 2: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Ibadan Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A)
Also, depicted in Figure 3 and shown in Table 2, is the fact that: seventeen (17) out of thirty (30)
neighbouring-environments of Benin domestic airport had mean SPL values that deviated upward from
the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%, while nine (9)
out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated downward from the
RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining four (4) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that
deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
30%
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
13%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
57%
Fig. 3: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Benin Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A)
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SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
43%
50%
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
7%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
Fig. 4: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Owerri Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A)
Owerri (Sam Mbakwe) Domestic Airport:
As could be seen from Table 3, the mean Ambient Noise level ( ANL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods
of Owerri domestic Airport ranged from a minimum value of 51.0dB( A) to a maximum value of 74.6dB( A) ,
with an average value of 63.1dB( A) . Also, the mean Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) within these same thirty
(30) airport neighbourhoods ranged from a minimum value of 104.0dB( A) to a maximum value of 116.0dB( A)
, with an average value of 109.7dB( A) . Obviously, all six (6) values of ANL and SPL were larger than the
Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by the World Health Organisation
(WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
40%
50%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
10%
Fig. 5: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Warri Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A) The mean Aircraft Takeoff Noise level ( ATNL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Owerri domestic Airport ranged from a
minimum value of 72.5dB( A) to a maximum value of 92.6dB( A) , with an average value of 83.8dB( A) . Also,
the mean Aircraft Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) within these same thirty (30) airport neighbourhoods ranged
11
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from a minimum value of 68.5dB( A) to a maximum value of 92.3dB( A) , with an average value of 81.0dB( A) .
Again, it is obvious that, all six (6) values of both aircraft noise parameters and environmental noise
parameters were greater than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by the
WHO for indoor and outdoor activities respectively; but were lesser than the Standard Maximum Noise
level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human exposure.
Moreover, based on the experimental results illustrated in Figure 4 and presented in Table 3; fifteen (15)
out of thirty (30) neighbouring-environments of Owerri domestic airport gave SPL values that deviated
upward from the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%,
while thirteen (13) out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated
downward from the RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining two (2) neighbouring-environments
had SPL values that deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
Graph of Ambient Noise Levels (ANL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
80.00
Ambient Noise Level [dB(A)]
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
0.00
Ambient Noise Level (ANL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Maximum Recommended Outdoor Noise-Level (RONL_WHO) = 55dB(A)
Figure 6:
Graph of Ambient Noise Levels (ANL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
Warri (Osubi) Domestic Airport:
The experimental results shown in Table 4, revealed that, for all thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Warri
domestic Airport, mean Ambient Noise Level ( ANL ) peaked at 75.7dB( A) , averaged at 66.7dB( A) , and
recorded its five lowest values of 53.1dB( A) , 55.1dB( A) , 56.3dB( A) , 57.1dB( A) and 57.9dB( A) . It is
noteworthy that, the peak ANL , average ANL and four(4) of the five(5) lowest ANL values, [not to mention
the other twenty-five (25) ANL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of 55dB( A) recommended by
the World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities (RONLWHO ) . Furthermore, while the mean
Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) peaked at 117.0dB( A) , averaged at 109.8dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest
values of 102dB( A) , 103dB( A) [twice], 105.0dB( A) [twice], 106.0dB( A) and 107.0dB( A) . It was noted that, the
peak SPL , average SPL and all five lowest SPL values, [excluding the other twenty-three (23) SPL values]
were higher than the Standard Maximum Noise level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8)
hour daily safe human exposure.
Again, in this same Table 4, is presented the mean Aircraft Take-off Noise level ( ATNL ) and mean Aircraft
Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) results, from which it was observed that, the mean ATNL peaked at 89.6dB( A)
, averaged at 81.1dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of 69.5dB( A) , 72.2dB( A) , 72.4dB( A) , 73.4dB( A)
and 73.7dB( A) . Thus, It was noticed that, the peak ATNL , average ATNL and all five lowest ATNL values,
[not to mention the other twenty-five (25) ATNL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of 55dB( A)
recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities (RONLWHO ) . Similarly, the
mean ALNL peaked at 92.3dB( A) , averaged at 82.5dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of 72.4dB( A) ,
12
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1234567890‘’“”
73.3dB( A) , 74.6dB( A) [twice], 77.2dB( A) and 78.5dB( A) . Thus, it is worthy of note that, despite the fact that
all these values of ALNL [with exception to its peak value] were below the Standard Maximum Noise level
of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ); yet, they
all were considerably higher than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by
the World Health Organisation (WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
Graph of Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
Sound Pressure Level [dB(A)]
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
0.00
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Recommended Noise-level for 8hour daytime safe human exposure (SPL_WHO)=90dB(A)
Figure 7:
Graph of Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
Furthermore, from the pictorial depiction in Figure 5 and the experimental results contained in Table 4, it
could be inferred that: twelve (12) out of thirty (30) neighbouring-environments of Warri domestic airport
gave SPL values that deviated upward from the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level
of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%, while fifteen (15) out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL
values that deviated downward from the RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining three (3)
neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
Summarily, a careful look at Figures 6 - 9, shows that, for all one hundred and twenty (120) neighbourhoods
of four (4) domestic airports in Nigeria, this periodic repetitive experimental acoustic assessment clearly
revealed amongst other things that: 89.2% of the investigated Airports’ neighbourhoods [i.e. 107 of 120
neighbourhoods] had ANL values which were higher than the WHO-
13
100.00
Graph of Aircraft Take-off Noise-Level (ATNL) measured from January-December 2017
at 120 Airport-Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in
Nigeria.
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
Aircraft Take-off Noise-Level [dB(A)]
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Aircraft Take-off Noise-Level (ATNL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Recommended Noise-level for 8hour daytime safe human exposure (SPL_WHO)=90dB(A)
WHO Standard Maximum Recommended Outdoor Noise-Level (RONL_WHO)=55dB(A)
Figure 8:
Graph of aircraft Take-off Noise-Level (ATNL) measured from January-December 2017
at 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
100.00
Graph of Aircraft Landing Noise-Level (ALNL) measured from January-December
2017 at 120 Airport-Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports
in Nigeria.
50.00
0.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
Aircraft Landing Noise Level [dB(A)]
recommended value ( RONLWHO ) of 55dB( A) ; 100% of the investigated Airports’ neighbourhoods [i.e. 120
of 120 neighbourhoods] had SPL values which were higher than the WHO-recommended value ( SPLWHO
) of 90dB( A) ; 100% of the investigated airports’ neighbourhoods [i.e. 120 of 120 neighbourhoods] had
ATNL values which were higher than the WHO-recommended value ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ; and 87.5% of
the investigated airports’ Neighbourhoods [i.e. 105 of 120 neighbourhoods] had ALNL values which were
higher than the WHO-recommended value ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) . Very importantly also, from a
comparative stand-point, it was keenly observed from Tables 1-4, that: the highest level of exposure to
Airport environmental noise hazard was recorded at Ibadan domestic Airport [with an SPL average value
of 112.7dB( A) ], followed by Benin domestic Airport [ 111.3dB( A) ], and Owerri domestic Airport [ 110.7dB( A)
] and then, Warri domestic Airport [ 110.0dB( A) ].
Aircraft Landing Noise-level (ALNL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Recommended Noise-level for 8hour daytime safe human exposure (SPL_WHO)=90dB(A)
WHO Standard Maximum Recommended Outdoor Noise-Level (RONL_WHO)=55dB(A)
Figure 9:
Graph of aircraft Landing Noise-Level (ALNL) measured from January-December 2017
at 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
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Combined Statistical Analyses of Experimental Values of all Four (4) Acoustic Parameters [‘ANL’,
‘SPL’, ‘ATNL’ and ‘ALNL’] Measured at 120 Distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of Ibadan, Benin,
Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria:
Table 5: Basic Descriptive Statistics of all Ambient Noise Levels ( ANL ), Sound Pressure Levels ( SPL ),
Aircraft Take-off Noise Levels ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise Levels ( ALNL ) measured at
120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
ANL
[dB(A)]
N
Valid
SPL
[dB(A)]
ATNL
[dB(A)]
ALNL
[dB(A)]
120
120
120
120
0
0
0
0
Mean
64.0075
110.8083
82.0600
81.9125
Median
64.1000
111.0000
82.2000
81.7500
Missing
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
63.50
114.00
77.00
92.30
6.63767
3.87904
5.76042
6.47985
44.059
15.047
33.182
41.988
Range
28.20
18.00
23.10
26.00
Minimum
47.50
99.00
69.50
68.50
Maximum
Sum
75.70
117.00
92.60
94.50
7680.90
13297.00
9847.20
9829.50
Shown in Table 5 above, are nine (9) common descriptive statistics of the combined data of these four
acoustic parameters at all 120 investigated airport neighbourhoods in Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri
Airports. Although, some of these parameters may have been separately mentioned earlier, however, they
will be re-discussed here briefly. In summary, while ‘ ANL ’ ranges from 47.5 – 75.5 dB( A) , with a
mean of 64.0dB( A) , a mode of 63.5dB( A) , and a median of 64.1dB( A) ; ‘ SPL ’ ranges from
99.0 –117.0 dB( A) , with a mean of 110.8dB( A) , a mode of 114.0dB( A) , and a median of
111.0dB( A) ; Also, while ‘ ATNL ’ ranges from 69.5 – 92.6dB( A) , with a mean of 82.1dB( A) , a mode
of 77.0dB( A) and a median of 82.2dB( A) ; and ‘ ALNL ’ ranges from 68.5 – 94.5dB( A) , with a mean
of 81.9dB( A) , a mode of 92.3dB( A) and a median of 81.8dB( A) .
