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URBAN AND RE GI ONAL DE V E L OP ME NT P L ANS F ORMUL A T I ON AND I MP L E ME NT A T I ON ( URDP F I ) GUI DE L I NE S
URBAN AND RE GI ONAL DE V E L OP ME NT P L ANS F ORMUL A T I ON AND I MP L E ME NT A T I ON ( URDP F I ) GUI DE L I NE S
Ksa ArchJ a n u a r y , 2 0 1 5 T o wn a n d Co u n t r y P l a n n i n g Or g a n i s a t i o n Go v e r n me n t o f I n d i a Mi n i s t r y o f Ur b a n De v e l o p me n t h t t p : / / mo u d. g o v. i n V o l u me I
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E u n i c eY. A d e k e y e 1 , Ol u b u k o l aA. I s a h 2 a n dA d e t a y oB. A d e k e y e 3 F e d e r a l U n i v e r s i t yo f A g r i c u l t u r e , A b e o k u t a , Ni g e r i a , P. M. B. 2 2 4 0 , A l a b a t a , A b e o k u t a d u p e 2 0 0 9 4 f a v o r @y a h o o. c o m A B S T R A C T T h i ss t u d yc a r r i e do u ti nF e d e r a l U n i v e r s i t yo fA g r i c u l t u r e , A b e o k u t ae v a l u a t e st h ef e e d i n g v a l u eo fM.o l e i f e r al e a fme a l-b a s e d(MOL M)c o n c e n t r a t ea ss u p p l e me n tf o rWe s tA f r i c a n d wa r f(WA D)s h e e pp r o d u c t i o n .F i v ed i e t a r yc o n c e n t r a t e swe r ef o r mu l a t e dwi t hM. o l e i f e r a i n c l u d e da t 0 %, 5 %, 1 0 %, 1 5 % a n d2 0 % o f c o n c e n t r a t ed i e t a n dc h e mi c a l c o mp o s i t i o no f t h e d i e t swa sd e t e r mi n e du s i n g2 5WA Ds h e e p(r = 5). R e s u l t ss h o we dt h a td i e twi t h2 0 % MOL M i n c l u s i o n h a d t h e h i g h e s tC P c o n t e n t(2 1. 6 0 %) ,a s h (1 8. 7 5 %) ,A st h e l e v e lo fi n c l u s i o n i n c r e a s e df r o m 0-2 0 %MOL M, t h e r ewa sad e c r e a s ei nme t h a n ep r o d u c t i o nf r o m 1 3. 0 0-8. 5 0 mL / 2 0 0mgD M. T h eh i g h e s tme t a b o l i z a b l ee n e r g y(ME)(2 4. 5 3MJ / k gD M)wa so b t a i n e da t 2 0 % MOL M i n c l u s i o nwh e r e a sh i g h e s t (p < 0. 0 5) v a l u e so f o r g a n i cma t t e rd i g e s t i b i l i t y(8 7. 6 3 %) a n di nv i t r oDr yMa t t e rd i g e s t i b i l i t y(I V D MD) (9 5. 8 3 %) we r eo b t a i n e da t 1 5 % MOL M i n c l u s i o n. T h es t u d yc o n c l u d e dt h a t2 0 % MOL M i n c l u s i o nr e d u c e dme t h a n ep r o d u c t i o na n di mp r o v e d t h eC Pc o n t e n t a swe l l a sME , I V D MDa n dOMD. K e yWo r d s Me t h a n ep r o d u c t i o n , i nv i t r oDr yMa t t e r d i g e s t i b i l i t y , me t a b o l i z a b l ee n e r g ya n do r g a n i c ma t t e r d i g e s t i b i l i t y I n t r o d u c t i o n T r e el e a v e sa r er i c hi nc r u d ep r o t e i n , mi n e r a l sa n dd i g e s t i b l en u t r i e n t swh e nc o mp a r e dt o g r a s s e s. On eo f s u c ht r e e si sMo r i n g ao l e i f e r a. T h et r e eh a dg r e a t l yg a i n e dr e s e a r c ha t t e n t i o n wi t h i nt h eWe s tA f r i c a ns u b-r e g i o na sa n i ma l f e e ds u p p l e me n tt oa d d r e s st h eo b s e r v e dC P s h o r t a g eo f n a t u r a l p a s t u r ea n dc r o pr e s i d u e s. I nt h eq u e s t f o re f f i c i e n t f e e d i n gp r o g r a mmemo s t e s p e c i a l l yd u r i n gt h eo f f-s e a s o n swi t ht h e u s eo fs u p p l e me n t si n c r e a s e st h eMe t h a n ep r o d u c t i o nf r o m t h er u mi n a n t s ,a n dg l o b a l l y , 5 0 – 6 0 % o fme t h a n ee mi s s i o n sa r ef r o m t h ea g r i c u l t u r a ls e c t o r ,s p e c i f i c a l l yf r o m l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o no p e r a t i o n s ; t h ep r i n c i p a l s o u r c eo f me t h a n ei sf r o m r u mi n a n t s(E l l i se t a l. , 2 0 0 7). D o me s t i c a t e dr u mi n a n t ,s u c ha sc a t t l e ,s h e e p ,a n dg o a t sp r o d u c ea smu c ha s8 6mi l l i o n me t r i ct o n n e s(T g) o f me t h a n ep e r y e a r (Mc Mi c h a e l e t a l. , 2 0 0 7) .I t i st h e r e f o r ei mp e r a t i v et o c a r r yo u t t ar e s e a r c ht h a t e s t a b l i s h e sa ne f f i c i e n t WA Ds h e e pn u t r i t i o nt h a t r e d u c e sMe t h a n e p r o d u c t i o nwi t h o u t c o mp r o mi s i n gc r u d ep r o t e i n , me t a b o l i z a b l ee n e r g ya n dd i g e s t i b i l i t i e s. Ma t e r i a l sa n dMe t h o d s T h ee x p e r i me n t a l d i e t sc o n s i s t e do fc o n c e n t r a t ewi t hv a r y i n gl e v e l so fd r i e dMo r i n g al e a v e s a n db a s a ld i e to fP a n i c u m ma x i mu m (G u i n e ag r a s s) .T h eP .ma x i mu m wa sh a r v e s t e di n n a t u r a l p a s t u r e , wi l t e do v e r-n i g h tb e f o r eb e i n gf e dt ot h ea n i ma l s. Ont h eo t h e rh a n d , t h e Mo r i n g al e a v e s(b e f o r ef l o we r i n g)we r ec o l l e c t e da n da i rd r i e du n t i lac o n s t a n twe i g h ti s r e a c h e da n dp r e s e r v e d ; t h ec o n c e n t r a t ewa sf o r mu l a t e da ss h o wnt a b l e1. C r u d ep r o t e i n(C P) wa sc a r r i e do u t a c c o r d i n gt oA. O. A. C. (2 0 0 0) p r o c e d u r e. Wh i l eI nv i t r og a s p r o d u c t i o n , Me t a b o l i z a b ee n e r g ya n dOr g a n i cma t t e rd i g e s t i b i l i t ywe r ed e t e r mi n e d(Me n k e
2003 •
URBANANDREGI
ONALDEVELOPMENTPLANS
FORMULATI
ONANDI
MPLEMENTATI
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(
URDPFI
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MINISTER OF URBAN DEVELOPME
D
ENT
INDIA
FOREWA
ARD
The Urrban and Regional
R
Deevelopment Plans Form
mulation an
nd Implementation
RDPFI) Guideelines, 2014
4 have been formulated
d keeping in
n view the em
merging sceenario in
(UR
plan
nned develo
opment of ciities and tow
wns. The firsst Guidelinees were prep
pared in 199
96 and a
lot of
o changes have
h
taken place
p
in term
ms of applicaation of latesst technologgy along with
h spatial
grow
wth of citiess and townss, and urban
n dynamism together haas contributed to their planning
p
and developmeent. Since thee provision of infrastructure facilitiies has impllications bey
yond the
nicipal limitts of cities and
a towns, itt becomes imperative to
t formulatee City Regio
onal Plan
mun
so as
a to ensurre balanced developmeent of all settlements within the region. Heence, the
Guid
delines havee included methodologgical framew
work for plaan formulattion at the Regional
R
leveel.
he advances of Remote Sensing and
d Geographiical Informaation System
ms (GIS),
With th
the Plan makin
ng process can
c become expeditiouss and with integration of both spaatial and
o spatial growth of ciities and
attribute data, detailed assessment can be madee in terms of
wns, extent of unauth
horized and
d haphazarrd developm
ment and laying of physical
tow
infrastructure facilities
f
in anticipation
n with the projected
p
grrowth of po
opulation. Prresently,
otified out of total numb
ber of 7933 cities and towns.
t
It
about 2100 Maaster Plan haave been no
DPFI Guideliines, 2014, all the citiees and town
ns of the
is exxpected thaat with the use of URD
coun
ntry will hav
ve the beneffit of Statuto
ory Master Plans.
P
t be furtheer strengtheened by ensu
uring that the
t cities
The Plaan making process has to
and towns aree able to geenerate eno
ough resources to susstain themsselves. This will be
d
h transpareency in goveernance is ensured.
e
posssible only iff planned developmen
t along with
The vision for planned developmentt for any ciity or a tow
wn should strive for inclusive
i
w
efforts for provisio
on of both physical
p
and
d social infrrastructure facilities
development with
pulation and
d level of in
nadequacy to
t be reduceed to the minimum
m
for all sections of the pop
u
areas should emeerge as Sma
art Cities
posssible extentt. In the eraa of globalizzation, the urban
which now is th
he main focu
us of the Min
nistry of Urb
ban Develop
pment.
RDPFI Guideelines, 2014
4 will be of great help
p to State Town and Country
The UR
nning Departments, Urrban Develo
opment Autthorities, Urban Local Bodies, Schools of
Plan
Plan
nning and various
v
Ressearch Instittutions. Thee State Gov
vernments h
have to pro
oactively
adopt these Gu
uidelines and
d complete the preparaation of Masster Plans ffor all the ciities and
wns. Ministry
y of Urban Developmen
D
nt will alway
ys be keen to
t assist the State Governments
tow
in teerms of adop
ption of the Guidelines.
VENKAIAH NAIDU)
(V
i
ii
PREFACE
Planning for development is an envisioning process which requires a sound
assessment of the ground realities and providing options for sustainable
development within the bounds of the demographic, physical, socio‐economic,
jurisdictional and financial aspects. It is a continuous process and must incorporate
a regular evaluation of implementation. However, plans have been criticised to be
rigid and static having little regard to investment planning efforts and taking very
long time in the process of formulation and approval.
During 1995, a National Workshop on Master Plan Approach: Its Efficacy and
Alternatives was held, which examined the entire process of urban development
planning and implementation and as a recommendation of this Workshop, the first
national level planning guidelines ‘Urban Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation’ (UDPFI) were framed in 1996 by Institute of Town Planners, India.
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 provided a framework for plan preparation and
implementation process. Since 1996, many developments have taken place in the
field of urban planning, especially in view of emerging needs and requirements of
urban settlements due to rapid population growth, globalization of economy and
phenomenal advances in information and communication technologies. The towns
and cities have become more dynamic in nature and are subject to unprecedented
changes in terms of requirements of infrastructure and other basic services/
amenities. Besides, new emerging aspects like regional development, inclusive
planning, sustainable habitat, land use and transport integration at planning stage,
Service Level Benchmarks, disaster management concepts, and governance reforms
have given a new dimension to the planning process.
To address these emerging aspects, it was felt that the revision of the UDPFI
Guidelines should be taken up. The ‘Urban and Regional Development Plans
Formulation and Implementation Guidelines (URDPFI)’ were conceptualized as
the outcome of widespread consultations with the planning peers in the various
Ministries, Experts, Professional and Academic Institutions and other stakeholders.
The URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 have been framed to incorporate the provisions of the
legal and policy guidelines of the line Ministries, best practices of the States and the
planning systems in vogue. A participatory consultative approach has been followed
in order to revise the guidelines to holistically understand and proactively involve
the Government of India Ministries/Agencies and State Governments for guiding
Urbanization.
In line with the approach, the following key actions were undertaken:
National Consultation – Consultative Workshop held in New Delhi to deliberate
on the URDPFI Guidelines (1st Draft) to holistically consult with National and
State level stakeholders.
iii
Regional Workshops – Six Regional Workshops across country were held
covering all the States. The planning aspects varying across States and approach
to planning in future were discussed.
Technical Core Group (TCG) – TCG was formed by MoUD and interactions were
held periodically with the TCG members formally and informally for getting
inputs.
Google Discussion Group – This portal was set up by the TCPO which promoted
interface with various planners and practitioners.
Monthly Review Meetings with Stakeholders‐ Monthly review meetings were
held by MoUD with stakeholders for discussing progress of work and receiving
their respective comments.
Key Consultations Interaction with more than 50 Organisations, Agencies,
Institutions both public and private have provided technical appraisal and
recommendation in the guidelines.
The URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 comprise two Volumes: Volume‐I contains planning
process, contents of the plans suggested in the planning system, resource
mobilization for plan implementation including land and finance as the primary
resources for sustainable development, institutional reforms particularly at State
level, and approaches and strategies for regional and urban planning. For addressing
sustainability, various sections focus on land suitability and urban renewal norms
and provide a framework for Crisis/Disaster Management Plans as part of
Development Plan. To speed up the process of plan formulation, simplified planning
techniques, and norms and standards for social and physical infrastructure planning
are detailed along with simplified development promotion regulations. Various
cities of all classes across the country from different regions have been covered as
best practices for review. The overall recommendations for future actions have also
been included.
The urban and regional planning system has been divided under two heads, a) Core
Area Planning and b) Specific and Investment Planning. The Core Area Planning
comprises of a set of 4 interdependent plans: (i) a long term Perspective Plan with a
vision and policy orientation, (ii) a sustainability based long term Regional Plan
(and District Plan) with optimization of regional resources for development, (iii) a
comprehensive long term settlement plan as Development Plan for urban and peri
urban areas (iv) A short term rolling Local Area Plan within the framework of
Development Plan. The Specific and Investment Planning comprises a set of three
plans, (i) A rolling Special Purpose Plan for special areas within the framework of
Development Plan, (ii) Annual Plans to translate the physical and fiscal resource
requirement of Development/ Local Area Plan, and (iii) Project/Research to focus
on items of execution.
iv
A separate volume (Volume‐II A) on legal aspects covers the implications of 74th
CAA, 1992; Land Acquisition, Resettlement & Rehabilitation Act, 2013; a review of
the Model Town & Country Planning and Development Law, Model Municipal Law,
legal requirements for industrial development, State level planning framework and
other National level requirements for heritage and environment conservation with
the relevant Acts/ Law/ Notifications/ Guidelines etc. Volume II B consists of
Appendices.
A Core Team of TCPO and consultants, M/s Mott McDonald, have worked
painstakingly along with the various stakeholders across the country for formulating
these Guidelines. The process of preparation of the Guidelines, including the
approach, methodology and glossary has been detailed in the Appendix A of Volume
II B. The key content of each volume is detailed in the following table.
