Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2692-2749; doi:10.3390/ijms12042692
OPEN ACCESS
International Journal of
Molecular Sciences
ISSN 1422-0067
www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms
Review
Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South
America: A Review
Gedson Rodrigues de Morais Lima, Camila de Albuquerque Montenegro,
Cynthia Layse Ferreira de Almeida, Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho,
José Maria Barbosa-Filho and Leônia Maria Batista *
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal
University of Paraiba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: gedson@ltf.ufpb.br (G.R.M.L.);
camila_montenegro@ltf.ufpb.br (C.A.M.); cynthialayse@gmail.com (C.L.F.A.);
athayde-filho@quimica.ufpb.br (P.F.A.-F.); jbarbosa@ltf.ufpb.br (J.M.B.-F.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: leoniab@uol.com.br;
Tel.: +55-83-32167003; Fax: +55-83-32167502.
Received: 1 April 2011; in revised form: 8 April 2011 / Accepted: 11 April 2011 /
Published: 21 April 2011
Abstract: Inflammation is a complex event linked to tissue damage whether by bacteria,
physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon. This physiological response is
coordinated largely by a variety of chemical mediators that are released from the
epithelium, the immunocytes and nerves of the lamina propria. However, if the factor that
triggers the inflammation persists, the inflammation can become relentless, leading to an
intensification of the lesion. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from
the South American continent that have been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity.
This review refers to 63 bacterial families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae,
Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae, with their countries, parts used,
types of extract used, model bioassays, organisms tested and their activity.
Keywords: anti-inflammatory activity; leukocytes; medicinal plants; natural products;
South American; review
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2693
1. Introduction
Inflammation is the response of body to injury and danger. It is the central communication network
and regulatory process that senses and controls threat, damage, containment, and healing, which are all
critical aspects in the maintenance of the integrity of an organism [1].
This process occurs as a defensive response, which induces profound physiological adaptions
triggered in an attempt to limit tissue damage and remove the pathogenic insult. Such mechanisms
involve a complex series of events including dilatation of arterioles, venules and capillaries with
increased vascular permeability, exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins, and leukocyte
migration into the inflammatory area [2].
In response to injury or infection, the specialized cells of the first line, leukocytes (neutrophils and
eosinophils polymorphonuclear-PMNs) migrate to the damaged regions with the aim of neutralizing
and eliminating these harmful stimuli [3]. The mechanism of inflammation is attributed, in part, to
release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from activated neutrophils and macrophages [4]. ROS
propagate inflammation by stimulating release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis
factor-α, and interferon- , which stimulate recruitment of additional neutrophils and macrophages. Thus
free radicals are important mediators that provoke or sustain inflammatory processes and, consequently,
their neutralization by antioxidants and radical scavengers can attenuate inflammation [5,6].
A complex network of mediators, including cytokines and lipids, produced by endothelial cells,
epithelial cells and tissue infiltrating leukocytes, characterizes the early phases of inflammation [7].
The clinical features of inflammation were described some 2000 years ago listed as the cardinal
signs of inflammation: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), heat (hyperthermia) and pain [8].
The combined action of the molecules attracts and activates leukocytes to the reactive site, promotes
angiogenesis and tissue remodeling [7]. If this sequence of steps is rigorously followed, the acute
inflammation will resolve without causing excessive damage to tissue, returning to homeostasis [3].
However, there are several clinical conditions where inflammation becomes chronic with excessive
production of macrophage-derived mediators may lead to collateral damage to normal cells, which
results in diseases, including atherosclerosis, bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis glomerulonephritis,
and septic shock [9].
Therefore, the classical anti-inflammatory agents glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) can only alleviate symptoms without, however, altering the course of the disease [3].
The current anti-inflammatory therapy aims to control the cardinal signs of inflammation,
antagonizing or blocking key pro-inflammatory mediators that are released at the beginning of an acute
inflammatory response [3]. NSAIDs typically relieve inflammation and associated pain by inhibiting
cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in the production of prostaglandins. These enzymes exist in two
isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) coded by distinct genes on different chromosomes [10]. Compounds
that inhibit COX enzymes could therefore be considered to be potential anti-inflammatory drugs.
However, many of the commonly used anti-inflammatory agents are becoming less acceptable due to
serious adverse reactions such as gastric intolerance, bone marrow depression and water and salt
retention, resulting from prolonged use [11].
Within this context, it is of fundamental importance to search for substances that can promote the
resolution of inflammation, thus, homeostatic and modulatory, efficient and tolerated by the body [3].
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2694
Plants are an important source of biologically active natural products and are considered a
promising avenue for the discovery of new drugs due to easy access and relatively low cost, since they
naturally grow in relative abundance [12,13]. The development of standardized herbal medicines with
proven efficacy and safety of use is an important source for increasing the access of people to
medicines and to offer new therapeutic options [14].
So, can cite examples of plants with scientifically proven anti-inflammatory activity:
Annona muricata, Glycine max, Orthosiphon stamineus, Caulerpa racemosa and Oenothera speciosa
used in folk medicine [15–19].
Therefore, extracts or isolated compounds from natural products seems to be a promising strategy
for developing anti-inflammatory drugs in search of a better therapeutic and quality of life for the patient [20].
In the course of our continuing search for bioactive natural products from plants, we have published
reviews of extracts and compounds derived from plants with the following potential activities:
inhibitors of mammary, uterine cervical and ovarian neoplasia [21–23]; inhibitors of HMG CoA
reductase, angiotensina-converting enzyme and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase [24–26]; with central
analgesic activity [27]; employed in prevention of osteoporosis [28]; for the treatment of Parkinson’s
disease [29]; anticonvulsant and anxiety disorders [30,31]; with antileishmanial [32]; giardicidal [33];
antileprotic [34]; hypoglycemic [35] and antiinflammatory activities [36,37]; for the treatment of
malaria [38]; with antiulcer activity [39–41] and effects of plant extracts on HIV-1 Protease [42]. Our
group has also reviewed the medicinal and poisonous plants of the Northeastern region of
Brazil [43,44], among other review articles [45–54]. So in this work, we reviewed the literature related
to anti-inflammatory activity of the plants from South American countries.
2. Results and Discussion
It was possible in this review to list 175 species of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activity.
Those species are distributed in 63 families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae with 37, 17, 11, 6 and 6 species, respectively, studied
so far (Table 1).
The effectiveness of the plant extracts was dependent on the type of extract used, the model of
inflammation induction and the organism tested. Thus, it was possible to classify the extracts as
strongly active, active, weakly active, inactive and equivocal.
Different species of Proustia genus have been frequently used as antiinflammatory and analgesic to
treat gout and rheumatic illnesses, however, there is little information about their efficacy and acute
toxicity [55]. This genus accumulates sesquiterpene α-isocedrene derivatives that are typical for the
subtribus Nassauviinae of the family Asteraceae [56], and a guaianolide -D-glucopyranoside has been
previously isolated from Proustia ilicifolia [57].
According to Delporte et al. (2005) [55] in the assays carried out per os crude methanol extract
(GME), hexane extract (HE) and methanol extract (ME) exhibited the strongest analgesic activities
similar to the reference drug (SN). In relation to the results obtained in per os anti-inflammatory
studies, ME showed the strongest effect, and was similar to the reference drug (SN); HE did not
present significant antiinflammatory activity. The antiinflammatory activity have been attributed the
presence of compounds with a similar mechanism for both activities, as for example inhibition of the
synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). By the activation of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme, the level of
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2695
PGE2 increases markedly, and its production provokes inflammation and pain [58]. Therefore, we
assume that some active metabolites of these extracts could inhibit cyclooxygenase activity.
For arachidonic acid (AA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) induced oedema, GME
showed significant effect only against AA assay and on the contrary, HE and ME presented important
activities only against TPA and dichloromethane extract (DCE) was active in both AA and TPA
models. The action’s mechanism of the GME can be explained by inhibition of cyclooxygenase
enzymes while the HE and ME may act by inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes. Since the DCE in
addition to inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes may act by blocking production of PGE2 [59].
GME did not show acute toxicity per os up to the maxim dose of 2 g/kg and the weight of the mice
had a normal variation after the seven days of observation. Common side effects such as, mild
diarrhea, loss of weight and depression were not recorded. It is important to carry out toxicological
studies in other animal species in order to demonstrate its lack of toxicity [59].
Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae), known commonly as ―mentrasto‖, has been used in Brazillian
folk medicine to treat various ailments (metrorrhagia, fevers, dermatitis, inflammation, rheumatism,
diarrhea and diuretics). A large number of pharmacological activities (anti-inflammatory, antipyretic,
analgesic) have been attributed to the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides [60]. The flowers and
leaves are used in the form of an infusion for their analgesic and antiinflammatory properties.
Literature data indicate its efficacy in alleviating pain caused by human arthritis [61] or induced
experimentally [62].
The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of the leaves from A. conyzoides was active in both the on
subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis) models of
inflammation in rats. The weights of cotton pellets were significantly reduced in (38%) after treatment
with crude extract of A. conyzoides (250 mg/kg, p. o.) and possibly this effect is related to inhibition of
neutrophil migration. Exame macroscopic gastric mucosa did not reveal any tissue damage associated
with treatment, which is a collateral effect of many antiinflammatory drugs, including aspirin and
related compounds [63,64], this result would be explained by an inhibition of the biosynthesis of
prostanoids by cyclooxygenase [65].
Literature review reports indicate the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in A. conyzoides
plants [66,67]. These are known to be hepatotoxic, and to cause lung cancer and variety of other
ailments [68]. There was investigated possible hematological and biochemical alteration in animal
blood samples following after sub-acute and chronic treatment with the HAE of the plant. To evaluate
liver function, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase (SGPT) levels of plasma were measured. It was observed that during the
sub-acute treatment, no significant alteration in serum levels of SGOT and SGPT, however during the
chronic treatment with HAE (500 mg/kg body wt.) the value of SGPT (108.5726.6 U/l) showed a
statistically significant difference (p < 0,05) to control group (155.6739.6 U/l), reduced significantly [65].
Artemisia copa Phil. (Compositae), commonly known as ―copa-copa‖, is a small and much
branched bush with a height of 30–60 cm that grows in the northwest of Argentina and in the north of
Chile. The plant is regularly sold in local markets and herb health stores and the infusion of the aerial
parts are used in popular medicine as antitussive, digestive, for lowering fever, for pulmonary diseases,
and hypertension [69]. The leaves, macerated in alcohol, are also used locally to rub on rheumatic
pains [70].
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2696
Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol and dichloromethane extracts were analyzed in models of
carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in mice. Antiinflammatory activity was observed in both
extracts that showed antiinflammatory activity in the TPA (88 and 54%), and the ethanolic extract
showed a 37% inhibition in AA test. The results suggested that A. copa was able to prevent the
production of proinflammatory mediators specially those related with cyclooxygenase (CO) and
Lipoxygenase (LO) pathway. A. copa has no analgesic effect on the central nervous system that would
contribute to its peripheral analgesic effect [71].
Bauhinia tarapotensis Benth. (Leguminosae) is a small tree growing in Ecuador (South America),
where it is commonly known as ―pata de vaca‖. The plant leaves are traditionally used for their
anti-inflammatory and decongestant properties [72], whereas the bark is employed as antidiarrhoeal
remedy [73]. Previous study on the methanol extract of B. tarapotensis leaves revealed antioxidant and
radical scavenger properties, due to the presence of different antioxidant principles, such as
cyclohexenone, lignans, and phenylethanoids derivatives [74].
The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated as inhibition of the croton oil-induced ear
edema in mice [75]. Five extracts of the leaves significantly inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema
in mice, among which the chloroform extract was the most active. The main anti-inflammatory
principles of B. tarapotensis leaves are triterpenic acids of ursane and oleanane series. The
antiphlogistic activity of mixtures constituted of two ursane and oleanane isomers with different
hydroxylation pattern, in the ratio 2:1, is comparable to that of indomethacin [76].
Croton pullei (Euphorbiaceae) is a liana that grows above other trees, distributed in tropical areas
with vast distribution in the Amazon forest [77]. In the folk medicine, several plants of the Croton
genus have been used with therapeutic purposes in pathologies that involve painful and inflammatory
diseases which justify this work [78].
Anti-inflammatory activity was tested in two models that assess inflammatory processes such as
edema and leukocyte migration. The crude methanol extract significantly reduced by 72% the ear
edema by croton-oil induced, as also was a dose-dependent reduction of leukocyte migration to the
peritoneum after induction with carrageenan. The mechanism of action has not yet elucidated [78].
Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss (Celastraceae), popularly called ―espinheira-santa‖ due to the
appearance of its leaves and its therapeutic properties, is utilized in popular medicine in cases of
inflammation and gastric ulcer [79–81].
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive and antiulcer of ethyl acetate
and hexane extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia [82].
In the model of paw edema induced by carrageenan was observed that there was no significant
difference in inflammatory response between indomethacin and the extracts evaluated. The result of
hexane extract showed the anti-inflammatory potential of terpenes whereas for ethylacetate extract the
anti-inflammatory response has been attributed to flavonoids, which act by reducing the formation of
pro-inflammatory mediators as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, reactive oxygen species and nitric
oxide [82]. According to Oliveira et al. (1991) [83], both acute and chronic administration of this
species did not induce any apparent toxicity.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2697
Table 1. Extracts of plants with anti-inflammatory activity studied in South America.
Family and Botanical name
Country
Part used
Type of extract
Model assay/way of route
Organism
tested
Activity
Ref.
Acanthaceae
Justicia pectoralis var.
stenophylla
Brazil
Dried leaf
Active
[84]
Dried leaf
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Brazil
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hexane-acetone
Rat
Inactive
[84]
Agavaceae
Cordyline dracaenoides
Brazil
Dried rhizome
EtOH-H2O (50%)
ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[85]
Alismataceae
Echinodorus grandiflorus
Brazil
Dried rhizome
MeOH ext
Mouse
Active
[86]
Brazil
Dried rhizome
MeOH ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[86]
Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera brasiliana
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Rat
Inactive
[87]
Pfaffia glomerata
Brazil
Dried root
EtOH (60%) ext
Mouse
Active
[88]
Brazil
Dried root
EtOH (60%) ext
Mouse
Active
[88]
Brazil
Dried root
Saponin fraction
Rat
Active
[89]
Brazil
Dried root
H2O ext
Rat
Active
[89]
Brazil
Dried root
H2O ext
Rat
Inactive
[89]
Brazil
Dried root
Saponin fraction
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Route not given
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced
pleurisy/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pleurisy
/Intragastric
Cotton pellet granuloma
/Intragastric
Cotton pellet granuloma
/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[89]
Pfaffia iresinoides
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2698
Table 1. Cont.