Table 6: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured ANL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to RONLWHO
Ranks
N
ANL [dB(A)] - RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
Negative Ranks
Mean Rank
Positive Ranks
15.50
201.50
b
65.97
7058.50
107
c
Ties
0
120
Total
a. ANL [dB(A)] < RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
b. ANL [dB(A)] > RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
c. ANL [dB(A)] = RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
<
b
Test Statistics
ANL [dB(A)] - RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
a
Z
-8.979
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
15
Sum of Ranks
a
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Table 7: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured SPL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to SPLWHO
Ranks
N
SPL [dB(A)] - SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
Mean Rank
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Sum of Ranks
a
.00
.00
b
60.50
7260.00
0
120
c
Ties
0
120
Total
a. SPL [dB(A)] < SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b. SPL [dB(A)] > SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
c. SPL [dB(A)] = SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b
Test Statistics
SPL [dB(A)] - SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
a
Z
-9.515
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Following the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’ analysis of the ‘ ANL
data’, shown in Table 6 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard Recommended
Maximum Outdoor Noise-level ( RONLWHO ) of 55dB( A) : for the 120 airport neighbouring-environments
investigated around Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports, n is 119, tie is 0, Positive-Ranks i.e.
ANL[dB( A)] RONLWHO [dB( A)] is 107, and the Negative-Ranks i.e. ANL[dB( A)] RONLWHO [dB( A)] is 13.
Thus, the alternative hypothesis [ Ha : ANL 55dB( A) ] is statistically significant and should be accepted at
Z = −8.979, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [ H0 : ANL = 55dB( A) ] should be rejected.
Table 8: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured ATNL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to SPLWHO
Ranks
N
ATNL[ dB(A)] – SPL [dB(A)]
Negative Ranks
Mean Rank
60.50
7260.00
b
.00
.00
120
Positive Ranks
0
Sum of Ranks
a
c
Ties
0
120
Total
a. ATNL [dB(A)] < SPL [dB(A)]
b. ATNL [dB(A)] > SPL [dB(A)]
c. ATNL [dB(A)] = SPL [dB(A)]
b
Test Statistics
ATNL [dB(A)] – SPL [dB(A)]
a
Z
-9.507
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
From the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’ analysis of the ‘ SPL data’,
shown in Table 7 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard Recommended Noiselevel/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ]: for
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the 120 airport neighbouring-environments investigated around Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports,
n is 119, tie is 0, Positive-Ranks i.e. SPL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 120, and the Negative-Ranks i.e.
SPL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 0. Thus, the alternative hypothesis [ Ha : SPL 90dB( A) ] is statistically
significant and should be accepted at Z = −9.515, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [
H0 : SPL = 90dB( A) ] should be rejected.
Table 9: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured ALNL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to SPLWHO
Ranks
N
ALNL[dB(A)] - SPL_WHO[dB(A)]
Negative Ranks
Mean Rank
Sum of Ranks
a
65.53
6881.00
b
18.50
259.00
105
Positive Ranks
14
c
Ties
1
120
Total
a. ALNL [dB(A)] < SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b. ALNL [dB(A)] > SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
c. ALNL [dB(A)] = SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b
Test Statistics
ALNL [dB(A)] - SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
a
Z
-8.780
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Likewise, based on the From the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’
analysis of the ‘ ATNL data’, shown in Table 8 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard
Recommended Noise-level/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure (
SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ]: for the 120 airport neighbouring-environments investigated around Ibadan, Benin,
Owerri and Warri Airports, n is 119, tie is 0, Positive-Ranks i.e. ATNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 120, and
the Negative-Ranks i.e. ATNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 0. Thus, the alternative hypothesis [
]
is
statistically
significant
and
should
be
accepted
at
H a : ATNL 90dB( A)
Z = −9.507, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [ H0 : ATNL = 90dB( A) ] should be rejected.
Also, the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’ analysis of the ‘ ALNL data’,
shown in Table 9 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard Recommended Noiselevel/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ]: for
the 120 airport neighbouring-environments investigated around Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports,
n is 119, tie is 1, Positive-Ranks i.e. ALNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 105, and the Negative-Ranks i.e.
ALNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 14. Thus, the alternative hypothesis [ H a : ALNL 90dB( A) ] is statistically
significant and should be accepted at Z = −8.780, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [
H0 : ALNL = 90dB( A) ] should be rejected.
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4. Conclusion
The average values of two (2) environmental noise parameters [Ambient Noise Level and Sound Pressure
Level] and two (2) Aircraft Noise parameters [Aircraft Take-off Noise Level and Aircraft Landing Noise
Level] have been scientifically assessed and studied for twelve (12) months, at one hundred and twenty
(120) purposively selected neighbourhoods/neighbouring-environments of four (4) domestic airports
[Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri] in Nigeria. The results obtained showed that: at all one hundred and
twenty (120) domestic airport neighbourhoods investigated, majority of the values of both ‘the mean values
of all Ambient Noise Levels ( ANL )’ [i.e. 89.0%] and ‘the Aircraft Landing Noise Levels ( ALNL )’ [i.e.
87.9%], measured were far higher than ‘the WHO Standard Recommended Maximum Noise-levels for
both indoor and outdoor activities [i.e. ( RINLWHO ) and ( RONLWHO )]’ and ‘the WHO recommended SPL
value for 8hour daytime safe human exposure [( SPLWHO )]’ respectively. Also, all of both ‘the mean values
of all Sound Pressure Levels ( SPL )’ [i.e. 100%] and ‘the mean values of Aircraft Take-off Noise Levels (
ATNL )’ [i.e. 100%] measured, were higher than the WHO recommended SPL value for 8hour daytime safe
human exposure ( SPLWHO ). Interestingly, the authenticity of the fact that, majority of some of the ANL
and ALNL values exceed the RONLWHO and SPLWHO , while all the SPL and ATNL values exceed the
SPLWHO ; is further proven/validated by above published results of the descriptive Statistics and Nonparametric statistical test analyses. Also, the highest environmental noise hazardous exposures were
experienced at the neighbouring environments of: Ibadan airport, followed by Benin airport, and Owerri
airport, with the lowest at Warri airport. Consequently, people/persons living and/or working in the
neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri domestic airports in Nigeria, are most likely to
experience frequent cases of Speech-unintelligibility, Noise-annoyance, Headache and Sleep-disturbance;
after prolonged exposure to the environmental aircraft noise etc.
5. Recommendations
In order to mitigate the human exposure levels to aircraft noise-hazard in the neighbouring-environments
of these four airports and others in Nigeria, we hereby make the following recommendations:
• Functional geo-physical planning of cities/towns hosting airports by professional experts such
as Urban & regional planners etc.
• Adoption of Aero-polis instead of a simple airport, as applicable is most developed countries.
• Effective Land-use planning & management
• Adaptive architectural designs & orientation of buildings, with respect to local prevalent wind
directions
• Use of anechoic and sound-proof wedges as wall-claddings
• Pre-design considerations for low noise emissions of aircraft
• Further research in certain related technical areas/fields such as Nano-technology, Reverseengineering and Sound-spectra etc.