Table: Structure of the URDPFI Guidelines
Volumes
Chapters
Key Contents
Volume I: Urban & Regional Planning Guidelines
1
Introduction
Need for Revision of UDPFI Guidelines1996, Recommended
planning system for India, overall guiding Sustainable Urban and
Regional planning aspects of the guidelines
2
Plan Formulation
Planning Process, Contents of various level of plans
3
Resource Mobilisation
Land assembly, fiscal resource mobilisation, good governance,
institutional set‐up and key institutional reforms
4
Regional Planning
Approach
Aspects of regional planning and classification of region in the
Indian context, regional planning approach and its plan
implementation
5
Urban Planning
Approach
Guidelines for study on location and settlement setting,
distribution of land use, city typology, planning for townships.
6
Sustainability
Guidelines
Sustainability and aspects of urban development including
impact of climate change, environment policies and statuary
obligation, planning for disaster management
7
Simplified Planning
Techniques
Comprehensively covering data collection techniques, types of
survey, analytical techniques, projection techniques, base map &
development plan preparation
8
Infrastructure Planning
Introduces the hierarchy of urban development and norms &
standards for physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, safety
management, commercial activity. Details for transportation
planning and provisions for barrier free built environment
9
Simplified
Development
Promotion Regulations
Lists the simplified urban land use classification and zoning
regulations, simplified development promotion regulations for
specific land use zones, special requirements
10
General
Recommendation
Recommendations to several Ministries, State Governments and
Organisations
v
Volumes
Ch
hapters
Key Con
ntents
Volume II A: National Legal Provisio
ons in Urban & Regional Plan
nning
1
Implication of
o 74th CAA
2
The Right to Fair
Basis of the new Act and
a the key features
f
of the new Act
Compensatio
on and
Transparenccy in Land
Acquisition Rehabilitation
R
n&
Resettlement Act, 2013
3
Model Regional and Town
n
Planning Tow
wn and
Developmen
nt Law
Key features of the Laaw and suggeested changes in the law
4
Model Municcipal Law
Key features of the Laaw and suggeested changes in the law
5
State Level Planning
P
–
Existing Legaal Framework
k
An overv
view of the keey features of various statte level
legislatio
on(s)
6
Legal Requirrements for
Industrial Deevelopment
Industrial policies an
nd Acts relevaant for planniing, schemes for
cluster development
d
under Ministtries
7
Other Nation
nal Level – Leegal Nationall level heritagge conservatiion and envirronmental leggal
Requirementts
requirem
ments, Canton
nment related legal requirrements.
Volume II B: Appendicces
Provisio
ons of 74th Co
onstitution Am
mendment A
Act and roles of
o the
State Town and Coun
ntry Planningg Departmentt, status of thee
provisio
ons of 74th CA
AA on Urban Local Bodies and development
authoritties
Descripttion of making of the Guid
delines, Compiilation of important
Documeents, Definition
ns, Best pracctices, Acts, L
Laws, policiess and
notificattions referred in
n Volume 1 & 2A.
The UR
RDPFI Guid
delines, 20
014 are in
ntended to be comprrehensive for promo
oting
balanceed and orrderly reggional and
d urban planning an
nd develo
opment. Th
hese
Guideliines interalia provid
de the fraamework, necessary techniquees, norms and
standarrds, option
ns for resource mobilization inccluding lan
nd assemblly approacches,
and developmentt promotion
n regulatio
ons. Since conditions
c
vary from place to place
p
nt, these guidelines maay not be uniformly
u
aapplicable to
t all
and eveen within a settlemen
situatio
ons and places and would
w
need
d to be mo
odified and
d adopted dependingg on
local conditions, felt needss and tech
hnological innovation
ns so thatt the Plann
ning
ve as an effficient and dynamic instrument
i
t. The URDPFI Guidelines
processs may serv
are exp
pected to provide an
a integratted framew
work for urban
u
and regional plan
p
formulaation and implementaation.
The Gu
uidelines are intendeed to be a reference for various aspects o
of planningg by
State Governments, Deveelopment Authoritiess, Privatee Sector and Plann
ning
nce for various
Organizzations. Prrivate entities can usee guidelinees as one‐sttop referen
Acts, Sttandards an
nd develop
ping different types off townshipss.
AR AGGARW
WAL
SHANKA
SSecretary (UD)
(
****
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Guidelines are the outcome of participatory approach through widespread
consultations with various Central Government Ministries/ Agencies/ Bodies/
National Institutions/ State Governments.
Ministry of Urban Development acknowledges the work of M/s Mott MacDonald
(Consultants) in preparing URDPFI Guidelines, 2014.
The exercise of formulation of the URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 was guided and steered
by then Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Dr. Sudhir Krishna, and
Secretary, MoUD Shankar Aggarwal and supported by then Joint Secretary, Dr.
Ashok Singhvi, Mr. Neeraj Mandloi, Joint Secretary, MoUD and Mr. Parmod Kumar,
Director (LSG), MoUD. Mention also needs to be made about the tireless work by the
officers of the LSG Division, MoUD, Mr. Sunil Kumar Pal, Under Secretary and Mr. C.
Jeevan Rao, Research Assistant.
Mr. J.B. Kshirsagar, Chief Planner, Town and Country Planning Organization, Mr. R.
Srinivas, Town and Country Planner, Mr. Sudeep Roy, and Ms. D. Blessy, Assistant
Town and Country Planners, provided technical inputs on various aspects to the
consultants and coordinated the organization of Regional and National Workshops.
The Staff members of the Metropolitan and Union Territories Division, Town and
Country Planning Organization provided complete support during the process.
The Town and Country Planning Departments of Haryana, Karnataka, Goa and
Odisha provided necessary collaboration in organizing the Regional Workshops. The
participation of the States and UTs of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand in the Regional Workshops provided vital
inputs.
Ministries of Government of India i.e, Department of Land Resources, JnNURM
Directorate, Planning Commission (for their contributions in Resource Mobilization
section), Directorate General of Defence Estates and EMBARQ, India(for their
contribution in Urban Planning Approach), National Disaster Management Authority
(for their contribution in Disaster Management and Sustainability issues), National
Remote Sensing Centre (for their contributions in GIS based planning), Bureau of
Indian Standards, Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organization,
Institute of Urban Transport (for their contributions in Physical Infrastructure
aspects), Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority, Ahmedabad Urban
Development Authority, Mumbai Metropolitan Development Authority, Institute of
Town Planners, India and School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi facilitated the
exchange of data and information collation. Besides, comments received from a wide
variety of people in their official and personal capacities are also duly acknowledged.
vii
viii
Table of Contents
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
Introduction
1
Urbanisation Trends
Framework for a Renewed Planning System
Classification of Urban Settlements
Recommended Planning System
Scope and purpose of various plans
1.5.1. Perspective Plan
1.5.2. Regional Plan
1.5.3. Development Plan
1.5.4. Local Area Plan
1.5.5. Special Purpose Plan
1.5.6. Annual Plan
1.5.7. Project / Research
1.5.8. Inter‐relationship among various plans
Sustainable Urban and Regional Development
State Land Utilisation Policy
1.7.1. Land Transport Integration
1.7.2. Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
1.7.3. Flexibility in Plans
1.7.4. Land to generate fund for Infrastructure Development
1.7.5. Sustainable Waste Management
1.7.6. Inclusive planning
1.7.7. Disaster Risk Management
1.7.8. Speeding the process of planning & implementation
Plan Formulation
1
2
3
5
7
7
7
9
10
11
11
12
12
14
14
15
16
18
19
19
20
20
21
23
Planning Process
2.1.1. Aims and Objectives
2.1.2. Identification of Site Needs
2.1.3. Identification of Projected Needs
2.1.4. Plan Formulation
2.1.5. Inclusive Planning (further to the Section 1.10.8)
2.1.6. Statutory Obligations
2.1.7. Decentralisation of Plan Approval Process
2.1.8. People’s Participation
2.1.9. Plan Modification
2.1.10. Review and Monitoring of Plans
2.1.11. Plan Monitoring Parameters
2.1.12. Evaluation & Revision of Plans
Contents of Plans
2.2.1. Perspective Plan
2.2.2. Contents of Regional Plan
2.2.3. Contents of Development Plan
2.2.4. Contents of Local Area Plan
2.2.5. Contents of Specific Purpose Plan (e.g. City Development Plans formulated for
accessing funds under JNNURM)
2.2.6. Contents of Annual Plan
2.2.7. Contents of Projects /Schemes
ix
23
23
24
25
26
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
37
37
38
39
42
48
50
64
66
3
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
5
5.1.
5.2.
Resource Mobilization for Plan Implementation
Introduction
Land
3.2.1. Land as a Resource
3.2.2. Land Economics
3.2.3. Land Assembly
3.2.4. Inclusive Land Development
Fiscal Resource Mobilisation
3.3.1. Traditional and Innovative approaches for Fiscal Resource Mobilisation
3.3.2. Alternative Financial Avenues by Private Sector Participation
3.3.3. Existing Trend of Expenditure Pattern
3.3.4. Effective Finance Management
3.3.5. City Infrastructure Fund
Governance
3.4.1. Characteristics of Good Governance
3.4.2. E‐Governance Reforms
Institutional Set‐Up
3.5.1. Town and Country Planning Departments at State Levels
3.5.2. District Planning Committee
3.5.3. Urban Local Bodies (Municipality, Development Authority, MPC)
3.5.4. Team Requirement for Plan Formulation
Institutional Reforms
3.6.1. Regulatory Body at State Level
3.6.2. Grievance Redress System
Regional Planning Approach
69
69
69
69
70
70
75
76
78
88
94
95
97
98
99
101
103
103
104
104
105
107
107
108
109
Need of Region as Planning Unit
Aspects of Regional Planning
Planning Regions in India
4.3.1. District as a Planning Region
4.3.2. Various settlements in Region
Metropolitan Planning Region
4.4.1. Metropolitan Administrative set‐ups
4.4.2. Transit Oriented (Urban) Development (TOD)
4.4.3. Planning for peri‐urban area
4.4.4. Village Planning
Investment Planning Regions
4.5.1. Approach of Plan Preparation
4.5.2. Criteria for Delineation of Region
Special Area Planning Regions
4.6.1. Eco sensitive areas
4.6.2. Socio economic sensitive areas
Land use classification for Regional Planning
Composition of the Planning Committees
Urban Planning Approach
109
109
110
112
117
119
119
120
122
123
125
125
126
128
129
129
130
132
135
Introduction
Guidelines for Study on Location, Site and situation of Settlement
5.2.1. Location
x
135
135
135
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
5.2.2. Site
5.2.3. Situation
5.2.4. Hinterland
5.2.5. Accessibility
5.2.6. Socio‐Economic Profile
Distribution of Land Use
5.3.1. Developed Area Average Densities
5.3.2. Proposed Land use Structure of Urban Centres
Urban Planning Approach
5.4.1. Green City
5.4.2. Compact city
5.4.3. Smart City
City Typology
5.5.1. Hill city
5.5.2. Planning for Inner city
5.5.3. Industrial city
5.5.4. Heritage/ Religious/ Tourism city
5.5.5. Port city
5.5.6. Integrated Township
5.5.7. Planning for Affordable Housing
5.5.8. Medi‐City
5.5.9. Sports city
5.5.10. Development by the Private Sector
Special Area Planning (cantonment area, restricted area etc.)
5.6.1. Cantonment Area
Sustainability Guidelines
136
136
136
139
139
140
140
141
142
143
147
152
157
158
163
165
169
174
180
186
187
189
192
193
193
199
Sustainable Development
199
6.1.1. Sustainable Planning
199
6.1.2. Energy Efficiency
200
6.1.3. Urban Transport
200
6.1.4. Urban Infrastructure
201
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
202
6.2.1. Green Building
203
6.2.2. Climate Proofing Guwahati, Assam: City Resilience Strategy and Mainstreaming Plan203
City Bio Diversity Index
204
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation
205
6.4.1. National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2006
205
6.4.2. EIA Notification, 2006
207
6.4.3. Environment Protection Act, 1986
207
6.4.4. Forest Conservation Act, 1980
208
6.4.5. Strategic plan for new and renewable energy sector for the period 2011‐17,
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
209
Environmental Guidelines
209
6.5.1. Environmental Guidelines for Industries
209
6.5.2. Guidelines for Rain Water Harvesting
210
6.5.3. Guidelines for Buffer Zones
211
Environmental Guidelines for Planning Eco fragile zones
213
6.6.1. Coastal Area
213
6.6.2. Eco Sensitive zones
213
xi
6.7.
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
8.
8.1.
8.2.
6.6.3. Water bodies in Urban Areas
6.6.4. Desert areas
6.6.5. Wetlands
6.6.6. Hilly areas (further to section 5.5.1)
Disaster Management
6.7.1. Institutional set‐up
6.7.2. National Disaster Management Guidelines
6.7.3. State Disaster Management Plan
6.7.4. District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP)
Simplified Planning Techniques
214
216
216
217
218
219
220
225
227
229
Identifying Data Needs and Data Collection List
7.1.1. Data Checklist
Data Collection Techniques
7.2.1. Primary Data Collection techniques
7.2.2. Secondary Data Collection techniques
Types of Surveys
7.3.1. Socio‐Economic Survey
7.3.2. Land use/utilisation Surveys
7.3.3. Density Surveys
7.3.4. Infrastructure Surveys
7.3.5. Transportation Surveys
Analytical Techniques
7.4.1. Carrying Capacity
7.4.2. Applying Carrying Capacity for Urban and Regional planning:
7.4.3. Threshold Analysis
Projection Techniques
7.5.1. Population Projection
7.5.2. Economic Projection
7.5.3. Assessment of Requirement of Housing
Mapping
7.6.1. Scale of Map
7.6.2. Map Information Checklist
7.6.3. Procedure of Collecting Data
Base Map & Development Plan Preparation
7.7.1. Base map features
7.7.2. Plan formulation through Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System
7.7.3. BhuvanGeoPortal for Planning
Infrastructure Planning
229
229
230
230
234
235
235
235
235
237
239
243
245
246
249
256
257
258
262
263
263
263
272
274
274
274
280
283
Hierarchy of Urban Development
Transportation Planning
8.2.1. Classification of Urban road
8.2.2. Design Consideration of Urban Roads
8.2.3. Footpath
8.2.4. Cycle Tracks
8.2.5. For Hilly Areas
8.2.6. Passenger Car Units (PCU)
8.2.7. Design Service Volume
xii
283
284
284
285
286
287
288
288
289
8.2.8.
8.2.9.
8.2.10.
8.2.11.
8.2.12.
8.2.13.
8.2.14.
8.2.15.
8.2.16.
8.2.17.
8.2.18.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.
8.6.
8.7.
8.8.
Parking
289
Bus Terminals
293
Truck Terminal
295
Integrated Freight Complex
296
Travel Demand Modelling Process
298
MRT options for the City
299
Urban Buses and characteristics
303
TOD Norms
303
Non‐Motorised Vehicles (NMV)
309
Road Safety
310
Special Requirements for Barrier Free Built Environment for Disabled and Elderly
Persons
310
8.2.19. Inland Water Transportation
311
8.2.20. Airport Planning
313
Physical Infrastructure
314
8.3.1. Water Supply
314
8.3.2. Sewerage& Sanitation
324
8.3.3. Drainage
335
8.3.4. Rain Water Harvesting
336
8.3.5. Electricity
340
8.3.6. Solid Waste Management
341
8.3.7. Domestic Gas Supply Pipelines
353
8.3.8. Telecom Services
354
8.3.9. Service Level Benchmarking for Infrastructure
354
Social Infrastructure
356
8.4.1. Provision of Infrastructure
356
8.4.2. Education Facilities
357
8.4.3. Healthcare Facilities
359
8.4.4. Socio‐cultural
361
8.4.5. Open Spaces
362
8.4.6. Sports Facilities
364
8.4.7. Distribution services
365
8.4.8. Police, Civil Defence and Home Guards
366
8.4.9. Safety Management
366
8.4.10. Special Requirements for Gender Sensitive Planning
367
Commercial Activities
369
8.5.1. Hierarchy of Commercial Centres
369
8.5.2. Norms for Commercial Centres
369
8.5.3. Distribution of Activities
370
8.5.4. Urban Street Vendors
371
Miscellaneous Facilities
375
8.6.1. Cremation/Burial Ground
375
8.6.2. Dhobi Ghat
375
8.6.3. Mandis and whole‐sale agricultural produce markets
376
8.6.4. Provisions for Livestock Management/ Animal Management Centre
376
8.6.5. Norms for Telephone, Postal and Banking facilities
377
Provisions for Hilly Areas
377
Access Provisions for the “Differently abled”
379
xiii
9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
10.