Pfaffia paniculata
Brazil
Dried root
EtOH (20%) ext
Brazil
Dried root
EtOH (60%) ext
Pfaffia stenophylla
Brazil
Dried root
EtOH (20%) ext
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale
Brazil
Dried bark
Shell
Brazil
Dried bark
Shell
Brazil
Dried bark
Shell
Brazil
Dried bark
Shell
Brazil
Dried bark
Shell
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Isopropanol-H2O
(1:1) ext
Shell
Brazil
Stembark
EtoAc ext
Brazil
Dried bark
Tannin fraction
Brazil
Dried bark
Tannin fraction
Brazil
Dried bark
Tannin fraction
Astronium urundeuva
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Active
[90]
Rat
Active
[91]
Mouse
Active
[90]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Cotton pellet granuloma/IP
Rat
Active
[92]
Rat
Inactive
[92]
Rat
Active
[92]
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Number of leukocytes in
exudate/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Cyclophosphamide-induced
hemorrhagic cystitis/IP
Rat
Active
[92]
Rat
Active
[92]
Rat
Active
[92]
Rat
Active
[92]
Mouse
Active
[93]
Rat
Active
[93]
Mouse
Active
[93]
Rat
Active
[93]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2699
Table 1. Cont.
Brazil
Stembark
EtoAc ext
Spondias mombin
Venezuela
Dried bark
EtOH (100%) ext
Apocynaceae
Bonafousia longituba
Ecuador
EtOH (100%) ext
Brazil
Dried part not
specified
Dried entire
plant
Dried part not
specified
Dried part not
specified
Dried stem
Brazil
Dried stem
EtOH (95%) ext
Brazil
Dried stem
H2O ext
Himatanthus sucuuba
Brazil
Hexane ext
Mandevilla velutina
Brazil
Latex (unspec
part)
Dried rhizome
Brazil
Dried rhizome
Brazil
Dried rhizome
Brazil
Dried rhizome
Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador
Ervatamia coronaria
EtOH (100%) ext
CH2Cl2 ext
CH2Cl2 ext
EtOH (95%) ext
Aqueousalcoholic ext
Aqueousalcoholic ext
Aqueousalcoholic ext
Aqueousalcoholic ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[93]
Rat
Active
[94]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
5-HT-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Active
[95]
Mouse
[95]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Active
Mouse
Active
[96]
Rat
Active
[97]
Rat
Active
[97]
Rat
Active
[97]
Rat
Active
[98]
Mouse
Active
[99]
Rat
Active
[99]
Rat
Inactive
[99]
Rat
Active
[99]
[96]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2700
Table 1. Cont.
Brazil
Dried rhizome
Aqueousalcoholic ext
Snake venom-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Inactive
[99]
Brazil
Dried rhizome
Aqueousalcoholic ext
Rat
Inactive
[99]
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Frozen
rhizome
Frozen
rhizome
EtOH (95%) ext
Mouse
Active
[100]
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
Rat
Active
[101]
Rat
Active
[101]
Frozen
rhizome
Frozen
rhizome
Frozen
rhizome
Frozen
rhizome
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
Rat
Active
[101]
Rat
Active
[101]
Rat
Active
[101]
Rat
Active
[101]
Frozen
rhizome
Frozen
rhizome
Dried leaf
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH (100%) ext
Platelet aggregating factoracether induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Arachidonic-acid induced ear
edema/Intragastric
Bradykinin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/5-HT-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Cellulose sulfate induced rat
paw edema/Intragastric
Paltelet aggretating factoracether induced rat paw
edema/Intragastric
Zymosan indued rat paw
edema/Intragastric
Bothrops jararaca induced rat
paw edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced paw
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[101]
Rat
Inactive
[101]
Rat
Active
[102]
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Peschiera australis var.
australis
Brazil
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2701
Table 1. Cont.
Peschiera vanheurckii
Araliaceae
Hedera helix
Arecaceae
Orbignya phalerata
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia triangularis
Asclepiadaceae
Marsdenia cundurango
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Carrageenan-induced paw
edema/IP
EPP-induced rat ear
oedema/External
Rat
Active
[102]
Peru
Dried
stembark
EtOH (100%) ext
Rat
Active
[103]
Uruguay
Dried leaf
EtOH (95%) ext
**/Oral
Human adult
Active
[104]
Brazil
Dried fruit
CHCl3 ext
Rat
Active
[105]
Brazil
Dried fruit
CHCl3 ext
Rat
Active
[105]
Brazil
Dried fruit
CHCl3 ext
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[105]
Argentina
Dried root
MeOH ext
Mouse
Active
[106]
Argentina
Dried root
CH2Cl2 ext
Mouse
Active
[106]
Argentina
Dried root
H2O ext
Mouse
Active
[106]
Argentina
Dried root
H2O ext
Mouse
Active
[106]
Argentina
Dried root
CH2Cl2 ext
Mouse
Active
[106]
Argentina
Dried root
MeOH ext
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Inactive
[106]
Ecuador
Part not
specified
CH2Cl2 ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[96]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2702
Table 1. Cont.
Asteraceae
Achyrocline satureioides
Ecuador
Dried entire
plant
EtOH (100%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[95]
Brazil
H2O ext
Active
[107]
Rat
Active
[107]
Rat
Active
[107]
Mouse
Active
[107]
Mouse
Active
[107]
Mouse
Active
[107]
Rat
Active
[62]
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Rat
Active
[62]
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Rat
Active
[62]
Brazil
Dried leaf
Rat
Active
[65]
Brazil
Dried leaf
Rat
Active
[65]
Brazil
Dried leaf
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
EtOH (70%) ext
Rat
Active
[108]
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Croton oil ear edema
test/External
Croton oil ear edema
test/External
Croton oil ear edema
test/External
Formalin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/SC
Formalin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Yeast-induced inflammation
of the paw/IP
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Rat
Brazil
Dried
inflorescence
Dried
inflorescence
Dried
inflorescence
Dried
inflorescence
Dried
inflorescence
Dried
inflorescence
Dried leaf
Mouse
Active
[106]
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Ageratum conyzoides
Ambrosia tenuifolia
EtOH (95%) ext
Hot H2O ext
EtOH (95%) ext
H2O ext
Hot H2O ext
EtOH (70%) ext
CH2Cl2 ext
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2703
Table 1. Cont.
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
CH2Cl2 ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
H2O ext
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Artemisia copa
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Baccharis articulata
Argentina
Baccharis crispa
Argentina
H2O ext
MeOH ext
H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
Hot H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
MeOH ext
H2O ext
H2O ext
H2O ext
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Inactive
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Mouse
Active
[71]
Mouse
Active
[71]
Rat
Inactive
[110]
Rat
Inactive
[110]
Rat
Inactive
[110]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2704
Table 1. Cont.
Argentina
Baccharis decussata
Baccharis incarum
Colombia
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Baccharis medullosa
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Baccharis rufescens
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Baccharis trimera
Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay
Dried aerial
parts
Dried leaf
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
H2O ext
MeOH ext
CH2Cl2 ext
MeOH ext
Hot H2O ext
CHCl3 ext
EtoAc ext
CCl4
Hexane ext
Hexane ext
Acetone ext
CHCl3 ext
H2O ext
H2O ext
Butanol ext
Butanol ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
**/Route not given
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced edema
in rat paw/IP
Dextran-induced edema in rat
paw/IP
Rat
Active
[110]
**
Rat
Active
Active
[111]
[109]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Mouse
Inactive
[112]
Mouse
Inactive
[112]
Mouse
Inactive
[112]
Mouse
Active
[112]
Mouse
Inactive
[112]
Mouse
Active
[112]
Mouse
Active
[112]
Rat
Inactive
[110]
Rat
Active
[110]
Rat
Active
[113]
Rat
Active
[113]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2705
Table 1. Cont.
Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay
Baccharis trinervis
Ecuador
Baccharis tucumanensis
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Bidens pilosa
Brazil
Bidens subalternans
Argentina
Argentina
Centaurea chilensis
Chile
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried entire
plant
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried leaf
Butanol ext
Arachindonic acid-induced
edema in pat paw/IP
C16-PAF-induced edema/IP
Rat
Equivocal
[113]
Rat
[113]
Rat
MeOH ext
Zymosan-induced edema in
rat paw/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Zymosan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
**/Intragastric
Weak
activity
Equivocal
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
CHCl3 ext
**/Intragastric
Butanol ext
Butanol ext
EtOH (100%) ext
H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
MeOH ext
CH2Cl2 ext
H2O ext
MeOH ext
MeOH ext
CHcl3 ext
Mouse
[113]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Active
[95]
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Inactive
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[114]
Mouse
[115]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Active
Guinea pig
Active
[116]
Guinea pig
Active
[116]
[115]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2706
Table 1. Cont.
Chromolaena christieana
Argentina
Cynara scolymus
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Aerial part
essent oil
Dried entire
plant
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Fresh leaf
Elephantopus scaber
Brazil
Fresh leaf
Infusion
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
EtOH-H2O (50%)
ext
Decoction
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Conyza bonariensis
Brazil
Conyza floribunda
Ecuador
Conyza sophiifolia
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Brazil
MeOH ext
CH2Cl2 ext
H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
H2O ext
MeOH ext
Essential oil
EtOH (100%) ext
Hexane ext
Acetone ext
CHCl3 ext
Infusion
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
LPS-induced leukocyte
recruitement/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Paw edema test/Route not
given
Paw edema test/Route not
given
Paw edema test/Route not
given
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Inactive
[106]
Mouse
Inactive
[106]
Mouse
Inactive
[106]
Mouse
Active
[117]
Mouse
[95]
Rat
Weak
activity
Active
[118]
Rat
Active
[118]
Rat
Active
[118]
Mouse
Active
[119]
Mouse
Active
[119]
Rat
Inactive
[120]
Rat
Inactive
[120]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2707
Table 1. Cont.
Eremanthus erythropappus
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
EtOH (95%) ext
Eupatorium buniifolium
Argentina
Dried entire
plant
Oven dried
aerial parts
EtOH (100%) ext
CH2Cl2 ext
Brazil
Oven dried
aerial parts
Dried leaf
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (100%) ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
Butanol ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtoAc ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Fresh leaf
Dichloromethane
ext
Hexane ext
Equador
Eupatorium inulaefolium var. Argentina
suaveolens
Argentina
Gochnatia polymorpha
Laennecia sophiifolia
Argentina
Mikania glomerata
Brazil
CH2Cl2 ext
CH2Cl2 ext
H2O ext
Acetone ext
Infusion
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear
Inflammation/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[121]
Mouse
Active
[122]
Mouse
Active
[95]
Mouse
Active
[123]
Rat
Active
[123]
Rat
Active
[124]
Rat
Active
[124]
Rat
Inactive
[124]
Rat
Active
[124]
Rat
Inactive
[124]
Mouse
Active
[112]
Mouse
Active
[112]
Mouse
Active
[119]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2708
Table 1. Cont.
Mutisia kurtzii
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH-H2O (1:1)
ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
Dichloromethanol
Brazil
Dried leaf
Argentina
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Oven dried
aerial parts
EtOH-H2O (1:1)
ext
CH2Cl2 ext
Argentina
Argentina
Neurolaena lobata
Ecuador
Pluchea sagittalis
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Porophyllum ruderale
Brazil
Oven dried
aerial parts
Dried entire
plant
Aerial part
essent oil
MeOH ext
Hot H2O ext
EtOH (100%) ext
Hot H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
CH2Cl2 ext
CH2Cl2 ext
MeOH ext
Essential oil
PAF-induced
edema/Histamine-induced
edema/SC
Carrageenan-induced
pleurisy/IP
Serotonin-induced pleural
edema/SC
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
**/IP
Rat
Inactive
[125]
Mouse
Active
[126]
Rat
Inactive
[125]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear
inflammation/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
LPS-induced leukocyte
recruitement/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[109]
Mouse
Active
[95]
Rat
Active
[123]
Rat
Active
[123]
Mouse
Active
[109]
Rat
Active
[109]
Rat
Inactive
[109]
Mouse
Active
[117]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2709
Table 1. Cont.
Proustia pyrifolia
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
CH2Cl2 ext
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
Venezuela
Dried leaf
EtOH (100%) ext
Venezuela
Dried leaf
Hexane ext
Tagetes pusilla
Ecuador
EtOH (100%) ext
Tanacetum vulgare
Argentina
Dried entire
plant
Dried aerial
parts
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
EtOH (100%) ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
CHCl3 ext
Chile
Chile
Chile
Synedrella nodiflora
CH2Cl2 ext
Hexane ext
Hexane ext
Dichloromethane
ext
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/External
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
Mouse
Active
[59]
Mouse
Active
[59]
Mouse
Active
[59]
Mouse
Active
[59]
Mouse
Active
[59]
Mouse
Active
[59]
Rat
Active
[94]
Rat
Active
[94]
Mouse
Active
[95]
Mouse
Active
[127]
Mouse
Weak
activity
[128]
Mouse
Active
[128]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2710
Table 1. Cont.
Vanillosmopsis arborea
Brazil
Dried
trunkwood
Essential oil
**/Gastric intubation
Mouse
Active
[129]
Bignoniaceae
Adenocalymma alliacea
Peru
EtOH (100%) ext
Rat
Tecoma sambucifolia
Peru
Dried flowers
Type ext not
stated
H2O ext
Weak
activity
Active
[103]
Brazil
Rat
Active
[131]
Peru
Dried flowers
EtOH (95%) ext
Rat
Active
[131]
Peru
Dried perianth
H2O ext
Rat
Active
[131]
Peru
Dried perianth
EtOH (95%) ext
Rat
Active
[131]
Tynnanthus myrianthus
Peru
Dried part not
specified
EtOH (95%) ext
EPP-induced rat ear
oedema/External
Formalin-induced pedal
edema/Route not given
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Tabebuia impetiginosa
Dried root +
stem
Dried bark
Rat
Active
[132]
Boraginaceae
Auxemma oncocalyx
Brazil
Dried
heartwood
Dried
heartwood
Dried
heartwood
Freeze-dried
leaf
Freeze-dried
leaf
Fresh leaf
Quinone fraction
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Miconazole-induced
edema/Intragastric
Nystatin-induced
edema/External
Cotton pellet
granuloma/External
Rat
Active
[133]
Rat
Active
[133]
Rat
Active
[133]
Rat
Active
[134]
Rat
Active
[134]
Rat
Active
[135]
Brazil
Brazil
Cordia verbenacea
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Quinone fraction
Quinone fraction
Lyophilized
extract
Lyophilized
extract
EtOH (70%) ext
[130]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2711
Table 1. Cont.
