Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2692-2749; doi:10.3390/ijms12042692 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review Gedson Rodrigues de Morais Lima, Camila de Albuquerque Montenegro, Cynthia Layse Ferreira de Almeida, Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho, José Maria Barbosa-Filho and Leônia Maria Batista * Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: gedson@ltf.ufpb.br (G.R.M.L.); camila_montenegro@ltf.ufpb.br (C.A.M.); cynthialayse@gmail.com (C.L.F.A.); athayde-filho@quimica.ufpb.br (P.F.A.-F.); jbarbosa@ltf.ufpb.br (J.M.B.-F.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: leoniab@uol.com.br; Tel.: +55-83-32167003; Fax: +55-83-32167502. Received: 1 April 2011; in revised form: 8 April 2011 / Accepted: 11 April 2011 / Published: 21 April 2011 Abstract: Inflammation is a complex event linked to tissue damage whether by bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon. This physiological response is coordinated largely by a variety of chemical mediators that are released from the epithelium, the immunocytes and nerves of the lamina propria. However, if the factor that triggers the inflammation persists, the inflammation can become relentless, leading to an intensification of the lesion. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from the South American continent that have been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity. This review refers to 63 bacterial families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae, with their countries, parts used, types of extract used, model bioassays, organisms tested and their activity. Keywords: anti-inflammatory activity; leukocytes; medicinal plants; natural products; South American; review Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2693 1. Introduction Inflammation is the response of body to injury and danger. It is the central communication network and regulatory process that senses and controls threat, damage, containment, and healing, which are all critical aspects in the maintenance of the integrity of an organism [1]. This process occurs as a defensive response, which induces profound physiological adaptions triggered in an attempt to limit tissue damage and remove the pathogenic insult. Such mechanisms involve a complex series of events including dilatation of arterioles, venules and capillaries with increased vascular permeability, exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins, and leukocyte migration into the inflammatory area [2]. In response to injury or infection, the specialized cells of the first line, leukocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils polymorphonuclear-PMNs) migrate to the damaged regions with the aim of neutralizing and eliminating these harmful stimuli [3]. The mechanism of inflammation is attributed, in part, to release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from activated neutrophils and macrophages [4]. ROS propagate inflammation by stimulating release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon- , which stimulate recruitment of additional neutrophils and macrophages. Thus free radicals are important mediators that provoke or sustain inflammatory processes and, consequently, their neutralization by antioxidants and radical scavengers can attenuate inflammation [5,6]. A complex network of mediators, including cytokines and lipids, produced by endothelial cells, epithelial cells and tissue infiltrating leukocytes, characterizes the early phases of inflammation [7]. The clinical features of inflammation were described some 2000 years ago listed as the cardinal signs of inflammation: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), heat (hyperthermia) and pain [8]. The combined action of the molecules attracts and activates leukocytes to the reactive site, promotes angiogenesis and tissue remodeling [7]. If this sequence of steps is rigorously followed, the acute inflammation will resolve without causing excessive damage to tissue, returning to homeostasis [3]. However, there are several clinical conditions where inflammation becomes chronic with excessive production of macrophage-derived mediators may lead to collateral damage to normal cells, which results in diseases, including atherosclerosis, bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis glomerulonephritis, and septic shock [9]. Therefore, the classical anti-inflammatory agents glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can only alleviate symptoms without, however, altering the course of the disease [3]. The current anti-inflammatory therapy aims to control the cardinal signs of inflammation, antagonizing or blocking key pro-inflammatory mediators that are released at the beginning of an acute inflammatory response [3]. NSAIDs typically relieve inflammation and associated pain by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in the production of prostaglandins. These enzymes exist in two isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) coded by distinct genes on different chromosomes [10]. Compounds that inhibit COX enzymes could therefore be considered to be potential anti-inflammatory drugs. However, many of the commonly used anti-inflammatory agents are becoming less acceptable due to serious adverse reactions such as gastric intolerance, bone marrow depression and water and salt retention, resulting from prolonged use [11]. Within this context, it is of fundamental importance to search for substances that can promote the resolution of inflammation, thus, homeostatic and modulatory, efficient and tolerated by the body [3]. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2694 Plants are an important source of biologically active natural products and are considered a promising avenue for the discovery of new drugs due to easy access and relatively low cost, since they naturally grow in relative abundance [12,13]. The development of standardized herbal medicines with proven efficacy and safety of use is an important source for increasing the access of people to medicines and to offer new therapeutic options [14]. So, can cite examples of plants with scientifically proven anti-inflammatory activity: Annona muricata, Glycine max, Orthosiphon stamineus, Caulerpa racemosa and Oenothera speciosa used in folk medicine [15–19]. Therefore, extracts or isolated compounds from natural products seems to be a promising strategy for developing anti-inflammatory drugs in search of a better therapeutic and quality of life for the patient [20]. In the course of our continuing search for bioactive natural products from plants, we have published reviews of extracts and compounds derived from plants with the following potential activities: inhibitors of mammary, uterine cervical and ovarian neoplasia [21–23]; inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase, angiotensina-converting enzyme and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase [24–26]; with central analgesic activity [27]; employed in prevention of osteoporosis [28]; for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease [29]; anticonvulsant and anxiety disorders [30,31]; with antileishmanial [32]; giardicidal [33]; antileprotic [34]; hypoglycemic [35] and antiinflammatory activities [36,37]; for the treatment of malaria [38]; with antiulcer activity [39–41] and effects of plant extracts on HIV-1 Protease [42]. Our group has also reviewed the medicinal and poisonous plants of the Northeastern region of Brazil [43,44], among other review articles [45–54]. So in this work, we reviewed the literature related to anti-inflammatory activity of the plants from South American countries. 