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
Simplified Development Promotion Regulations
Simplified Urban Land use Classification
Simplified Urban Land use Zoning Regulations
Plot Requirement Regulations in Land use zones
9.3.1. Means of Access
9.3.2. Area and Height Limitations
9.3.3. Minimum Setbacks
9.3.4. Activities permissible in open area
9.3.5. Distance from Electric Lines
Simplified Development Promotion Regulations for Specific land Use Zones
9.4.1. Residential Use Zone
9.4.2. Commercial
9.4.3. Public and Semi‐public
9.4.4. Industrial use Zone
9.4.5. Transportation & Communication Use Zone
9.4.6. Primary Activity
Special Requirement
9.5.1. Building Norms for Natural Habitat
9.5.2. Historical or Archaeological areas
9.5.3. Industrial Regions
9.5.4. Introduce Use of Form Based Codes
General Recommendations
381
382
384
392
392
393
398
400
400
401
401
404
404
407
408
409
409
409
409
410
410
411
Adoption of URDPFI Guidelines, 2014
Key Recommendations in the Guidelines
Key aspects of Guidelines for local area/ site specific development
Suggestions for future Development in Planning
10.4.1. Recommendations for the National Organisation(s)
10.4.2. Recommendations to State Governments/ State Town and Country Planning
Departments/ Local Bodies/ Development Authorities
xiv
411
411
413
413
414
417
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Relationship of the Planning System __________________________________________________________ 13
Figure 2.1: General Process of Planning __________________________________________________________________ 23
Figure 2.2: Identification of Projected Requirements ___________________________________________________ 26
Figure 2.3: Plan Formulation Process ____________________________________________________________________ 28
Figure 2.4 Plan Modification Process_______________________________________________________________________ 35
Figure 2.5: Process of Preparing City Development Plan _______________________________________________ 54
Figure 2.6: City Mobilisation Planning Process __________________________________________________________ 57
Figure 2.7: City Sanitation Planning Process _____________________________________________________________ 61
Figure 2.8: Slum Free City Plan of Action Process _______________________________________________________ 63
Figure 3.1: Project Life Cycle _____________________________________________________________________________ 77
Figure 3.2: Funding Sources _______________________________________________________________________________ 78
Figure 3.3: Revenue sources ______________________________________________________________________________ 78
Figure 3.4: Sources for Fund Generation _________________________________________________________________ 82
Figure 3.5: PPP Models ____________________________________________________________________________________ 90
Figure 3.6: Characteristics of Good Governance _________________________________________________________ 99
Figure 4.1: Categorisation of Regions in Indian Context ______________________________________________ 112
Figure 4.2: Plan Preparation Process of Kerala ________________________________________________________ 114
Figure 4.3: Plan Preparation Process in the State of Goa ______________________________________________ 115
Figure 4.4: Proposed District Planning Process________________________________________________________ 117
Figure 4.5: Framework for Kolkata Metropolitan Planning Committee _____________________________ 120
Figure 4.6: Planning Board for Inter State Regions ____________________________________________________ 134
Figure 5.1: Way towards Green Redevelopment ______________________________________________________ 147
Figure 5.2: Compact City’s Concept and Approach ____________________________________________________ 148
Figure 5.3: Types of Intense Land Use __________________________________________________________________ 150
Figure 5.4: Case Study of China Sky City________________________________________________________________ 151
Figure 5.5: Important insights of SMART city application globally ___________________________________ 153
Figure 5.6: The Universal Targets_______________________________________________________________________ 154
Figure 5.7: Malta: World’s first Smart Island ___________________________________________________________ 155
Figure 5.8: Integrated approach to Tourism City/Region Planning __________________________________ 171
Figure 5.9: Mumbai Port City Analysis _________________________________________________________________ 176
Figure 5.10: Suggested Port city Planning Strategy _____________________________________________________ 176
Figure 6.1: Schematic cross‐section of Arterial Roads ________________________________________________ 201
Figure 6.2: Components of Guwahati Climate Resilience Strategy ___________________________________ 204
Figure 6.3: Disaster Management Cycle ________________________________________________________________ 218
Figure 6.4: Suggested Broad Framework for developing SDMP and DDMP _________________________ 227
Figure 7.1: Stages of conducting Primary Survey ______________________________________________________ 230
Figure 7.2: Techniques of Data Representation: Development Radar _______________________________ 244
Figure 7.3: Tabular presentation of Smiley face _______________________________________________________ 244
Figure 7.4: Components of Carrying Capacity of Urban & Regional Areas ___________________________ 247
Figure 7.5: Planning of Urban and Regional areas based on carrying capacity ______________________ 247
Figure 7.6: Methodology for measuring Tourism Carrying Capacity _________________________________ 249
Figure 7.7: Land suitability process in Planning _______________________________________________________ 252
Figure 7.8: Factors taken into consideration to assess the most suitable land use _________________ 253
Figure 7.9: Weighted Overlay of Land Suitability ______________________________________________________ 255
Figure 7.10: Process of Development Plan Preparation through GIS (A)______________________________ 277
Figure 7.11: Process of Development Plan Preparation through GIS (B) ______________________________ 278
Figure 7.12: Process of Development Plan Preparation through GIS (C) ______________________________ 279
Figure 8.1: Proposed Karkardooma TOD Project ______________________________________________________ 304
Figure 8.2: Proposed Karkardooma TOD Project ______________________________________________________ 307
xv
Figure 8.3: Decision Tree: Selecting the wastewater management system (Onsite, Decentralized or
Conventional) ________________________________________________________________________________327
Figure 8.4: Flowchart showing the various Artificial Recharge Practices ____________________________339
Figure 8.5: Ditch and Furrow Method ___________________________________________________________________340
Figure 8.6: Recharge Pit: _________________________________________________________________________________340
Figure 8.7: Contour Pattern ______________________________________________________________________________340
Figure 8.8: Injection well: ________________________________________________________________________________340
Figure 8.9: Schematic Solid Waste Management Process ______________________________________________343
Figure 8.10: BBMP model of SWM ________________________________________________________________________350
Figure 8.11: Processing of Construction Waste at Mallasandra, Bangalore ____________________________351
Figure 8.12: Compound walls Restricting Street Visibility ______________________________________________367
xvi
List of Tables
Table 1.1:
Table 1.2:
Table– 1.3:
Table 2.1:
Table 2.2:
Table 2.3:
Table 2.4:
Table 3.1:
Trends in Urbanisation 2001‐2011 ___________________________________________________________ 1
Classification of Urban Settlements ___________________________________________________________ 4
Planning System Framework __________________________________________________________________ 6
Site Specific Needs of Few City Types________________________________________________________ 24
Decentralised Plan Approval Process ________________________________________________________ 32
Participatory Planning Approach ____________________________________________________________ 33
Parameters for the Evaluation of Plans ______________________________________________________ 36
List of various Taxes, Surcharges, Charges, Fees and Tolls as may be levied for Urban &
Infrastructure Development __________________________________________________________________ 81
Table 3.2: Alternate Sources of Funding for Projects ___________________________________________________ 88
Table 3.3: Possible roles of Private and Public sectors in the urban development process _________ 92
Table 3.4: Categorisation of Municipal Expenditure ___________________________________________________ 94
Table 3.5: Composition and Trends of Municipal Expenditure (Rs. in Lakh) _________________________ 95
Table 3.6: Selective e‐Government functions and Online Services in India _________________________ 102
Table 3.7: Required manpower of State Town Planning Department_______________________________ 103
Table 3.8: Number of Town Planners required at District Level ____________________________________ 104
Table 3.9: Number of Town Planners in Metropolitan Planning Area ______________________________ 104
Table 3.10: Number of Town Planners required for non‐million plus cities (small & medium cities)105
Table 4.1: Institutional responsibilities ________________________________________________________________ 116
Table 4.2: Road Hierarchy for peri‐urban areas in line with low income habitat planning norms 123
Table 4.3: Criteria for Delineation of Region __________________________________________________________ 127
Table 4.4: Simplified Regional Land use Classification _______________________________________________ 132
Table 5.1: Developed Area Average Densities ________________________________________________________ 140
Table 5.2: Land use Structure for Developable Area in Urban Centres _____________________________ 141
Table 5.3: Transit Oriented Development Matrix _____________________________________________________ 149
Table 5.4: e‐Services of a Smart city ___________________________________________________________________ 156
Table 5.5: Land use structure for hill towns __________________________________________________________ 161
Table 5.6: Land use structure for Industrial towns ___________________________________________________ 167
Table 5.7: Land use structure for Heritage/ Religious/ Tourism City_______________________________ 173
Table 5.8: Land use structure for Port City ____________________________________________________________ 179
Table 5.9: Rajasthan Township Policy: Types of Townships_________________________________________ 182
Table 5.10: Space Allocation/Land Use Mix: Permitted under Gujarat Integrated Township Policy,
2008 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 184
Table 5.11: Proportion of Plots/Houses/Flats in Townships/Group Housing Schemes ____________ 186
Table 5.12: Cantonment Categories _____________________________________________________________________ 194
Table 6.1: Accessibility of Public Transport at Neighbourhood Level_______________________________ 201
Table 6.2 Disaster Management strategies for different sectors ____________________________________ 204
Table 6.3 Strategic Actions suggested ________________________________________________________________ 207
Table 6.4 Statutory Obligations of Environment Clearances ________________________________________ 208
Table 6.5 Thrust areas of solar thermal sector _______________________________________________________ 209
Table 6.6
Distance of Different Areas from Industrial Site _________________________________________ 210
Table 6.7: List of Buffers for various activities ________________________________________________________ 211
Table 6.8: Salient Features of NDMA guidelines for Management of Floods, Earthquakes & other
Natural Hazards _____________________________________________________________________________ 220
Table 7.1: Possible Proxy Indicators ___________________________________________________________________ 232
Table 7.2: Field sheet for non‐residential survey _____________________________________________________ 237
Table 7.3: Infrastructure indicators and benchmark providing agencies ___________________________ 237
Table 7.4: Comprehensive Table of Transportation Surveys (Transport Survey forms Refer
Appendix F of Volume II B) _________________________________________________________________ 239
Table 7.5: Levels of evaluating carrying capacity for the urban areas ______________________________ 246
xvii
Table 7.6:
Table 7.7:
Table 7.8:
Table 7.9:
Table 7.10:
Table 8.1:
Table 8.2:
Table 8.3:
Table 8.4:
Table 8.5:
Table 8.6:
Table 8.7:
Table 8.8:
Table 8.9:
Table 8.10:
Table 8.11:
Table 8.12:
Table 8.13:
Table 8.14:
Table 8.15:
Table 8.16:
Table 8.17:
Table 8.18:
Table 8.19:
Table 8.20:
Table 8.21:
Table 8.22:
Table 8.23:
Table 8.24:
Table 8.25:
Table 8.26:
Table 8.27:
Table 8.28:
Table 8.29:
Table 8.30:
Items for consideration in the inventory for City GDP calculation _______________________261
Scale of Maps for Planning___________________________________________________________________263
Map Data Checklist ___________________________________________________________________________264
IRS Satellite Data Products relevant for Urban Applications _____________________________273
Bhuvan Satellite data and thematic GIS data resources available ________________________276
Hierarchy of Infrastructure Development__________________________________________________283
Design consideration of urban roads _______________________________________________________285
Carriageway Width for each type of road __________________________________________________286
Capacity of Footpath& Design _______________________________________________________________287
Required width of footpath as per adjacent land use _____________________________________287
Cycle / NMT track ____________________________________________________________________________288
Carriageway width in Hilly areas ___________________________________________________________288
PCU standards ________________________________________________________________________________288
Design Service Volume Standards __________________________________________________________289
Recommended ECS for various types of vehicles __________________________________________289
Parking Standards____________________________________________________________________________290
Permissible ECS for different land uses ____________________________________________________292
Space standards for Parking ________________________________________________________________292
Bus Bays – Parking Standards _______________________________________________________________295
Broad Land Use break‐up ___________________________________________________________________296
Space Norms __________________________________________________________________________________297
Broad Land Use Break Up ___________________________________________________________________298
Recommended derived Modal Split_________________________________________________________299
MRT options for the City_____________________________________________________________________300
Technical Parameters of Public Transport Options _______________________________________301
Types of urban buses and their characteristics ____________________________________________303
TOD Influence Zones _________________________________________________________________________305
Waterways Classification ____________________________________________________________________312
Approximate Land Requirement for Airport infrastructure ______________________________313
Norms for Airport Terminals ________________________________________________________________314
Water Supply Standards _____________________________________________________________________315
Water requirements for Institutional Buildings – CPHEEO, 1999 ________________________316
Water requirement for Industrial Units ____________________________________________________316
Organoleptic and Physical Parameters of Drinking Water ________________________________319
General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts in
drinking water________________________________________________________________________________320
Table 8.31: Permissible limits of Toxic Substances _____________________________________________________321
Table 8.32: Permissible Limits of Radioactive Substances _____________________________________________322
Table 8.33: Pesticide Residues Limits of Drinking Water ______________________________________________322
Table 8.34: Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water _________________________________________________323
Table 8.35: Recommended land Requirement based on capacities ___________________________________323
Table 8.36: Design Period for Water Supply Components _____________________________________________323
Table 8.37: Recommended Design Period for Sewerage Systems Components ______________________325
Table 8.38: General Effluent Standards for Discharge __________________________________________________327
Table 8.39: Recommended upper limits of treated Sewage quality for specified activities at point of
use _____________________________________________________________________________________________330
Table 8.40: Fact Sheet for Various Treatment Process _________________________________________________331
Table 8.41: Guidelines for the selection of Septage disposal system __________________________________333
Table 8.42: Norms for Public Toilets in Public Area ____________________________________________________334
Table 8.43: Runoff coefficients for stated surfaces______________________________________________________336
Table 8.44: Waste Generation Per Capita per Day ______________________________________________________341
xviii
Table 8.45:
Table 8.46:
Table 8.47:
Table 8.48:
Table 8.49:
Table 8.50:
Table 8.51:
Table 8.52:
Table 8.53:
Table 8.54:
Table 8.55:
Table 8.56:
Table 8.57:
Table 8.58:
Table 8.59:
Table 8.60:
Table 8.61:
Table 8.62:
Table 8.63:
Table 8.64:
Table 8.65:
Table 8.66:
Table 8.67:
Table 8.68:
Table 8.69:
Table 9.1:
Table 9.2:
Table 9.3:
Table 9.4:
Table 9.5:
Table 9.6:
Table 9.7:
Table 9.8:
Table 9.9:
Table 9.10:
Table 9.11:
Table 9.12:
Table 9.13:
Table 9.14:
Table 9.15:
Table 9.16:
Table 9.17:
Table 9.18:
Table 9.19:
Table 9.20:
Table 10.1:
Table 10.2:
Comparison of Different Solid Waste Treatment Technologies__________________________ 345
Disposal and Processing Site _______________________________________________________________ 350
Service Level Benchmarks ____________________________________________________________________ 355
Norms for Pre Primary to Secondary Education __________________________________________ 357
Norms for Higher Education Facilities _____________________________________________________ 358
Health Care Facilities________________________________________________________________________ 360
Norms for Socio – Cultural Facilities _______________________________________________________ 361
Hierarchy of Organised Green ______________________________________________________________ 362
Norms for Organised Green for Plain Areas _______________________________________________ 363
Norms for Organised Green for Hilly Areas _______________________________________________ 363
Norms for Multipurpose grounds __________________________________________________________ 364
Norms for Sports Facilities _________________________________________________________________ 364
Norms for Distribution Services ___________________________________________________________ 365
Norms for Police Facilities __________________________________________________________________ 366
Norms for Safety Facilities __________________________________________________________________ 366
Hierarchy of Commercial Centres (NBC) __________________________________________________ 369
Norms for Commercial Centres ____________________________________________________________ 369
Area of Commercial Centres ________________________________________________________________ 370
Distribution on Activities ___________________________________________________________________ 370
Norms for Informal Units for Urban Street Vendors______________________________________ 372
Norms for Cremation/ Burial Ground _____________________________________________________ 375
Norms for Dhobi Ghat _______________________________________________________________________ 375
Norms for Communication facilities _______________________________________________________ 377
Norms for Hilly Areas _______________________________________________________________________ 377
Minimum Access provisions for Barrier Free Built Environment _______________________ 379
Simplified Urban Land use Classification __________________________________________________ 382
Width and Length of Means of Access for Residential Plots______________________________ 392
Width and Length of Means of Access for plots other than residential _________________ 392
Minimum Setbacks __________________________________________________________________________ 398
Front Setbacks with respect to Abutting Road Width ____________________________________ 399
Rear and side setback with respect to abutting road width______________________________ 399
Distances from Electric Lines_______________________________________________________________ 400
Indicative Minimum Dwelling Unit Sizes __________________________________________________ 401
Plotted Housing _____________________________________________________________________________ 402
Density norms for low income housing____________________________________________________ 402
Group Housing _______________________________________________________________________________ 403
FAR and Ground Coverage for Group Housing ____________________________________________ 403
Norms for Commercial Centres ____________________________________________________________ 404
Norms for Public and Semi Public uses ____________________________________________________ 404
Socio Cultural Use Zone _____________________________________________________________________ 406
Security and Safety Facilities Use Zone ____________________________________________________ 406
Industrial Use Zone _________________________________________________________________________ 407
Norms for Transportation Zone ____________________________________________________________ 408
Norms for Farm Houses ____________________________________________________________________ 409
Norms for Primary Activity _________________________________________________________________ 409
Key Aspects of the Guidelines ______________________________________________________________ 412
Relevant State Level Acts to be considered for revision__________________________________ 418
xix
Introduction
1
1.1.