Brazil
Fresh leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Fresh leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Brazil
Fresh leaf
Freeze-dried
leaf
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Lyophilized
extract
Aqueous high
speed supernatant
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Croton oil-induced
edema/External
Nystatin-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Cold stress and carrageenininduced edema
combined/Gastric intubation
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Oral
Cotton pellet granuloma/Oral
Nystatin-induced
edema/External
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Rat
Active
[135]
Mouse
Active
[136]
Rat
Active
[136]
Rat
Active
[136]
Rat
Active
[137]
Rat
Rat
Active
Active
[137]
[134]
Rat
Inactive
[138]
Symphytum officinale
Brazil
Bromeliaceae
Nidularium procerum
Tillandsia streptocarpa
Brazil
Brazil
Dried leaf
Dried entire
plant
H2O ext
MeOH ext
LPS-induced inflammatory/IP Mouse
Croton oil-induced
Mouse
edema/External
Active
Active
[139]
[140]
Burseraceae
Bursera simaruba
Venezuela
Dried leaf
Hexane ext
Rat
Active
[94]
Venezuela
Dried leaf
EtOH (100%) ext
Rat
Active
[94]
Venezuela
Dried bark
EtOH (100%) ext
Rat
Active
[94]
Venezuela
Dried leaf
Hexane ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[141]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2712
Table 1. Cont.
Protium kleinii
Brazil
Dried bark
Ether ext
Brazil
Dried bark
Ether ext
Celastraceae
Cheiloclinium cognatum
Brazil
Dried rootbark
MeCl2 ext
Maytenus aquifolium
Brazil
Dried leaf/plus
piroxican
Dried leaf
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
MeOH ext
Brazil
Maytenus boaria
Chile
Maytenus ilicifolia
Brazil
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
Brazil
Dried leaf
Hexane-acetone
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtoAc ext
Maytenus laevis
Colombia
Bark
EtOH (95%) ext
Maytenus rigida
Brazil
Dried bark
EtOH (95%) ext
Chloranthaceae
Hedyosmum bonplandianum
Colombia
Dried leaf
Butanol ext
Clusiaceae
Hexane-acetone
EtoAc ext
Arachidonic acid-induced
edema/External
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/External
Mouse
Inactive
[142]
Mouse
Active
[142]
Croton oil-induced
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
**/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Formalin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Formalin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenin-induced pedal
edema/SC
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[143]
Rat
Active
[144]
Rat
Active
[144]
Guinea pig
Active
[145]
Rat
Rat
Active
Active
[82]
[82]
Mouse
Active
[82]
Mouse
Active
[82]
Rat
Active
[146]
Rat
Active
[147]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[148]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2713
Table 1. Cont.
Hypericum brasiliense
Brazil
Dried leaf
Type ext not
stated
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Oral
Rat
Active
[149]
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta chilensis
Chile
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Oven dried
aerial parts
Oven dried
aerial parts
MeOH ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear
inflammation/External
Guinea pig
Active
[150]
Guinea pig
Active
[150]
Rat
Active
[123]
Mouse
Active
[123]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Zymosan-induced
inflammation/IP
**/IP
Rat
Active
[151]
Rat
Active
[152]
Mouse
Active
[153]
Mouse
Active
[154]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Inactive
[155]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Active
[155]
Chile
Ipomoea fistulosa
Argentina
Argentina
Infusion
MeOH ext
CH2Cl2 ext
Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum calcinum
Brazil
Dried leaf
Kalanchoe brasiliensis
Brazil
Fresh leaf
Lyophilized
extract
Plant juice
Brazil
Fresh leaf
Juice
Brazil
Fresh fruit
juice (unripe)
Juice
Brazil
Dried root
MeOH ext
Brazil
Dried root
CHCl3 ext
Brazil
Dried root
MeOH ext
Brazil
Dried root
CHCl3 ext
Cucurbitaceae
Cayaponia tayuya
Mouse
Mouse
[155]
[155]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2714
Table 1. Cont.
Wilbrandia ebracteata
Wilbrandia species
Cyatheaceae
Trichipteris procera
Cyperaceae
Mariscus pedunculatus
Dilleniaceae
Curatella americana
Brazil
Dried root
Infusion
Brazil
Dried root
CH2Cl2 ext
Brazil
Dried root
Brazil
Dried root
CHCl3 soluble
fraction
CH2Cl2 ext
Brazil
Dried root
Brazil
Dried root
Brazil
Dried rhizome
Chromatographic
fraction
CHCl3 soluble
fraction
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Dried rhizome
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Dried rhizome
EtOH (70%) ext
Peru
Inner bark
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced
pleurisy/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced
pleurisy/IP
Carrageenan-induced
pleurisy/IP
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced
granuloma/Intragastric
Mouse
Equivocal
[119]
Rat
[156]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Active
Rat
Active
[156]
Mouse
Active
[156]
Mouse
Active
[156]
Mouse
Active
[157]
Rat
Active
[157]
Rat
Active
[157]
EtOH (95%) ext
**/**
Rabbit
Active
[158]
Venom
Essential oil
LPS-induced pleurisy
model/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[159]
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/IP
Rat
Active
[160]
Mouse
Active
[160]
[156]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2715
Table 1. Cont.
Brazil
Dried
stembark
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Capsaicin induced mouse ear
edema/IP
Mouse
Active
[160]
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense
Brazil
Stem
EtOH - H2O (1:1)
ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Active
[161]
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum argentinum
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Rat
Active
[162]
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[162]
Peru
EtOH (95%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
Rat
edema/IP
Epp-induced rat ear edema/** Rat
**
[132]
Active
[103]
Active
[163]
Rat
Active
[163]
Mouse
Active
[164]
Brazil
Dried bark
EtoAc ext
Mouse
Active
[164]
Brazil
Dried bark
EtOH (80%) ext
Mouse
Active
[164]
Brazil
Dried bark
Butanol ext
Mouse
Active
[164]
Brazil
Dried bark
EtoAc ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Brazil
Dried part not
specified
Dried
stembark
Bark essential
oil
Bark essential
oil
Dried bark
Mouse
Active
[164]
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornea castaneaefolia
Peru
Croton cajucara
Brazil
Brazil
Croton celtidifolius
EtOH (100%) ext
Essential oil
Essential oil
H2O ext
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2716
Table 1. Cont.
Brazil
Dried bark
H2O ext
Brazil
Dried bark
Butanol ext
Croton lechleri
Peru
Ecuador
Latex
**
Croton malambo
Croton menthodorus
Venezuela
Ecuador
Fresh sap
Freeze-drild
latex
Dried bark
Dried seed
EtOH (100%) ext
EtOH-H2O(50%)
ext
EtOH-H2O (50%)
ext
EtOH-H2O(50%)
ext
Hexane ext
Ecuador
Croton pullei var. glabrior
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Dried leaf
Jatropha elliptica
Brazil
Fresh tuber
Brazil
Fresh tuber
Brazil
Fresh tuber
Phyllanthus amarus
Brazil
Phyllanthus carolinensis
Brazil
Phyllanthus corcovadensis
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Dried entire
plant
Dried leaf +
root + stem
Fabaceae
Apuleia leiocarpa
Brazil
Fresh bark
H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
MeOH ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
EtOH-H2O(1:1)
ext
Infusion
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
**/Iinjection
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Albumin-induced edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Serotonin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Cfa induced
edema/Intragastric
Formalin-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/vs.dextran-induced
pedal edema/IP
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[164]
Mouse
Active
[164]
Rat
Rat
Active
Active
[165]
[166]
Mouse
Mouse
Active
Active
[167]
[96]
Mouse
[95]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Active
Rat
Active
[168]
Rat
Inactive
[168]
Rat
Active
[168]
Mouse
Active
[169]
Mouse
Active
[170]
Mouse
Inactive
[171]
Mouse
Active
[119]
[78]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2717
Table 1. Cont.
Bauhinia guianensis
Brazil
Ecuador
Ecuador
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
Ecuador
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Dichloromethane
ext
MeOH ext
Ecuador
Dried leaf
Hexane ext
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Mouse
Active
[76]
Ecuador
Dried leaf
CHCl3 ext
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Mouse
Active
[76]
Caesalpinia ferrea
Brazil
Dried fruit
H2O ext
Rat
Active
[173]
Calliandra angustifolia
Copaifera cearensis
Peru
Brazil
Dried bark
Dried balsam
EtOH (100%) ext
Oleoresin
Rat
Mouse
Inactive
Active
[103]
[174]
Copaifera langsdorfii
Brazil
Dried
oleoresin
Resin
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Epp-induced rat ear edema/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Acetic acid-induced
colitis/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[174]
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Bauhinia tarapotensis
CH2Cl2 ext
Rat
Active
[172]
CH2Cl2 ext
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/IP
Histamine-induced edema/IP
Rat
Inactive
[172]
EtoAc ext
Histamine-induced edema/IP
Rat
Active
[172]
EtoAc ext
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/IP
Histamine-induced edema/IP
Rat
Active
[172]
Rat
Active
[172]
Rat
Active
[172]
Rat
Active
[172]
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Mouse
Mouse
Active
Active
[76]
[76]
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Mouse
Active
[76]
MeOH ext
MeOH ext
MeOH ext
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2718
Table 1. Cont.
Copaifera species
Erythrina velutina
Erythrina crista-galli
Brazil
Oleoresin
Oleoresin
Brazil
Oleoresin
Oleoresin
Brazil
Oleoresin
Oleoresin
Brazil
Dried leaf
Decoction
Brazil
Dried leaf
Decoction
Brazil
Dried leaf
Decoction
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dichloromethane
ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
H2O ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Fresh leaf
MeOH ext
Argentina
Argentina
Marsypianthes chamaedrys
Brazil
H2O ext
Dichloromethane
ext
Infusion
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Histamine-induced vascular
peremability/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[174]
Rat
Active
[174]
Rat
Active
[174]
Rat
Inactive
[175]
Rat
Inactive
[175]
Rat
Inactive
[175]
Mouse
Active
[176]
Mouse
Active
[176]
Mouse
Active
[176]
Rat
Active
[176]
Rat
Active
[176]
Rat
Active
[176]
Mouse
Active
[119]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2719
Table 1. Cont.
Psoralea glandulosa
Chile
Pterocarpus ulei
Peru
Pterodon emarginatus
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried
stembark
Dried fruit
Brazil
Dried fruit
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Stryphnodendron adstringens Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Torresea cearensis
Brazil
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia sylvestris
Brazil
Gentianaceae
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Infusion
Hexane ext
MeOH ext
Pet ether ext
Dichloromethane
ext
MeOH ext
EtOH (100%) ext
Hexane ext
Acetone ext
Dried
stembark
Dried
stembark
Acetone ext
Fresh bark +
leaf
Infusion
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
EPP-induced rat ear
oedema/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Acetic acid induced vascular
permeability/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/carrageenan-induced
pedal edema/Intragastric
**/Intragastric
Guinea pig
Active
[150]
Guinea pig
Active
[150]
Guinea pig
Active
[177]
Guinea pig
Active
[177]
Guinea pig
Active
[177]
Rat
Inactive
[103]
Rat
Active
[178]
Rat
Active
[178]
Mouse
Active
[179]
Rat
Active
[179]
Rat
[179]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Weak
activity
Active
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Mouse
Weak
activity
[119]
[180]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2720
Table 1. Cont.
Gentianella achalensis
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Chromatographic
fraction
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Pet ether ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dichloromethane
ext
Argentina
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dichloromethane
ext
Pet ether ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Paraguay
Aerial parts
Paraguay
Aerial parts
Chromatographic
fraction
EtOH (70%) ext
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Argentina
Argentina
Lamiaceae
Hyptis pectinata
Lavandula latifolia
Raphiodon echinus
Liliaceae
MeOH ext
H2O ext
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[181]
Mouse
Inactive
[181]
Mouse
Inactive
[181]
Mouse
Active
[181]
Rat
Inactive
[181]
Rat
Inactive
[181]
Rat
Inactive
[181]
Arachidonic acid-induced
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/**
Acetic acid-induced dye
diffusion/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[182]
Rat
Active
[182]
Rat
Active
[183]
Rat
Active
[183]
Mouse
Active
[129]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2721
Table 1. Cont.
Polygonatum punctatum
Argentina
Argentina
Oven dried
aerial parts
Oven dried
aerial parts
CH2Cl2 ext
H2O ext
Phorbol myristate acetateinduced ear inflammation/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Active
[123]
Rat
Weak
activity
[123]
Linaceae
Vantanea peruviana
Peru
Dried
stembark
EtOH (100%) ext
EPP-induced rat ear
oedema/**
Rat
Strong
activity
[103]
Loasaceae
Mentzelia chilensis
Peru
Dried stem
EtoAc ext
Rat
Active
[184]
Peru
Dried stem
H2O ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[184]
Lythraceae
Adenaria floribunda
Peru
Dried stem
EtOH (100%) ext
EPP-induced rat ear
oedema/**
Rat
Active
[103]
Magnoliaceae
Talauma ovata
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (95%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Inactive
[185]
Malvaceae
Sida cordifolia
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Rat
Active
[186]
Urena lobata
Ecuador
Dried entire
plant
EtOH (100%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Weak
activity
[95]
Meliaceae
Guarea guidonia
Brazil
Seed
EtOH (90%) ext
Rat
Active
[187]
Brazil
Seed
EtOH (90%) ext
Rat
Active
[187]
Argentina
Dried leaf
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric Intubation
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Gastric Intubation
Zymosan-induced immediate
inflammation moded/IP
Mouse
Active
[188]
Trichilia glabra
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2722
Table 1. Cont.