Acknowledgments
The authors are immensely grateful to GOD almighty who by HIS infinite grace, has made what seemed
to be a herculean task to become today’s success story. Furthermore, time will fail us to fully express our
heartfelt gratitude to the Management and Staff of Hafalix Nigeria Limited, and a host of others, for their
never wavering support during the course of this historic research adventure.
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Fig. 10 Screen-shot of Acoustic data inputted into the SPSS sheet, prior to performing the
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Fig. 11. Screen-shot of descriptive Statistics’ results displayed on the SPSS sheet, after performing
the descriptive Statistics analysis on the already inputted Acoustic data.
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Fig. 12. Screen-shot of ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test’ results displayed on the SPSS sheet, after
performing the non-parametric two-related sample test analysis on the already inputted Acoustic
data
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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
An Experimental-assessment of Human Exposure-levels to Aircraft
Noise-hazards in the Neighbouring-environments of four Nigerian
Airports
To cite this article: Osagie Ibhadode et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 413 012080
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
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An Experimental-assessment of Human Exposure-levels to
Aircraft Noise-hazards in the Neighbouring-environments of
four Nigerian Airports
Ibhadode Osagie 1, Oyedepo O. S.2, Ogunro A. S.1, Azeta Joseph2, Solomon O.
Banjo2, Umanah, I. I.1, Apeh, E.S.1, Ayoola A. R.1
1
Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI), Km 10 Idiroko Road, P. M.
B. 1055, Ota; Ogun state, Nigeria.
2
Covenant University (CU), Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota; Ogun state, Nigeria.
E-mail address: osagie.ibhadode@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper reports a scientific-assessment of the exposure-levels of aircraft noisehazards suffered by persons living/working within the neighbourhoods of four Airports [Ibadan,
Benin-City, Warri and Owerri] in Nigeria. Physical measurements of selected aircraft and
environmental noise parameters [Ambient Noise Level ( ANL ), Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ),
Aircraft Take-off Noise-level ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise-level ( ALNL )]; were
carried-out using the integrated CR811C Noise meter, during one hundred and twenty (120)
periodic noise sampling-surveys; performed [from January to December 2017] at thirty (30)
randomly-selected study-locations, within the vicinity of each of these four(4) airports in
accordance with the Method/Standard-procedures specified by the International Standards
Organisation’s (ISO) relevant standards—ISO 3891, ISO 1996-1 and ISO 1996-2. The results
showed that: while
SPL ranged from 103-115 dB ( A ) , ANL ranged from 52.3 – 64.1
dB ( A ) , the ATNL ranged from 69.6 – 87.7 dB ( A ) , and ALNL ranged from 66.2 – 82.7
dB ( A ) . Actually, these results are alarming, since they significantly exceed the WHO Standard
Recommended Maximum Noise-levels of: 35
dB ( A ) [Indoor], 55 dB ( A ) [Outdoor] to
prevent Speech-intelligibility, Noise-annoyance & Sleep-disturbance; and 90
dB ( A ) [being the
Permissible Noise level/limit for 8hour daytime safe human exposure]. These and the results of
the Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test) carried-out, clearly prove the existence of a
generally ignored, but yet dangerous problem of continuous human-exposure to excessively highlevels of Aircraft noise-hazards to which residents of Airports’ neighborhoods are subjected.
Keywords: Aircraft Noise-hazard, Airport, Environment, Exposure-level, Noise-level
1. Introduction
The problem of the marine environment is gaining widespread social attention. Bohai Sea is the The history
of our modern world is unarguably incomplete without the repetitive mention of the ‘generic word’
“Aircrafts”—which refers to aeroplanes, helicopters, drones and the likes. Suffice it to say that, in almost
every metropolitan city of the world today, [including Nigeria’s big cities], the regular sights of flying
aircrafts traversing our earth’s atmosphere with their accompanying noise emissions, seem to have become
a part of the daily lives of the citizenry.
Noise pollution—be it aircraft-generated or not, has been repeatedly proven to be a global health hazard,
which may have motivated governmental leaders all over the world to champion the noble cause for
‘Quieter Cities’—a worthwhile move, which would not only enhance human health-conditions, but would
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
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also foster positive country-to-country relations, while ensuring that tourism-related economic gains are
reaped etc. [1]. Research evidence has proven that an alarming minority percentage of people living in big
cities of developing countries like Nigeria, are gradually becoming partially aware of some of the
dangers/health risks associated with hazardous noise exposure [2].
In 2008, Kaltenbach, M. et al showed that there is a dose-response relationship between arterial
hypertension occurrence and exposure to aircraft noise; this was based on the findings of their empirical
study on the ‘Health Consequences of Aircraft Noise’, from which they found out that: ‘Increased risk of
hypertension [for their human subjects] was linked to outdoor aircraft noise-induced equivalent Sound
Pressure Levels of 45dB( A) in the night and 60dB( A) during the day[3]. There is a higher probability for
persons living in areas with medium and high background environmental noise to suffer the same level of
aircraft noise hazard, than their counterparts residing in low background environmental noise areas [4].
In 2004, Fransen, E. A. M. et al asserted that, there is a link between aircraft noise exposure level and
certain health indicators [such as the use of medicinal drugs for high blood pressure or cardiovascular illhealth, general wellbeing/health condition, and the use of sedatives or sleep medicine(s), during the
daytime; while the use of self-prescribed sedatives and sleep medicine(s) was prevalent among the
experimental subjects when exposed to aircraft noise hazard late in the evenings [5].
It has now been established that, particularly at high levels of exposure to aircraft noise, there exists
statistically significant relationship between the human cardiovascular health/wellbeing and exposurelevel to aircraft noise-hazard [6]. This may have necessitated the world’s apex health body—the World
Health Organization (WHO) to adopt 40dB( A) as the desirable threshold value for people/persons
subjected to chronic exposure to aircraft noise hazard [7]. At the moment, there is enough of scientific
evidence to assert that, there is a strong positive relationship between several health challenges/issues [and
particularly high blood pressure] and exposure to aircraft noise hazard—which according to several schools
of thought, is generally considered a “nuisance and an environmental stressor” [8].
Whether in the civil aviation sector or in the military aviation sector of a nation’s economy, aircrafts have
visibly shaped the course of human history and more often than not, positively impacted virtually all sectors
of the global economy including transportation, defence, Healthcare, Information Technology, Trade &
Commerce and Power etc. However, it is sad to mention that, the merits of the aircraft notwithstanding,
they also come with the accompanying demerits of aircraft-related environmental noise pollution—a
situation which at the moment, cannot be completely eliminated, but can only be controlled or mitigated.
The Wikipedia online free encyclopaedia defined Aircraft Noise as that pollution generated by an aircraft
or its parts, which occurs at different stages of an air flight i.e. on the ground when parked such as auxiliary
power units, when taxiing, on run-up from the propeller and the jet-exhaust, while taking-off, under and
beside the arrival and over-flying while enroute [9]. According to Mauskar J. M. (2008), Aircrafts are one
of the major sources of noise, especially when they take-off and land. Thus, it is ideally in the health interest
of the nearby residential human populace that, airports should be located at reasonable distances far away
from people, to prevent them from being negatively affected by traffic noise [10].
The World Health Organisation (WHO) is seriously concerned about the many negative consequences of
the aviation industry operation on the health conditions/general wellbeing of man. It has expressed genuine
fears that a prolonged exposed to 65dB( A) − 75dB( A) of aircraft noise for periods ranging from 5 – 30
years, could resulting hypertension and increased blood pressure [11]. So many research works have been
carried-out, which reported the negative effects of aircraft noise exposure on human health. Some
researchers have established the existence of a strong link/relationship between aircraft noise exposure and
sleep disturbance, hypertension, headaches, stress & fatigue, increased risk of heart attack and noiseannoyance etc. [5], [12], [13], [14], [15].
According to Gualandi, N. and Manteccchini, L. (2008), aircraft operations actually constitute a major
source of environmental externalities, particularly at the level of the local residents; also, noise pollution
is now a serious concern to persons who reside near airports. It has been shown that, Noise— [including
that emitted by an aircraft] can significantly affect the development of the cognitive capacity of children
[16], [17].
Thus, from the above discourse, it is clear that aircraft noise negatively affects human health. Although,
several studies have been conducted to investigate the noise pollution levels around some international
airports in Nigeria [e.g. Muritala Mohammed International Airport in Lagos, Nnamdi Azikiwe
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International Airport in Abuja, Port-Harcourt International Airport in Port-Harcourt, and Margaret Ekpo
International Airport in Calabar etc.]; little or no work has been done in relation to domestic airports in
Nigeria.