Introduction
Urbanisation Trends
Globally, the more urbanised countries have higher levels of income and prosperity.
Indian States also exhibit the same trend. At the same time, urbanisation is also
perceived to be correlated with pollution, congestion and inferior quality of life. This
would call for developing a paradigm of urban development that would bring in
higher levels of prosperity, but without the concomitant negative effects. The URDPFI
has attempted to develop such a framework.
Population trends: The Census 2011 and 2001 give useful indicators for the trends
in urbanisation in India. The three urban agglomerations, viz. Greater Mumbai, Delhi
and Kolkata, have crossed the 10 million mark in population, but with much reduced
the rate of growth. The Million Plus population cities have shown a growth of over 48
per cent, but the number of such cities has gone up from 35 to 53 and five cities viz.
Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune have attained more than 50
lakh population. The total population in Class I cities (1 lakh +) constitutes 70% of the
total urban population, while the total population of million plus cities constitute
42.6% of the total urban population. What is more interesting is that the cities with
lower orders of population have exhibited higher rates of growth of population.
Table1.1 gives the details:
Table 1.1: Trends in Urbanisation 2001‐2011
Class I
>1 lakh
Of which,‐
Below Mn+
1 to 10 lakh
Million Plus cities >10 lakh
Of which,‐
Mega cities@
>1 crore
Class II
50k to <100k
Class III
20K to <50k
Class IV
10k to <20k
Class V
5k to <10k
Class VI
<5k
Total
Statutory Towns
Non‐Statutory Census Towns & UAs
Total Urban Population
Population
% of Urban
Population
Population
No. of
Towns
No. of
Towns
Decade
Growth
Rate
2001 2011
Census 2011
% of Urban
Population
Population
Census 2001
No. of
Towns
Class
Definition
(Population)
394
196.3
68.7
468 264.9
70.2
18.8
34.9
359
35
88.0
108.3
30.8
37.9
415 104.2
53 160.7
27.6
42.6
15.6
51.4
18.4
48.4
3
496
1388
1561
1041
234
5161
3799
1362
5161
42.5
27.8
35.2
19.5
6.7
0.7
286.1
265.1
21.0
286.1
14.9
9.7
12.2
6.8
2.4
0.2
100.0
92.7
7.3
100.0
3 48.8
605 41.3
1905 58.2
2233 31.9
2187 15.9
498
2.0
7933 377.1
4041 318.5
3892 58.6
7933 377.1
12.9
0.0
11.0 22.0
15.4 37.2
8.5 43.0
4.2 110.1
0.5 112.8
109.8 53.7
84.5
6.4
15.5 185.8
100 53.7
14.8
48.7
65.5
63.8
138.7
180.1
31.8
20.2
179.0
31.8
Source: Census of India.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
1
Introduction
The decadal population growth rate has, however, shown a decline from 21.5%
during 1991‐2001 to 17.6% during 2001‐2011. The growth rate of urban population
also seems to be heading for stabilization as the decadal variation remained around
31.5% during the last two decades.
Nonstatutory towns: The trend of urbanisation is reflected remarkably in the size of
towns that carry the growing urban population. As per Census‐2011, there are 7933
towns including 4041 Statutory towns and 3892 Census towns. However, it is notable
that the number of statutory towns has increased marginally, by 6.4 per cent only,
whereas the number of non‐statutory towns has gone up by 186 per cent. Obviously,
new towns are developing very fast, but, being not notified as a town, these are kept
out of the purview of planned spatial development and become prone to haphazard
growth. This would call for a serious effort to introduce the principles of the URDPFI
Guidelines to even non‐statutory towns, preferably in a regional set up, wherein the
spatial plans for such towns are prepared in conjunction with that of the main cities,
to which these are generally the satellite towns.
1.2.
Framework for a Renewed Planning System
The framework for effective Spatial Planning needs to incorporate certain major
issues, which, subject to local variations, can be listed and categorised as follows:
Current principles, practises and issues in preparation and implementation of
plans at National, Regional and Local levels so as to harmonise the same drawing
on the best practices.
Analysis of the latest trend in the Urban Development scenario.
Address relevant issues related to peri‐urban areas and urban planning regions.
Compilation and analysis of the relevant data available from Census and other
sources.
Urban development issues, especially in newly formed states and backward areas.
Need for uniformity in planning system in the country.
Streamlining of planning practices.
Requirement of coordinated efforts between Departments/ Authorities.
Legal, funding and decision making aspects in implementation of plans and
projects.
Promoting rapid urbanisation and responding to the impact of climate change.
Economic aspects of plan implementation while preparing land use development
plans.
Promotion of sustainable development with focus on planning for People,
Environment and Financial viability principles.
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
Inclusive planning, people’s participation and specific issues relating to the
elderly, women, the differently abled and the weaker sections of the society.
Attention to Transit Oriented Development (TOD).
Planning for and integration of Peri‐urban areas in the planning process.
Influence of industrial areas, such as SEZs, on spatial and urban development.
CRZ policy and Coastal management in case of coastal cities.
Special issues of urban development in hill areas.
Provisions for Affordable housing.
Safe disposal, mainly by way of recycling and reuse, of solid and other wastes.
Adoption of geo‐spatial data and technology in the planning process.
Defining measureable benchmarks and milestones for the plan.
Arrangements for periodic monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the
Plan.
Integration of sector specific plans among each other and in overall spatial
planning.
The last mentioned issue has become particularly significant over the years, as
different Ministries advocate preparation of plans for specific sectors, such as Slum
Redevelopment Plan, City Development Plan, City Investment Plan, Comprehensive
Mobility Plan, City Sanitation Plan, District Credit Plan, Coastal Zone Management
Plan, Environmental Conservation Plan, Riverfront Development Plan, Water
Resource Management Plan, Heritage Conservation Plan, Tourism Master Plan, etc. It
would be of great help to all if the Master Plan of the City/ Region incorporates the
relevant features of all such sector specific plan. Also, the sector specific plans need to
align with the framework of the overall Master Plan.
1.3.
Classification of Urban Settlements
The classification of urban settlements adopted by the Census of India 2011 is as
follows:
1. All places with a Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board or notified town
area committee, etc.
2. All other places which satisfies the following criteria:
a. A minimum population of 5,000;
b. At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non‐
agricultural pursuits; and
c. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
The first category of urban units is known as Statutory Towns. These towns are
notified under law by the concerned State/UT Government and have local bodies like
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
3
Introduction
Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Municipal Committees, etc., irrespective of
their demographic characteristics as reckoned on 31st December 2009. The second
category of Towns is known as Census Town. Population trends in respect of
statutory towns and census towns are indicated in Table 1.1.
The human settlement classification for planning purposes, its nomenclature and
population range is redefined in the URDPFI guidelines based on:
Census 2011 and reference to census towns.
Master plan formulation in the states.
Emerging agglomerations in India.
The classification of urban settlements adopted for URDPFI is indicated in Table 1.2
Table 1.2: Classification of Urban Settlements
S.No.
1
Classification
Small Town*
Subcategory
Population Range
Governing
Local Authority
Small Town I
5,000 ‐ 20,000
Nagar Panchayat
Small Town II
20,000‐ 50,000
Nagar Panchayat/
Municipal Council
2
Medium
Town
3
Large City
4
Metropolitan
City
5
Megapolis
Medium Town I
50,000 to 1,00,000
Number of Cities
as per Census of
India, 2011
7467
Municipal Council
Medium Town II
1 lakh to 5 lakh
Municipal Council
372
‐‐
5 lakh to 10 lakh
Municipal Corporation
43
Metropolitan City I
10 lakh to 50 lakh
Municipal Corporation/
Metropolitan Planning
Committee
45
Metropolitan City II
50 lakh to 1 Crore
‐ Same ‐
5
‐‐
More than 1 Crore
‐ Same ‐
3
Note: Names of Local Authorities may vary as per States’ traditions and laws.
Source: Modifications for the UDPFI Guidelines based on census classification and State experiences.
* Any urban centres even having less than 5,000 population may be given a statutory status and be called as a Statutory Town
and Census of India follows 6‐fold classification as per the population size
Small towns can be referred as ‘transitional towns’ mentioned in the 74th CAA where a
Nagar Panchayat (as a municipality) is to be formed for an area in transition from a
rural area to an urban area.
Agglomeration of urban nodes along with its peri‐urban and rural areas are currently
observed in the Metropolitan cities II (like in Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad,
Ahmedabad) and in Megapolis. However, ‘Conurbation’ of settlements is on much
larger scale, which may develop accounting for population more than 5 Crore and
with adjoining several large cities and few metropolitan cities.
The URDPFI Guidelines focus on the statutory towns. However, the concepts stated in
these Guidelines can be easily made applicable to all human settlements, whether
notified as a Municipality, Cantonment, Special Economic Zone, Port trust area or even
a village.
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
1.4.
Recommended Planning System
Literature review on the planning systems in India and abroad indicates that each
country/territory has evolved its own system suiting specific needs, traditions and
legal arrangements. The recommended urban development planning systems in the
guidelines have, therefore, taken into account such variations.
The recommended planning system is to consider various plans, both statutory and
non‐statutory, to be a part of the system. These various plans such as urban
revitalisation plan, city development plan, comprehensive mobility plan, city
sanitation plan, coastal zone management plan etc. have emerged due to the planning
needs and/or funding schemes/ programmes. Similarly, regional plan, which is to
cover a larger land area, is included in the system across the scale of planning.
The Table 1.3 below, which has been designed based on stakeholder consultations,
suggests the planning system framework on the basis of ‐
Hierarchy
Spatial extent
Scale of planning
Details provided in the plan
Function and their speciality
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
5
Introduction
Table– 1.3: Planning System Framework
Planning
Scope and purpose of the plan
system
Core area of planning
Perspective
Plan
Regional Plan
To develop vision and provide a policy 20‐30 years
framework for urban & regional development
and further detailing
To identify the region and regional resources
for development within which settlement
(urban and rural) plan to be prepared and
regulated by DPC.
Development To prepare a comprehensive Development
Plan
Plan for urban areas, Peri‐urban areas under
control
of
Development
authority/
Metropolitan Planning Committee.
Local Area
To detail the sub‐city landuse plan and
Plan
integration with urban infrastructure,
mobility and services.
Specific and investment planning
Special
To identify the needs of the special areas
Purpose Plan which require special plan within the
framework of the development plan.
Annual plan
Project/
Research
Time
frame*
20years
Various plans; indicative list
Long Term
Perspective
Vision
document
Regional
Plan
(Mobility 1)
20‐30 years
District
(Review every Development
5 years)
Plan
(Mobility 1)
5‐20 year
Town
(Review every Planning
5 yrs)
Schemes
5‐20 year
(within city
utilities 30 year
plan)
To translate Development Plan in the context 1 year
of annual physical & fiscal resource
requirement. To monitor plan implementation
with performance milestones.
To focus on project related investments, 5‐20 year
costing and returns & for the studies required
prior to or post plan formulation.
This should be a continuous process to
support planning and implementation at all
stages and promotes innovation in practice.
City
Development
Plan (as per
JnNURM)
Investment
plan
Concept plan
Mission
statement
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Sub‐regional plan
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
City/ Metropolitan Master Plan
Development Plan City Utility
(Mobility 2)
(30 years)
Revised
Development
Plan
Zonal Plan /
Sub‐city plan
Coastal Zone
Mgmt Plan
Comprehensive
Mobility Plan
(as per JnNURM)
Audit and
monitoring plan
Pre‐feasibility Detailed Project
& feasibility Report
study
Ward
Committee
Plan
1.4.1.
City Sanitation
Plan (as per
JnNURM)
‐‐
Schemes &
Sub‐projects
Disaster
Management
Plan (as per
NDMA)
‐‐
Surveys &
Studies
Urban
Redevelopment
Plan
1.4.2.
Slum
Redevelopment
Plan
(as per RAY)
‐‐
Project such as:
Riverfront
development
projects
1.4.3.
Tourism Environmental Heritage
Master Conservation Conservation
Plan
Plan
Plan
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Note: Consultative meetings and the regional workshops during URDFI formulation have pointed out the need to review the plan period of 20 years and extend the same to 30 years.
However general consensus was in the favour of 20 years. Intermittent review in 5 year gap would be required.
6
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
1.5.