Menispermaceae
Abuta grandifolia
EtOH (95%) ext
Brazil
Brazil
Dried part not
specified
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Capsaicin induced edema/IP
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear
inflammation/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
**
[132]
Mouse
Mouse
Active
Active
[189]
[189]
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (80%) ext
Rat
Active
[189]
Monimiaceae
Peumus boldus
Chile
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[190]
Moraceae
Dorstenia brasiliensis
Brazil
Fresh root
Infusion
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Mouse
Weak
activity
[119]
Myristicaceae
Virola pavonis
Peru
Dried vine
EtOH (95%) ext
Rat
Active
[132]
Virola peruviana
Peru
EtOH (95%) ext
Rat
Active
[132]
Eugenia uniflora
Brazil
Dried part not
specified
Fresh leaf
Rat
Active
[191]
Brazil
Fresh leaf
EtOH (100%) ext
Rat
Active
[191]
Brazil
Fresh leaf
Decoction
Rat
Active
[191]
Brazil
Dried leaf
Infusion
Rat
Inactive
[191]
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (100%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Inactive
[191]
Cissampelos sympodialis
Peru
EtOH (80%) ext
EtOH (80%) ext
Infusion
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2723
Table 1. Cont.
Psidium guineense
Brazil
Fresh leaf
essential oil
Essential oil
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[192]
Olacaceae
Heisteria acuminata
Ecuador
Dried part not
specified
Dried entire
plant
CH2Cl2 ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Inactive
[96]
Mouse
Active
[95]
Ecuador
EtOH (100%) ext
Orchidaceae
Catasetum barbatum
Paraguay
Dried aerial
parts
EtOH (70%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/**
Rat
Active
[193]
Phytolaccaceae
Petiveria alliacea
Brazil
Dried root
EtOH (70%) ext
Rat
Active
[194]
Brazil
Brazil
Dried root
Dried root
Rat
Rat
Active
Active
[194]
[195]
Brazil
Dried root
Rat
Active
[195]
Brazil
Dried root
Rat
Active
[196]
Brazil
Dried root
Rat
Active
[195]
Peru
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
EtOH (70%) ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Lyophilized
extract
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
EtOH (100%) ext
Croton oil-induced
irritation/**
Cotton pellet granuloma/**
Nystatin induced
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
EPP-induced rat ear
oedema/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Inactive
[103]
Mouse
Inactive
[95]
Mouse
Inactive
[96]
Mouse
Weak
activity
[95]
Phytolacca bogotensis
Ecuador
Ecuador
Phytolacca rivinoides
Ecuador
EtOH (100%) ext
CH2Cl2 ext
EtOH (100%) ext
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2724
Table 1. Cont.
Ecuador
Dried entire
plant
CH2Cl2 ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Inactive
[96]
Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida
Brazil
Dried aerial
H2O ext
Rat
Active
[197]
Piper lenticellosum
Ecuador
EtOH (100%) ext
Mouse
Active
[95]
Piper marginatum
Ecuador
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Dried fruit
Dried leaf
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Mouse
Rat
Active
Active
[96]
[198]
Plantaginaceae
Plantago australis
Brazil
Dried root
Rat
Active
[199]
Brazil
Dried leaf
Rat
Active
[199]
Brazil
Dried fruit
Rat
Active
[199]
Brazil
Brazil
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
H2O ext
H2O ext
Mouse
Rat
Inactive
Active
[200]
[200]
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Rat
Inactive
[200]
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Rat
Active
[200]
Brazil
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Mouse
Weak
activity
[200]
Plantago major
CH2Cl2 ext
H2O ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Croton oil granuloma/**
pouch/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced
pleurisy/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2725
Table 1. Cont.
Polygonaceae
Polygonum punctatum
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Decoction
Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
Dried leaf
H2O ext
CH2Cl2 ext
MeOH ext
H2O ext
Paraguay
Dried leaf
MeOH ext
Paraguay
Dried leaf
CH2Cl2 ext
Proteaceae
Lomatia hirsuta
Chile
Dried leaf
Rhamnaceae
Trevoa trinervis
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Polypodiaceae
Campyloneurum phyllitidis
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric intubation
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/**
Rat
Active
[201]
Rat
Active
[201]
Rat
Inactive
[201]
Rat
Inactive
[201]
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Croton oil-induced edema/**
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Mouse
Mouse
Mouse
Mouse
Active
Active
Active
Active
[106]
[106]
[106]
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Mouse
Active
[106]
Infusion
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Guinea pig
Active
[202]
MeOH ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Guinea pig
Weak
activity
[203]
EtOH-H2O (1:1)
ext
EtOH-H2O (1:1)
ext
Decoction
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2726
Table 1. Cont.
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Hexane ext
Dried bark +
spines
Dried bark +
spines
Dried bark +
spines
Dried aerial
parts
CH2Cl2 ext
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Rosaceae
Acaena splendens
Chile
Chile
Chile
Kageneckia oblonga
Chile
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Guinea pig
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Active
[203]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/**
Guinea pig
[204]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Active
CHCl3-MeOH
extract (2:1)
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/**
Mouse
Active
[205]
Dried aerial
parts
MeOH ext
Acetic acid-induced pedal
edema/**
Mouse
Active
[205]
Dried aerial
parts
CHCl3-MeOH
extract (2:1)
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Guinea pig
Active
[205]
Dichloromethane
ext
H2O ext
MeOH ext
Infusion
MeOH ext
Hexane ext
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
[203]
[203]
[203]
[204]
[204]
[205]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2727
Table 1. Cont.
Chile
Chile
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
H2O soluble
fraction
MeOH ext
Hexane ext
Rubiaceae
Chiococca brachiata
Brazil
Fresh root
Infusion
Coutarea hexandra
Brazil
EtOH (95%) ext
Uncaria guianensis
Peru
Dried
stembark
Dried bark
Uncaria tomentosa
Peru
Lyophilized
extract
H2O ext
Peru
Freeze-dried
bark
Freeze-dried
bark
Dried bark
Peru
Dried bark
Peru
Peru
Dried bark
Dried bark
Peru
Dried bark
Lyophilized
extract
Peru
Dried vine
Type ext not
stated
Peru
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Lyophilized
extract
Lyophilized
extract
H2O ext
H2O ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Guinea pig
Active
[205]
Guinea pig
Active
[205]
Guinea pig
Active
[205]
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
**/**
Mouse
active
[119]
Rat
Active
[206]
Human adult
Active
[207]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
**/IP
Mouse
Active
[208]
Mouse
Active
[208]
Mouse
Active
[209]
**/Oral
Human adult
Active
[209]
Cell Culture
5-ht-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
**/Oral
In vitro
Rat
Active
Active
[210]
[211]
Human adult
Active
[207]
**/Route not given
Human adult
Active
[212]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2728
Table 1. Cont.
Peru
Peru
Dried bark
Dried bark
Pet ether ext
H2O ext
Peru
Dried root
Rootbark
Peru
Dried bark
EtoAc ext
Peru
Part not
specified
Type ext not
stated
Brazil
dried leaf
Pet ether ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dodonaea viscosa
Brazil
Dried leaf
EtOH (70%) ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Sapotaceae
Bumelia sartorum
Brazil
Dried rootbark
EtOH (95%) ext
Scoparia dulcis
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
EtOH (95%) ext
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
H2O ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Gastric Intubation
Histamine-induced
edema/carrageenan-induced
pedal edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum chiloperone
5-ht-Induced pedal edema/IP
Chronic intestinal
inflammation induced by
indomethacin/**
Convulsions strychnineinduced/carrageenan-induced
pedal edemaI/Intragastric
5-ht-Induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
**/**
Rat
Rat
Active
Active
[213]
[210]
Rat
Active
[214]
Rat
Active
[211]
Human adult
Equivocal
[215]
Active
[216]
Rat
Active
[217]
Rat
Active
[218]
Rat
Active
[219]
Rat
Inactive
[219]
Rat
Active
[219]
Sapindaceae
Brazil
EtOH (95%) ext
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2729
Table 1. Cont.
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
EtOH (95%) ext
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Rat
Inactive
[219]
South
America
South
America
South
America
South
America
Seed
Ether ext
**/SC
Rat
Inactive
[220]
Seed
Pet ether ext
**/SC
Rat
Inactive
[220]
Seed
EtOH (95%) ext
Cotton pellet granuloma/SC
Rat
[220]
Seed
H2O ext
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/SC
Rat
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Solanaceae
Brunfelsia bonodora
Peru
EtOH (95%) ext
Active
[132]
Brazil
Rat
Active
[221]
Brazil
Brazil
Root
Fresh leaf
CHCl3 ext
Infusion
Rat
Mouse
Active
Inactive
[222]
[119]
Chile
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Infusion
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenin-induced pedal
edema/Oral
Data incomplete/Oral
Dye diffusion
assay/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Brunfelsia uniflora
Dried part not
specified
Root
Guinea pig
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
[223]
Simaroubaceae
Simaba cedron
Solanum ligustrinum
Chile
Chile
Chile
MeOH ext
Decoction
MeOH ext
Dichloromethane
ext
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
[220]
[223]
[223]
[223]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2730
Table 1. Cont.
Chile
H2O ext
Brazil
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried aerial
parts
Dried fruit
Brazil
Dried fruit
Alkaloid fract
Brazil
Dried fruit
Alkaloid fract
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
Dried entire
plant
Brazil
Brazil
Chile
Chile
Solanum lycocarpum
Turneraceae
Turnera ulmifolia
Brazil
Verbenaceae
Bouchea fluminensis
Brazil
Brazil
Stachytarpheta cayennensis
Brazil
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Croton oil-induced
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/SC
Croton oil-induced edema/SC
Guinea pig
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
EtoAc ext
Dried leaf
H2O ext
dried aerial
parts
dried aerial
parts
dried aerial
parts
Dried leaf
EtOH (95%) ext
Pet ether ext
MeOH ext
EtOH (95%) ext
EtOH (95%) ext
EtOH (95%) ext
EtOH (70%) ext
[223]
Mouse
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Active
Mouse
Active
[224]
Mouse
Active
[224]
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[225]
Rat
Inactive
[225]
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Route not given
5-ht-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Histamine-induced
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Rat
Active
[87]
Mouse
Active
[226]
Mouse
Active
[226]
Mouse
Active
[226]
Rat
Weak
activity
[227]
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
[223]
[223]
[224]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2731
Table 1. Cont.
Winteraceae
Drimys winter
Zingiberaceae
Brazil
Dried leaf
Infusion
Brazil
Dried entire
plant
H2O ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
Butanol ext
Brazil
Dried leaf
Butanol ext
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Brazil
Dried bark
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/carrageenan-induced
pedal edema/histamineinduced edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[227]
Mouse
Inactive
[227]
Salvelinus
alpinus
Rat
Weak
activity
Active
[227]
PgE2 induced paw
oedma/Intragastric
Histamine-induced
edema/Intragastric
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Dextran-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Bradykinin-induced pedal
edema/Intragastric
Paw oedema/Intragastric
Rat
Equivocal
[229]
Rat
Inactive
[229]
Rat
Active
[229]
Rat
Active
[229]
Rat
[229]
Paf-acether induced paw
oedema/Intragastric
Ovalbumine induced paw
oedema/Intragastric
Rat
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Weak
activity
Rat
Rat
[228]
[229]
[229]
[229]
[229]
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2732
Table 1. Cont.
Zingiber officinale
Zygophyllaceae
Larrea divaricata
Brazil
Fresh rhizome
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Hydro-alcoholic
ext
Carrageenan-induced pedal
edema/IP
5-ht-induced pedal edema/IP
Rat
Active
[230]
Brazil
Fresh rhizome
Rat
Active
[230]
Brazil
Fresh rhizome
48180 compound-induced
edema/**
48180 and 5-ht induced skin
edema/IP
Rat
Active
[230]
Brazil
Fresh rhizome
Rat
Active
[230]
Argentina
Dried leaf
MeOH ext
Rat
Active
[231]
Dried leaf
H2O ext
Cotton pellet
granuloma/Intragastric
Peritoneal macrophages/IP
Argentina
Mouse
Active
[232]
** Incompleted dates; IP = intraperitoneal; SC = subcutaneous; EtOH = ethanolic extract ; H2O ext = aqueous extract; MeOH ext = methanol extract;
EtoAc ext = ethyl acetate extract; CH2Cl2 ext = dichloromethane extract; CHCl3 ext = chloroformic extract ; CCl4 = chloroform;
MeCl2 ext = dichloromethane extract; EtOH-H2O = crude aqueous/alcoholic extract; CHCl3-MeOH extract = dichloromethane and methanol extract.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2733
3. Material and Methods
In the present work, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plants was searched through the data bank
of the University of Illinois in Chicago, the NAPRALERT (Acronym for Natural Products ALERT).
The data were updated in September 2009, using anti-inflammatory plants as legend. The plant
extracts studied in South America were selected for this work and the references found in the search
were later consulted for details of the models or mechanisms.
4. Conclusion
Given the above, this review is of fundamental importance to intensify studies with medicinal plants
for the discovery of new bioactive molecules in healing of many diseases, including inflammation,
thus benefiting populations affected by ensuring a better quality of life.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the University of Illinois in Chicago, U.S.A., for the use of the NAPRALERT
database for this study. Thanks are also expressed for the financial support provided by CNPq /
CAPES and PRONEX / FAPESQ, Brazil.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vodovotz, Y.; Constantine G.; Rubin, J.; Csete, M.; Voit, E.O.; An, G. Mechanistic simulations
of inflammation: Current state and future prospects. Math. Biosci. 2009, 217, 1–10.
Cuzzocrea, S. Shock, inflammation and PARP. Pharmacol. Res. 2005, 52, 72–82.
Serhan, C.N.; Brain, S.D.; Buckley, C.D.; Gilroy, D.W.; Haslett, C.; O’neall, L.A.J.; Perretti, M.;
Rossi, A.G.; Wallace, J.L. Resolution of inflammation: State of the art, definitions and terms.
FASEB J. 2007, 21, 325–332.
Conforti, F.; Sosa, S.; Marrelli, M.; Menichini, F.; Statti, G.A.; Uzunov, D.; Tubaro, A.;
Menichini, F.; Loggia, R.D. In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of
Mediterranean dietary plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 116, 144–151.
Delaporte, R.H.; Sanchez, G.M.; Cuellar, A.C.; Giuliani, A.; Palazzo de Mello, J.C.
Anti-inflammatory activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition of iridoid lamiide isolated from
Bouchea fluminensis (Vell.) Mold. (Verbenaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 82, 127–130.
Geronikaki, A.A.; Gavalas, A.M. Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory diseases: Synthetic and
natural antioxidants with anti-inflammatory activity. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screening
2006, 9, 425–442.