Our primary research hypothesis was that: “Persons residing/working within the proximate neighbouringenvironments of domestic airports in Nigeria are continuously subjected to hazardous levels of aircraft
noise pollution, which on prolonged daily exposure, will most certainly result in a number of physiological
and psychological ill-health conditions—as is scientifically proven by a multiplicity of scholarly research
literatures, globally”.
Consequently, the aim of this study is to carry-out a scientific assessment of the aircraft noise hazard-levels
[in terms of quantitative empirical estimates] that people/persons working/residing within the proximate
neighbouring-environments of four domestic airports in Nigeria—Ibadan Airport in Ibadan city of Oyo
state, South-Western Nigeria; Benin Airport in Benin-City of Edo state, South-Southern Nigeria; Owerri
Airport [also called “Sam Mbakwe Airport”] in Owerri city of Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria and Warri
Airport [also called “Osubi Airport”] in Warri city of Delta state, South-Southern Nigeria.
2. Materials and Method
(i)
About the Study-areas
The four (4) Study-areas were the Neighbourhoods [i.e. Neighbouring-environments] of Ibadan Airport,
Benin Airport, Owerri Airport and Warri Airports—all in Nigeria.
Ibadan Airport [IATA: ‘IBA’, ICAO: ‘DNIB’] is located at coordinates (7°21’35’’N, 3°58’33’’E) has an
average Mean Sea Level elevation of 221m (i.e. 725ft), and 2,400m (i.e. 7,874ft) cumulatively long asphalt
run-ways. It is owned and operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), and mainly
serves the civil aviation needs of residents of Ibadan—the economically viable metropolitan capital city of
Oyo state in South-Western Nigeria. Ibadan is Africa’s second largest city [only next to ‘Cairo’ in Egypt],
West-Africa’s largest city by land area (6,800Km2 i.e. 2,600sq mi), and is Nigeria’s third most populous
city with an estimated population of 3,565,108 as at June 2018 [18], [19].
Benin Airport [IATA: ‘BNI’, ICAO: ‘DNBE’] is located at coordinates (6°19’00’’N, 5°36’00’’E) has an
average Mean Sea Level elevation of 79m (i.e. 258ft), and 2,400m (i.e. 7,874ft) cumulatively long asphalt
run-ways. It is owned and operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), and mainly
serves the civil aviation needs of residents of Benin-City—the economically viable metropolitan capital
city of Edo state in South-Southern Nigeria. Benin-City is Nigeria’s sixth most populous city with an
estimated population of 1,125.058 as at June 2018 [19], [20].
Owerri Airport also known as Sam Mbakwe Airport or Imo state Airport [IATA: ‘QOW’, ICAO: ‘DNIM’]
is located at coordinates (5°25’35’’N, 7°12’20’’E) has an average Mean Sea Level elevation of 114m (i.e.
373ft), and 2,700m (i.e. 8,858ft) cumulatively long asphalt run-ways. It is owned and operated by the
Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), and mainly serves the civil aviation needs of residents of
Owerri—the economically viable metropolitan capital city of Imo state in South-Eastern Nigeria. Owerri
is Nigeria’s forty-third most populous city with an estimated population of 215,038 as at June 2018 [19], [21].
Warri Airport also known as Osubi Airport [IATA: ‘QRW’, ICAO: ‘DNSU’] is located at coordinates
(5°35’50’’N, 5°49’10’’E) has an average Mean Sea Level elevation of 8.2m (i.e. 27ft), and 1,800m (i.e.
5.906ft) cumulatively long asphalt run-ways. It is owned and operated by the Shell Petroleum Development
Company (SPDC) Nigeria, and mainly serves the civil aviation needs of residents of Warri—the
economically viable, metropolitan city and oil-rich business hub in Delta state in South-Southern Nigeria.
Warri is Nigeria’s eighteenth most populous city with an estimated population of 536,023 as at June 2018
[19] [22].
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Fig 1:
Map of Nigeria showing the Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports [23]
(ii)
Experimental Programmme
Real-time physical measurements of two environmental noise parameters [Ambient Noise Level ( ANL )
and Sound Pressure Level ( SPL )] and two aircraft environmental noise parameters [Aircraft Take-off
Noise Level ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise Level ( ALNL )] around each of four(4) domestic airports
in Nigeria—Ibadan Airport (Lat. 7.3584°N, Long. 3.9751°E) in Oyo state, South-west Nigeria; Benin
Airport (Lat. 6.3172°N, Long. 5.6037°E) in Edo state, South-South Nigeria; Owerri Airport (Lat.
5.4274°N, Long. 7.2029°E) in Imo state, South-East Nigeria; and Warri Airport (Lat. 5.5945°N, Long.
5.8193°E) in Delta state, South-South Nigeria; were repeatedly measured nine (9) times on a weekly basis
during the one (1) year study-period, using the integrated CR811C Noise meter in accordance with and ISO
3891:1978 standards [24], ISO 1996-1:2016 [25], and ISO 1996-2:2016 [26].
The integrated CR811C Noise meter is a type 1 integrated sound level meter which is specially designed and
equipped with the capacity to obtain and record precise field measurements of time-integrated sound level
values. Having a measurement accuracy of 1dB( A) , it measures sound levels from a minimum of 21dB( A)
to a minimum of 140dB( A) , with a measurement frequency which ranges from 25Hz to 16Hz . Furthermore,
this precision sound level meter measures sound levels using the ‘ A ’ weighting scale sound frequency,
which is preferable to sound frequency weighting scales ‘ B ’ and ‘ C ’, since it is most suitably similar to
the usual behaivoural response (reaction) of the human ear to most sound frequencies.
Three hourly measurements [morning (7am – 11am), afternoon (12noon -3pm) and evening (4pm – 8pm)]
were carried-out at thirty (30) selected locations in the neighbouring environments of each of these four
(4) airports, thrice every week, on any weekday [from Monday through Friday], for twelve (12) months
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[from January to December 2017]. All measurements were taken and recorded in ‘ dB( A) ’ , where ‘ A ’
represents the A -weighting frequency for sound measurements.
Aircraft Take-off Noise Level ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise Level ( ALNL ) were measured when the
aircraft were taking-off and landing respectively. The Ambient Noise Level ( ANL )—being the background
noise level, was measured when the airports and the particular environments (neighbourhoods) were
observed to be least busy, with no major activity taking place. The Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) was
measured when the normal and/or major activities/operations were carried-out in the airports.
For the purpose of these experimental measurements, this measuring device—the CR811C Noise level meter,
which was equipped with the inherent operational capacity to take multiple precision measurements of
sound levels for the duration of a preset time, and then compute and record the average value; was first
calibrated, and specifically set at the following configurations: (a) the ‘ A -weighting frequency network’ ,
(b) one (1) hour measurement time operation, and (c) the ‘fast’ response range—[corresponding to a time
constant of 0.125s ]; after which, it was tripod-mounted at a height of 1.5m from the ground, with its
microphone always pointing in the direction of the airport. When all necessary measurements of the four
desired parameters had been performed, the daily/weekly averages were used to compute the monthly
averages, and then these monthly averages were used to compute the yearly averages for each of both
airports. Finally, the obtained yearly overall airport average values were analyzed by comparing them the
three reference values stated by the World Health Organization (WHO), i.e.: WHO Standard
Recommended Maximum Indoor Noise-level [ RINLWHO = 35dB( A) ], WHO Standard Recommended
Maximum Outdoor Noise-level [ RONLWHO = 55dB( A) ], and the WHO Standard Recommended Noiselevel/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure [ SPLWHO = 90dB( A) ]. This was
done to experimentally determine whether or not they conformed to these three standard values, and in the
event that they did not conform, a rigorous statistical analysis was carried-out to evaluate the levels of
deviations from the global standard values.
