Realizing Original and Induced Electrical Charge

« The pressure for compliance is enormous. I have experienced this in the rejection by editors of articles submitted, based on venomous criticism from anonymous referees. The replacement of impartial reviewing by censorship will be the death of science ». Julian Schwinger, Nobel prize in physics (1965) The electric charges of the proton and the neutron, constituents of atoms nuclei, are explained in quantum mechanics in the so called “standard model” and this explanation is rather strange, with a combination of “quarks” having charges which are not an integer, and can change from one to another during radioactive transformation. It is a fact that quarks are deduced from experimental data, like scattering of a proton by high energy electrons, but they can’t be observed as a free object: "Basically, you can't see an isolated quark because the color force does not let them go, and the energy required to separate them produces quark-antiquark pairs long before they are far enough apart to observe separately”! In this paper, we will construct a model for the electric charges of proton and neutron with the presence of “electron-positron pair” inside the components of an atom nuclei, neutron and proton. In modern physics, whereas the existence of “electron-positron pair” is known since the sixties, still few scientists have explored the potential of such an existence. There were however attempts to explain some situations in quantum mechanics, and to describe the vacuum (ether) as a sea of “electron-positron pairs”. We will present and validate this model with all the disintegration phenomenon observed, and even the disintegration of a proton inside an atom, which is not totally explained in the “standard model”.

STUDY ON THE NATURE OF THE PROTON AND THE NEUTRON, 2019

In this essay we propose to investigate the nature of the two non-elementary particles, the proton and the neutron, which are the only ones, stable, enclosed in a gluonic field. Before starting it is necessary to remember that, as already said, the protoni is a kind of "bubble" inside which is present the material coming from the continuum, called C2, from which the Big Bang originated, for this reason the proton must be treated in a particular way. The points that are reasonably certain to proceed are: 1. Quarks and gluons are C2 particles; 2. The electric charges behave in the opposite way to ours: those of equal sign attract each other and the ones repel each other; 3. To the electron only, being the only quark with full charge, it is allowed to pass from C2 to C1; 4. These behaviors are reversed when the interface between the proton's internal and our continuum is passed. Starting from these points, which are not certain data but only hypotheses , even if reasonably reliable,let us examine a proton isolated. THE PROTON Based on the previously exposed theory (see the essay A NEW MODEL OF BIG BANG etc), the quark +lq collects matter untili t reaches the know mass of the proton; this mass is the one necessary for the proton to be protected from degradation. The growth process is interrupted by the fact that the proton, progressively collapsing due to the increase in mass, reaches the point where a part of the accumulated mass comes out due to the internal pressure, forming a film on the surface of the proton itself; (it should be noted that this could be composed of particles accumulated in the growth process: but, in that case, they would be arranged randomly, exerting an irregular effect); the formation of the film causes not only the arrest of the process, but also implies the fact that this is endowed with negative charge, a binding necessity for the continuum to "accept" its presence, being allowed only to particles with negative charge to exist permanently. Immediately after the quark +lq decomposes itself in th three quarks present inside the particle, two u and one d. What is this film made of? Probably from outside gluons emerging from the gluonic field of the proton and becoming something else. Again, not to invent new particles, since the simplest solution is always the best, the most likely candidate is the neutrino. It follows that on the internal surface of the proton must be present an equivalent layer positively charged with the same value as the outer one to cancel the overall effects of the total charge close to the interface between proton and the continuum. This layer is certainly composed of gluons, wich implies that they too have an electric charge both positive and negative, presumably of the same value as that of the neutrino also because, based on the fourth point, in passing through the interface the gluons from positive becomes a negative neutrino thus maintaining the logic of reasoning. It is not surprising that the proton is

Nuclear Physics A, 1991

Universal Journal of Physics and Application, 2016

viXra, 2015

The purpose of this study is to bring out new approach for determining the distance between each nucleon in a nucleus, explain why nuclear force is a short range force, and why electrostatic force has greater range than magnetic force, predict the structure of Helium-4 nucleus through different tests, and combine four different energies equations—nuclear energy equation, magnetic potential energy equation, electrostatic energy equation, and gravitational energy equation to form one energy equation, which is the net energy of the nucleus.In this study mathematical models were used to arrive at various experimental results, and new equations were developed, which can be used to predict the net energy of the nucleus, the self energy of every nucleon, the energy released during nuclear fission, the size of the atom, and the contraction of the nucleons in any nucleus.

The electron is presented in a previous paper by this author as being only a byproduct of proton formation. Its intimate relationship with the proton is the basis for all baryonic matter. This paper investigates that relationship in order to uncover just how much it relates to the very formation of our universe.

As we know, in nature, nothing occurs unnecessarily, e.g., our hearts beat persistently without having any source of infinite energy, not unnecessarily; there is an important purpose as to why they beat persistently, and they have special structure, unlike simple balloons of blood, that keeps them beating persistently and provides all the properties our hearts possess. And therefore, as electrons, nucleons etc. all the particles possess persistent spin motion without having any source of infinite energy and several properties; there should positively be some important purpose as to why they possess persistent spin motion, and they should have special structure, unlike simple balloons of charge, that keeps them spinning persistently and provides all the properties they possess. Further, as all the phenomena/activities related with our hearts, e.g., continuous blood circulation etc. taking place in our bodies are the effects of the purpose behind persistent beating of our hearts and their special structure, similarly, all the activities/phenomena related with electrons, nucleons etc. taking place in their systems should be the effects of the purpose behind their persistent spin motion and their special structure. And therefore, presently, that purpose and the special structures of electrons and nucleons have been determined. The determined purpose and the special structures of electrons and nucleons enable to determine a new force with characteristics of nuclear force and both attractive and repulsive components. The attractive component of this force keeps the electrons, nucleons etc. bound together in their respective beams, despite similar charges on them, and nucleons in deuterons, alpha particles and nuclei etc. And the repulsive component causes the emissions of alpha and beta particles from the nuclei. The presently determined force gives rise to a potential of super soft core nature. It can explain the phenomena of scattering between particles.