Scope and purpose of various plans
The need and roles for the specific plan category, namely, Perspective Plan, Regional
Plan, Development Plan, Master Plan, Local Area Plan, Special Purpose Plan and
Annual Plan, thereby resolving gaps in the planning system is detailed in the
following section.
1.5.1. Perspective Plan
Developing a vision for region is essential for policy framework. The vision
stipulates direction of growth and identification of resource potential and
innovations to be adopted for the thrust areas of development. It integrates broad
level plan with the regional or development plan. A realistic vision helps policy
formulation and preparation of Perspective plan.
Perspective plan defines the vision and focuses on the spatio‐economic development
policies, strategies and programmes towards the intended development of the State.
The Perspective Plan of a State could include ‐ State Urbanisation Policy and State
Land Utilisation Policy. The plan is based on state resource mapping and analysis
and assessment of potential resources. It addresses the long term policies regarding
development of infrastructure and resource mobilisation. The scope of this plan
covers the social, economic, environmental and spatial development goals, policies
and priorities relating to the activities that have spatial and financial implications.
The purpose of a perspective plan is to provide an overall framework for
preparation of detailed plans. Therefore it serves as a guide for urban local
authorities and regional development authorities in preparation of the regional and
development plans.
1.5.2. Regional Plan
For planned and sustainable development of the human settlements, the regional
planning approach needs to be promoted. The planning regions could be classified
under three heads:
(a) Administrative Regions, which can be District Regions or Metropolitan Regions
as per the recommendations of the 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendment Act,
(b) Investment Regions, which can be new investment manufacturing zones,
industrial and freight corridors, special investment regions etc. They could be
identified under National Acts/ policies,
(c) Special regions, which are sensitive in terms of environment/ socio economic or
political aspects.
States undertake Urban and Regional Planning under a variety of statutes such as
the Town and Country Planning Act, Municipal Laws, Urban/Metropolitan Planning/
Development Act, Improvement Trust Act, Industrial Development Act, Cantonment
Board Act, Major Ports Act etc. Often these laws are mutually exclusive. For instance,
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
7
Introduction
a Master Plan for a city would exclude the lands covered under the Industrial
Development Act, even though the lands would be adjacent and the movement of the
people and of the economic activities may be seamless. This leads to sub‐optimal
planning for land use as well as for infrastructure. It is, therefore, suggested that the
principles for spatial planning recommended by these guidelines are extended to all
areas, whether administered by the regular administrative system of the State
Government or by special laws such as for the ports, cantonments, railways,
industrial zones etc. Furthermore, the concepts of regional planning enunciated in
these guidelines should be extended to all contiguous areas that are socially,
economically or functionally inter‐dependent. For instance, a civilian town and the
adjoining port/ cantonment/railway area should be covered by an umbrella regional
plan, even though the actual authority for administration of the individual piece of
land would continue to vest with the respective organisation, such as the Port Trust,
Cantonment Board, Railway Administration, etc. At times, even certain
infrastructure could be planned and developed in a regional set up. For instance, the
road network/ mobility plan, or the drainage plan could more efficiently be executed
in a regional set up, rather than limiting to the jurisdiction of the statutory
authorities administering their respective lands.
This would also call for notification of regional planning authorities, for regions that
have contours defined by seamless connectivity of people and economic activities.
Typically, a town in the vicinity of a industrial zone (SEZ etc.) should become the
node for notification of a Regional Planning Authority (RPA), wherein the region
would be defined to include the town, the nearby SEZ and the adjoining villages.
Similarly, a Port Area and it adjoining city and villages should put together be
notified as a Region, with a RPA duly notified to prepare a regional plan and
coordinate/ oversee the implementation of the regional plan. Such RPA may be
chaired by a senior officer, such as the District Collector or could even have a full‐
time officer. Senior representatives of the various authorities administering the
constituent areas (ports, villages, cantonment, SEZ etc.) should be represented on
the executive body of the RPA.
Similar RPAs may be notified for tourist areas, religious places and the influence
zones of the transit corridors such as national/ state highways, expressways, and
waterways. Areas including and surrounding the airports may also be similarly
notified for planned regional development. It would also be desirable to regularly
monitor the contours of such RPAs and expand the same, as per need. The State
Town & Country Planning Acts may be suitably modified to enable formation of such
authorities. Till such time such statutory arrangements are put in place, the State
Government could issue executive orders constituting such authorities and Ministry
of Urban Development could extend necessary support for the purpose, as required.
Regional plan is to be a comprehensive plan at an appropriate scale (district/inter‐
district, investment region or special area) for the integration of urban nodes with
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
the semi‐urban and rural areas. The plan is based on understanding of the
characteristics of the region such as flow of people, goods, knowledge and money.
Some states have comprehensive town and country planning legislation, which
provides for urban planning and development in a regional perspective beyond the
city limits and coordinated with the overall framework of economic development,
priorities and resource availabilities. Regions, identified in the States, are to be
planned holistically or as sub‐regions for the holistic approach of planning.
The detailed planning of the urban nodes will be addressed by the development
plans at the next stage of planning, while the requirements of the region will be
addressed by the regional plan to bring out policies for development and bringing in
harmony between the different types of human settlements. Regional plan focuses
on balanced development and plan for hierarchy of settlements, both urban and
rural (in terms of its geographical area coverage), hierarchy of connectivity network,
road, rail, sea and airports and intermodal transport hubs, focuses on land
utilisation, resource mobilisation, environmental protection and disaster risk
management.
1.5.3. Development Plan
Development plan is a statutory plan prepared (under relevant Act) within the
framework of an approved perspective plan. The objective of a development plan is
to provide further necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies
and physical proposals for various policies given in the perspective plan and
regional plan depending upon the economic and social needs and aspiration of the
people, available resources and priorities.
Proposals of a development plan should be definite, supported by an
implementation strategy and evaluation criteria. It makes known publicly the
intention of the local authority regarding physical, social and economic
development, the facilities and the services that are proposed to be provided in the
near future. The approved development plan allows the local authority to implement
development of the land area specified under the plan with the help of local area
plans and projects.
The time frame of the existing Development Plans is for a period of 20 years by most
of the Urban Development Authorities/ULBs. For greenfield cities, a longer planning
period can be considered, aligned with the infrastructure life of 30 years.
These plans should be in phases of 5 years, to make it convenient for periodic
reviews and revision. This 5‐year cycle could also be usefully coincided with the
State Five Year plans and State Finance Commissions’ recommendations, though
such an alignment need not be made mandatory. The targets set for each phase can
be assessed as the mid‐term review against the achievements at the end of each
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
9
Introduction
phase. For Greenfield area, phasing could include a ‘Zero’ period for approvals,
institutional set‐up, initial land polling and revisiting any strategy.
1.5.3.1. Master Plan to be referred as Development Plan
The term “Development Plan” is used differently in States. Some States use it for an
integrated multi‐sector plan, such as the District Development Plan. In some other
States, it is a statutory land use plan, approved and adopted by the local authority
and its proposals are precise and definite, notifying the property owners the manner
in which their properties will be affected. The examples of the later type are the
Delhi Master Plan, Chennai Master Plan, Guwahati Master Plan, Ahmedabad
Development Plan, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Plan and Bhopal
Development Plan. Here, both the plans, Development plans and Master plans have
the same functions and impose similar controls, with variation in the use of
nomenclatures by States. Many states prefer and there is a growing consensus to
replace the terminology of ‘Master Plan’ with ‘Development Plan’.
In areas under the Schedule 6 of the Constitution, land is not directly State subject
such as in the North‐Eastern (NE) States, where land title is based on community
ownership. The approach to land aspects of the Development Plan may be different
in such cases. Therefore, a Structure Plan approach to land management may be
appropriate in order to allocate land for different land uses in urban infrastructure
etc.
In such cases or otherwise, Structure Plan is to serve as a planning tool which
directs the growth and zones of planning, but is not as precise as the development
plan (such as the Structure Plan for Bangalore Metropolitan Region). Structure Plans
may be considered as an overarching Development plan for Metropolitan Regions,
allowing broad framework and flexibility.
1.5.4. Local Area Plan
The thrust of micro‐planning should shift to local area plans, which could encourage
decentralisation and improve implementation of Development Plans. In view of the
73rd and 74th CAA, planning decision and implementation of plans should be
disaggregated in order to bring the process closer to the local people. This would
enhance the significance of Local Area Plans.
Local area plans are to be prepared to guide the development or re‐development of
land, conservation of buildings and physical features, providing improvements in the
physical layout, making infrastructure and amenities available and managing the
area to enhance health and safety of the residents to support economic development
as well as to enhance the quality of living, environment, and for area specific
regulatory parametersiii (see endnote) for the area covered.
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
Local area plans need to specify the implementation details to comply with the
Government Policies, such as housing, hi‐tech townships, rainwater harvesting,
energy, disaster management, industrial and service sector investment, barrier‐free
environment for the elderly and the physically disabled, e‐Governance, tourism and
other policies and facilitate formulation of specific projects.
The plan should delineate reservation of land for roads and other public purposes,
for construction, reclamation etc. The plan should provide a framework for recovery
of the associated costs for public projects, by mechanisms like levy of betterment
charges, charges on additional development rights, and appropriate user charges.
1.5.5. Special Purpose Plan
Special Purpose Plan can be prepared for specific development sectors depending on
its economic and environmental importance. Depending on the urgency of the need
and priority of the sector requiring special treatment and covering special aerial
extent, Special Purpose Plans for specific subjects can be prepared. However, these
plans are to be within the framework of the Regional Plan, Development Plan or
Local Area Plan in the jurisdiction of the local authority.
These plans may also emerge to serve the purpose of urban planning needs under
different Central and State Government grants, funding schemes iii (see endnote) /
programmes with an aim to:
Encourage reforms and fast track planned development of cities, peri‐urban
areas, out‐growths, urban corridors, and others,
Scale‐up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on
universal access to the urban poor,
Special focus on urban renewal programme,
Supplement to budget documents on ULBs,
Sustainability, Environmental and heritage protection,
Theme based development such as tourism, IT etc.
1.5.6. Annual Plan
An Annual Plan would contain the details of the new and ongoing projects that the
local authority intends to implement during each financial year for necessary
financial resource mobilisation and monitoring its performance.
The annual plan is to be prepared by the local authority in each financial year to
identify the new projects, which the authority will undertake for implementation
during the year, taking into account the physical and fiscal performance of the
preceding year, the priorities, the policies and proposals contained in the approved
Regional Plan, Development Plan or Local Area Plan.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
11
Introduction
The annual plan is intended to provide the resource requirement during the year
and sources of funds including those mobilised by the local authority, grants, aids
and project/scheme funds by the State and Central Governments.
It is thus an important document for the resource mobilisation as on the basis of
this, the plan funds are to be allocated by the funding body. This plan, therefore,
serves as an important link with the budgetary process. Annual plans also provide a
mechanism to monitor progress of development plan and various projects.
1.5.7. Project / Research
Projects are derived targets of the sequences of plans, which focus on items of
execution, investments, costing and returns. Conceived within the framework of the
Perspective plan, Development plan or any of the plans in the planning system,
projects are the working layouts with all supporting infrastructure and documents
including cost, source of fund and recovery providing all necessary details for
execution including finance, development, administrative and management.
These projects could be for any area, old or new, any activity or land use like
residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health related, or
infrastructure development, separately or in an integrated manner; for research and
development in the field of planning, key surveys to determine statistics, by any
agency such as government, semi‐government, private or even individual; or any
agency prepared by town planners, architects, engineers as the case may be,
enjoying maximum freedom of expression in their design within the stipulations of
development promotion rules and other regulations as applicable. Research,
specifically for background studies preceding Perspective Plan, Regional Plan,
Development Plan or even Local Area Plan formulation may be undertaken as
required by the State Government and local authorities. Specifically, traffic surveys
& related studies to collect current statistics are crucial for making decisions in plan
formulation.
(Details on the contents of the plans suggested above in the planning system are given
subsequently in Chapter 2 Plan Formulation.)
1.5.8. Inter‐relationship among various plans
Taking into account the entire planning process and also incorporating the
suggested planning system, Figure 1.1 shows the inter‐relationship of the different
plans, directly or indirectly related to the land development, at various levels
ranging from national to a transitional urban area.
A Perspective Plan is formulation of development strategy generally at the State
level or at the regional level. This is detailed further in Regional Plan or Sub Regional
Plan as the case may be and in Development Plan. Perspective Plan should be a
guiding document for planning. It could also specify the regional planning
12
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
authorities, urban/local area planning authorities, regulatory authorities in the State
and those responsible for preparing plan at various levels. The State Urbanisation
Plan shall give a stock of the urbanisation, planning status and especially of the land
suitability.
Regional Plans are to be prepared at district and metropolitan region level, and
where economic regions are formulated. This is the linkage for aggregation of plan
proposals for consolidation and integration of physical and fiscal planning efforts at
District, Metropolitan area, State and also at National level (in case of inter‐state
regions). As Figure1.1 depicts, integration and disaggregation of policies, resources
in the planning system occurs at the level of Regional and Development Plan.
Figure 1.1: Relationship of the Planning System
Development Plan and Mobility Plan need to be integrated to ensure transportation
oriented spatial planning. It needs to be emphasised here that urban plans should
not be considered in isolation from its region as each urban centre is part of a
regional system of the settlement which in turn play their respective roles in the
process of development of the region as a whole. The Development Plan shall
provide policies and development proposals, which are detailed in the local area
plan to a greater scale. This interrelationship between planning system is the key to
implementation; hence Development Plan and Local Area Plan should be prepared
in close coordination.
However, areas that require special plan within the framework of the development
plan or planning for specific purpose should be prepared only when the need
arrives. The funding schemes, such as JnNURM, RAY, have significant role in the new
planning system, where City Development Plan, Comprehensive Mobility Plan, City
Sanitation Plan, Slum Redevelopment Plan, Disaster Management Plan are to be
formulated. Among all, Comprehensive Mobility Plan should be prepared along with
the Development Plan, while City Sanitation Plan, City Development Plan should be
prepared in line with the Development plan.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
13
Introduction
Project reports and Annual plans are necessary requirements of the planning
system. These are directly interrelated with each other and are vertical with the
entire planning system. Implementation of all intended developments is linked to
this stage and hence these can be prepared following any of the above mentioned
stages.
1.6.
Sustainable Urban and Regional Development
The urban and regional plans, in all its forms and dimensions, should focus on
sustainability, from financial, social, governance/ managerial and environmental.
Financial sustainability is to be achieved by working out the details of the capital
and operational costs and the options to recover the same adequately. Each
development project enhances the economic stature of the influence zone and,
accordingly, the development activities in such influence zone should be subject to
development charges, computed to recover the capex over the project lifecycle.
Similarly, the user charges should pay for the operational expenses. In determining
such charges, cross subsidies could be provided for.
Social sustainability relates to inclusion, i.e., the project should provide benefit to
all residents in the influence zone equitably. It should also be based on identification
of the gainers and losers from the project and to ensure that the gainers are subject
to development and other charges that could be passed on in an appropriate form to
the losers.
Governance/ managerial sustainability would require the project to meet all the
statutory and regulatory requirements and also to have adequate capacities
developed with the local authorities concerned for maintaining the project
effectively and efficiently throughout the project lifecycle at reasonable costs.
Environmental sustainability would require, for instance, zero land‐fill for solid
waste management projects. In fact, each project should aim at improvement in the
environment, rather than on ‘minimising the damage’.