Also, the experimentally obtained data of the four acoustic parameters (‘ ANL ’, ‘ SPL ’, ‘ ATNL ’ and ‘ ALNL
’) were collated and tabulated in tables 1-4. As was earlier mentioned, the collated and tabulated data was
then subjected to statistical analysis, using the ‘SPSS-23 (Software Package for Statistics & Simulation23)’. This was carried-out to determine the levels (extents) by which the ANL as a parameter deviates
(differs/varies) from the ‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard Recommended Maximum Outdoor
Noise Level (RONLWHO ) ’ of 55dB( A) , and also to ascertain the different levels (extents) by which each of
the three other parameters [i.e. ‘ SPL ’, ‘ ATNL ’ and ‘ ALNL ’] deviate (differ/vary) from the ‘World Health
Organisation (WHO) Standard recommended Sound Pressure Level for 8 hour daytime safe human
exposure (SPLWHO ) ’ of 90dB( A)
Thus, the levels (extents) of deviations (variations) of these four acoustic parameters ‘ ANL ’and (‘ SPL ’, ‘
ATNL ’ and ‘ ALNL ’), from the WHO Standard Recommended Maximum Noise-levels [i.e. ‘ ( RONLWHO ) ’
and ‘ (SPLWHO ) ’ respectively], were obtained, by carrying-out a non-parametric statistical test called “The
Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test” on the values of these four acoustic parameters (‘ ANL ’, ‘ SPL ’, ‘ ATNL ’ and ‘
ALNL ’). Thus, with respect to the ‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard recommended Outdoor
Noise Level (RONLWHO ) ’ of 55dB( A) , one(1) ‘Null-Hypothesis ( H0 )’ and one(1) ‘Alternative Hypothesis (
Ha )’ were all stated to a significance-level ( ), as follows:
For parameter ’ ANL ’, → H0 : ANL = 55dB( A) , Ha : ANL 55dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
But with respect to the ‘‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard recommended Sound Pressure Level
for 8 hour daytime safe human exposure (SPLWHO ) ’ of 90dB( A) , three (3) ‘Null-Hypotheses ( H0 )’ and three
(3) ‘Alternative Hypotheses ( Ha )’ were all stated to a significance-level ( ), as follows:
For parameter ’ SPL ’, → H0 : SPL = 90dB( A) , Ha : SPL 90dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
For parameter ‘ ATNL ’, → H0 : ATNL = 90dB( A) , Ha : ATNL 90dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
For parameter ‘ ALNL ’, → H0 : ALNL = 90dB( A) , H A : ALNL 90dB( A) , = 0.05 [95% confidence level]
3. Results and Discussion
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Below are nine (9) tables and eight (8) figures in which are contained and illustrated the results obtained
during this twelve (12) months study. Specifically, Table 1 and Figure 2 display the results for Ibadan
domestic Airport in Oyo state, South-Western Nigeria; Table 2 and Figure 3 display the results for Benin
domestic Airport in Edo state, South-Southern Nigeria; Table 3 and Figure 4 display the results for Owerri
domestic Airport in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria and Table 4 and Figure 5 display the results for Warri
domestic Airport in Delta state, South-Southern Nigeria.
Table 1:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Ibadan Domestic Airport, in Oyo state, South-Western Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Average
63.5
64.0
62.0
57.2
65.2
61.3
64.5
54.5
74.2
54.9
59.8
65.9
61.1
68.0
47.5
72.1
56.0
71.4
54.8
69.1
55.6
66.4
59.8
73.3
61.2
58.6
67.5
56.3
72.1
73.8
63.1
107.0
116.0
113.0
116.0
108.0
115.0
113.0
112.0
114.0
110.0
115.0
111.0
114.0
112.0
113.0
115.0
108.0
109.0
113.0
114.0
110.0
117.0
115.0
115.0
113.0
104.0
98.0
112.0
106.0
112.0
112.7
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
77.0
88.4
81.7
84.6
84.2
90.7
78.6
84.4
85.0
77.0
73.9
80.6
80.8
77.5
87.8
71.4
86.5
77.8
77.3
77.0
84.2
89.5
78.3
83.5
77.0
86.7
84.1
79.3
85.8
89.6
82.0
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by which
SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
85.7
89.4
78.0
92.8
70.6
85.4
77.3
84.9
75.4
84.1
80.0
81.7
74.2
92.3
75.3
91.4
82.7
84.5
83.0
80.8
79.5
83.7
84.0
84.8
79.8
77.7
88.9
87.8
75.3
81.1
82.4
17.0
26.0
23.0
26.0
18.0
25.0
23.0
22.0
24.0
20.0
25.0
21.0
24.0
22.0
23.0
25.0
18.0
19.0
23.0
24.0
20.0
27.0
25.0
25.0
23.0
14.0
8.0
22.0
16.0
22.0
21.7
94.5
110.9
105.5
110.9
96.4
109.1
105.5
103.6
107.3
100.0
109.1
101.8
107.3
103.6
105.5
109.1
96.4
98.2
105.5
107.3
100.0
112.7
109.1
109.1
105.5
89.1
78.2
103.6
92.7
103.6
103.0
Ibadan Domestic Airport:
As could be seen from Table 1, the mean Ambient Noise level ( ANL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods
of Ibadan domestic Airport ranged from a minimum value of 47.5dB( A) to a maximum value of 74.2dB( A) ,
with an average value of 63.1dB( A) . Also, the mean Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) within these same thirty
(30) airport neighbourhoods ranged from a minimum value of 107.0dB( A) to a maximum value of 117.0dB( A)
, with an average value of 112.4dB( A) . Thus, it is obvious that, all six (6) values of both environmental noise
parameters were far greater than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by
the World Health Organisation (WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
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The mean Aircraft Take-off Noise level ( ATNL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Ibadan domestic
Airport ranged from a minimum value of 71.4dB( A) to a maximum value of 90.7dB( A) , with an average value
of 82.0dB( A) . Also, the mean Aircraft Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) within these same thirty (30)
Table 2:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Benin Domestic Airport, in Edo state, South-Southern Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Average
69.4
54.6
69.0
53.1
63.8
58.9
67.7
57.9
63.3
61.7
60.8
71.4
61.8
57.3
63.4
64.7
61.6
64.2
58.8
59.9
63.5
58.6
67.0
59.4
69.3
63.7
70.3
68.8
65.9
67.2
63.2
114.0
114.0
105.0
117.0
114.0
116.0
113.0
110.0
109.0
109.0
114.0
106.0
104.0
110.0
117.0
109.0
115.0
104.0
111.0
110.0
112.0
114.0
107.0
113.0
116.0
114.0
109.0
114.0
112.0
110.0
111.4
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
78.5
78.1
83.2
72.9
87.8
73.4
83.9
74.9
70.8
85.6
81.4
76.6
86.3
78.2
86.5
87.8
82.9
82.1
75.8
79.5
76.8
73.6
91.6
78.4
83.0
90.8
83.6
89.7
91.4
73.5
81.3
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by
which SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
81.5
87.5
76.2
94.5
81.9
72.9
73.6
74.0
80.0
76.3
84.1
69.6
85.9
79.6
70.4
72.7
80.8
79.6
81.6
85.6
78.4
89.7
70.9
92.3
77.7
93.8
85.7
92.1
93.8
92.4
81.8
24.0
24.0
15.0
27.0
24.0
26.0
23.0
20.0
19.0
19.0
24.0
16.0
14.0
20.0
27.0
19.0
25.0
14.0
21.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
17.0
23.0
26.0
24.0
19.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
21.4
107.3
107.3
90.9
112.7
107.3
110.9
105.5
100.0
98.2
98.2
107.3
92.7
89.1
100.0
112.7
98.2
109.1
89.1
101.8
100.0
103.6
107.3
94.5
105.5
110.9
107.3
98.2
107.3
103.6
100.0
102.5
airport neighbourhoods ranged from a minimum value of 70.6dB( A) to a maximum value of 92.8dB( A) , with
an average value of 82.4dB( A) . Thus, it is obvious that, all six (6) values of both aircraft noise parameters
and environmental noise parameters were far greater than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and
55dB( A) recommended by the WHO for indoor and outdoor activities respectively; but were lesser than the
Standard Maximum Noise level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human
exposure.
As is pictorially represented in Figure 2 and shown in Table 1, twenty-one (21) out of thirty (30)
neighbouring-environments of Ibadan domestic airport had mean SPL values that deviated upward from
the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%, while seven (7)
out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated downward from the
RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining two (2) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that
deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
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Table 3:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Owerri Domestic Airport, in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Average
53.8
64.3
71.4
59.2
64.2
55.8
70.0
55.5
63.5
51.7
69.5
67.7
51.0
66.2
53.7
74.6
59.7
65.5
68.0
58.9
53.6
61.1
66.8
53.1
72.2
73.7
68.5
57.2
71.7
69.9
63.1
107.0
114.0
116.0
106.0
114.0
107.0
108.0
111.0
112.0
116.0
106.0
112.0
110.0
113.0
111.0
114.0
107.0
115.0
109.0
111.0
104.0
112.0
115.0
108.0
110.0
106.0
102.0
99.0
110.0
105.0
109.7
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
78.3
88.9
78.8
81.3
73.2
72.5
88.5
73.4
86.7
89.5
74.3
82.0
91.6
77.6
90.6
89.5
76.2
83.4
85.3
79.9
90.5
81.4
82.0
82.3
92.6
87.4
91.8
88.5
90.7
86.4
83.8
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by
which SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
76.6.