2. Results and Discussion It was possible in this review to list 175 species of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activity. Those species are distributed in 63 families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae with 37, 17, 11, 6 and 6 species, respectively, studied so far (Table 1). The effectiveness of the plant extracts was dependent on the type of extract used, the model of inflammation induction and the organism tested. Thus, it was possible to classify the extracts as strongly active, active, weakly active, inactive and equivocal. Different species of Proustia genus have been frequently used as antiinflammatory and analgesic to treat gout and rheumatic illnesses, however, there is little information about their efficacy and acute toxicity [55]. This genus accumulates sesquiterpene α-isocedrene derivatives that are typical for the subtribus Nassauviinae of the family Asteraceae [56], and a guaianolide -D-glucopyranoside has been previously isolated from Proustia ilicifolia [57]. According to Delporte et al. (2005) [55] in the assays carried out per os crude methanol extract (GME), hexane extract (HE) and methanol extract (ME) exhibited the strongest analgesic activities similar to the reference drug (SN). In relation to the results obtained in per os anti-inflammatory studies, ME showed the strongest effect, and was similar to the reference drug (SN); HE did not present significant antiinflammatory activity. The antiinflammatory activity have been attributed the presence of compounds with a similar mechanism for both activities, as for example inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). By the activation of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme, the level of Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2695 PGE2 increases markedly, and its production provokes inflammation and pain [58]. Therefore, we assume that some active metabolites of these extracts could inhibit cyclooxygenase activity. For arachidonic acid (AA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) induced oedema, GME showed significant effect only against AA assay and on the contrary, HE and ME presented important activities only against TPA and dichloromethane extract (DCE) was active in both AA and TPA models. The action’s mechanism of the GME can be explained by inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes while the HE and ME may act by inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes. Since the DCE in addition to inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes may act by blocking production of PGE2 [59]. GME did not show acute toxicity per os up to the maxim dose of 2 g/kg and the weight of the mice had a normal variation after the seven days of observation. Common side effects such as, mild diarrhea, loss of weight and depression were not recorded. It is important to carry out toxicological studies in other animal species in order to demonstrate its lack of toxicity [59]. Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae), known commonly as ―mentrasto‖, has been used in Brazillian folk medicine to treat various ailments (metrorrhagia, fevers, dermatitis, inflammation, rheumatism, diarrhea and diuretics). A large number of pharmacological activities (anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic) have been attributed to the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides [60]. The flowers and leaves are used in the form of an infusion for their analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. Literature data indicate its efficacy in alleviating pain caused by human arthritis [61] or induced experimentally [62]. The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of the leaves from A. conyzoides was active in both the on subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis) models of inflammation in rats. The weights of cotton pellets were significantly reduced in (38%) after treatment with crude extract of A. conyzoides (250 mg/kg, p. o.) and possibly this effect is related to inhibition of neutrophil migration. Exame macroscopic gastric mucosa did not reveal any tissue damage associated with treatment, which is a collateral effect of many antiinflammatory drugs, including aspirin and related compounds [63,64], this result would be explained by an inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostanoids by cyclooxygenase [65]. Literature review reports indicate the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in A. conyzoides plants [66,67]. These are known to be hepatotoxic, and to cause lung cancer and variety of other ailments [68]. There was investigated possible hematological and biochemical alteration in animal blood samples following after sub-acute and chronic treatment with the HAE of the plant. To evaluate liver function, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of plasma were measured. It was observed that during the sub-acute treatment, no significant alteration in serum levels of SGOT and SGPT, however during the chronic treatment with HAE (500 mg/kg body wt.) the value of SGPT (108.5726.6 U/l) showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,05) to control group (155.6739.6 U/l), reduced significantly [65]. Artemisia copa Phil. (Compositae), commonly known as ―copa-copa‖, is a small and much branched bush with a height of 30–60 cm that grows in the northwest of Argentina and in the north of Chile. The plant is regularly sold in local markets and herb health stores and the infusion of the aerial parts are used in popular medicine as antitussive, digestive, for lowering fever, for pulmonary diseases, and hypertension [69]. The leaves, macerated in alcohol, are also used locally to rub on rheumatic pains [70]. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2696 Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol and dichloromethane extracts were analyzed in models of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in mice. Antiinflammatory activity was observed in both extracts that showed antiinflammatory activity in the TPA (88 and 54%), and the ethanolic extract showed a 37% inhibition in AA test. The results suggested that A. copa was able to prevent the production of proinflammatory mediators specially those related with cyclooxygenase (CO) and Lipoxygenase (LO) pathway. A. copa has no analgesic effect on the central nervous system that would contribute to its peripheral analgesic effect [71]. Bauhinia tarapotensis Benth. (Leguminosae) is a small tree growing in Ecuador (South America), where it is commonly known as ―pata de vaca‖. The plant leaves are traditionally used for their anti-inflammatory and decongestant properties [72], whereas the bark is employed as antidiarrhoeal remedy [73]. Previous study on the methanol extract of B. tarapotensis leaves revealed antioxidant and radical scavenger properties, due to the presence of different antioxidant principles, such as cyclohexenone, lignans, and phenylethanoids derivatives [74]. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated as inhibition of the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice [75]. Five extracts of the leaves significantly inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice, among which the chloroform extract was the most active. The main anti-inflammatory principles of B. tarapotensis leaves are triterpenic acids of ursane and oleanane series. The antiphlogistic activity of mixtures constituted of two ursane and oleanane isomers with different hydroxylation pattern, in the ratio 2:1, is comparable to that of indomethacin [76]. Croton pullei (Euphorbiaceae) is a liana that grows above other trees, distributed in tropical areas with vast distribution in the Amazon forest [77]. In the folk medicine, several plants of the Croton genus have been used with therapeutic purposes in pathologies that involve painful and inflammatory diseases which justify this work [78]. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested in two models that assess inflammatory processes such as edema and leukocyte migration. The crude methanol extract significantly reduced by 72% the ear edema by croton-oil induced, as also was a dose-dependent reduction of leukocyte migration to the peritoneum after induction with carrageenan. The mechanism of action has not yet elucidated [78]. Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss (Celastraceae), popularly called ―espinheira-santa‖ due to the appearance of its leaves and its therapeutic properties, is utilized in popular medicine in cases of inflammation and gastric ulcer [79–81]. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive and antiulcer of ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia [82]. In the model of paw edema induced by carrageenan was observed that there was no significant difference in inflammatory response between indomethacin and the extracts evaluated. The result of hexane extract showed the anti-inflammatory potential of terpenes whereas for ethylacetate extract the anti-inflammatory response has been attributed to flavonoids, which act by reducing the formation of pro-inflammatory mediators as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide [82]. According to Oliveira et al. (1991) [83], both acute and chronic administration of this species did not induce any apparent toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2697 Table 1. Extracts of plants with anti-inflammatory activity studied in South America. Family and Botanical name Country Part used Type of extract Model assay/way of route Organism tested Activity Ref. Acanthaceae Justicia pectoralis var. stenophylla Brazil Dried leaf Active [84] Dried leaf Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Brazil Hydro-alcoholic ext Hexane-acetone Rat Inactive [84] Agavaceae Cordyline dracaenoides Brazil Dried rhizome EtOH-H2O (50%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Active [85] Alismataceae Echinodorus grandiflorus Brazil Dried rhizome MeOH ext Mouse Active [86] Brazil Dried rhizome MeOH ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Active [86] Amaranthaceae Alternanthera brasiliana Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Rat Inactive [87] Pfaffia glomerata Brazil Dried root EtOH (60%) ext Mouse Active [88] Brazil Dried root EtOH (60%) ext Mouse Active [88] Brazil Dried root Saponin fraction Rat Active [89] Brazil Dried root H2O ext Rat Active [89] Brazil Dried root H2O ext Rat Inactive [89] Brazil Dried root Saponin fraction Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Route not given Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pleurisy/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pleurisy /Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma /Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma /Intragastric Rat Active [89] Pfaffia iresinoides Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2698 Table 1. Cont. Pfaffia paniculata Brazil Dried root EtOH (20%) ext Brazil Dried root EtOH (60%) ext Pfaffia stenophylla Brazil Dried root EtOH (20%) ext Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Brazil Dried bark Shell Brazil Dried bark Shell Brazil Dried bark Shell Brazil Dried bark Shell Brazil Dried bark Shell Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Isopropanol-H2O (1:1) ext Shell Brazil Stembark EtoAc ext Brazil Dried bark Tannin fraction Brazil Dried bark Tannin fraction Brazil Dried bark Tannin fraction Astronium urundeuva Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Active [90] Rat Active [91] Mouse Active [90] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Dextran-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Cotton pellet granuloma/IP Rat Active [92] Rat Inactive [92] Rat Active [92] Dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Number of leukocytes in exudate/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis/IP Rat Active [92] Rat Active [92] Rat Active [92] Rat Active [92] Mouse Active [93] Rat Active [93] Mouse Active [93] Rat Active [93] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2699 Table 1. Cont. Brazil Stembark EtoAc ext Spondias mombin Venezuela Dried bark EtOH (100%) ext Apocynaceae Bonafousia longituba Ecuador EtOH (100%) ext Brazil Dried part not specified Dried entire plant Dried part not specified Dried part not specified Dried stem Brazil Dried stem EtOH (95%) ext Brazil Dried stem H2O ext Himatanthus sucuuba Brazil Hexane ext Mandevilla velutina Brazil Latex (unspec part) Dried rhizome Brazil Dried rhizome Brazil Dried rhizome Brazil Dried rhizome Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Ervatamia coronaria EtOH (100%) ext CH2Cl2 ext CH2Cl2 ext EtOH (95%) ext Aqueousalcoholic ext Aqueousalcoholic ext Aqueousalcoholic ext Aqueousalcoholic ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [93] Rat Active [94] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric 5-HT-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Active [95] Mouse [95] Mouse Weak activity Active Mouse Active [96] Rat Active [97] Rat Active [97] Rat Active [97] Rat Active [98] Mouse Active [99] Rat Active [99] Rat Inactive [99] Rat Active [99] [96] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2700 Table 1. Cont. Brazil Dried rhizome Aqueousalcoholic ext Snake venom-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Inactive [99] Brazil Dried rhizome Aqueousalcoholic ext Rat Inactive [99] Brazil Dried entire plant Frozen rhizome Frozen rhizome EtOH (95%) ext Mouse Active [100] EtOH H2O (50%) ext EtOH H2O (50%) ext Rat Active [101] Rat Active [101] Frozen rhizome Frozen rhizome Frozen rhizome Frozen rhizome EtOH H2O (50%) ext EtOH H2O (50%) ext EtOH H2O (50%) ext EtOH H2O (50%) ext Rat Active [101] Rat Active [101] Rat Active [101] Rat Active [101] Frozen rhizome Frozen rhizome Dried leaf EtOH H2O (50%) ext EtOH H2O (50%) ext EtOH (100%) ext Platelet aggregating factoracether induced pedal edema/Intragastric Arachidonic-acid induced ear edema/Intragastric Bradykinin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/5-HT-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Cellulose sulfate induced rat paw edema/Intragastric Paltelet aggretating factoracether induced rat paw edema/Intragastric Zymosan indued rat paw edema/Intragastric Bothrops jararaca induced rat paw edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced paw edema/IP Rat Active [101] Rat Inactive [101] Rat Active [102] Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Peschiera australis var. australis Brazil Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2701 Table 1. Cont. Peschiera vanheurckii Araliaceae Hedera helix Arecaceae Orbignya phalerata Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia triangularis Asclepiadaceae Marsdenia cundurango Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Carrageenan-induced paw edema/IP EPP-induced rat ear oedema/External Rat Active [102] Peru Dried stembark EtOH (100%) ext Rat Active [103] Uruguay Dried leaf EtOH (95%) ext **/Oral Human adult Active [104] Brazil Dried fruit CHCl3 ext Rat Active [105] Brazil Dried fruit CHCl3 ext Rat Active [105] Brazil Dried fruit CHCl3 ext Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Active [105] Argentina Dried root MeOH ext Mouse Active [106] Argentina Dried root CH2Cl2 ext Mouse Active [106] Argentina Dried root H2O ext Mouse Active [106] Argentina Dried root H2O ext Mouse Active [106] Argentina Dried root CH2Cl2 ext Mouse Active [106] Argentina Dried root MeOH ext Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Inactive [106] Ecuador Part not specified CH2Cl2 ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [96] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2702 Table 1. Cont. Asteraceae Achyrocline satureioides Ecuador Dried entire plant EtOH (100%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [95] Brazil H2O ext Active [107] Rat Active [107] Rat Active [107] Mouse Active [107] Mouse Active [107] Mouse Active [107] Rat Active [62] Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Rat Active [62] Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Rat Active [62] Brazil Dried leaf Rat Active [65] Brazil Dried leaf Rat Active [65] Brazil Dried leaf Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext EtOH (70%) ext Rat Active [108] Argentina Dried aerial parts Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Croton oil ear edema test/External Croton oil ear edema test/External Croton oil ear edema test/External Formalin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/SC Formalin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Yeast-induced inflammation of the paw/IP Croton oil-induced edema/External Rat Brazil Dried inflorescence Dried inflorescence Dried inflorescence Dried inflorescence Dried inflorescence Dried inflorescence Dried leaf Mouse Active [106] Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Ageratum conyzoides Ambrosia tenuifolia EtOH (95%) ext Hot H2O ext EtOH (95%) ext H2O ext Hot H2O ext EtOH (70%) ext CH2Cl2 ext Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2703 Table 1. Cont. Argentina Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried aerial parts MeOH ext Argentina Dried aerial parts CH2Cl2 ext Argentina Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts H2O ext Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Artemisia copa Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Baccharis articulata Argentina Baccharis crispa Argentina H2O ext MeOH ext H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext Hot H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext MeOH ext H2O ext H2O ext H2O ext Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Inactive [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Rat Inactive [109] Rat Inactive [109] Rat Inactive [109] Mouse Active [71] Mouse Active [71] Rat Inactive [110] Rat Inactive [110] Rat Inactive [110] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2704 Table 1. Cont. Argentina Baccharis decussata Baccharis incarum Colombia Argentina Argentina Argentina Baccharis medullosa Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Baccharis rufescens Argentina Argentina Argentina Baccharis trimera Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay Dried aerial parts Dried leaf Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts H2O ext MeOH ext CH2Cl2 ext MeOH ext Hot H2O ext CHCl3 ext EtoAc ext CCl4 Hexane ext Hexane ext Acetone ext CHCl3 ext H2O ext H2O ext Butanol ext Butanol ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP **/Route not given Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced edema in rat paw/IP Dextran-induced edema in rat paw/IP Rat Active [110] ** Rat Active Active [111] [109] Rat Inactive [109] Rat Inactive [109] Mouse Inactive [112] Mouse Inactive [112] Mouse Inactive [112] Mouse Active [112] Mouse Inactive [112] Mouse Active [112] Mouse Active [112] Rat Inactive [110] Rat Active [110] Rat Active [113] Rat Active [113] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2705 Table 1. Cont. Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay Baccharis trinervis Ecuador Baccharis tucumanensis Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Bidens pilosa Brazil Bidens subalternans Argentina Argentina Centaurea chilensis Chile Chile Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried entire plant Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried leaf Butanol ext Arachindonic acid-induced edema in pat paw/IP C16-PAF-induced edema/IP Rat Equivocal [113] Rat [113] Rat MeOH ext Zymosan-induced edema in rat paw/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Zymosan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP **/Intragastric Weak activity Equivocal Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts MeOH ext CHCl3 ext **/Intragastric Butanol ext Butanol ext EtOH (100%) ext H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext MeOH ext CH2Cl2 ext H2O ext MeOH ext MeOH ext CHcl3 ext Mouse [113] Mouse Weak activity Active [95] [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Inactive [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [114] Mouse [115] Mouse Weak activity Active Guinea pig Active [116] Guinea pig Active [116] [115] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2706 Table 1. Cont. Chromolaena christieana Argentina Cynara scolymus Brazil Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Aerial part essent oil Dried entire plant Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Fresh leaf Elephantopus scaber Brazil Fresh leaf Infusion Brazil Dried entire plant Dried entire EtOH-H2O (50%) ext Decoction Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Conyza bonariensis Brazil Conyza floribunda Ecuador Conyza sophiifolia Argentina Argentina Argentina Brazil MeOH ext CH2Cl2 ext H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext H2O ext MeOH ext Essential oil EtOH (100%) ext Hexane ext Acetone ext CHCl3 ext Infusion Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Croton oil-induced edema/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP LPS-induced leukocyte recruitement/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Paw edema test/Route not given Paw edema test/Route not given Paw edema test/Route not given Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Inactive [106] Mouse Inactive [106] Mouse Inactive [106] Mouse Active [117] Mouse [95] Rat Weak activity Active [118] Rat Active [118] Rat Active [118] Mouse Active [119] Mouse Active [119] Rat Inactive [120] Rat Inactive [120] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2707 Table 1. Cont. Eremanthus erythropappus Brazil Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts EtOH (95%) ext Eupatorium buniifolium Argentina Dried entire plant Oven dried aerial parts EtOH (100%) ext CH2Cl2 ext Brazil Oven dried aerial parts Dried leaf Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (100%) ext Brazil Dried leaf Butanol ext Brazil Dried leaf EtoAc ext Brazil Dried leaf Argentina Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Fresh leaf Dichloromethane ext Hexane ext Equador Eupatorium inulaefolium var. Argentina suaveolens Argentina Gochnatia polymorpha Laennecia sophiifolia Argentina Mikania glomerata Brazil CH2Cl2 ext CH2Cl2 ext H2O ext Acetone ext Infusion Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear Inflammation/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Rat Active [121] Mouse Active [122] Mouse Active [95] Mouse Active [123] Rat Active [123] Rat Active [124] Rat Active [124] Rat Inactive [124] Rat Active [124] Rat Inactive [124] Mouse Active [112] Mouse Active [112] Mouse Active [119] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2708 Table 1. Cont. Mutisia kurtzii Brazil Dried leaf EtOH-H2O (1:1) ext Brazil Dried leaf Dichloromethanol Brazil Dried leaf Argentina Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Oven dried aerial parts EtOH-H2O (1:1) ext CH2Cl2 ext Argentina Argentina Neurolaena lobata Ecuador Pluchea sagittalis Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Porophyllum ruderale Brazil Oven dried aerial parts Dried entire plant Aerial part essent oil MeOH ext Hot H2O ext EtOH (100%) ext Hot H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext CH2Cl2 ext CH2Cl2 ext MeOH ext Essential oil PAF-induced edema/Histamine-induced edema/SC