The sustainability issues have been highlighted in numerous policy documents
including the Twelfth Five Year Plan, which recommends for strengthening urban
governance structure/ Local Bodies, augmenting the soft infrastructure including
system capacities, inclusive governance, environmental sustainability and enhanced
attention to urban renewal as well as to regional approach to planning. These
frameworks have been further detailed in the National Mission for Sustainable
Habitat.
1.7.
State Land Utilisation Policy
State Land Utilisation Policy would need to be defined at the Perspective Plan Level,
which should be as per the guiding framework of National Land Utilisation Policy,
2013 (draft version is currently in place), brought out by the Department of Land
14
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, for different states keeping in context the
state‐specific needs, potential, priorities and legal provisions.
The (draft) National Land Utilisation Policy, 2013 takes into consideration the
predominant (existing or scientifically established) functions of land serving the
needs of people, environment as well as different sectors of economy and
development. Also, the Policy takes into consideration the existing laws and
approaches that govern land uses. It suggests that the land in the country be divided
into Land Utilisation Zones1 (LUZs) based on the predominant use of those lands.
Here, each state should formulate the strategy of land development in a spatial
concept plan. The following six types of LUZs are indicated:
1. Predominantly Rural and Agricultural Areas;
2. Areas Under Transformation;
3. Predominantly Urban Areas;
4. Predominantly Industrial Areas;
5. Predominantly Ecological Areas, Landscape Conservation & Tourism Areas,
Heritage Areas1;
6. Major Hazard Vulnerable Areas.
It may be desirable to further classify areas under the ‘Predominantly Urban Areas’
LUZ, where urban development is to be promoted, to be restricted/controlled or to
be prohibited, as per the situation.
The perspective of the State, the state resource mapping and LUZs would set the
foundation of the long‐term policies regarding development of infrastructure and
resource mobilisation for the land use plan.
1.7.1. Landuse Transport Integration
In the past decades, urban sprawl has resulted into loss of high quality agricultural
land and open space, fragmentation of ecosystems, spatially segregated uses
inducing high dependency on private vehicle use and unfavourable conditions for
public transport. National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2006 has highlighted the
need for integrating land use and transport planning. Land transport integration
benefits in making investment decisions in transport infrastructure and services,
which in turn are linked to economic, social and environmental outcomes. It also
helps in determining the optimal use of land in the influence zones of the transit
corridors. Land transport integration would involve two mutually supportive
processes:
1
LUZ to be considered for eco-tourism, sea and river front natural vegetation areas and protected forests.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
15
Introduction
Organizing the physical form and land use pattern of a city such that the
travel demands, trip lengths and travel times are minimized, while accessibility,
comfort and efficiency are maximized.
Organizing all systems of transportation from pedestrian pathways to mass
transit systems such that they integrate well with each other and enable the
harmonious establishment of land use around them, in the process generating a
city form that is sustainable2.
Conventional development plans for Indian cities have a statutory requirement to
plan land uses and channelize growth, whereas transportation plans are not
statutory and work with the mandate of arriving at regional and local level projects
for improving mobility. Thus, URDPFI Guideline suggests the shift from such an
approach to explicitly regarding interactions between various land uses/ activity
subsystems and transportation. Therefore, Comprehensive Mobility Plans (CMPs),
first mooted under the JnNURM, are to be integrated with all development plans
bridging the transportation projects and statutory land use planning.3
Transport networks are among the most permanent element of cities, which change
very slowly over decades or centuries. While, buildings are the second most
permanent element of cities, with lifetime of hundreds of years, but can be adapted
to changes through refurbishment but the integration of the two shapes the urban
form of a settlement.
1.7.2. Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
The integration of land use with transport systems is called “Transit Oriented
Development”, which is essentially “any development, macro or micro that is
focused around a transit node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit
facility thereby inducing people to prefer to walk and use public transportation over
personal modes of transport”4. This entails planning for compact cities and reducing
urban sprawl and dependency on the large scale developments in the periphery
which induce shift from non‐motorized to motorized modes of travel. Approach to
TOD highly depends on establishing mixed landuse zone as part of strategic
densification. The policy includes:
Network & Connectivity: Disperse high traffic volumes over multiple parallel
streets rather than concentrating traffic on few major arterial roads. Create a fine
network of streets through urban design that provides choice of routes for all
modes, reducing distances between places as well as journey times.
Last mile connectivity: Provide fast, convenient interchange options and spatial
provision for various modes of Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) at
2
3
4
A framework for this purpose is provided in the Toolkit for Land Use Transport Integration and Density of Urban Growth
brought out by the Ministry of Urban Development under the Sustainable Urban Transport Project (2013).
Ibid.
Draft UTTIPEC Guidelines, 2012
16
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
Multimodal Transit Station for seamless travel. Provide multiple mode choices
for last‐mile connectivity at various prices and comfort levels. Also, if possible,
eliminate the need of IPT by design and engineering5.
Pedestrian access: Provide the shortest direct route to pedestrians and non‐
motorised modes to station as well as between building blocks.
High Density, MixedIncome Development: Compact neighborhoods for
shorter commutes and equity for all sections of society. Mix of compatible use to
promote 24 hour activity.
Streetscape Design: Urban places should be designed for enjoyment, relaxation
and equity. Pedestrian and bicycle friendly designated space for all activities.
Keeping in view the prevention of heat island effects from wide and open streets,
by proper street and landscaping.
Promote Place Making to Create a Sense of Place: Focus on promoting
liveability, quality and uniqueness of each space
Direct Business to TOD Locations: Create transit services to regional job
centers, focus job creation investments in transit serviced locations.
Public facilities at nodes of public transport: Plan for public facilities such as
schools, universities, sport facilities, stadiums, theatres and concert halls around
nodes of public transport.
Function/Activities at nodes of public transport: Promote multi‐functional
developments around nodes that are otherwise deserted in the evening or at
night. Plan a mix of different types of users and inhabitants to create a lively and
safe place.
Application of TOD is in context of scales in planning i.e. Regional context, Sub‐
regional context, city context and area context. It shall require a robust methodology
for intervention6 and would need to be planned at (a) Regional or Sub‐regional level
and (b) City or Local Area planning level.
The context of TOD varies in respect to City Core areas, Peripheral areas and
Greenfield areas which are equally important and mutually dependent on
densification, redevelopment (in context of City Core areas), mode of public
transport and intermediate public transport and therefore uses of land in the
influence zone. However, in the setting of brownfield cities where transformation of
landuse and built form has experienced continuous change, the Development
Oriented Transport (DOT) may be used. DOT incorporates redevelopment or
readjustment of transit network mediums as per transformation taking place or has
taken place in development. Detailed approach of identifying TOD influence zone
5
In case of China and Japan
6
Working paper on Transit Oriented Development, Embarq, India
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
17
Introduction
and its planning is covered in Chapter 8 and Zone wise TOD matrix is provided in
Table 5.3
Besides, integrated urban development, TOD can benefit as an alternative revenue
generation source from:
Financing of Urban Transport projects by Unlocking Land Values as Higher FSI in
influence zone of Transit corridors within the framework of the overall planning
guidelines to be prepared by respective states.
Transit Corridors (Metro/ Mono Rail, BRTS, Ring Road) attracting economic
activities and leading to induced urban development with less efforts.
Land‐use based financing sources along Transport Corridors. For example,
periodic revision of property guidance value, higher property tax along transit
corridors, impact fees, development charges, conversion charges and betterment
charges.
If properly planned and implemented, TOD invariably promotes value added
activities including commercial and services.
1.7.3. Flexibility in Plans
Statutory landuse plans have implications on the land use and development control
mechanism. Despite statutory backing, due to the controlled conventional (rigid)
approach, Development plans are not implemented fully and meaningfully. Plan
proposal estimates have not kept pace with the growing requirement of cities or the
aspirations of the city dwellers.
Development planning approach is to be for a flexible plan formulation for
facilitation and promotion of development in plan making and implementation,
where changes in landuse are to be permitted only when necessary by specifically
appointed empowered body‐ ‘Urban and Regional Planning & Development
Authorities’ (suggested in the institutional reforms Section 3.6.1). These changes
may be guided by large developments, social interest and need for all. Further,
fixation of FAR/FSI, density should be based on more rational grounds and any
changes therein must be carefully planned. Preparation of City Investment Plan
should facilitate easier implementation of Development plan.
For minor changes in the landuse, the planning system is to be improved to allow
flexibility in the Development Plans/Master Plans. Such as allowing mixed use of
land in the zoning regulation must consider the RoW of the abutting road for
industrial and other (residential and commercial) aspects of mix. Vertical mix of use
of land is an alternative approach for promoting flexibility and is suggested in
Section 5.3.2. & 9.2.
18
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
1.7.4. Land to generate fund for Infrastructure Development
The URDPFI Guidelines suggest the ways to augment financial resources for
implementation of the development/ spatial plan through various innovative
sources of revenue generation. Formulation of spatial plan should be such that the
plan is able to create economic growth and which could fund the implementation of
the plan. Among the land development mechanism, town planning schemes followed
in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat is a successful case to demonstrate financial
sustainability (cost recovery) of the plan.
Many schemes and projects are conceptualised without proper techno‐feasibility
studies or financial viability assessments and therefore projects and research have
been integrated in the planning system now. Consequently, in the Plan, there is not
much appreciation of the implications of its standards for capital cost, cost recovery
and maintenance by the municipalities and the state agencies. The Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) mainly in the small and medium size towns, without exception, suffer
from a very weak resource base. Their per capita income is much less than the level
of expenditure, which makes it heavily dependent on external funding instead of its
self‐generated revenues.
To address such issues, fiscal resource generation from land, tax on vacant land,
regulation of unauthorised informal development and underutilisation of permitted
FAR could be source of financial resource generation (refer section 3.3), which can
be for dedicated urban development through an infrastructure fund. Here,
implementing agencies need to treat land as an asset for infrastructure development
through capital gain, stamp duty, auction and other mechanisms in consensus of the
State Finance Commission.
1.7.5. Sustainable Waste Management
International agencies working on zero waste have claimed that recycling rates of
75% and plus have been achieved by municipalities large and small throughout the
world. The ‘Zero waste’/‘Zero Land‐fill’ concept is gaining ground as being
practicably achievable in Indian cities too. Indian cities have the advantage of
significant recycling and reuse in the solid waste management system. Those can be
improved and coordinated with the view to moving towards ‘Zero waste scenarios’.
Zero land‐fill can be achieved by adopting systematic approach of segregation at
source by planning, by collection facilitation and most importantly by public
awareness. The green waste can be converted into fuel cakes, kitchen waste into
manure, construction & demolition waste into bricks, plastic waste into oil, paper,
glass and steel back into the same and all residuary inert materials can also be
converted into bricks. Achieving zero land‐fill is more conveniently possible, if (a)
the collection is made from house to house and some segregation is done at
household level and (b) the recycling is done at decentralized, say, ward or even
lower levels.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
19
Introduction
Besides solid waste, the effective management of waste water would result in
availability of treated water for reuse, capture of methane gas for power generation
and improvement in the quality of the environment. This could also be done in a
zero land‐fill concept. More details on Sustainable Waste Management, including the
norms for waste water and its reuse, are given in Chapter 8.
1.7.6. Inclusive planning
Development plan / Local area plans in India have not effectively earmarked
adequate land and spaces for the urban poor / informal sector for residents or other
activities at affordable rate. In new townships and new developments of IT / BPO
Townships, Satellite Townships, SEZ, etc., where the space standards are normally
affluent, informal sector is significantly gaining recognition. Planning norms for
urban street vendors, the marginalised and the informal sector to be adopted and
developed from this guideline. It is of utmost importance to protect the interest of
urban poor by reserving space, extending legal title (ownership) and above all the
Master Plans/Development Plans to take this component into account. Hence,
Development Plan should allocate space with serious assessment of the
requirements of urban poor after ascertaining the ground realities with regard to
location of vendors, informal activities, slums and need for in‐situ redevelopment
/upgradation. Norms for informal sector and street vendors are given in Chapter 8
and approach to affordable housing is suggested in Chapter 5.
The places of employment for most of the citizens are often located far away from
their place of residence, which discourages them from accessing the most suitable
employment. While this handicap would be applicable for all sections of the society,
it is more significant for the women and other weaker sections, including the elderly
and the differently able. The effective solution for this situation lies in the ‘shelter‐
transport‐livelihood link’, which ought to be made a cornerstone for planning.
Accessibility requires quality, attractiveness and safety of public spaces for
pedestrians, cyclists and people using public transport.
Barrier Free Environment (refer section 8.8) is one way to enable people with
disabilities to move about safely and freely and to use the facilities within the built
environment7. In addition, to integrate the disabled and elderly persons fully into
the society, the social infrastructure norms suggest co‐development of old age home
and orphanage facilities with appropriate infrastructure to be included in all the
plans especially in the Local Area Plans.
1.7.7. Disaster Risk Management
Over the past couple of years, the Government of India has brought about a
paradigm shift in the approach to disaster management. The new policy emanates
from the realisation that investments in mitigation are much more cost effective
7
‘Guidelines and space standards for Barrier Free Built Environment for Disabled and Elderly Person’, CPWD, Ministry of
Urban Development (2013). Also recommended by UN Habitat.
20
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Introduction
than expenditure on relief and rehabilitation. This approach has been translated in
the URDPFI Guidelines in Chapter 6 for disaster planning, covering institutional
mechanisms, preparedness, response and capacity building both at State and District
level, especially focusing on inclusive planning.
States, metropolitan areas, regions and cities need to collect data, information and
undertake mapping for all infrastructure, services and amenities to understand
requirements and identify gaps. At the local planning area level, spatial maps need to
be created to evaluate neighbourhood, streets and public spaces based on their
safety; comfort and convenience (refer section 2.2.4).
1.7.8. Speeding the process of planning & implementation
1.7.8.1. Simplifying the planning process
As per the ‘Strategy paper on master plan formulation, inclusive planning,
prioritization for housing and pedestrian movement’, TCPO, there is a widely held
view that the urban development planning process in the past has been unduly time
consuming and largely confined to the detailing of land use aspects and projecting
micro level needs on long term basis when there were dynamic changes in very
short terms. In light to the concern, the State Governments would need to modify
the respective Town & Country Planning Acts for the following:
i.
Simplification of preparation of plan: making provisions in the Development
Plans for detailing only the focused key sectors and preparation of the draft for
approval in a limited time to one year, as suggested by TCPO. (refer Chapter 2
on Plan Formulation).
ii.
Simplification in the implementation of plan: the plans to be easily
understandable & acceptable, minimizing conflicting recommendations within
a plan, provision for translation of plans and related documents into
vernacular languages.
iii. Simplification in data gathering: user‐friendly GIS and remote sensing data to
be sourced for simplifying the process for plan formulation by developing a
spatial data base useful for planning, decision making and implementation
decision (refer Chapter 7 for Simplified Planning Techniques)
iv. Simplification of approval/schemes: improving the approval process by
developing citizen’s charter, approval mechanism for the change in landuse
permissions and by developing regulatory body at State and/or local area
planning level to bridge the gap between approval and implementation.
Provision of Interim development order 8 in between the period of plan
formulation to implementation can be considered.
8
Kerala Town & Country Planning Ordinance, 2013
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
21
Introduction
v.
Better public participation: The State planning provisions to be modified to
emphasize on involvement of public at early stages, formulation of Grievance &
Redress system to address the public grievances and bringing transparency in
accounting system. It is suggested to involve Residential Welfare Associations
in Local area plans (LAPs) and ULBs to use modern tools for awareness
through websites/ on project sites.