86.3
73.2
75.4
69.1
82.7
85.7
71.5
87.9
79.1
82.4
81.6
71.7
81.8
68.5
86.7
92.3
87.3
78.6
87.7
72.3
83.5
79.3
82.6
80.9
69.2
89.6
85.7
86.4
91.1
81.0
17.0
24.0
26.0
16.0
24.0
17.0
18.0
21.0
22.0
26.0
16.0
22.0
20.0
23.0
21.0
24.0
17.0
25.0
19.0
21.0
14.0
22.0
25.0
18.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
9.0
20.0
15.0
20.5
94.5
107.3
110.9
92.7
107.3
94.5
96.4
101.8
103.6
110.9
92.7
103.6
100.0
105.5
101.8
107.3
94.5
109.1
98.2
101.8
89.1
103.6
109.1
96.4
100.0
92.7
85.5
80.0
100.0
90.9
101.3
Benin Domestic Airport:
The experimental results shown in Table 2, revealed that, for all thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Benin
domestic Airport, mean Ambient Noise Level ( ANL ) peaked at 71.4dB( A) , averaged at 63.2dB( A) , and
recorded its five lowest values of 53.1dB( A) , 54.6dB( A) , 57.3dB( A) , 57.9dB( A) and 58.6dB( A) . It was noted
that, the peak ANL , average ANL and three(3) of the five(5) lowest ANL values, [not to mention the other
twenty-five (25) ANL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of 55dB( A) recommended by the
World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities (RONLWHO ) . In the same vein, while mean Sound
Pressure Level ( SPL ) peaked at 117.0dB( A) , averaged at 111.4dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of
104dB( A) [twice], 105.0dB( A) , 106.0dB( A) 107.0dB( A) and 109.0dB( A) [four times]. It was noted that, the peak
SPL , average SPL and all five(5) lowest SPL values, [excluding the other twenty-five (25) SPL values]
were higher than the Standard Maximum Noise level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8)
hour daily safe human exposure.
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Table 4:
Average Values of Noise Parameters Measured at Thirty (30) Study-locations within the
Neighbourhoods of Warri Domestic Airport, in Delta state, South-Southern Nigeria.
Airport
Neighbourhood
Study-location
S/No.
Ambient Noise
Level (ANL)
[dB(A)]
Sound
Pressure
Level
(SPL)
[dB(A)]
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
Average
57.1
69.8
56.3
75.7
64.8
71.5
53.1
62.1
57.9
72.4
55.1
75.2
64.9
69.0
62.3
59.6
63.5
62.5
65.9
73.2
64.2
66.9
67.6
75.6
62.8
73.6
74.9
75.4
72.8
74.6
66.7
112.0
105.0
112.0
109.0
103.0
113.0
114.0
112.0
111.0
116.0
116.0
105.0
117.0
108.0
114.0
108.0
108.0
109.0
114.0
110.0
113.0
110.0
106.0
103.0
102.0
107.0
109.0
110.0
108.0
109.0
109.8
Aircraft
Take-off
Noise
Level
(ATNL)
[dB(A)]
69.5
81.7
82.9
73.7
78.6
80.7
82.9
87.8
82.8
80.9
80.5
82.7
88.9
79.8
76.5
72.2
87.3
73.4
87.6
76.2
83.8
72.4
89.6
84.2
77.0
85.5
78.2
80.3
87.6
88.1
81.1
Aircraft
Landing
Noise Level
(ALNL)
[dB(A)]
SPLRONLWHO
[dB(A)]
% by
which SPL
exceeds
RONLWHO
(%)
73.3
82.7
85.4
78.7
88.9
80.2
81.7
72.4
85.2
78.8
78.5
89.0
92.3
80.1
87.8
79.5
74.6
83.1
80.0
77.2
82.8
74.6
92.3
87.8
79.5
90
91.7
78.6
83.7
85.2
82.5
22.0
15.0
22.0
19.0
13.0
23.0
24.0
22.0
21.0
26.0
26.0
15.0
27.0
18.0
24.0
18.0
18.0
19.0
24.0
20.0
23.0
20.0
16.0
13.0
12.0
17.0
19.0
20.0
18.0
19.0
19.8
103.6
90.9
103.6
98.2
87.3
105.5
107.3
103.6
101.8
110.9
110.9
90.9
112.7
96.4
107.3
96.4
96.4
98.2
107.3
100.0
105.5
100.0
92.7
87.3
85.5
94.5
98.2
100.0
96.4
98.2
100.0
Similarly, in this same Table 2, is presented the mean Aircraft Take-off Noise level ( ATNL ) and mean
Aircraft Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) results, from which it was observed that, the mean ATNL peaked at
91.6dB( A) , averaged at 81.3dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of 70.8dB( A) , 72.9dB( A) , 73.4dB( A) ,
73.5dB( A) and 73.6dB( A) . It was noted that, the peak ATNL , average ATNL and all five(5) lowest ATNL
values, [not to mention the other twenty-five (25) ATNL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of
55dB( A) recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities ( RONLWHO ) .
Likewise, the mean ALNL peaked at 94.5dB( A) , averaged at 81.8dB( A) , and recorded its five(5) lowest
values of 69.9dB( A) , 70.4dB( A) , 70.9dB( A) , 72.7dB( A) and 72.9dB( A) . It was noted that, although, all these
values of ALNL [with exception to its peak value] were lower than the Standard Maximum Noise level of
90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ); yet, they all
significantly exceeded the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by the World
Health Organisation (WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
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SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
23%
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
7%
70%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
Fig. 2: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Ibadan Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A)
Also, depicted in Figure 3 and shown in Table 2, is the fact that: seventeen (17) out of thirty (30)
neighbouring-environments of Benin domestic airport had mean SPL values that deviated upward from
the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%, while nine (9)
out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated downward from the
RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining four (4) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that
deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
30%
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
13%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
57%
Fig. 3: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Benin Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A)
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SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
43%
50%
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
7%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
Fig. 4: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Owerri Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A)
Owerri (Sam Mbakwe) Domestic Airport:
As could be seen from Table 3, the mean Ambient Noise level ( ANL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods
of Owerri domestic Airport ranged from a minimum value of 51.0dB( A) to a maximum value of 74.6dB( A) ,
with an average value of 63.1dB( A) . Also, the mean Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) within these same thirty
(30) airport neighbourhoods ranged from a minimum value of 104.0dB( A) to a maximum value of 116.0dB( A)
, with an average value of 109.7dB( A) . Obviously, all six (6) values of ANL and SPL were larger than the
Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by the World Health Organisation
(WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
SPLs that deviated by <100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
SPLS that deviated by exactly 100%
from WHO recommended
maximum Outdoor Noise level of
55dBA
40%
50%
SPLs that deviated by >100% from
WHO recommended maximum
Outdoor Noise level of 55dBA
10%
Fig. 5: Percentages by which the SPL-values in thirty (30) Neighbouring-environments of Warri Airport
exceeded the WHO Recommended Maximum Outdoor Noise-level of 55dB(A) The mean Aircraft Takeoff Noise level ( ATNL ) within thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Owerri domestic Airport ranged from a
minimum value of 72.5dB( A) to a maximum value of 92.6dB( A) , with an average value of 83.8dB( A) . Also,
the mean Aircraft Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) within these same thirty (30) airport neighbourhoods ranged
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from a minimum value of 68.5dB( A) to a maximum value of 92.3dB( A) , with an average value of 81.0dB( A) .
Again, it is obvious that, all six (6) values of both aircraft noise parameters and environmental noise
parameters were greater than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by the
WHO for indoor and outdoor activities respectively; but were lesser than the Standard Maximum Noise
level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human exposure.