Carrageenan-induced pleurisy/IP Serotonin-induced pleural edema/SC Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP **/IP Rat Inactive [125] Mouse Active [126] Rat Inactive [125] Rat Inactive [109] Rat Inactive [109] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear inflammation/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP LPS-induced leukocyte recruitement/Intragastric Rat Active [109] Mouse Active [95] Rat Active [123] Rat Active [123] Mouse Active [109] Rat Active [109] Rat Inactive [109] Mouse Active [117] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2709 Table 1. Cont. Proustia pyrifolia Chile Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts CH2Cl2 ext Chile Dried aerial parts MeOH ext Chile Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts MeOH ext Venezuela Dried leaf EtOH (100%) ext Venezuela Dried leaf Hexane ext Tagetes pusilla Ecuador EtOH (100%) ext Tanacetum vulgare Argentina Dried entire plant Dried aerial parts Argentina Dried aerial parts EtOH (100%) ext Argentina Dried aerial parts CHCl3 ext Chile Chile Chile Synedrella nodiflora CH2Cl2 ext Hexane ext Hexane ext Dichloromethane ext Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/External Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External Mouse Active [59] Mouse Active [59] Mouse Active [59] Mouse Active [59] Mouse Active [59] Mouse Active [59] Rat Active [94] Rat Active [94] Mouse Active [95] Mouse Active [127] Mouse Weak activity [128] Mouse Active [128] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2710 Table 1. Cont. Vanillosmopsis arborea Brazil Dried trunkwood Essential oil **/Gastric intubation Mouse Active [129] Bignoniaceae Adenocalymma alliacea Peru EtOH (100%) ext Rat Tecoma sambucifolia Peru Dried flowers Type ext not stated H2O ext Weak activity Active [103] Brazil Rat Active [131] Peru Dried flowers EtOH (95%) ext Rat Active [131] Peru Dried perianth H2O ext Rat Active [131] Peru Dried perianth EtOH (95%) ext Rat Active [131] Tynnanthus myrianthus Peru Dried part not specified EtOH (95%) ext EPP-induced rat ear oedema/External Formalin-induced pedal edema/Route not given Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Tabebuia impetiginosa Dried root + stem Dried bark Rat Active [132] Boraginaceae Auxemma oncocalyx Brazil Dried heartwood Dried heartwood Dried heartwood Freeze-dried leaf Freeze-dried leaf Fresh leaf Quinone fraction Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Miconazole-induced edema/Intragastric Nystatin-induced edema/External Cotton pellet granuloma/External Rat Active [133] Rat Active [133] Rat Active [133] Rat Active [134] Rat Active [134] Rat Active [135] Brazil Brazil Cordia verbenacea Brazil Brazil Brazil Quinone fraction Quinone fraction Lyophilized extract Lyophilized extract EtOH (70%) ext [130] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2711 Table 1. Cont. Brazil Fresh leaf EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Fresh leaf EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Brazil Fresh leaf Freeze-dried leaf Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Lyophilized extract Aqueous high speed supernatant Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Croton oil-induced edema/External Nystatin-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Cold stress and carrageenininduced edema combined/Gastric intubation Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Oral Cotton pellet granuloma/Oral Nystatin-induced edema/External Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Rat Active [135] Mouse Active [136] Rat Active [136] Rat Active [136] Rat Active [137] Rat Rat Active Active [137] [134] Rat Inactive [138] Symphytum officinale Brazil Bromeliaceae Nidularium procerum Tillandsia streptocarpa Brazil Brazil Dried leaf Dried entire plant H2O ext MeOH ext LPS-induced inflammatory/IP Mouse Croton oil-induced Mouse edema/External Active Active [139] [140] Burseraceae Bursera simaruba Venezuela Dried leaf Hexane ext Rat Active [94] Venezuela Dried leaf EtOH (100%) ext Rat Active [94] Venezuela Dried bark EtOH (100%) ext Rat Active [94] Venezuela Dried leaf Hexane ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Active [141] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2712 Table 1. Cont. Protium kleinii Brazil Dried bark Ether ext Brazil Dried bark Ether ext Celastraceae Cheiloclinium cognatum Brazil Dried rootbark MeCl2 ext Maytenus aquifolium Brazil Dried leaf/plus piroxican Dried leaf Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext MeOH ext Brazil Maytenus boaria Chile Maytenus ilicifolia Brazil Brazil Dried aerial parts Dried leaf Dried leaf Brazil Dried leaf Hexane-acetone Brazil Dried leaf EtoAc ext Maytenus laevis Colombia Bark EtOH (95%) ext Maytenus rigida Brazil Dried bark EtOH (95%) ext Chloranthaceae Hedyosmum bonplandianum Colombia Dried leaf Butanol ext Clusiaceae Hexane-acetone EtoAc ext Arachidonic acid-induced edema/External 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/External Mouse Inactive [142] Mouse Active [142] Croton oil-induced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric **/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Formalin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Formalin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenin-induced pedal edema/SC Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [143] Rat Active [144] Rat Active [144] Guinea pig Active [145] Rat Rat Active Active [82] [82] Mouse Active [82] Mouse Active [82] Rat Active [146] Rat Active [147] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [148] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2713 Table 1. Cont. Hypericum brasiliense Brazil Dried leaf Type ext not stated Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Oral Rat Active [149] Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chilensis Chile Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Oven dried aerial parts Oven dried aerial parts MeOH ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear inflammation/External Guinea pig Active [150] Guinea pig Active [150] Rat Active [123] Mouse Active [123] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Zymosan-induced inflammation/IP **/IP Rat Active [151] Rat Active [152] Mouse Active [153] Mouse Active [154] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Inactive [155] Mouse Weak activity Weak activity Active [155] Chile Ipomoea fistulosa Argentina Argentina Infusion MeOH ext CH2Cl2 ext Crassulaceae Bryophyllum calcinum Brazil Dried leaf Kalanchoe brasiliensis Brazil Fresh leaf Lyophilized extract Plant juice Brazil Fresh leaf Juice Brazil Fresh fruit juice (unripe) Juice Brazil Dried root MeOH ext Brazil Dried root CHCl3 ext Brazil Dried root MeOH ext Brazil Dried root CHCl3 ext Cucurbitaceae Cayaponia tayuya Mouse Mouse [155] [155] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2714 Table 1. Cont. Wilbrandia ebracteata Wilbrandia species Cyatheaceae Trichipteris procera Cyperaceae Mariscus pedunculatus Dilleniaceae Curatella americana Brazil Dried root Infusion Brazil Dried root CH2Cl2 ext Brazil Dried root Brazil Dried root CHCl3 soluble fraction CH2Cl2 ext Brazil Dried root Brazil Dried root Brazil Dried rhizome Chromatographic fraction CHCl3 soluble fraction EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Dried rhizome EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Dried rhizome EtOH (70%) ext Peru Inner bark Brazil Brazil Brazil Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pleurisy/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pleurisy/IP Carrageenan-induced pleurisy/IP Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced granuloma/Intragastric Mouse Equivocal [119] Rat [156] Mouse Weak activity Active Rat