Tincani, A.; Andreoli, L.; Bazzani, C.; Bosiso, D.; Sozzani, S. Inflammatory molecules: A target
for treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun. Rev. 2007, 7, 1–7.
Kumar, V.; Abbas, A.K.; Fausto, N. Inflamação aguda e crônica. In Robbins e
Cotran—Patologia, 7th ed.; Editora Saunders Elsevier: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2005; pp. 49–89.
Chizzolini, C. Update on pathophysiology of scleroderma with special reference to
immunoinflammatory events. Ann. Med. 2007, 39, 42–53.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2734
Polya, G.M. Biochemical targets of plant bioactive compounds. In A Pharmacological Reference
Guide to Sites of Action and Biological Effects 2003; CRC Press: New York, NY, USA.
Xiao, J.; Jiang, X.; Chen, X. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effect of flavonoids
from Marchantia convoluta. Afr. J. Traditional Complementary Altern. Med. 2005, 2, 244–252.
Simões, C.M.O.; Schenkel, E.P.; Gosmann, G.; Mello, J.C.P.; Mentz, L.A. Farmacognosia da
Planta ao Medicamento, 5th ed.; Editora da UFRGS: Porto Alegre, Brasil, 2004; p. 424.
Rimbach, G.; Melchin, M.; Moehring, J.; Wagner, A.E. Polyphenols from cocoa and vascular
health—a critical review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 4290–4309.
Balunas, M.J.; Kinghorn, A.D. Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci. 2005, 78,
431–441.
Sousa, O.V.; Vieira, G.D.V.; Pinho, J.D.R.G.; Yamamoto, C.H.; Alves, M.S. Antinociceptive
and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaves in animal
models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2067–2078.
Yim, J.H.; Lee, O.-H.; Choi, U.-K.; Kim, Y.-C. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of
ethanolic extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr and Rhynchosia nulubilis seeds. Int. J. Mol. Sci.
2009, 10, 4742–4753.
Yam, M.F.; Lim, V.; Salman, I.M.; Ameer, O.Z.; Ang, L.F.; Rosidah, N.; Abdulkarim, M.F.;
Abdullah, G.Z.; Basir, R.; Sadikun, A.; Asmawi, M.Z. HPLC and anti-inflammatory studies of
the flavonoid rich chloroform extract fraction of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves. Molecules 2010,
15, 4452–4466.
Souza, E.T.; Queiroz, A.C.Q.; Miranda, G.E.C.; Lorenzo, V.P.; Silva, E.F.; Freire-Dias, T.L.M.;
Cupertino-Silva, Y.K.; Melo, G.M.A.; Santos, B.V.O.; Chaves, M.C.O.; Alexandre-Moreira,
M.S. Antinociceptive activities of crude methanolic extract and phases, n-butanolic, chloroformic
and ethyl acetate from Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpaceae). Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2009, 19,
115–120.
Marzouk, M.S.; Moharram, F.A.; El-Dib, R.A.; El-Shenawy, S.M.; Tawfike, A.F. Polyphenolic
profile and bioactivity study of Oenothera speciosa Nutt. aerial parts. Molecules 2009, 14,
1456–1467.
Potterat, O.; Hamburger, M. Drug discovery and development with plant derived compounds.
Prog. Drug Res. 2008, 65, 47–118.
Moura, M.D.; Torres, A.R.; Oliveira, R.A.G.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Natural
products as inhibitors of models of mammary neoplasia. Br. J. Phytother. 2001, 5, 124–145.
Moura, M.D.; Silva, J.S.; Oliveira, R.A.G.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Natural
products reported as potential inhibitors of uterine cervical neoplasia. Acta Farm. Bonaer. 2002,
21, 67–74.
Silva, J.S.; Moura, M.D.; Oliveira, R.A.G.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Natural
product inhibitors of ovarian neoplasia. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 221–232.
Gonçalves, M.C.R.; Moura, L.S.A.; Rabelo, L.A.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Cruz, H.M.M.; Cruz, J.
Natural products inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase. Rev. Bras. Farm. 2000, 81, 63–71.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
2735
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Martins, V.K.M.; Rabelo, L.A.; Moura, M.D.; Silva, M.S.; Cunha, E.V.L.;
Souza, M.F.V.; Almeida, R.N.; Medeiros, I.A. Natural products inhibitors of the angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE). A review between 1980-2000. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2006, 16,
421–446.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Medeiros, K.C.P.; Diniz, M.F.M.; Batista, L.M.; Athayde-Filho, P.F.;
Silva, M.S.; Cunha, E.V.L.; Almeida, J.R.G.S.; Quintans-Júnior, L.J. Natural products inhibitors
of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2006, 16, 258–285.
Almeida, R.N.; Navarro, D.S.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Plants with central analgesic activity.
Phytomedicine 2001, 8, 310–322.
Pereira, J.V.; Modesto-Filho, J.; Agra, M.F.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Plant and plant-derived
compounds employed in prevention of the osteoporosis. Acta Farm. Bonaer. 2002, 21,
223–234.
Morais, L.C.S.L.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Almeida, R.N.; Plants and bioactive compounds for the
treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Arquivos Brasileiros de Fitomedicina Científica 2003, 1,
127–132.
Quintans-Júnior, L.J.; Almeida, J.R.G.S.; Lima, J.T.; Nunes, X.P.; Siqueira, J.S.;
Oliveira, L.E.G.; Almeida, R.N.; Athayde-Filho, P.F.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Plants with
anticonvulsant properties—A review. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2008, 18, 798–819.
Sousa, F.C.F.; Melo, C.T.V.; Citó, M.C.O.; Félix, F.H.C.; Vasconcelos, S.M.M.;
Fonteles, M.M.F.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Viana, G.S.B. Plantas medicinais e seus constituintes
bioativos: Uma revisão da bioatividade e potenciais benefícios nos distúrbios da ansiedade em
modelos animais. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2008, 18, 642–654.
Rocha, L.G.; Almeida, J.R.G.S.; Macedo, R.O.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. A review of natural
products with antileishmanial activity. Phytomedicine 2005, 12, 514–535.
Amaral, F.M.M.; Ribeiro, M.N.S.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Reis, A.S.; Nascimento, F.R.F.;
Macedo, R.O. Plants and chemical constituents with giardicidal activity. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn.
2006, 16, 696–720.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Nascimento-Júnior, F.A.; Tomaz, A.C.A.; Athayde-Filho, P.F.; Silva, M.S.;
Cunha, E.V.L. Natural products with antileprotic activity. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2007, 17,
141–148.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Vasconcelos, T.H.C.; Alencar, A.A.; Batista, L.M.; Oliveira, R.A.G.;
Guedes, D.N.; Falcão, H.S.; Moura, M.D.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.; Modesto-Filho, J. Plants and their
active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity. Rev.
Bras. Farmacogn. 2005, 15, 392–413.
Falcão, H.S.; Lima, I.O.; Santos, V.L.; Dantas, H.F.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.;
Batista, L.M. Review of the plants with anti-inflammatory activity studied in Brazil. Rev. Bras.
Farmacogn. 2005, 15, 381–391.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Piuvezam, M.R.; Moura, M.D.; Silva, M.S.; Lima, K.V.B.; Cunha, E.V.L.;
Fechine, I.M.; Takemura, O.S. Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids: A twenty century review.
Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2006, 16, 109–139.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
2736
Mariath, I.R.; Falcão, H.S.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Sousa, L.C.F.; Tomaz, A.C.A.;
Batista, M.F.F.M.; Athayde-Filho, P.F.; Tavares, J.F.; Silva, M.S.; Cunha, E.V.L. Plants of the
American continent with antimalarial activity. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2009, 19, 158–192.
Falcão, H.S.; Leite, J.A.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Athayde-Filho, P.F.; Chaves, M.C.O.;
Moura, M.D.; Ferreira, A.L.; Almeida, A.B.A.; Souza-Brito, A.R.M.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.;
Batista, L.M. Gastric and duodenal antiulcer activity of alkaloids: A review. Molecules 2008, 13,
3198–3223.
Falcão, H.S.; Mariath, I.R.; Diniz, M.F.F.M.; Batista, L.M.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Plants of the
American continent with antiulcer activity. Phytomedicine 2008, 15, 132–146.
Mota, K.S.L.; Dias, G.E.N.; Pinto, M.E.F.; Luiz-Ferreira, A.; Souza-Brito, A.R.M.;
Hiruma-Lima, C.A.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Batista, L.M. Flavonoids with gastroprotective
activity. Molecules 2009, 14, 979–1012.
Ribeiro-Filho, J.; Falcão, H.S.; Batista, L.M.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Piuvezam, M.R. Effects of
plant extracts on HIV-1 protease. Curr. HIV Res. 2010, 8, 531–544.
Agra, M.F.; França, P.F.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and
poisonous in Northeast of Brazil. Rev. Bras Farmacogn. 2007, 17, 114–140.
Agra, M.F.; Silva, K.N.; Basílio, I.J.L.D.; França, P.F.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Survey of medicinal
plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil. Rev. Bras Farmacogn. 2008, 18, 472–508.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Alencar, A.A.; Nunes, X.P.; Tomaz, A.C.A.; Sena-Filho, J.G.;
Athayde-Filho, P.F.; Silva, M.S.; Souza, M.F.V.; Cunha, E.V.L. Sources of alpha-, beta-,
gamma-, delta- and epsilon-carotenes: A twentieth century review. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2008,
18, 135–154.
Alves, J.S.; Castro, J.C.; Freire, M.O.; Cunha, E.V.L.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Silva, M.S. Complete
assignment of the 1H and 13C spectra of four triterpenes of the ursane, artane, lupane and
friedelane groups. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2000, 38, 201–206.
Sena-Filho, J.G.; Duringer, J.M.; Maia, G.L.A.; Tavares, J.F.; Xavier, H.S.; Silva, M.S.;
Cunha, E.V.L.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Ecdysteroids from Vitex species: Distribution and
compilation of their 13C-NMR spectral data. Chem. Biodivers. 2008, 5, 707–713.
Oliveira, S.L.; Silva, M.S.; Tavares, J.F.; Sena-Filho, J.G.; Lucena, H.F.S.; Romero, M.A.V.;
Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Tropane alkaloids from genus Erythrorylum: Distribution and compilation
of C-NMR spectral data. Chem. Biodivers. 2010, 7, 302–326.
Andrade, N.C.; Cunha, E.V.L.; Silva, M.S.; Agra, M.F.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Terpenoids of the
Annonaceae: Distribution and compilation of 13C NMR data. In Recent Research Developments
in Phytochemistry; Gayathri., A., Ed.; Research Signpost: Kerala, India, 2003; Volume 7,
pp. 1–85.
Vasconcelos, S.M.M.; Honório-Júnior, J.E.R.; Abreu, R.N.D.C.; Silva, M.C.C.;
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Lobato, R.F.G. Pharmacologic study of some plant species from the
Brazilian Northeast: Calotropis procera, Agava sisalana, Solanum paludosum, Dioscorea
cayenensis and Crotalaria retusa. In Medicinal Plants: Classification, Biosynthesis and
Pharmacology; Varela, A., Jasiah Ibañez, J., Eds.; Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: Hauppauge,
NY, USA, 2009; Volume 4, pp. 189–202.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
2737
Vasconcelos, S.M.M.; Pereira, E.C.; Chaves, E.M.C.; Lobato, R.F.G.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.;
Patrocínio, M.C.A. Pharmacologic study of Amburana cearensis and Aniba genus. In Recent
Progress in Medicinal Plants. Drug Plant IV; Singh, V.K., Govil, J.N., Eds.; Studium Press
LLC: Houston, TX, USA, 2010; Volume 30, pp. 51–64.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Cunha, E.V.L.; Gray, A.I. Alkaloids of the Menispermaceae. In
The Alkaloids; Cordell, G.A., Ed.; Academic Press, INC: California, CA, USA, 2000;
Volume 54, pp. 1–199.
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Sette, I.M.F.; Cunha, E.V.L.; Guedes, D.N.; Silva, M.S. Protoberberine
alkaloids. In: The Alkaloids, Cordell, G.A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005;
Volume 62, pp. 1–75.
Conserva, L.M.; Pereira, C.A.B.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. Alkaloids of the Hernandiaceae:
Occurrence and a compilation of their biological activities. In The Alkaloids; Cordell, G.A., Ed.;
Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005; Volume 62, pp. 175–243.
Muñoz, M.; Barrera, E.; Meza, I. El uso medicinal y alimentício de plantas nativas y
naturalizadas en Chile. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 1981, 33, 32.
Zdero, C.; Bohlmann, F.; King, R.M.; Robinson, H. Isocedrene derivatives, 5-methyl coumarins
and other constituents from the subtribu Nassauviinae of the Compositae. Phytochemistry 1986,
25, 2873–2882.
Bittner, M.; Jakupovic, J.; Bohlmann, F.; Silva, M. Coumarins and guaianolides from further
Chilean representatives of the subtribe Nassauviinae. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 2867–2868.
Dannhardt, G.; Kiefer, W. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors—current status and future prospects. Eur.
J. Med. Chem. 2001, 36, 109–126.
Delporte, C.; Backhouse, N.; Erazo, S.; Negrete, R.; Vidal, P.; Silva, X.; Lopez-Perez, J.L.;
Feliciano, A.S.; Munoz, O. Analgesic-antiinflammatory properties of Proustia pyrifolia.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 99, 119–124.
Abena, A.A.; Ouamba, J.M.; Keita, A. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of
essential oil of Agereatum conyzoides. Phytother. Res. 1996, 10, 164–165.
Marques Neto, J.F.; Costallat, L.T.V.; Fernandes, S.R.M.; de Napoli, M.D.M.; Samara, A.M.
Efeito do Ageratum conyzoides Lin. no tratamento da artrose. Rev. Bras. Reumatol. 1988, 28,
109–114.
Magalhães, J.F.G.; Viana, C.F.G.; Aragão, A.G.M., Jr.; Moraes, V.G.; Ribeiro, R.A.; Vale, M.R.
Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of Ageratum conyzoides in rats. Phytother. Res. 1997,
11, 183–188.
Quellet, M.; Percival, D. Effect of inhibitor timedependency on selectivity towards
ciclooxigenase isoforms. Biochem. J. 1995, 306, 247–251.
Terlains, B.; Jouzeau, J.Y.; Gillet, P.; Lecompte, T.; Netter, P. Cyclooxygenase inductible. Du
nouveau sur les relations entre anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens et inhibition de la synthese de
prostaglandines. Press. Med. 1995, 24, 491–496.