Moreover, based on the experimental results illustrated in Figure 4 and presented in Table 3; fifteen (15)
out of thirty (30) neighbouring-environments of Owerri domestic airport gave SPL values that deviated
upward from the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%,
while thirteen (13) out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated
downward from the RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining two (2) neighbouring-environments
had SPL values that deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
Graph of Ambient Noise Levels (ANL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
80.00
Ambient Noise Level [dB(A)]
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
0.00
Ambient Noise Level (ANL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Maximum Recommended Outdoor Noise-Level (RONL_WHO) = 55dB(A)
Figure 6:
Graph of Ambient Noise Levels (ANL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
Warri (Osubi) Domestic Airport:
The experimental results shown in Table 4, revealed that, for all thirty (30) neighbourhoods of Warri
domestic Airport, mean Ambient Noise Level ( ANL ) peaked at 75.7dB( A) , averaged at 66.7dB( A) , and
recorded its five lowest values of 53.1dB( A) , 55.1dB( A) , 56.3dB( A) , 57.1dB( A) and 57.9dB( A) . It is
noteworthy that, the peak ANL , average ANL and four(4) of the five(5) lowest ANL values, [not to mention
the other twenty-five (25) ANL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of 55dB( A) recommended by
the World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities (RONLWHO ) . Furthermore, while the mean
Sound Pressure Level ( SPL ) peaked at 117.0dB( A) , averaged at 109.8dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest
values of 102dB( A) , 103dB( A) [twice], 105.0dB( A) [twice], 106.0dB( A) and 107.0dB( A) . It was noted that, the
peak SPL , average SPL and all five lowest SPL values, [excluding the other twenty-three (23) SPL values]
were higher than the Standard Maximum Noise level of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8)
hour daily safe human exposure.
Again, in this same Table 4, is presented the mean Aircraft Take-off Noise level ( ATNL ) and mean Aircraft
Landing Noise level ( ALNL ) results, from which it was observed that, the mean ATNL peaked at 89.6dB( A)
, averaged at 81.1dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of 69.5dB( A) , 72.2dB( A) , 72.4dB( A) , 73.4dB( A)
and 73.7dB( A) . Thus, It was noticed that, the peak ATNL , average ATNL and all five lowest ATNL values,
[not to mention the other twenty-five (25) ATNL values] were higher than the Maximum Value of 55dB( A)
recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for outdoor activities (RONLWHO ) . Similarly, the
mean ALNL peaked at 92.3dB( A) , averaged at 82.5dB( A) , and recorded its five lowest values of 72.4dB( A) ,
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73.3dB( A) , 74.6dB( A) [twice], 77.2dB( A) and 78.5dB( A) . Thus, it is worthy of note that, despite the fact that
all these values of ALNL [with exception to its peak value] were below the Standard Maximum Noise level
of 90dB( A) recommended by the WHO for eight (8) hour daily safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ); yet, they
all were considerably higher than the Standard Maximum Values of 35dB( A) and 55dB( A) recommended by
the World Health Organisation (WHO) for indoor and outdoor activities respectively.
Graph of Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
Sound Pressure Level [dB(A)]
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
0.00
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Recommended Noise-level for 8hour daytime safe human exposure (SPL_WHO)=90dB(A)
Figure 7:
Graph of Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) measured from January-December 2017 at 120
Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
Furthermore, from the pictorial depiction in Figure 5 and the experimental results contained in Table 4, it
could be inferred that: twelve (12) out of thirty (30) neighbouring-environments of Warri domestic airport
gave SPL values that deviated upward from the RONLWHO [i.e. WHO Recommended Outdoor Noise Level
of 55dB( A) ] by over 100%, while fifteen (15) out of same thirty (30) neighbouring-environments had SPL
values that deviated downward from the RONLWHO by less than 100%, and the remaining three (3)
neighbouring-environments had SPL values that deviated upward from the RONLWHO by exactly 100%.
Summarily, a careful look at Figures 6 - 9, shows that, for all one hundred and twenty (120) neighbourhoods
of four (4) domestic airports in Nigeria, this periodic repetitive experimental acoustic assessment clearly
revealed amongst other things that: 89.2% of the investigated Airports’ neighbourhoods [i.e. 107 of 120
neighbourhoods] had ANL values which were higher than the WHO-
13
100.00
Graph of Aircraft Take-off Noise-Level (ATNL) measured from January-December 2017
at 120 Airport-Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in
Nigeria.
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
Aircraft Take-off Noise-Level [dB(A)]
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Aircraft Take-off Noise-Level (ATNL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Recommended Noise-level for 8hour daytime safe human exposure (SPL_WHO)=90dB(A)
WHO Standard Maximum Recommended Outdoor Noise-Level (RONL_WHO)=55dB(A)
Figure 8:
Graph of aircraft Take-off Noise-Level (ATNL) measured from January-December 2017
at 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
100.00
Graph of Aircraft Landing Noise-Level (ALNL) measured from January-December
2017 at 120 Airport-Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports
in Nigeria.
50.00
0.00
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
109
113
117
Aircraft Landing Noise Level [dB(A)]
recommended value ( RONLWHO ) of 55dB( A) ; 100% of the investigated Airports’ neighbourhoods [i.e. 120
of 120 neighbourhoods] had SPL values which were higher than the WHO-recommended value ( SPLWHO
) of 90dB( A) ; 100% of the investigated airports’ neighbourhoods [i.e. 120 of 120 neighbourhoods] had
ATNL values which were higher than the WHO-recommended value ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ; and 87.5% of
the investigated airports’ Neighbourhoods [i.e. 105 of 120 neighbourhoods] had ALNL values which were
higher than the WHO-recommended value ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) . Very importantly also, from a
comparative stand-point, it was keenly observed from Tables 1-4, that: the highest level of exposure to
Airport environmental noise hazard was recorded at Ibadan domestic Airport [with an SPL average value
of 112.7dB( A) ], followed by Benin domestic Airport [ 111.3dB( A) ], and Owerri domestic Airport [ 110.7dB( A)
] and then, Warri domestic Airport [ 110.0dB( A) ].
Aircraft Landing Noise-level (ALNL) at each of 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of 4 Nigerian Airports in 'dB(A)'
WHO Standard Recommended Noise-level for 8hour daytime safe human exposure (SPL_WHO)=90dB(A)
WHO Standard Maximum Recommended Outdoor Noise-Level (RONL_WHO)=55dB(A)
Figure 9:
Graph of aircraft Landing Noise-Level (ALNL) measured from January-December 2017
at 120 Airport-neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
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Combined Statistical Analyses of Experimental Values of all Four (4) Acoustic Parameters [‘ANL’,
‘SPL’, ‘ATNL’ and ‘ALNL’] Measured at 120 Distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of Ibadan, Benin,
Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria:
Table 5: Basic Descriptive Statistics of all Ambient Noise Levels ( ANL ), Sound Pressure Levels ( SPL ),
Aircraft Take-off Noise Levels ( ATNL ) and Aircraft Landing Noise Levels ( ALNL ) measured at
120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports in Nigeria.
ANL
[dB(A)]
N
Valid
SPL
[dB(A)]
ATNL
[dB(A)]
ALNL
[dB(A)]
120
120
120
120
0
0
0
0
Mean
64.0075
110.8083
82.0600
81.9125
Median
64.1000
111.0000
82.2000
81.7500
Missing
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
63.50
114.00
77.00
92.30
6.63767
3.87904
5.76042
6.47985
44.059
15.047
33.182
41.988
Range
28.20
18.00
23.10
26.00
Minimum
47.50
99.00
69.50
68.50
Maximum
Sum
75.70
117.00
92.60
94.50
7680.90
13297.00
9847.20
9829.50
Shown in Table 5 above, are nine (9) common descriptive statistics of the combined data of these four
acoustic parameters at all 120 investigated airport neighbourhoods in Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri
Airports. Although, some of these parameters may have been separately mentioned earlier, however, they
will be re-discussed here briefly. In summary, while ‘ ANL ’ ranges from 47.5 – 75.5 dB( A) , with a
mean of 64.0dB( A) , a mode of 63.5dB( A) , and a median of 64.1dB( A) ; ‘ SPL ’ ranges from
99.0 –117.0 dB( A) , with a mean of 110.8dB( A) , a mode of 114.0dB( A) , and a median of
111.0dB( A) ; Also, while ‘ ATNL ’ ranges from 69.5 – 92.6dB( A) , with a mean of 82.1dB( A) , a mode
of 77.0dB( A) and a median of 82.2dB( A) ; and ‘ ALNL ’ ranges from 68.5 – 94.5dB( A) , with a mean
of 81.9dB( A) , a mode of 92.3dB( A) and a median of 81.8dB( A) .