Foremost, during the plan formulation, roles and responsibilities for the
implementation of the plan are to be well defined in order to achieve the milestones
as per the action plan and to bring in transparency in the implementation system.
Further, during plan evaluation and monitoring, citizen’s charter should to be
involved, for transparency and accountability.
In case of inadequacy in the manpower capacity with the Government bodies for
planning, outsourcing to non‐governmental and private organisation could be
considered as an option, but as suggested by TCPO ‐ Local Bodies and Development
Authorities of the States need to take necessary steps in the direction and take a lead
to ensure that all the cities and towns of the State have statutory Master Plans by the
end of the XII Five year plan. For this purpose, boost to the training of the new
planners and provision of adequate planning schools is imperative, since the
planning task, complex and interdisciplinary as it is, must be done only by qualified
planners.
22
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
P
Plan Formu
ulation
2
2.1
1.
Plan
n Formulation
n
Planning Prrocess
Spaatial develo
opment planning is a continu
uous, time‐‐oriented, cyclic process and
sho
ould be seeen and practised
p
as a proccess where planningg, implem
mentation,
mon
nitoring, reeview and plan
p
updatting go on as
a a dynam
mic process. In this pro
ocess, the
deccision to prrepare a plan
p
is outsside the cy
ycle of planning proccess. The following
f
diaggram portrrays the gen
neral proceess of plann
ning.
Figu
ure 2.1: Gen
neral Processs of Plannin
ng
Follo
owing are thee stages of plaanning proceess:
Developmentt of Aims and
d Objectives
Identification
n of site need
ds
Identification
n of projected
d needs
Plan formulaation
Inclusive planning
Statutory oblligations
Decentralisattion of plan approval
a
proccess
People’s partticipation
Plan modificaation
Review and revision
r
of plans.
2.1
1.1. Aim
ms and Objective
O
es
Thee aim of the plan is a broad and
d general statement indicating tthe decisio
ons of the
poliicy makerss, aspirations of the people
p
and
d needs of the commu
unity. For example,
‘To provide job
b opportun
nities for alll’ is a statement of aim
ms.
Objectives aree specific sttatements indicating
i
the
t ways and
a means of achievin
ng the set
aim
ms taking into accoun
nt the pottentials. Fo
or examplee, for the aim relateed to job
opp
portunities,, the objecttives could be:
Provision of
o jobs thro
ough develo
opment of industries
i
/ commercce or trade;;
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
23
Plan Formulation
Provision of incentives and inducements (specific) to industries;
Provisions of informal sector economic activity sites as part of commercial areas,
and such others.
The aims and objectives formulation exercise comprises the following steps:
1. Identification of values cherished by and needs of various stakeholders
including citizens, administrators, professionals, politicians, and other group of
people.
2. Identification of aims incorporating the values.
3. Identification of criteria that further defines each aim to form basis for
formulation of objectives.
4. Formulation of objectives, which could be further defined as design objectives
and implementation objectives.
2.1.2. Identification of Site Needs
For comprehensive spatial planning and integration of the sectoral development, site
specific needs are to be identified in the beginning of the planning process. The report
of the Working Group on Urban Strategic Planning (12th Five year plan), states that
due to ‘Lack of Comprehensive Planning Approach, haphazard growth and proliferation
of slums around industrial locations, periurban areas and randomly located new
developments such as SEZs and township has taken place’.
Diverse ground conditions and interrelationships in settlements require different
strategies for spatial planning. The growth potential and special functions performed
by the urban centres such as marketing, industrial, tourism, pilgrim centres etc. need
to be explicitly recognized.
At this stage of the planning process, the site needs should be identified based on the
typology of urban development‐ such as port city, old city, industrial townships, peri‐
urban areas, corridor development, regional development and accordingly the vision
needs to be prepared. Table 2.1 throws light on some site‐specific features for
studying urban and regional settlements while planning. The list is comprehensive
but not exhaustive.
Table 2.1:
Site Specific Needs of Few City Types
Indicators
Port City
Common
Indicators
Regional Settings & connectivity, Historical background, Location Analysis, Demography, Socio‐
economic Analysis, Environmental profile, Land Profile, Key Developmental Indicators, Infrastructure,
Proposed Developments, Existing regulations, Administrative profile.
Site Specific
Indicators
Cargo and logistics,
Railways, Coastal
features / details of
the port, Analysis of
primary economic
activities, e.g.
fishing.
24
Industrial City
Logistics and Transportation,
Infrastructure, analysis of
Environmental parameters
(pollution), Common
Treatment Facilities,
Hazardous and non‐
hazardous waste disposal
system.
PeriUrban Area
Real estate, Housing,
Land‐use conversion,
Natural features,
Analysis of socio‐
economic profile /
Primary economic
activity e.g. agriculture.
Old City
Density, Land use,
Built‐up, Socio‐
Economic profile,
Infrastructure
status, Household
industries, Parking
and Heritage.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Plan Formulation
The stage of identification of site needs should be taken as baseline study phase. As
this stage has implications on the following stages, a broad‐based study should be
done for identification and incorporation of as much as elements that are specific to
the settlement and are likely to have impact on the future development of the
settlements to prepare sound proposals.
2.1.3. Identification of Projected Needs
After identification of site needs, the next stage in the process of planning is
identification of projected requirements of various activities, supporting
infrastructure and land as the basic input for plan formulation. It is this stage of
planning which would require most of the time. Thus, there is need to minimise the
time taken at this stage. In this context, it is emphasised that primary surveys and
studies should be rationally chosen so that it saves time and minimises delays in the
process. The choice of technique of surveys, analysis, synthesis and projections should
also be such that it is effective and time saving (refer Chapter 7 for choosing the
planning techniques).
2.1.3.1. Gaps and Projections
Expansion or development of settlement necessarily requires corresponding
provision of infrastructure to support residents and economic activities. Thus,
infrastructure gap analysis should be carried out mandatorily while preparing the
plan. Infrastructure gap can be assessed on the basis of remaining life of existing
infrastructure and coverage of infrastructure against benchmarks. Special focus must
be paid to the transport infrastructure at this stage. Detailed study/ research of
different modes of transportation and their corridors should be carried out to find
about travel demand and pattern of the planning area. Using public consultations and
carrying capacity techniques (further elaborated in Chapter 7), current or future
requirements in infrastructure can be identified. The background study of standards
and guidelines for disaster mitigation should be completed to find out the gaps that
may exist in city infrastructure, landscape and administration.
Aims and objectives of the study should also be considered at this level for setting up
priorities of development. To incorporate the element of sustainability in human
settlement planning and development, environmental and infrastructural carrying
capacity study of the planning area alongwith detailed assessment of space
requirements must be carried out at this stage. The capacity to hold the population is
an indicator for infrastructure projection.
Population projections can be carried out based on past trends, employment and
induced growth (of the future proposed economic activity of the land). The
corresponding needs of the human settlements on infrastructure are to be projected
(refer Chapter 8). Priorities for planned development are identified through norms
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
25
Plan Formulatio
F
n
and stan
ndards for buildings,, provision
n of services and inffrastructure provided
d by
national agencies, national
n
an
nd state level program
mmes and policies.
2.1.3.2. Consulttation
Public participatio
p
on is the key
k to plan
nning exerrcise and hence
h
diffeerent group
p of
stakehollders shoulld be consulted to kn
now the needs and finalise
f
thee prioritiess for
projectio
ons. Differeent demogrraphic, sociial, econom
mic categoriies of stakeeholders can be
prepared
d for wide‐‐ranging pu
ublic particcipation succh as repreesentatives from agen
ncies
and institutions involved
i
i plannin
in
ng and deevelopmen
nt of the area, elected
represen
ntatives, associations, experts in the sectors and the resident public.
Figure 2.2: Identificattion of Projeccted Requirem
ments
2.1.4. Plan Fo
ormulatiion
Based on
n planningg techniquees, planning theories//principless, norms an
nd standarrds ‐
multiple alternatives of urban
n planning concepts must
m
be preepared. Th
his level of plan
p
r
viision devellopment. At
A all scalees of plann
ning, land and
formulattion also requires
transporrt integration is suggeested at this stage of planning,
p
w
wherein
aC
Comprehen
nsive
Mobility
y Plan (CMP
P) is to be fo
ormulated.. All transportation su
urveys and studies sho
ould
be underrtaken independently
y by the traansport deepartment or
o jointly u
under JnNU
URM
or other schemes before
b
this stage.
s
The opportunities for Transitt Oriented Development and multi modal mobility need
n
to be tak
ken into acccount. Usee of non‐m
motorized traffic
t
optio
ons and pu
ublic transp
port
are to bee optimised. The rolee of Intelliggent Trafficc System (IITS) and Electronic Road
R
Pricing (ERP)
(
has to
t be intro
oduced. To a large exxtent these issues will define future
developm
ment poten
ntial and th
he quality of
o life in citiies.
26
URDPFI Guidelines,
G
2014.
2
Ministrry of Urban D
Developmentt
Plan Formulation
2.1.4.1. Visioning Exercise
The focus of the plan preparation exercise should be on ensuring adequate
stakeholder participation to arrive at a shared vision for the settlements, with regard
to economic development and quality of life. The vision thus arrived should form the
guiding principle for the Regional or Development plan. These would include inter
alia:
Economic Development Objectives (Increase in GDP, Income, Employment and
such others)
Transportation Objectives
Utility Services (levels and coverage) Objectives
Social Infrastructure Objectives
Safety and security of the citizens
Growth Pattern/Design Objectives
Investment Program/ Sustainability Objectives
Others, if any.
Planning and Development Authority should clearly mention in a plan as to how the
plans are likely to benefit the dwellers in economic terms and in this context, the
calculation of economic benefits is given in Chapter 7.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
27
Plan Formulatio
F
n
Figure 2.3: Plan Form
mulation Process
A
e Concept Plans
2.1.4.2. Preparaation of Alternativ
The outccomes of the first thrree stages would yieeld a digitaal updated Base‐map and
Land Infformation System,
S
a complete
c
reeport on sttatus of thee region/city establish
hing
existing situation with
w regard
ds all elemeents of dev
velopment, identificattion of areaas of
concern,, a shared vision
v
and developmeent goals and objectiv
ves. This sh
hould form
m the
input forr formulation of the plan. The planning horrizon for th
he planningg period sho
ould
be identiified based
d on the reccommended
d planning system and the comp
ponents sho
ould
include:
28
URDPFI Guidelines,
G
2014.
2
Ministrry of Urban D
Developmentt
Plan Formulation
Estimation of land requirement for different uses (refer Chapter 5 & 9 for
detailing).
Land suitability analysis: Environmental sensitive areas, social, economic and
others (refer Chapter 7 for further context).
Delineation of developable area based on environmental land suitability and
growth trend.
Preparation of a general activity structure.
Preparation of a conceptual land use plan as per the required scale (refer
Table 7.7).
As projections are estimations of an envisioned pattern, deviation from the projection
are always possible and hence projected figures should not be always treated as
absolute. Here it is required by planners to build alternative scenarios and situations
which may highlight the extremities as pessimistic or optimistic.
The following key remarks to be focused while formulating the plan:
a. Land is limited and a very important natural resource and must be utilized
vigilantly. Care should be taken regarding inter‐relation of various activities and
land uses with each other. Land use to be planned most solicitously. New
concepts like Compact cities, mixed land use etc. can also be explored, if not for
the entire jurisdiction, then for the upcoming zones at least.
b. Deteriorating traffic conditions due to faster increasing travel demand in cities
have impact not only on environment but also on economy by wastage of man‐
hours. Thus, to reduce the trip generation, land use and transport integration
should be made at the initial stage by incorporating TOD and mixed land use
concepts.
c. As a part of the plan implementation, a study regarding quality and quantity
manpower should be done and suggestions be made concerning human
resources requirement for effective implementation of all the aspects of the plan.
d. Vertical mobility of the vulnerable sections of the population must be integral to
the planning goals. Inclusion of the women and population involved or
dependent on the informal sector must be consulted while preparing plans.
e. To prepare and implement all the aspects of the plan for the whole plan period
requires steady flow of finance, otherwise the optimum outcome of the plans
cannot be realized. Thus, it is imperative to plan and map out all the financial
sources in the beginning of planning process so that plan proposals and
milestones targeted can get maximum results. It should include financial aspects
not only for plan implementation but also for plan preparation. At this stage,
revenue generation capacity of plan itself should also be defined with
measurable milestone against which plan could be monitored and reviewed from
time to time.
f.
Other parameters, based on which plan is prepared and projected for plan
period shouldbe provided with distinct measurable milestone against which plan
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Plan Formulation
g.
h.
i.
must be intermittently reviewed at interval of 5 years and finally evaluated at
the completion stage. This will work as input for next planning process from the
previous plan period.
Remote Sensing and GIS technologies should be used to speed up the plan
formulation process. Large amount of spatial and attribute data can be processed
through these platforms and alternate concepts of planning settlements can be
prepared in shorter time span. The data available with the NRSC, SRSAC, Bhuvan
Geoportal and NUIS can be utilised for the plan preparation (refer Chapter 7 for
methodology).
Other elements like planning legislation, development promotion rules and
urban design features should also be incorporated to prepare alternatives, which
will be further detailed as the proposed plan.
Green areas and related non‐economic activities to be preferably proposed on
Government land to avoid loss of economic benefit of the private land‐owners. In
case such activities are proposed on privately owned land, the local authority
preparing the plan should provide a fair compensation as per law, to the land
owner.
2.1.4.3. Selection among Alternatives
The next level of plan formulation requires evaluation of all the alternatives to reach
one selected alternative that would be elaborated to prepare plan for the settlement.
At this stage, focused group discussions or selected representative’s discussion can be
arranged as appropriate. Usually evaluation of alternatives result into another newly
developed concept, which derives the best from all the options.
2.1.5.
Inclusive Planning (further to the section 1.10.8)
Inclusive development as perceived by Central Government in 12 th and 13th five year
plans focuses on broad based improvement in the living standards of all residents of
the country. 11th five year plan’s approach was “Faster and more inclusive growth”
while 12th five year plan called for “Faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth”.
Inclusive planning means infusion of varying aspects, which lead to growth of whole
society into development process, such as integrated trunk infrastructure, sustainable
development, poverty elevation, decentralised decision making with special emphasis
on women, elderly and disabled friendly infrastructure and financial planning. These
facets of development were not traditionally recognised distinctly. Thus, for overall
development of residents of human settlements in India, inclusivity in planning must
be fundamental feature.
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Inclusive development in planning should have focus on the following parameters;
other such features to promote inclusivity in development process can be identified
based on the needs and requirements of settlements and time9:
Inclusive governance: entire system must function in a manner, which is seen to be
fair and inclusive.
Inclusive Sustainable development: Development is a qualitative indicator rather
than quantitative. Development of human settlements should not be uni‐
directional causing environmental degradation in the process. To direct growth on
sustainable manner Environmental Impact Assessment should be essential part of
development plans and projects.
Inclusive access to healthcare and education.
For inclusive employment and regionally balanced growth, MSME should be
promoted through Plans.
Developing capacities of Infrastructure: Infrastructure plays an important role in
growth and development of cities. It also promotes inclusivity in the society by
means of easy access to services.
Agriculture has been identified as very important for promoting inclusivity.