Active [156] Mouse Active [156] Mouse Active [156] Mouse Active [157] Rat Active [157] Rat Active [157] EtOH (95%) ext **/** Rabbit Active [158] Venom Essential oil LPS-induced pleurisy model/Intragastric Mouse Active [159] Dried stembark Dried stembark Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/IP Rat Active [160] Mouse Active [160] [156] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2715 Table 1. Cont. Brazil Dried stembark Hydro-alcoholic ext Capsaicin induced mouse ear edema/IP Mouse Active [160] Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Brazil Stem EtOH - H2O (1:1) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Active [161] Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum argentinum Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Rat Active [162] Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Active [162] Peru EtOH (95%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal Rat edema/IP Epp-induced rat ear edema/** Rat ** [132] Active [103] Active [163] Rat Active [163] Mouse Active [164] Brazil Dried bark EtoAc ext Mouse Active [164] Brazil Dried bark EtOH (80%) ext Mouse Active [164] Brazil Dried bark Butanol ext Mouse Active [164] Brazil Dried bark EtoAc ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Brazil Dried part not specified Dried stembark Bark essential oil Bark essential oil Dried bark Mouse Active [164] Euphorbiaceae Alchornea castaneaefolia Peru Croton cajucara Brazil Brazil Croton celtidifolius EtOH (100%) ext Essential oil Essential oil H2O ext Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2716 Table 1. Cont. Brazil Dried bark H2O ext Brazil Dried bark Butanol ext Croton lechleri Peru Ecuador Latex ** Croton malambo Croton menthodorus Venezuela Ecuador Fresh sap Freeze-drild latex Dried bark Dried seed EtOH (100%) ext EtOH-H2O(50%) ext EtOH-H2O (50%) ext EtOH-H2O(50%) ext Hexane ext Ecuador Croton pullei var. glabrior Brazil Dried entire plant Dried leaf Jatropha elliptica Brazil Fresh tuber Brazil Fresh tuber Brazil Fresh tuber Phyllanthus amarus Brazil Phyllanthus carolinensis Brazil Phyllanthus corcovadensis Brazil Dried aerial parts Dried entire plant Dried leaf + root + stem Fabaceae Apuleia leiocarpa Brazil Fresh bark H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext MeOH ext Hydro-alcoholic ext EtOH-H2O(1:1) ext Infusion Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP **/Iinjection Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Albumin-induced edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Serotonin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Cfa induced edema/Intragastric Formalin-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/vs.dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Mouse Active [164] Mouse Active [164] Rat Rat Active Active [165] [166] Mouse Mouse Active Active [167] [96] Mouse [95] Mouse Weak activity Active Rat Active [168] Rat Inactive [168] Rat Active [168] Mouse Active [169] Mouse Active [170] Mouse Inactive [171] Mouse Active [119] [78] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2717 Table 1. Cont. Bauhinia guianensis Brazil Ecuador Ecuador Dried stembark Dried stembark Dried stembark Dried stembark Dried stembark Dried stembark Dried stembark Dried leaf Dried leaf Ecuador Dried leaf H2O ext Dichloromethane ext MeOH ext Ecuador Dried leaf Hexane ext Croton oil-induced edema/** Mouse Active [76] Ecuador Dried leaf CHCl3 ext Croton oil-induced edema/** Mouse Active [76] Caesalpinia ferrea Brazil Dried fruit H2O ext Rat Active [173] Calliandra angustifolia Copaifera cearensis Peru Brazil Dried bark Dried balsam EtOH (100%) ext Oleoresin Rat Mouse Inactive Active [103] [174] Copaifera langsdorfii Brazil Dried oleoresin Resin Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Epp-induced rat ear edema/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Acetic acid-induced colitis/Intragastric Rat Active [174] Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bauhinia tarapotensis CH2Cl2 ext Rat Active [172] CH2Cl2 ext Dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Histamine-induced edema/IP Rat Inactive [172] EtoAc ext Histamine-induced edema/IP Rat Active [172] EtoAc ext Dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Dextran-induced pedal edema/IP Histamine-induced edema/IP Rat Active [172] Rat Active [172] Rat Active [172] Rat Active [172] Croton oil-induced edema/** Croton oil-induced edema/** Mouse Mouse Active Active [76] [76] Croton oil-induced edema/** Mouse Active [76] MeOH ext MeOH ext MeOH ext Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2718 Table 1. Cont. Copaifera species Erythrina velutina Erythrina crista-galli Brazil Oleoresin Oleoresin Brazil Oleoresin Oleoresin Brazil Oleoresin Oleoresin Brazil Dried leaf Decoction Brazil Dried leaf Decoction Brazil Dried leaf Decoction Argentina Dried aerial parts Dichloromethane ext Argentina Dried aerial parts MeOH ext Argentina Dried aerial parts H2O ext Argentina Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Fresh leaf MeOH ext Argentina Argentina Marsypianthes chamaedrys Brazil H2O ext Dichloromethane ext Infusion Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Histamine-induced vascular peremability/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Rat Active [174] Rat Active [174] Rat Active [174] Rat Inactive [175] Rat Inactive [175] Rat Inactive [175] Mouse Active [176] Mouse Active [176] Mouse Active [176] Rat Active [176] Rat Active [176] Rat Active [176] Mouse Active [119] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2719 Table 1. Cont. Psoralea glandulosa Chile Pterocarpus ulei Peru Pterodon emarginatus Brazil Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried stembark Dried fruit Brazil Dried fruit Chile Chile Chile Chile Stryphnodendron adstringens Brazil Brazil Brazil Torresea cearensis Brazil Flacourtiaceae Casearia sylvestris Brazil Gentianaceae Dried stembark Dried stembark Infusion Hexane ext MeOH ext Pet ether ext Dichloromethane ext MeOH ext EtOH (100%) ext Hexane ext Acetone ext Dried stembark Dried stembark Acetone ext Fresh bark + leaf Infusion Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric EPP-induced rat ear oedema/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Acetic acid induced vascular permeability/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric **/Intragastric Guinea pig Active [150] Guinea pig Active [150] Guinea pig Active [177] Guinea pig Active [177] Guinea pig Active [177] Rat Inactive [103] Rat Active [178] Rat Active [178] Mouse Active [179] Rat Active [179] Rat [179] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Weak activity Active Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Mouse Weak activity [119] [180] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2720 Table 1. Cont. Gentianella achalensis Argentina Dried aerial parts Chromatographic fraction Argentina Dried aerial parts Pet ether ext Argentina Dried aerial parts MeOH ext Argentina Dried aerial parts Dichloromethane ext Argentina Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dichloromethane ext Pet ether ext Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Paraguay Aerial parts Paraguay Aerial parts Chromatographic fraction EtOH (70%) ext Brazil Dried aerial parts Argentina Argentina Lamiaceae Hyptis pectinata Lavandula latifolia Raphiodon echinus Liliaceae MeOH ext H2O ext 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [181] Mouse Inactive [181] Mouse Inactive [181] Mouse Active [181] Rat Inactive [181] Rat Inactive [181] Rat Inactive [181] Arachidonic acid-induced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/** Acetic acid-induced dye diffusion/Intragastric Rat Active [182] Rat Active [182] Rat Active [183] Rat Active [183] Mouse Active [129] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2721 Table 1. Cont. Polygonatum punctatum Argentina Argentina Oven dried aerial parts Oven dried aerial parts CH2Cl2 ext H2O ext Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear inflammation/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Active [123] Rat Weak activity [123] Linaceae Vantanea peruviana Peru Dried stembark EtOH (100%) ext EPP-induced rat ear oedema/** Rat Strong activity [103] Loasaceae Mentzelia chilensis Peru Dried stem EtoAc ext Rat Active [184] Peru Dried stem H2O ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Active [184] Lythraceae Adenaria floribunda Peru Dried stem EtOH (100%) ext EPP-induced rat ear oedema/** Rat Active [103] Magnoliaceae Talauma ovata Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (95%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Inactive [185] Malvaceae Sida cordifolia Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Rat Active [186] Urena lobata Ecuador Dried entire plant EtOH (100%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Weak activity [95] Meliaceae Guarea guidonia Brazil Seed EtOH (90%) ext Rat Active [187] Brazil Seed EtOH (90%) ext Rat Active [187] Argentina Dried leaf Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric Intubation Cotton pellet granuloma/Gastric Intubation Zymosan-induced immediate inflammation moded/IP Mouse Active [188] Trichilia glabra Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2722 Table 1. Cont. Menispermaceae Abuta grandifolia EtOH (95%) ext Brazil Brazil Dried part not specified Dried leaf Dried leaf Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Capsaicin induced edema/IP 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat ** [132] Mouse Mouse Active Active [189] [189] Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (80%) ext Rat Active [189] Monimiaceae Peumus boldus Chile Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Active [190] Moraceae Dorstenia brasiliensis Brazil Fresh root Infusion Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Mouse Weak activity [119] Myristicaceae Virola pavonis Peru Dried vine EtOH (95%) ext Rat Active [132] Virola peruviana Peru EtOH (95%) ext Rat Active [132] Eugenia uniflora Brazil Dried part not specified Fresh leaf Rat Active [191] Brazil Fresh leaf EtOH (100%) ext Rat Active [191] Brazil Fresh leaf Decoction Rat Active [191] Brazil Dried leaf Infusion Rat Inactive [191] Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (100%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Inactive [191] Cissampelos sympodialis Peru EtOH (80%) ext EtOH (80%) ext Infusion Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2723 Table 1. Cont. Psidium guineense Brazil Fresh leaf essential oil Essential oil Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Active [192] Olacaceae Heisteria acuminata Ecuador Dried part not specified Dried entire plant CH2Cl2 ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Inactive [96] Mouse Active [95] Ecuador EtOH (100%) ext Orchidaceae Catasetum barbatum Paraguay Dried aerial parts EtOH (70%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/** Rat Active [193] Phytolaccaceae Petiveria alliacea Brazil Dried root EtOH (70%) ext Rat Active [194] Brazil Brazil Dried root Dried root Rat Rat Active Active [194] [195] Brazil Dried root Rat Active [195] Brazil Dried root Rat Active [196] Brazil Dried root Rat Active [195] Peru Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant EtOH (70%) ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Lyophilized extract Hydro-alcoholic ext EtOH (100%) ext Croton oil-induced irritation/** Cotton pellet granuloma/** Nystatin induced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric EPP-induced rat ear oedema/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Inactive [103] Mouse Inactive [95] Mouse Inactive [96] Mouse Weak activity [95] Phytolacca bogotensis Ecuador Ecuador Phytolacca rivinoides Ecuador EtOH (100%) ext CH2Cl2 ext EtOH (100%) ext Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2724 Table 1. Cont. Ecuador Dried entire plant CH2Cl2 ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Inactive [96] Piperaceae Peperomia pellucida Brazil Dried aerial H2O ext Rat Active [197] Piper lenticellosum Ecuador EtOH (100%) ext Mouse Active [95] Piper marginatum Ecuador Brazil Dried entire plant Dried fruit Dried leaf Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Mouse Rat Active Active [96] [198] Plantaginaceae Plantago australis Brazil Dried root Rat Active [199] Brazil Dried leaf Rat Active [199] Brazil Dried fruit Rat Active [199] Brazil Brazil Dried leaf Dried leaf Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext H2O ext H2O ext Mouse Rat Inactive Active [200] [200] Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Rat Inactive [200] Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Rat Active [200] Brazil Dried leaf H2O ext Mouse Weak activity [200] Plantago major CH2Cl2 ext H2O ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Croton oil-induced edema/** Croton oil granuloma/** pouch/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pleurisy/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2725 Table 1. Cont. Polygonaceae Polygonum punctatum Brazil Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Decoction Paraguay Paraguay Paraguay Paraguay Dried leaf Dried leaf Dried leaf Dried leaf H2O ext CH2Cl2 ext MeOH ext H2O ext Paraguay Dried leaf MeOH ext Paraguay Dried leaf CH2Cl2 ext Proteaceae Lomatia hirsuta Chile Dried leaf Rhamnaceae Trevoa trinervis Chile Dried aerial parts Brazil Brazil Brazil Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum phyllitidis Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubation Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/** Rat Active [201] Rat Active [201] Rat Inactive [201] Rat Inactive [201] Croton oil-induced edema/** Croton oil-induced edema/** Croton oil-induced edema/** Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Mouse Mouse Mouse Mouse Active Active Active Active [106] [106] [106] [106] Mouse Active [106] Mouse Active [106] Infusion Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Guinea pig Active [202] MeOH ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Guinea pig Weak activity [203] EtOH-H2O (1:1) ext EtOH-H2O (1:1) ext Decoction Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2726 Table 1. Cont. Chile Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Hexane ext Dried bark + spines Dried bark + spines Dried bark + spines Dried aerial parts CH2Cl2 ext Chile Dried aerial parts Chile Chile Chile Chile Chile Rosaceae Acaena splendens Chile Chile Chile Kageneckia oblonga Chile Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Guinea pig Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity Active [203] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/** Guinea pig [204] Mouse Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity Active CHCl3-MeOH extract (2:1) Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/** Mouse Active [205] Dried aerial parts MeOH ext Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/** Mouse Active [205] Dried aerial parts CHCl3-MeOH extract (2:1) Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Guinea pig Active [205] Dichloromethane ext H2O ext MeOH ext Infusion MeOH ext Hexane ext Guinea pig Guinea pig Guinea pig Guinea pig Guinea pig [203] [203] [203] [204] [204] [205] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2727 Table 1. Cont. Chile Chile Chile Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts H2O soluble fraction MeOH ext Hexane ext Rubiaceae Chiococca brachiata Brazil Fresh root Infusion Coutarea hexandra Brazil EtOH (95%) ext Uncaria guianensis Peru Dried