Table 6: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured ANL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to RONLWHO
Ranks
N
ANL [dB(A)] - RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
Negative Ranks
Mean Rank
Positive Ranks
15.50
201.50
b
65.97
7058.50
107
c
Ties
0
120
Total
a. ANL [dB(A)] < RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
b. ANL [dB(A)] > RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
c. ANL [dB(A)] = RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
<
b
Test Statistics
ANL [dB(A)] - RONL_WHO [dB(A)]
a
Z
-8.979
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
15
Sum of Ranks
a
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Table 7: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured SPL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to SPLWHO
Ranks
N
SPL [dB(A)] - SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
Mean Rank
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Sum of Ranks
a
.00
.00
b
60.50
7260.00
0
120
c
Ties
0
120
Total
a. SPL [dB(A)] < SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b. SPL [dB(A)] > SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
c. SPL [dB(A)] = SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b
Test Statistics
SPL [dB(A)] - SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
a
Z
-9.515
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Following the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’ analysis of the ‘ ANL
data’, shown in Table 6 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard Recommended
Maximum Outdoor Noise-level ( RONLWHO ) of 55dB( A) : for the 120 airport neighbouring-environments
investigated around Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports, n is 119, tie is 0, Positive-Ranks i.e.
ANL[dB( A)] RONLWHO [dB( A)] is 107, and the Negative-Ranks i.e. ANL[dB( A)] RONLWHO [dB( A)] is 13.
Thus, the alternative hypothesis [ Ha : ANL 55dB( A) ] is statistically significant and should be accepted at
Z = −8.979, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [ H0 : ANL = 55dB( A) ] should be rejected.
Table 8: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured ATNL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to SPLWHO
Ranks
N
ATNL[ dB(A)] – SPL [dB(A)]
Negative Ranks
Mean Rank
60.50
7260.00
b
.00
.00
120
Positive Ranks
0
Sum of Ranks
a
c
Ties
0
120
Total
a. ATNL [dB(A)] < SPL [dB(A)]
b. ATNL [dB(A)] > SPL [dB(A)]
c. ATNL [dB(A)] = SPL [dB(A)]
b
Test Statistics
ATNL [dB(A)] – SPL [dB(A)]
a
Z
-9.507
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on negative ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
From the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’ analysis of the ‘ SPL data’,
shown in Table 7 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard Recommended Noiselevel/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ]: for
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the 120 airport neighbouring-environments investigated around Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports,
n is 119, tie is 0, Positive-Ranks i.e. SPL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 120, and the Negative-Ranks i.e.
SPL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 0. Thus, the alternative hypothesis [ Ha : SPL 90dB( A) ] is statistically
significant and should be accepted at Z = −9.515, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [
H0 : SPL = 90dB( A) ] should be rejected.
Table 9: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests of measured ALNL at 120 distinct Airport Neighbourhoods [of
Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports] in Nigeria with respect to SPLWHO
Ranks
N
ALNL[dB(A)] - SPL_WHO[dB(A)]
Negative Ranks
Mean Rank
Sum of Ranks
a
65.53
6881.00
b
18.50
259.00
105
Positive Ranks
14
c
Ties
1
120
Total
a. ALNL [dB(A)] < SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b. ALNL [dB(A)] > SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
c. ALNL [dB(A)] = SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
b
Test Statistics
ALNL [dB(A)] - SPL_WHO [dB(A)]
a
Z
-8.780
.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Based on positive ranks.
b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Likewise, based on the From the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’
analysis of the ‘ ATNL data’, shown in Table 8 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard
Recommended Noise-level/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure (
SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ]: for the 120 airport neighbouring-environments investigated around Ibadan, Benin,
Owerri and Warri Airports, n is 119, tie is 0, Positive-Ranks i.e. ATNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 120, and
the Negative-Ranks i.e. ATNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 0. Thus, the alternative hypothesis [
]
is
statistically
significant
and
should
be
accepted
at
H a : ATNL 90dB( A)
Z = −9.507, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [ H0 : ATNL = 90dB( A) ] should be rejected.
Also, the ‘SPSS-23’ generated results of the ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests’ analysis of the ‘ ALNL data’,
shown in Table 9 above and Figures 10-12, with respect to the WHO Standard Recommended Noiselevel/Sound Pressure Level for eight (8) hour daytime safe human exposure ( SPLWHO ) of 90dB( A) ]: for
the 120 airport neighbouring-environments investigated around Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri Airports,
n is 119, tie is 1, Positive-Ranks i.e. ALNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 105, and the Negative-Ranks i.e.
ALNL[dB( A)] SPLWHO [dB( A)] is 14. Thus, the alternative hypothesis [ H a : ALNL 90dB( A) ] is statistically
significant and should be accepted at Z = −8.780, n = 119, p = 0.000 0.05; while the null hypothesis [
H0 : ALNL = 90dB( A) ] should be rejected.
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4. Conclusion
The average values of two (2) environmental noise parameters [Ambient Noise Level and Sound Pressure
Level] and two (2) Aircraft Noise parameters [Aircraft Take-off Noise Level and Aircraft Landing Noise
Level] have been scientifically assessed and studied for twelve (12) months, at one hundred and twenty
(120) purposively selected neighbourhoods/neighbouring-environments of four (4) domestic airports
[Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri] in Nigeria. The results obtained showed that: at all one hundred and
twenty (120) domestic airport neighbourhoods investigated, majority of the values of both ‘the mean values
of all Ambient Noise Levels ( ANL )’ [i.e. 89.0%] and ‘the Aircraft Landing Noise Levels ( ALNL )’ [i.e.
87.9%], measured were far higher than ‘the WHO Standard Recommended Maximum Noise-levels for
both indoor and outdoor activities [i.e. ( RINLWHO ) and ( RONLWHO )]’ and ‘the WHO recommended SPL
value for 8hour daytime safe human exposure [( SPLWHO )]’ respectively. Also, all of both ‘the mean values
of all Sound Pressure Levels ( SPL )’ [i.e. 100%] and ‘the mean values of Aircraft Take-off Noise Levels (
ATNL )’ [i.e. 100%] measured, were higher than the WHO recommended SPL value for 8hour daytime safe
human exposure ( SPLWHO ). Interestingly, the authenticity of the fact that, majority of some of the ANL
and ALNL values exceed the RONLWHO and SPLWHO , while all the SPL and ATNL values exceed the
SPLWHO ; is further proven/validated by above published results of the descriptive Statistics and Nonparametric statistical test analyses. Also, the highest environmental noise hazardous exposures were
experienced at the neighbouring environments of: Ibadan airport, followed by Benin airport, and Owerri
airport, with the lowest at Warri airport. Consequently, people/persons living and/or working in the
neighbourhoods of Ibadan, Benin, Owerri and Warri domestic airports in Nigeria, are most likely to
experience frequent cases of Speech-unintelligibility, Noise-annoyance, Headache and Sleep-disturbance;
after prolonged exposure to the environmental aircraft noise etc.
5. Recommendations
In order to mitigate the human exposure levels to aircraft noise-hazard in the neighbouring-environments
of these four airports and others in Nigeria, we hereby make the following recommendations:
• Functional geo-physical planning of cities/towns hosting airports by professional experts such
as Urban & regional planners etc.
• Adoption of Aero-polis instead of a simple airport, as applicable is most developed countries.
• Effective Land-use planning & management
• Adaptive architectural designs & orientation of buildings, with respect to local prevalent wind
directions
• Use of anechoic and sound-proof wedges as wall-claddings
• Pre-design considerations for low noise emissions of aircraft
• Further research in certain related technical areas/fields such as Nano-technology, Reverseengineering and Sound-spectra etc.
Acknowledgments
The authors are immensely grateful to GOD almighty who by HIS infinite grace, has made what seemed
to be a herculean task to become today’s success story. Furthermore, time will fail us to fully express our
heartfelt gratitude to the Management and Staff of Hafalix Nigeria Limited, and a host of others, for their
never wavering support during the course of this historic research adventure.
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Fig. 10 Screen-shot of Acoustic data inputted into the SPSS sheet, prior to performing the
Descriptive-Statistics’ and non-parametric ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test’ Analyses.
Fig. 11. Screen-shot of descriptive Statistics’ results displayed on the SPSS sheet, after performing
the descriptive Statistics analysis on the already inputted Acoustic data.
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Fig. 12. Screen-shot of ‘Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test’ results displayed on the SPSS sheet, after
performing the non-parametric two-related sample test analysis on the already inputted Acoustic
data
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