Moura, A.C.A.; Silva, E.L.F.; Fraga, M.C.A.; Wanderley, A.G.; Afiatpour, P.; Maia, M.B.S.
Antiinflammatory and chronic toxicity study of the leaves of Ageratum conyzoides L. in rats.
Phytomedicine 2005, 12, 138–142.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
2738
Mendonça, C.J.; Trigo, J.R.; Barata, L.E.S.; Serra, G.E. Alcalóides Hepatotóxicos
(Pirrolizidınicos) em Ageratum conyzoides (Resumo 16.45); X Reunião Anual da Federacão de
Sociedades de Biologia Experimental: Serra Negra, Brasil, 1995;
Widenfeld, H.; Roder, E. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Ageratum conyzoides. Planta Med. 1991,
57, 578–579.
Couet, C.E.; Crews, C.; Hanley, B.A. Analysis, separation and bioassay of pyrrolizidine
alkaloids from comfrey. Nat. Toxins 1996, 4, 163–167.
Giberti, G. Herbal folk medicine in northwestern Argentina: Compositae. J. Ethnopharmacol.
1983, 7, 321–341.
Ratera, E.L.; Ratera, M.O. Plantas de la Flora Argentina empleadas em Medicina Popular.
Hemisferio Sur. 1980, p.108.
Miño, J.; Moscatelli, V.; Hnatyszyn, O.; Gorzalczany, S.; Acevedo, C.; Ferraro, G.
Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of Artemisia copa extracts. Pharmacol. Res.
2004, 50, 59–63.
Cordero, J. Enumeracion de Botanica de los Principales Plantas asi Utiles Come Nocivas,
Indigenas o Aclimatadas, que se dan en la Provincias del Azuay y del Cañar de la Repubblica de
Ecuador, 2nd ed.; Afrodisio Aguado: Madrid, Spain, 1950; p. 251.
Kohn, E.O. La cultura medica de los runas de la region Amazzonica Ecuadoriana. In Hombre y
Ambiente; Ediciones Abya-Yala: Ecuador, Spain, 1992; p. 105.
Braca, A.; de Tommasi, N.; di Bari, L.; Pizza, C.; Politi, M.; Morelli, I. Antioxidant principles
from Bauhinia tarapotensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 892–895.
Tubaro, A.; Dri, P.; Delbello, G.; Zilli, C.; Della Loggia, R. The Croton oil ear test revisited.
Agents Actions 1985, 17, 347–349.
Sosa, S.; Braca, A.; Altinier, G.; Della Loggia, R.; Morelli, I.; Tubaro, A. Topical
anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia tarapotensis leaves. Phytomedicine 2002, 9, 646–653.
Gallenmüller, F.; Müller, U.; Rowe, N.; Speck, T. The growth form of Croton pullei
(Euphorbiaceae)-Functional morphology and biomechanics of a neotropical Liana. Plant Biol.
2001, 1, 50–61.
Rocha, F.F.; Neves, E.M.N.; Costa, E.A.; Matos, L.G.; Muller, A.H.; Guilhon, M.S.P.;
Cortes, W.S.; Vanderlinde, F.A. Evaluation of antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of
Croton pullei var. glabrior Lanj. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2008, 18, 344–349.
Balbach, A.A. Flora Nacional na Medicina Doméstica, 11th.; Editora Edel: A Edificação do lar.
São Paulo, Brasil, 1980; pp. 885.
Cruz, G.L. Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil. 2nd ed.; Editora Nacional: Civilização
Brasileira. São Paulo, Brasil, 1982; pp. 335–336.
Born, G.C.C. Plantas medicinais da Mata Atlântica (Vale do Ribeira-SP), Tese de doutorado
Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2000.
Jorge, R.M.; Leite, J.P.V.; Oliveira, A.B.; Tagliati, C.A. Evaluation of antinociceptive,
anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of Maytenus ilicifolia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004,
94, 93–100.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
2739
Oliveira, G.M.O.; Monteiro, M.G.; Macaúbas, C.; Barbosa, V.P.; Carlini, E.A. Pharmacological
and toxicologic effects of two Maytenus species in laboratory animals. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991,
34, 29–41.
Lino, C.S.; Taveira, M.L.; Viana, G.S.B.; Matos, F.J.A. Analgesic and antiinflammatory
activities of Justicia pectoralis Jacq and its main constituents: Coumarin and umbelliferone.
Phytother. Res. 1997, 11 , 211–215.
Calixto, J.B.; de Lima, T.C.M.; Morato, G.S.; Nicolau, M.; Takahashi, R.N.; Valle, R.M.R.;
Schmidt, C.C.; Yunes, R.A. Chemical and pharmacological analysis of the crude
aqueous/alcoholic extract from Cordyline dracaenoides. Phytother. Res. 1990, 5, 167–171.
Dutra, R.C.; Tavares, C.Z.; Ferraz, S.O.; Sousa, O.V.; Pimenta, D.S. Investigation of analgesic
and anti-inflammatory activities of Echinodorus grandiflorus rhizomes methanol extract.
Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2006, 16, 469–474.
Delaporte, R.H.; Sanchez, G.M.; Cuellar, A.C.; Demello, J.C.P. Quality control and
antiinflammatory activity of the plant drugs Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and Bouchea
fluminensis (Vell.) Mold. Acta Farm. Bonaerense 2001, 20, 39–46.
Teixeira, C.G.L.; Piccoli, A.; Costa, P.; Soares, L.; da Silva-Santos, J.E. Involvment of the nitric
oxide/soluble guanylate cyclase pathway in the anti-oedematogenic action of Pfaffia glomerata
(Spreng) Pedersen in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2006, 58, 667–675.
Taniguchi, S.F.; Bersani-Amado, C.; Sudo, L.S.; Assef, S.M.C.; Oga, S. Effect of
Pfaffia iresinoides on the experimental inflammatory prcoess in rats. Phytother. Res. 1997, 11,
568–571.
Mazzanti, G.; Braghiroli, L.; Tita, B.; Bolle, P.; Piccinelli, D. Anti-inflammatory activity of
Pfaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze and Pfaffia stenophylla (Sprengel) Stuchl. Pharmacol. Res.
1993, 27, 91–92.
Mazzanti, G.; Braghiroli, L. Analgesic and antiinflammatory action of Pfaffia paniculata
(Marticus) Kuntze. Phytother. Res. 1994, 8, 413–416.
Mota, M.L.R.; Thomas, G.; Barbosa Filho, J.M. Anti-inflammatory actions of tannins isolated
from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1985, 13, 289–300.
Viana, G.S.B.; Bandeira, M.A.M.; Matos, F.J.A. Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of
chalcones isolated from Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemao. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 189–195.
Abad, M.J.; Bermejo, P.; Carretero, E.; Martinez Acitores, C.; Noguera, B.; Villar, A.
Antiinflammatory activity of some medicinal plant extracts from Venezuela. J. Ethnopharmacol.
1996, 55, 63–68.
de Las Heras, B.; Slowing, K.; Benedi, J.; Carretero, E.; Ortega, T.; Toledo, C.; Bermejo, P.;
Iglesias, I.; Abad, M.J.; Gomez-Serranillos, P.; Liso, P.A.; Villar, A.; Chiriboga, X.
Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 61, 161–166.
Ortega, T.; Carretero, M.E.; Pascual, E.; Villar, A.M.; Chiriboga, X. Anti-inflammatory activity
of ethanolic extracts of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. Phytother. Res. 1996, 10,
S121–S122.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
2740
Henriques, A.T.; Melo, A.A.; Moreno, P.R.H.; Ene, L.L.; Henriques, J.A.P.; Schapoval, E.E.S.
Ervatamia coronaria: Chemical constituents and some pharmacological activities.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996, 50, 19–25.
de Miranda, A.L.; Silva, J.R.; Rezende, C.M.; Neves, J.S.; Parrini, S.C.; Pinheiro, M.L.B.;
Cordeiro, M.C.; Tamgborini, E.; Pinto, A.C. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the
latex containing triterpenes from Himatanthus sucuuba. Planta Med. 2000, 66, 284–286.
Calixton, J.B.; Nicolau, M.; Trebien, H.; Henrique, M.G.O.; Weg, V.B.; Cordeiro, R.S.B.;
Yunes, R.A. Antiedematogenic actions of a hydroalcoholic crude water-alcohol extract of
Mandevilla velutinabraz. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1986, 19, 4–5.
Calixto, J.B.; Zanini, J.C.; Cruz, A.B.; Yunes, R.A.; Medeiros, Y.S. Extract and compounds
obtained from Mandevilla velutina inhibit arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema in mice, but not
rat stomach contraction. Prostaglandins 1991, 41, 515–526.
Henriques, M.G.M.O.; Fernandes, P.D.; Weg, V.B.; Yunes, R.A.; Cordeiro, R.S.B.; Calixto, J.B.
Inhibition of rat paw oedema and pleurisy by the extract from Mandevilla velutina. Agents
Actions 1991, 33, 272–278.
Rates, S.M.K.; Schapoval, E.E.S; Souza, I.A.; Henriques, A.T. Chemical constituents and
pharmacological activities of Peschiera australis. Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993, 31, 288–294.
Dunstan, C.A.; Noreen, Y.; Serrano, G.; Cox, P.A.; Perera, P.; Bohlin, L. Evaluation of some
samoan and peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 57, 35–56.
Fazio, S.; Pouso, J.; Dolinsky, D.; Fernandez, A.; Hernandez, M.; Clavier, G.; Hecker, M.
Tolerance, safety and efficacy of Hedera helix extract in inflammatory bronchial diseases under
clinical practice conditions: a prospective, open, multicentre postmarketing study in 9657
patients. Phytomedicine 2009, 16, 17–24.
Maia, M.B.S.; Rao, V.S. Anti-inflammatory activity of Orbignia phalerata in rats. Phytother.
Res. 1989, 3, 170–174.
Muschietti, L.; Martino, V.; Ferraro, G.; Coussio, J.; Segura, L.; Cartana, C.; Canigueral, S.;
Adzet, T. The antiinflammatory effect of some species from South America. Phytother. Res.
1996, 10, 84–86.
Simões, C.M.O.; Schenkel, E.P.; Bauer, L.; Langeloh, A. Pharmacological investigations on
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam). DC., Compositae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988, 22, 281–293.
Viana, C.F.G.; Aragao, A.G.M., Jr.; Ribeiro, R.A.; Magalhaes, J.F.G.; Vale, M.R. Effects of
Ageratum conyzoides in nociception and inflammatory response induced by Zymosan.
Fitoterapia 1998, 69, 349–354.
Perez, F.; Marin, E.; Adzet, T. The antiinflammatory effect of several Compositae from South
America extracts in rats. Phytother. Res. 1995, 9, 145–146.
Gene, R.M.; Marin, E.; Adzet, T. Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of three species
of the genus Baccharis. Planta Med. 1992, 58, 656–566.
Salama, A.M.; Polo, N.A.; Contreras, C.R.; Maldonado, L. Preliminary phytochemical and
pharmacological analysis of Baccharis decussata leaves. Rev. Colomb Cienc. Quim. Farm. 1987,
16, 45–50.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2741
112. Cifuente, D.A.; Simirgiotis, M.J.; Favier, L.S.; Rotelli, A.E.; Pelzer, E. Anti-inflammatory
activity from aerial parts of Baccharis medullosa, Baccharis rufescens and Laennecia sophiifolia
in mice. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 529–531.
113. Gene, R.M.; Cartana, C.; Adzet, T.; Marin, E.; Parella, T.; Canigueral, S. Anti-inflammatory and
analgesic activity of Baccharis trimera: Identification of its active constituents. Planta Med.
1996, 62, 232–235.
114. Pereira, R.L.C.; Ibrahim, T.; Lucchetti, L.; da Silva, A.J.R.; de Moraes, V.L.G.
Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract and the polyacetylene
isolated from Bidens pilosa L. Immunopharmacol. 1999, 43, 31–37.
115. Ortega, C.A.; Rotelli, A.E.; Gianello, J.C. Chemical components and anti-inflammatory activity
from Bidens subalternans. Planta Med. 1998, 64, 778.
116. Negrete, R.E.; Backhouse, N.; Cajigal, I.; Delporte, C.; Cassels, B.R.; Breitmaier, E.;
Eckhardt, G. Two new antiinflammatory elemanolides from Centaurea chilensis.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 40, 149–153.
117. Souza, M.C.; Siani, A.C.; Ramos, M.F.S.; Menezes-De-Lima, O.; Henriques, M.G.M.O.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from two Asteraceae species.
Pharmazie 2003, 58, 582–586.
118. Simirgiotis, M.J.; Favier, L.S.; Rossomando, P.C.; Tonn, C.E.; Juarez, A.; Giordano, O.S.
Phytochemical study of Conyza sophiaefolia. antiinflammatory activity. Molecules 2000, 5,
605–606.
119. Ruppelt, B.M.; Pereira, E.F.R.; Goncalves, L.C.; Pereira, N.A. Pharmacological screening of
plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom-1. Analgesic and antiinflammatory
activities. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991, 86, 203–205.
120. Poli, A.; Nicolau, M.; Simoes, C.M.O.; Nicolau, R.M.R.D.V.; Zanin, M. Preliminary
pharmacologic evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: In vivo
studies. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992, 37, 71–76.
121. Silverio, M.S.; Sousa, O.V.; Del-Vechio-Viera, G.; Miranda, M.A.; Matheus, F.C.;
Kaplan, M.A.C. Pharmacological properties of the ethanol extract from Eremanthus
erythropappus (DC.) Mcleisch (Asteraceae). Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2008, 18, 430–435.
122. Muschietti, L.; Gorzalczany, S.; Ferraro, G.; Acevedo, C.; Acevedo, C.; Martino, V. Phenolic
compounds with antiinflammatory activity from Eupatorium buniifolium. Planta Med. 2001, 67,
743–744.
123. Gorzalczany, S.; Acevedo, C.; Msuchietti, L.; Martino, V.; Ferraro, G. Search for
antiinflammatory activity in Argentine medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 1996, 3, 181–184.
124. Moreira, A.S.; Spitzer, V.; Schapoval, E.E.S.; Schnekel, E.P. Antiinflammatory activity of
extracts and fractions from the leaves of Gochnatia polymorpha. Phytother. Res. 2000, 14,
638–640.