stembark Dried bark Uncaria tomentosa Peru Lyophilized extract H2O ext Peru Freeze-dried bark Freeze-dried bark Dried bark Peru Dried bark Peru Peru Dried bark Dried bark Peru Dried bark Lyophilized extract Peru Dried vine Type ext not stated Peru Hydro-alcoholic ext Lyophilized extract Lyophilized extract H2O ext H2O ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Guinea pig Active [205] Guinea pig Active [205] Guinea pig Active [205] Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric **/** Mouse active [119] Rat Active [206] Human adult Active [207] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric **/IP Mouse Active [208] Mouse Active [208] Mouse Active [209] **/Oral Human adult Active [209] Cell Culture 5-ht-induced pedal edema/Intragastric **/Oral In vitro Rat Active Active [210] [211] Human adult Active [207] **/Route not given Human adult Active [212] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2728 Table 1. Cont. Peru Peru Dried bark Dried bark Pet ether ext H2O ext Peru Dried root Rootbark Peru Dried bark EtoAc ext Peru Part not specified Type ext not stated Brazil dried leaf Pet ether ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dodonaea viscosa Brazil Dried leaf EtOH (70%) ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Sapotaceae Bumelia sartorum Brazil Dried rootbark EtOH (95%) ext Scoparia dulcis Brazil Dried entire plant EtOH (95%) ext Brazil Dried entire plant Dried entire plant H2O ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric Intubation Histamine-induced edema/carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rutaceae Zanthoxylum chiloperone 5-ht-Induced pedal edema/IP Chronic intestinal inflammation induced by indomethacin/** Convulsions strychnineinduced/carrageenan-induced pedal edemaI/Intragastric 5-ht-Induced pedal edema/Intragastric **/** Rat Rat Active Active [213] [210] Rat Active [214] Rat Active [211] Human adult Equivocal [215] Active [216] Rat Active [217] Rat Active [218] Rat Active [219] Rat Inactive [219] Rat Active [219] Sapindaceae Brazil EtOH (95%) ext Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2729 Table 1. Cont. Brazil Dried entire plant EtOH (95%) ext Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Rat Inactive [219] South America South America South America South America Seed Ether ext **/SC Rat Inactive [220] Seed Pet ether ext **/SC Rat Inactive [220] Seed EtOH (95%) ext Cotton pellet granuloma/SC Rat [220] Seed H2O ext Dextran-induced pedal edema/SC Rat Weak activity Weak activity Solanaceae Brunfelsia bonodora Peru EtOH (95%) ext Active [132] Brazil Rat Active [221] Brazil Brazil Root Fresh leaf CHCl3 ext Infusion Rat Mouse Active Inactive [222] [119] Chile Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Infusion Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenin-induced pedal edema/Oral Data incomplete/Oral Dye diffusion assay/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Brunfelsia uniflora Dried part not specified Root Guinea pig Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity [223] Simaroubaceae Simaba cedron Solanum ligustrinum Chile Chile Chile MeOH ext Decoction MeOH ext Dichloromethane ext Guinea pig Guinea pig Guinea pig [220] [223] [223] [223] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2730 Table 1. Cont. Chile H2O ext Brazil Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried aerial parts Dried fruit Brazil Dried fruit Alkaloid fract Brazil Dried fruit Alkaloid fract Brazil Dried entire plant Dried entire plant Brazil Brazil Chile Chile Solanum lycocarpum Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia Brazil Verbenaceae Bouchea fluminensis Brazil Brazil Stachytarpheta cayennensis Brazil Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Croton oil-induced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/SC Croton oil-induced edema/SC Guinea pig Hydro-alcoholic ext EtoAc ext Dried leaf H2O ext dried aerial parts dried aerial parts dried aerial parts Dried leaf EtOH (95%) ext Pet ether ext MeOH ext EtOH (95%) ext EtOH (95%) ext EtOH (95%) ext EtOH (70%) ext [223] Mouse Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity Active Mouse Active [224] Mouse Active [224] Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Active [225] Rat Inactive [225] Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Route not given 5-ht-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Histamine-induced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Rat Active [87] Mouse Active [226] Mouse Active [226] Mouse Active [226] Rat Weak activity [227] Guinea pig Guinea pig [223] [223] [224] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2731 Table 1. Cont. Winteraceae Drimys winter Zingiberaceae Brazil Dried leaf Infusion Brazil Dried entire plant H2O ext Brazil Dried leaf Butanol ext Brazil Dried leaf Butanol ext Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Brazil Dried bark Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/carrageenan-induced pedal edema/histamineinduced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Active [227] Mouse Inactive [227] Salvelinus alpinus Rat Weak activity Active [227] PgE2 induced paw oedma/Intragastric Histamine-induced edema/Intragastric Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Dextran-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Bradykinin-induced pedal edema/Intragastric Paw oedema/Intragastric Rat Equivocal [229] Rat Inactive [229] Rat Active [229] Rat Active [229] Rat [229] Paf-acether induced paw oedema/Intragastric Ovalbumine induced paw oedema/Intragastric Rat Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity Weak activity Rat Rat [228] [229] [229] [229] [229] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2732 Table 1. Cont. Zingiber officinale Zygophyllaceae Larrea divaricata Brazil Fresh rhizome Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Hydro-alcoholic ext Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IP 5-ht-induced pedal edema/IP Rat Active [230] Brazil Fresh rhizome Rat Active [230] Brazil Fresh rhizome 48180 compound-induced edema/** 48180 and 5-ht induced skin edema/IP Rat Active [230] Brazil Fresh rhizome Rat Active [230] Argentina Dried leaf MeOH ext Rat Active [231] Dried leaf H2O ext Cotton pellet granuloma/Intragastric Peritoneal macrophages/IP Argentina Mouse Active [232] ** Incompleted dates; IP = intraperitoneal; SC = subcutaneous; EtOH = ethanolic extract ; H2O ext = aqueous extract; MeOH ext = methanol extract; EtoAc ext = ethyl acetate extract; CH2Cl2 ext = dichloromethane extract; CHCl3 ext = chloroformic extract ; CCl4 = chloroform; MeCl2 ext = dichloromethane extract; EtOH-H2O = crude aqueous/alcoholic extract; CHCl3-MeOH extract = dichloromethane and methanol extract. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12 2733 3. Material and Methods In the present work, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plants was searched through the data bank of the University of Illinois in Chicago, the NAPRALERT (Acronym for Natural Products ALERT). The data were updated in September 2009, using anti-inflammatory plants as legend. The plant extracts studied in South America were selected for this work and the references found in the search were later consulted for details of the models or mechanisms. 4. Conclusion Given the above, this review is of fundamental importance to intensify studies with medicinal plants for the discovery of new bioactive molecules in healing of many diseases, including inflammation, thus benefiting populations affected by ensuring a better quality of life. Acknowledgements The authors thank the University of Illinois in Chicago, U.S.A., for the use of the NAPRALERT database for this study. 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