125. Fierro, I.M.; da Silva, A.C.B.; Lopes, C.S.; de Moura, R.S.; Barja-Fidalgo, C. Studies on the
anti-allergic activity of Mikania glomerata. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 66, 19–24.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2742
126. de Moura, R.S.; Costa, S.S.; Jansen, J.; Silva, C.A.; Lopes, C.S.; Bernardo Filho, M.;
da Silva, V.N.; Criddle, D.N.; Portela, N.; Rubenich, L.M.S.; Araujo, R.G.; Carvalho, L.C.R.M.
Bronchodilator activity of Mikania glomerata sprengel on human bronchi and guinea-pig
trachea. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2002, 54, 249–256.
127. Benoit, P.S.; Fong, H.H.S.; Svoboda, G.H.; Farnsworth, N.R. Biological and phytochemical
evaluation of plants. XIV. Antiinflammatory evaluation of 163 species of plants. Lloydia 1976,
39, 160–171.
128. Schinella, G.R.; Giner, R.M.; Recio, M.D.C.; de Buschiazzo, F.M.; Rios, J.L.; Manez, S.
Anti-inflammatory effects of South American Tanacetum vulgare. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1998,
50, 1069–1074.
129. Menezes, A.M.S.; Almeida, F.R.C.; Rao, V.S.N.; Matos, M.E.O. Anti-inflammatory activity of
the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea. Fitoterapia 1990, 61, 252–254.
130. Oga, S.; Sekino, T. Toxicity and antiinflammatory activity of Tabebuia avellanedae extracts.
Rev. Fac. Farm. Bioquim. Univ. Sao Paulo 1969, 7, 47–53.
131. Alguacil, L.F.; Mera, A.G.; Gomez, J.; Llinares, F.; Morales, L.; Munoz-Mingarro, M.D.;
Pozuelo, J.M.; Orellana, J.A.V. Tecoma sambucifolia: Anti-inflammatory and antiociceptive
activities, and ―in vitro‖ toxicity of extracts of the ―huarumo‖ of peruvian incas.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 70, 227–233.
132. Persinos-Perdue, G.; Mc Daniel, S. Evaluation of peruvian folk medicine by the natural products
research laboratories (Abstract). Am. Soc. Pharmacogn. Soc. Econ. Bot. 1981, 1, 5.
133. Ferreira, M.A.D.; Nunes, D.R.H.; Fontenele, J.B.; Pessoa, D.L.; Lomos, T.L.G.; Viana, G.S.B.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of a fraction rich in oncocalyxone a isolated from
Auxemma oncocalyx. Phytomedicine 2004, 11, 315–322.
134. Sertie, J.A.A.; Woisky, R.G.; Wiezel, G.; Rodrigues, M. Pharmacological assay of Cordia
verbenacea: Oral and topical anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic effect and fetus toxicity of a
crude leaf extract. Phytomedicine 2005, 5, 338–344.
135. Basile, A.C.; Sertie, J.A.A.; Oshiro, T.; Caly, K.D.V.; Panizza, S. Topical anti-inflammatory
activity and toxicity of Cordia verbenacea. Fitoterapia 1989, 60, 260–263.
136. Sertie, J.A.A.; Basile, A.C.; Panizza, S.; Oshiro, T.T.; Azzolini, C.P.; Penna, S.C.
Pharmacological assay of Cordia verbenaceae III. Oral and topical antiinflammatory activtiy and
gastrotoxicity of crude leaf extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991, 31, 239–247.
137. Sertie, J.A.A.; Basile, A.C.; Panizza, S.; Matida, A.K.; Zelnik, R. Pharmacological assay of
Cordia verbenacea: Part 1. Anti-inflammatory activity and toxicity of the crude extract of the
leaves. Planta Med. 1988, 54, 7–10.
138. Goldman, R.S.; Freitas, P.C.D.; Oga, S. Wound healing and analgesic effect of crude extracts of
Symphytum officinale rats. Fitoterapia 1985, 56, 323–329.
139. Amendoeira, F.C.; Frutuoso, V.S.; Chedier, L.M.; Pearman, A.T.; Figueiredo, M.R.;
Kaplan, M.A.C.; Prescott, S.M.; Bozza, P.T.; Castro-Farianeto, H.C. Antinociceptive effect of
Nidularium procerum: A Bromeliaceae from the Brazilian coastal rain forest. Phytomedicine
2005, 12, 78–87.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2743
140. Delaporte, R.H.; Sarragiotto, M.H.; Takemura, O.S.; Sanchez, G.M.; Filho, B.P.D.;
Nakamura, C.V. Evaluation of the antioedematogenic, free radical scavenging and antimicrobial
activities of aerial parts of Tillandsia streptocarpa Baker-Bromeliaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol.
2004, 95, 229–233.
141. Noguera, B.; Diaz, E.; Garcia, M.V.; Feliciano, A.S.; Lopez-perez, J.L.; Israel, A.
Anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract and fractions of Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg
(Burseraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 92, 129–133.
142. Otuki, M.F.; Vieira-Lima, F.; Malheiros, A.; Yunes, R.A.; Calixto, J.B. Topical antiinflammatory
effects of the ether extract from Protium kleinii and alpha amyrin pentacyclic triterpene.
Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 507, 253–259.
143. Costa, E.A.; Santos, L.R.; Pontes, I.S.; Matos, L.G.; Silva, G.A.; Liao, L.M. Analgesic and
anti-inflammatory effects of Cheiloclinium cognatum root barks. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2007,
17, 508–513.
144. Kimura, E.; Albiero, A.L.M.; Cuman, R.K.N.; Caparroz-Assef, S.M.; Oga, S.;
Bersani-Amado, C.A. Effect of Maytenus aquifolium extract on the pharmacokinetic and
antiinflammatory effectivenes of piroxicam in rats. Phytomedicine 2000, 7, 117–121.
145. Backhouse, N.; Delporte, C.; Negrete, R.; Munoz, O.; Ruiz, R. Antiinflammatory and antipyretic
activities of Maytenus boaria. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 1994, 32, 239–244.
146. Moya, S.M.; Olarte, C.J.E. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the antiarthritics of
plant origin. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quim. Farm. 1977, 3, 5–6.
147. Santos, V.L.D.; Costa, V.B.M.; Agra, M.F.; Silva, B.A.; Batista, L.M. Pharmacological studies
of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus Rigida mart (Celastraceae) in animal models. Rev. Bras.
Farmacogn. 2007, 17, 336–342.
148. Cardenas, L.C.; Rodriguez, J.; Villaverde, M.C.; Riguera, R.; Cadena, R.; Otero, J.A. The
analgesic activity of Hedyosmum bonplandianum: flavonoid glycosides. Planta Med. 1993, 59,
26–27.
149. Perazzo, F.F.; Lima, L.M.; Padilha, M.D.M.; Rocha, L.M.; Sousa, P.J.C.; Carvalho, J.C.T.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Hypericum brasiliense (Willd) standardized
extract. Rer. Bras. Farmacogn. 2008, 18, 320–325.
150. Bakchouse, N.; Delporte, C.; Negrete, R.; Salinas, P.; Pinto, A.; Aravena, S.; Cassels, B.K.;
Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities of Cuscuta chilensis, Cestrum parqui and Psoralea
glandulosa. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 1996, 34, 53–57.
151. Sousa, P.J.C.; Rocha, J.C.S.; Pessoa, A.M.; Alves, L.A.D.; Carvalho, J.C.T. Preliminary study of
the anti-inflammatory activity of Bryophyllum calcinum Salisb. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2005, 15,
60–64.
152. Mourao, R.H.V.; Santos, F.O.; Franzotti, E.M.; Moreno, M.P.N.; Antoniolli, A.R.
Antiinflammatory activity and acute toxicity (LD50) of the juice of Kalanchoe brasiliensis
(Comb.) leaves picked before and during blooming. Phytother. Res. 1999, 13, 352–354.
153. Ibrahim, T.; Cunha, J.M.T.; Madi, K.; Fonseca, L.M.B.; Costa, S.S.; Koatz, V.L.G.
Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Kalachoe brasiliensis. Int.
Immunopharmacol. 2002, 2, 875–883.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2744
154. Ibrahim, T.; Pereira, R.L.C.; Almeida, A.P.; Madi, K.; Fonseca, L.B.M.; Costa, S.S.;
Goncalves-Moraes, V.L. Antiinflammatory effect of Kalanchoe brasiliensis on zymosan-induced
arthritis in mice. Phytomedicine 2000, 7, 110.
155. Rios, J.L.; Giner, R.M.; Jimenez, M.J.; Wickman, G.; Hancke, J.L. A study on the
anti-inflammatory activity of Cayaponia tayuya root. Fitoterapia 1990, 61, 275–278.
156. Peters, R.R.; Farias, M.R.; Ribeiro-Do-Valle, R.M. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of
curcubitacins from Wilbrandia ebracteata. Planta Med. 1997, 63, 525–528.
157. Almeida, F.R.C.; Rao, V.S.N.; Matos, M.E.O. Antiinflammatory, antitumour and antifertility
effects in rodents of two nor-cucurbitacin glucosides from Wilbrandia species. Phytother. Res.
1992, 6, 189–193.
158. Nalvarte, E.L.; Kehl, H. Pharmacological characteristics of Trichipteris procera. Int. J. Crude
Drug Res. 1990, 28, 97–102.
159. Siani, A.C.; Silva, A.M.P.; Nakamura, M.J.; de Carvalho, M.V.; Henriques, M.G.M.O.;
Ramos, M.F.S.; Kaiser, C.R. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of the
hydrodistillat from Mariscus pedunculatus. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2001, 12, 354–359.
160. Alexandre-Moreira, M.S.; Piuvezam, M.R.; Araujo, C.C.; Thomas, G. Studies on the
anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Curatella americana L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999,
67, 171–177.
161. Monte, F.H.M.D.; Santos J.R.J.G.; Russi, M.; Lanziotti, V.M.N.B.; Leal, L.K.A.M.;
Cunha, G.M.D.A. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydroalcoholic ectract
of stems from Equisetum arvense L. In mice. Pharmacol. Res. 2004, 49, 239–243.
162. Chaves, C.G.; Schapoval, E.E.S.; Zuanazzi, J.A.; Diehl, E.; Siqueira, N.C.S.; Henriques, A.T.
Erythroxylum argentinum: Assays for antiinflammatory activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988, 22,
117–120.
163. Bighetti, E.J.B.; Hirum-Lima, C.A.; Gracioso, J.S.; Brito, A.R.M.S. Anti-inflamamtory and
antinociceptive effects in rodents of the essential oil of Croton cajucara Benth. J. Pharm.
Pharmacol. 1999, 51, 1447–1453.
164. Nardi, G.M.; Felippi, R.; Dalbo, S.; Siqueira-Junior, J.M.; Arruda, D.C.; Monache, F.D.;
Timbola, A.K.; Pizzolatti, M.G.; Ckless, K.; Ribeiro-Dovalle, R.M. Anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant effects of Croton celtidifolius bark. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 176–184.
165. Miller, M.J.S.; Vergnolle, N.; Mc Knight, W.; Musah, R.A.; Davison, C.A.; Trentacostik, A.M.;
Thompson, J.H.; Sandoval, M.; Wallace, J.L. Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by the
amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001, 117, 725–730.
166. Risco, E.; Ghia, F.; Vila, R.; Iglesias, J.; Alvarez, E.; Caniqueral, S. Immunomodulatory activity
and chemical characterisation of sangre de drago (dragon’s blood) from Croton lechleri. Planta
Med. 2003, 69, 785–794.
167. Suarez, A.I.; Compagnone, R.S.; Salazar-Bookaman, M.M.; Tillett, S.; Monache, F.D.;
di Giulio, C.; Bruges, G. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Croton malambo bark
aqueous extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003, 88, 11–14.
168. Trebien, H.A.; Neves, P.C.A.; Yunes, R.A.; Calixto, J.B. Evaluation of pharmacological activity
of a crude hydroalcoholic extract from Jatropha elliptica. Phytother. Res. 1988, 2, 115–118.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2745
169. Kassuya, C.A.L.; Silvestre, A.A.; Rehder, V.L.G.; Calixto, J.B. Anti-allodynic and
anti-oedematogenic properties of the extract and lignans from Phyllanthus amarus in models of
persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 478, 145–153.
170. Filho, V.C.; Santos, A.R.S.; de Campos, R.O.P.; Migueo, O.G.; Yunes, R.A.; Ferrari, F.;
Messna, I.; Calixto, J.B. Chemical and pharmacological studies of Phyllanthus caroliniensis in
mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1996, 48, 1231–1236.
171. Gorski, F.; Correa, C.R.; Filho, V.C.; Yunes, R.A.; Calixto, J.B. Potent antinociceptive activity
of a hydroalcoholic extract of Phyllanthus corcovadensis. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1993, 45,
1046–1049.
172. Carvalho, J.C.T.; Santos, L.S.; Viana, E.P.; de Almeide, S.S.M.S.; Marconato, E.; Rodrigues, M.;
Ferreira, L.R.; van de Kamp, A. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude extracts
from stem bark on Bauhinia guianensis. Pharm. Biol. 1999, 37, 281–284.
173. Carvalho, J.C.T.; Teixeira, J.R.M.; Souza, P.J.C.; Bastos, J.K.; Filho, D.D.S.; Sarti, S.J.
Preliminary studies of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Caesalpinia ferrea crude
extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996, 53, 175–178.
174. Fernandes, R.M.; Pereira, N.A.; Paulo, L.G. Anti-inflammatory activity of copaiba balsam
(Copaifera cearensis Huber). Rev. Bras. Farm. 1992, 73, 53–56.
175. Marchioro, M.; Blank, M.D.F.A.; Mourao, R.H.V.; Antoniolli, A.R. Anti-nociceptive activity of
the aqueous extract of Erythrina velutina leaves. Fitoterapia 2005, 76, 637–642.
176. Miño, J.; Gorzalczany, S.; Moscatelli, V.; Ferraro, G.; Acevedo, C.; Hnatyszyn, O. Actividad
antinociceptiva y antiinflammatoria de Erythrina crista-galli L. (―ceibo‖). Acta Farm.
Bonaerense 2002, 21, 93–98.
177. Backhouse, C.N.; Delporte, C.L.; Negrete, R.E.; Erazo, S.; Zuniga, A.; Pinto, A.; Cassels, B.K.
Active constituents isolated from Psoralea glandulosa L. with antiinflammatory and antipyretic
activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 78, 27–31.
178. Carvalho, J.C.T.; Sertie, J.A.A.; Barbosa, M.V.J.; Patricio, K.C.M.; Caputo, L.R.G.; Sarti, S.J.;
Ferreira, L.P.; Bastos, J.K. Anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract from the fruits of
Pterodon emarginatus Vog. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 64, 127–133.
179. Lima, J.C.S.; Martins, D.T.O.; dve Souza, P.T., Jr. Experimental evaluation of stem bark of
Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother. Res.
1998, 12, 218–220.
180. Leal, L.; Matos, M.E.; Matos, F.J.A.; Rieiro, R.A.; Ferreira, F.V.; Viana, G.S.B. Antinociceptive
and antiedematogenic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract and coumarin from Torresea
cearensis Fr. All. Phytomedicine 1997, 4, 221–227.
181. Nadinic, E.; Gorzalczany, S.; Rojo, A.; van Baren, C.; Debenedetti, S.; Acevedo, C. Topical
anti-inflammatory activity of Gentianella achalensis. Fitoterapia 1999, 70, 166–171.
182. Bispo, M.D.; Mourao, R.H.V.; Franzotti, E.M.; Bomfim, K.B.R.; Arrigoni Blank, M.D.F.;
Moreno, M.P.N.; Marchioro, M.; Antoniolli, A.R. Antinociceptive and antiedematogenic effects
of the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata leaves in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharmacol.
2001, 76, 81–86.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2746
183. Shimizu, M.; Shogawa, H.; Matsuzawa, T.; Yonezawa, S.; Hayashi, T.; Arisawa, M.; Suzuki, S.;
Yoshizaki, M.; Morita, N.; Ferro, E.; Basualdo, I.; Berganza, L.H. Anti-inflammatory
constituents of topically applied crude drugs. IV. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of
Paraguayan crude drug ―alhucema‖ (Lavandula latifolia Vill.). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38,
2283–2284.
184. Bucar, F.; Knauder, E.; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. Studies on the antiinflammatory principle of
Mentzelia chilensis. Phytother. Res. 1998, 12, 275–278.
185. Morato, G.S.; Calixto, J.B.; Cordeiro, L.; de Lima, T.C.M.; Morato, E.F.; Nicolau, M.;
Rae, G.A.; Takahashi, R.N.; Valle, R.M.R.; Yunes, R.A. Chemical and pharmacological studies
on Talauma ovata St. Hil. (Magnoliaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 1989, 26, 277–286.
186. Franzotti, E.M.; Santos, C.V.F.; Rodrigues, H.M.S.L.; Mourao, R.H.V.; Andrade, M.R.;
Antoniolli, A.R. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L.
(Malva-branca). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 72, pp. 273–278.
187. Oga, S.; Sertie, J.A.; Brasile, A.C.; Hanada, S. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from
Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981, 42, 310–312.
188. Benencia, F.; Courreges, M.C.; Coulombie, F.C. Anti-inflammatory activities of Trichilia glabra
aqueous leaf extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 71, 293–300.
189. Batista-Lima, K.V.; Ribeiro, R.; Balestieri, F.M.P.; Thomas, G.; Piuvezam, M.R.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampleos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) leaf extract.
Acta Farm. Bonaerense 2001, 20, 275–279.
190. Lanhers, M.C.; Joyeux, M.; Soulimani, R.; Fleurentin, J.; Sayag, M.; Mortier, F.; Younos, C.;
Pelt, J.M. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional medicinal plant of
Chile, Peumus boldus. Planta Med. 1991, 57, 110–115.
191. Schapoval, E.E.S.; Silveira, S.M.; Miranda, M.L.; Alice, C.B.; Henriques, A.T. Evaluation of
some pharmacological activities of Eugenia uniflora L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994, 44, 137–142.
192. Santos, F.A.; Rao, V.S.N.; Silveira, E.R. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the
essential oil of Psidium guianense. Fitoterapia 1997, 68, 65–68.
193. Shimizu, M.; Shogawa, H.; Hayashi, T.; Arisawa, M.; Suzuki, S.; Yoshizaki, M.; Morita, N.;
Ferro, E.; Basualdo, I.L.; Berganza, L.H. Anti-inflammotory constituents of topically applied
crude drug. III. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of Paraguayan crude drug ―tamanda
cuna‖ (Cataesetum barbatum Lindle). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 4447–4452.
194. Germano, D.H.P.; Caldeira, T.T.O.; Mazella, A.A.G.; Sertie, J.A.A.; Bacchi, E.M. Topical
anti-inflammatory activity and toxicity of Petiveria alliaceae. Fitoterapia 1993, 64, 459–467.
195. Germano, D.H.P.; Sertie, J.A.A.; Bacchi, E.M. Pharmacological assay of Petiveria alliacea. Ii:
Oral anti-inflammatory activity and gastrotoxicity of a hydroalcoholic root extract. Fitoterapia
1995, 66, 195–202.
196. Lopes-Martins, R.A.B.; Pegoraro, D.H.; Woisky, R.; Penna, S.C.; Sertie, J.A.A. The
anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a crude extract of Petiveria alliacea L.
(Phytolaccaceae). Phytomedicine 2002, 9, 245–248.
197. Arrigoni-Blank, M.F.; Dmitrieva, E.G.; Franzotti, E.M.; Antoniolli, A.R.; Andrade, M.R.;
Marchioro, M. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK
(Piperaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91, 215–218.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2747
198. D'angelo, L.C.A.; Zavier, H.S.; Torres, L.M.B.; Lapa, A.J.; Souccar, C. Pharmacology of Piper
marginatum Jacq. a folk medicinal plant used as an analgesic, antiinflammatory and hemostatic.
Phytomedicine 1997, 4, 33–40.
199. Palmeriro, N.S.; Almeida, C.E.; Ghedini, P.C.; Goulart, L.S.; Baldisserotto, B. Analgesic and
anti-inflammatory properties of Plantago australis hydroalcoholic extract. Acta Farm.
Bonaerense 2002, 21, 89–92.
200. Guillen, M.E.N.; Emim, J.A.S.; Souccar, C.; Lapa, A.J. Analgesic and antiinflammatory
activities of the aqueous extract of Plantago major L. Int. J. Pharmacog. 1997, 35, 99–104.
201. Oliveira-Simoes, C.M.; Ribeiro-Do-Vale, R.M.; Poli, A.; Nicolau, M.; Zanin, M.
Pharmacological investigation on Polygonum punctatum Elliot (P.Acre H.B.K) estracts.
J. Pharm. Belg. 1989, 44, 275–284.
202. Erazo, S.; Garcia, R.; Bakchouse, N.; Lemus, I.; Delporte, I.C.; Andrade, C. Phytochemical and
biological study of radal Lomatia hirsuta (Proteacea). J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 57, 81–83.
203. Delporte, C.L.; Bakchouse, C.N.; Erazo, S.; Negrete, R.E.; Silva, C.; Hess, A.; Munoz, O.;
Garcia-Gravalos, M.D.; Feliciano, A.S. Biological activities and metabolites from Trevoa
trinervis Miers. Phytother. Res. 1997, 11, 504–507.
204. Backhouse, N.; Delporte, C.; Negrete, R.; Suarez, S.; Cassels, B.K.; Breitmaier, E.; Schneider, C.
Antiinflammatory and antipyretic metabolites of Acaena splendens. Int. J. Pharmacog. 1997, 35,
49–54.
205. Delporte, C.; Munoz, O.; Rojas, J.; Ferrandiz, M.; Paya, M.; Erazo, S.; Negrete, R.;
Maldonado, S.; Feliciano, A.S.; Backhouse, N. Pharmaco-toxicological study of Kageneckia
olblonga, Rosaceae. Z. Naturforsch. 2002, 57c, 100–108.
206. de Almeida, E.R.; de Santana, C.F.; de Mello, J.F. Anti-inflammatory activity of Coutarea
hexandra. Fitoterapia 1991, 62, 447–448.
207. Piscoya, J.; Rodriguesz, Z.; Bustamante, S.A.; Okuhama, N.N.; Miller, M.J.S.; Sandoval, M.
Efficacy and safety of freeze-dried cat’s claw in osteoarthritis of the knee: mechanisms of action
of the species Uncaria guianensis. Inflamm. Res. 2001, 50, 442–448.
208. Aguilar, J.L.; Rojas, P.; Marcelo, A.; Plaza, A.; Bauer, R.; Reininger, E.; Klass, C.A.; Merfort, I.
Anti-inflammatory activity of two different extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae).
J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 81, 271–276.
209. Herrera, H.; Jorge, E. Procesamiento de la Uncaria tomentosa (willd.) Dc. Una de gato en
imet-ipss. Biodivers. Salud 1998, 1, 32–37.
210. Sandoval-Chacon, M.; Thompson, J.H.; Zhang, X.J.; Liu, X.; Mannick, E.E.;
Sadowska-Krowicka, H.; Charbonnet, R.M.; Clark, D.A.; Miller, M.S.J. Antiinflammatory
actions of cat’s claw: the role of nf-kb. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998, 12, 1279–1289.
211. Centi, R.; Esquivel, C.; Pino, A. Fractionation of the methanolic extract of Uncaria tomentosa
Willd D.C. And its relation with the anti-inflamamtory effect. Phytomedicine 2000, 7, 90.
212. Mur, E.; Hartig, F.; Eibl, G.; Schirmer, M. Randomized double blind trial of an extract from the
pentacyclic alkaloid-chemotype of Uncaria tomentosa for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
J. Rheumatol. 2002, 29, 678–681.
213. Senatore, A.; Cataldo, A.; Iaccarino, F.P.; Elberti, M.G. Phytochemical and biological reserach
on Uncaria tomentosa. Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 1989, 65, 517–520.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2748
214. Keplinger, K.; Laurs, G.; Wurm, M.; Dierich, M.P.; Teppner, H. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.)
D.C.-ethnomedicinal use and new pharmacological, toxicological and botanical results.
J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 64, 23–34.
215. Miller, M.; Mehta, K.; Kunte, S.; Raut, V.; Gala, J.; Dhumale, R.; Shukla, A.; Tupalli, H.;
Parikh, H.; Bobrowski, P.; Chadhary, J. Early relief of osteoarthritis symptoms with a natural
mineral supplement and a herbomineral combination: A randomized controlled trial. J. Inflamm.
2005, 2, 14.
216. Villalba, M.A.; Carmo, M.I.; Leite, M.N.; Sousa, O.V. Pharmacological activities of
Zanthoxylum chiloperone (Rutaceae) extracts. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2007, 17, 236–241.
217. Khalil, N.M.; Sperotto, J.S.; Manfron, M.P. Antiinflammatory activity and acute toxicity of
Dodonaea viscose. Fitoterapia 2006, 77, 478–480.
218. Almeida, R.N.; Barbosa Filho, J.M.; Naik, S.R. Chemistry and pharmacology of an ethanol
extract of Bumelia sartorum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1985, 14, 173–185.
219. Freire, S.M.D.F.; Emim, J.A.D.S.; Torres, L.M.B. Analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of
Scoparia dulcis L. extracts and glutinol in rodents. Phytother. Res. 1993, 7, 408–414.
220. Hammarlund, E.R. Occurrence of a weak anti-inflammatory substance in Simaba cedroon seed.
J. Pharm. Sci. 1963, 52, 204.
221. Iyer, R.P.; Brown, J.K.; Chaubal, M.G.; Malone, M.H. Brunfelsia hopeana I: Hippocratic
screening and antiinflammatory evaluation. Lloydia 1977, 40, 356–360.
222. Iyer, R.P.; Chaubal, M.G. Brunfelsia hopeana-pharmacologic screening: Isolation and
characterization of hoppeanine. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1978, 39, 761.
223. Delporte, C.; Backhouse, N.; Negrete, R.; Salinas, P.; Rivas, F.; Cassels, B.K.; San Feliciano, A.
Antipyretic, hypothermic and antiinflammatory activities and metabolites from Solanum
ligustrinum Lood. Phytother. Res. 1998, 12, 118–122.
224. Vieira, J.R.G.; Ferreira, P.M.; Matos, L.G.; Ferreira, E.C.; Rodovalho, W.; Ferri, P.H.
Anti-inflammatory effect of Solanum lycocarpum fruits. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 892–896.
225. Antonio, M.A.; Souza Brito, A.R.M. Oral anti-flammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of a
hydroalcoholic extract and partitioned fractions of Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae).
J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 61, 215–228.
226. Costa, V.B.; Coube, C.S.; Marinho, B.G.; Matheus, M.E.; Leitão, S.G.; Fernandes, P.D.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Bouchea fluminensis. Fitoterapia 2003, 74,
364–371.
227. Schapoval, E.E.S.; de Vargas, M.R.W.; Chaves, C.G.; Bridi, R.; Zuanazzi, J.A.; Henriques, A.T.
Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of extracts and isolated compounds from
Stachytarpheta cayennensis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 60, 53–59.
228. Mesia-Vela, S.; Souccar, C.; Lima-Landman, M.T.R.; Lapa, A.J. Pharmacological study of
Stachytarpheta cayennensis Vahl in rodents. Phytomedicine 2004, 11, 616–624.
229. Tratsk, K.S.; Campos, M.M.; Vaz, Z.R.; Filho, V.C.; Schlemper, V.; Yunes, R.A.; Calixto, J.B.
Anti-allergic effects and oedema inhibition caused by the extract of Drymis Winteri. Inflamm.
Res. 1997, 46, 509–514.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12
2749
230. Penna, S.C.; Medeiros, M.V.; Aimbire, F.S.C.; Faria-Neto, H.C.C.; Sertie, J.A.A.;
Lopes-Martins, R.A.B. Anti-inflammatory effect of the hydralcoholic extract of Zingiber
officinale rhizomes on rat paw and skin edema. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 381–385.
231. Pedernera, A.M.; Guardia, T.; Calgeron, C.G.; Rotelli, A.E.; de la Rocha, N.E.; di Genaro, S.;
Pelzer, L.E. Anti-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Larrea
divaricata Cav. in rat. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 105, 415–420.
232. Martino, R.F.; Davicino, R.C.; Mattar, M.A.; Casali, Y.A.; Correa, S.G.; Anesini, C.
Micalizzi, B. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of fractions obtained from aqueous extraxts of
Larrea divaricata Cav (Jarilla) on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol.
Immunotoxicol. 2010, 32, 125–132.
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).