Various Laws, Policies and Guidelines make provisions that agriculturally fertile/
multi‐cropped land be acquired as last resort. Same provision should be followed
while planning for human settlements too.
For holistic development of entire population, issues concerning the people
employed in informal sector, besides women, elderly and the disabled must be
included in the entire process of plan preparation.
The Plan should aim at creation of wealth and employment, in an inclusive and
sustainable manner.
Water management including flood prevention, groundwater management,
rainwater harvesting, waste water treatment, recycling and reuse to be
encouraged.
Public spaces are crucial for pedestrian movement and accessible public facilities
have significant impact on the quality of life.
2.1.6. Statutory Obligations
Numerous laws and policies made by the Central and the State Legislature and
Governments impact spatial plans. Missing out on one or more of these could create
serious impediment for implementation of the Plan at a later stage. Therefore, at the
stage of plan formulation, a study would need to be conducted to list out all
legislations and their impact on the plan formulation and implementation, to ensure
affirmation with all the relevant laws.
9
Source: Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12 Volume-I; Twelfth Five Year Plan, 2012-17 Volume-I
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Plan Formulation
2.1.7. Decentralisation of Plan Approval Process
Following the spirit of the 74th CAA and also recognising the fact that the current
process of approval of urban development plans is time consuming resulting into
delays, it is recommended that the plan approval process be decentralised as follows:
Table 2.2:
Decentralised Plan Approval Process
Plan
Approving authority
Perspective plan
State Government
Regional Plan
State Government / Regional Development Authority
Development Plan
Municipal Corporation/ Development Authority/ MPC
Annual Plan
Municipal Council/ Municipal Corporation/ Development Authority
Zonal Development Plan
Municipal Corporation/ Development Authority/ MPC
Urban Revitalisation Plan
Municipal Corporation/ Development Authority/ MPC
City Development Plan
(terminology to be changed to
City Investment Plan)
As above
Comprehensive Mobility Plan
As above
City Sanitation Plan
As above
Projects/ Research
Municipal Corporation/ Development Authority/ MPC
Once the authority approves the Draft Plan, it can be put in public domain as per the
State Town & Country Planning Act for inviting objections and suggestions from the
public and various stakeholders.
2.1.8. People’s Participation
The approach of planning should be shifted from top‐down to bottom‐up approach to
make planning process more inclusive, comprehensive, and sustainable. Greater
public acceptability is desirable, to ensure that plans are relevant. People can
participate in the development process in the following realms:
Pre‐plan participation in decision making in vision development, for identification
of development priorities.
Post‐plan participation before finalisation and implementation of development
programmes and priorities.
Participation during implementation and evaluation of development programmes
and project.
Participation and sharing the benefits of development, managing the assets etc.
e‐Platform and crowd sourcing are coming up as new modes of obtaining feedback
speedily.
Taking into account the interest, attitude and behaviour of the people, role of urban
development professionals and obligations of local authority, a system of
participatory plan approach has been suggested as under:
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Table 2.3:
Participatory Planning Approach
Planning Process Steps
Determining goals and objectives
Citizen’s & Citizen
Representative(s)
Urban development
professional(s)
Official (s)
√
O
√
√
√
Data collection
Design of criteria and standards
√
Developing alternative plans
O
√
O
Choosing an alternative
√
√O
√
Detailed design of selected plan
√
Modification of plan
√
Plan Approval
O
Implementation
O
Monitoring
√/O
Maintenance
√/O
Feedback
√
O
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√= Major role, O= Facilitating or supportive role
Source: Community Planning Assistance Program, Arizona Department of Commerce and UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
The suggested indirect participation of the people is ensured through elected
representatives in the Municipal Council / Corporation and Ward committees. The
direct participation can be through individuals, citizens, neighbourhood, business,
consumer and other such groups.
There are several mechanisms and avenues for people’s participation available today,
few of these have been presented below. Such mechanisms and avenues can be used
to bring wider and more interactive participation of public in planning and
developmental process10:
Community Design Charrettesiv (see endnote): It is a multiple‐day interactive
meetings, workshops and site walks/visits that fosters diverse and community‐
sourced ideas;
Advisory Committees: Committees made up of representatives guide planning
efforts over an extended period of time while regularly meeting during the
planning process;
LowCost Demonstrations and Transformations: Use of blocks and day to day
objects to create a low cost model of proposals for visual understanding. Relatively
inexpensive temporary transformations are made to test the project and
experience changes.
Focus Groups: Allow small groups of stakeholders to provide their knowledge of a
project area and discuss their concerns and issues with local authority staff,
planning consultants etc.
Other: Citizens report card, participatory mapping and participatory budgeting
etc.
10
Modification of - Participation Tools for Better Community Planning by Local Government Commission & The California
Endowment
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Plan Formulation
2.1.9. Plan Modification
Once the plan is formulated, a draft is to be submitted to the State Government for
comments. After incorporating comments in the plan, Draft Plan is published to invite
Objections and Suggestions (O&S) from the public. The process of inviting O&S
leading to final notification should be based on the provisions of the State Town &
Country Planning Act.
2.1.9.1. In between the period of Plan formulation to finalisation
Currently there is no legal provision by many of the States to control or record
landuse change in the period between preparation of Existing landuse map and
Gazette Notification of the approved Proposed landuse plan. The conversion of the
land use is done according to the provisions of Town and Country Planning Act and
Urban Development Act of States. The process and time frame varies from State to
State.
The State of Kerala has provision to monitor landuse change between the mentioned
periods of planning. According to the Kerala T&CP Ordinance, 2013, Interim
Development Order may be published by the local authority with the objective to
control the interim development of land included in any planning area notified. The
expression ‘Interim Development’ means development during the period between the
date of notification of intention to prepare a plan and the date of coming into
operation of the plan. Such orders must be approved by DPC or MPC. Further, the
plan preparation time should be adequate to support Interim Development order.
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P
Plan Formu
ulation
Figu
ure 2.4 Plan Modification
M
P
Process
2.1
1.10. Rev
view and
d Monito
oring of Plans
P
A Regulatory
R
b
body
(Urbaan/ Region
nal Plannin
ng & Develo
opment Regulatory Authority)
at State
S
level should
s
be established
e
d to regulatte and mon
nitor the fu
unctioning of Urban
and
d Regional Developme
D
ent Authoriities/ Agen
ncies. This regulatory
r
body shou
uld assess
and
d monitor planning,
p
ob
bserve and
d evaluate impacts
i
of planning, q
quicken thee process
of approval
a
off plans in th
he States.
Plan
n evaluatio
on after eveery five yeears must be
b built in as perman
nent processs and be
man
ndatorily done
d
at th
he complettion of thee planningg period. T
The parameters for
evaaluation of plan mustt be predeefined in the
t early stages
s
so aas to have a set of
parameters ass benchmarrks toward
ds the end of
o plan perriod. The baasic param
meters are
provided in Table 2.4
4, besides these, otther speciific predeffined plan
n related
evaaluation parrameters co
ould be add
ded.
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
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Plan Formulation
Table 2.4:
S.No.
Parameters for the Evaluation of Plans
Evaluation Parameters
Quantitative benchmarks against the Plan to be evaluated
Comparison with the projected
population
• Comparison of population projected and the present population
2
Comparison of existing land use
with the planned land use
• Percentage deviation from the planned landuse of the major and
minor changes
3
Upward trend of economy
• Contribution of sectors of economy in GDP of the city
1
• Carrying capacity of the developed area vis a vis per person land
availability
• Performance of individual sectors especially MSME
• Performance of city GDP in comparison to State/National GDP
• Workforce participation ratio
• Workers classification
• Income generation and participation
• Female employment ratio
• Vertical movement of the population from Below Poverty Line
or lower income groups of the population
4
Funds invested
• Percentage share of expenditure visavis the phase and/or
project life budget
• Number of proposed projects completed
5
6
Achievements of targets in
Infrastructure development
• Comparison against benchmarks provided by National Agencies
Direction of growth vs Planned
growth
• Number of planned TP Schemes or Zones developed
• Change in the ratio of infrastructure coverage
• Number of Non‐Agricultural conversions
The basic objective of the review/ evaluation would be to assess the progress and
identify area of success, failure and conflicts to guide/correct the future course of
action. This is an important step in the dynamic planning process, which hitherto has
not been effectively utilised. This activity should be made mandatory under the
respective T&CP Acts.
The following sections provide more details of various stages of this process.
2.1.11. Plan Monitoring Parameters
The plan monitoring parameters should be standardised by Urban/ Regional Planning
Development Regulatory Authority for third party evaluation and monitoring report
to be submitted annually. The key aspects of monitoring (apart from Table2.4) are
suggested as:
Institutional setup of the authority in place (parameter may include adequate
staff and required qualifications, health & safety norms followed)
Change in jurisdiction of the planned area (parameter may include extent of the
area)
Change in density (parameters may include population density, built‐up density)
Infrastructure development (parameter may include actual infrastructure
works vis a vis the proposed targets or benchmarks)
Decongestion (parameter may include reduced travel time)
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Investments (parameter may include proposed investments under various heads
and actuals)
Public Participation (parameters may include formulation of citizens’ charter
and its functioning)
Indicators of success and indicators of failures
Monitoring of performance is detailed in Annual Plan given in section 2.2.6.
2.1.12. Evaluation & Revision of Plans
The Perspective Plan, Regional Plan, Development Plan, Local Area Plan, Special
Purpose Plan including the Comprehensive Mobility Plan and City Sanitation Plan are
prepared usually for duration of 20 years, though some States have attempted even
for 30 years. However, in the context of fast evolving social, economic and
technological developments, it would be desirable to review these plans regularly, at
the interval of 5 years or so. Such reviews should also incorporate the changes in legal
framework and government policies, as are notified from time to time. However, care
should be taken that the process of revision does not take too long and is completed
within 6 to 10 months.
As regards Annual Plans, there would normally be no need to undertake any review
per se. However, a review of previous year’s annual plan should be included in the
exercise of annual plan preparation. Performance of the projects/schemes
implemented by the local authority, as contained in the annual plan of the previous
year should be reviewed in terms of achievements of the physical and fiscal targets.
This would ensure a continuous monitoring and review of actions taken by local
authority. Results of the review should provide input for perpetration of next annual
plan. The monitoring of the plans/projects should be regular so that time taken in
review and formulation of annual plan is minimised.
The Projects / Research should be reviewed even during the project/research
period, to ensure that the data sources, research methodology and analysis are
realistic and do not suffer from infirmities.
2.2.
Contents of Plans
The approved plan should consist of a report, supplemented by the existing and
proposed landuse plans. The Report should include list of tables, list of illustrations
and annexures which should be appropriately referenced. More importantly, the aims
and objectives, scope of work, limitations and methodological framework should be
highlighted.
The contents of various plans could be as follows:
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Plan Formulation
2.2.1. Perspective Plan
The Perspective Plan should be driven by the vision and mission of the exercise being
undertaken. Whereas the vision may refer to the end state, the mission should clearly
focus on the steps to be undertaken to achieve the end state. At the same time, the
Perspective Plan must take into cognizance the relevant policies and statutes of the
Central and State Governments and projects/ schemes being implemented at
National, State, District, Region and Town levels. Based on the foregoing analysis,
clear strategies should be worked out for urban and regional planning and
development including for the peri‐urban areas, environmental protection, heritage
conservation and the linkages between these aspects.
Surveys and analysis form the core issue both in terms of spatial and attribute data
sets. Based on this analysis, alternative strategies for development may be worked out
and the most appropriate strategy for development indicated for detailing out further.
Accordingly, the contents of a perspective plan shall broadly encompass the following:
Existing Scenario in overall terms.
Projected requirements for the horizon year based on the total quantum of land
available and that can actually be used for development.
Specific planning studies related to setting, linkages both socio‐economic and
physical, and likely challenges. In addition climatological studies, identification
of areas prone to hazards, environmentally sensitive zones.
Population projection for the horizon year based on past trends and other
statistical methods to arrive at assigned population for the horizon year.
Economy and employment levels, both existing and projected.
Shelter‐including shortfalls in various categories of housing stock and the total
requirement
Transportation‐analysis of the existing network, projected requirement based
on detailed OD surveys.
Institutional uses both existing and required for the horizon year in terms of
education, health, socio‐cultural, religious, and distributive services like police,
fire, telecom etc.
Infrastructure in terms of water, underground sewerage, drainage, and solid
waste management. Vision should include an overview of new technologies and
the way to develop and implement.
Use of alternative sources of energy through new technology.
Resource base‐ monetary resources required to implement plan proposals visa
vis financial health of the local body/implementing agencies.
Manpower resources both existing and proposed as per requirement.
Given the extent of the planning area and the assigned population to be
accommodated, physical proposals may be drawn up driven by transportation and
activity nodes.
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It is important to ensure that projects/schemes are identified at this level itself
including their costing and modalities for implementation.
2.2.2. Contents of Regional Plan
Regional Plan is to be prepared for the area identified as formal or functional region,
which could be state/ inter‐state/ district/ inter‐district, investment region or special
area. If region so identified is inter‐state, all such states will need to prepare sub
regional plans for their respective areas. For a regional plan for a normal region, the
following key contents to be included:
1. Introduction of the Region
2. Analysis of regional resources
3. Projected requirements
4. Major proposals and projects
5. Implementation Plan
For Regional Planning for an Investment Region or Special Region, ‘delineation of the
region’ to be included in the above given contents (refer Chapter 4 for details).
Introduction of the Region
About the Region
Constituted areas: Region, Sub‐region, Functional areas, Growth centres etc.
Ratio of Urban and rural development
Region Morphology
Analysis of Regional Resources & Project Requirements
1. Physical setting
Administrative profile
Connectivity and Economic linkages
2. Geography of the Region
Topography
Geology & Geomorphology
Hydrology (Surface and Ground water)
Climate
Minerals & Resource mapping
Study of State Land Utilisation Policy
3. Demography (Region and Sub‐region wise)
Population and its distribution,
Population density
Age‐sex composition and literacy rate (trend analysis)
Growth of population (natural and migratory)
Population projection based on scenarios (refer Chapter 7)
4. Settlement pattern
Urban and Rural settlement
Peri‐urban areas and analysis of existing key developments
Hierarchy of settlements (refer Chapter 4)
Density of settlements
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Plan Formulation
5. Transportation
Mode of transportation ‐ by road, rail, air, water as the case may be
Network of roads, railways, waterways and their interrelationship with major activity nodes
Traffic volume
Pattern of movement
Transport Corridors & Terminals
6. Physical and Socio Economic linkages
Social Infrastructure
Education
Health care (multi‐speciality hospitals, health centres)
Recreational
Religious
Gap assessment and requirement for the projected population
Physical Infrastructure
Water
Energy
Drainage, sanitation and refuse and solid waste disposal
Communication
Police protection, fire protection
Disaster Management cell
Cremation and graveyards
Gap assessment and requirement for the projected population
Heritage & Tourism
Flow of Tourist (season wise and origin wise)
Mapping of Natural heritage and Man‐made heritage
Tourism infrastructure analysis and gap assessment
Economic activity and Fiscal policy
Major Economic sectors
Distribution of workforce in formal and informal sector
Workforce participation ratio
Occupational structure
Economic nodes
Shelter
Housing scenario
Housing stock & supply
Housing need assessment including typologies
Low cost housing
Night shelters
Slum settlements
7. Environment
Agro‐climatic zone
Eco‐sensitive zones‐ Protected or restricted areas such as National parks and Wildlife
sanctuaries and eco‐sensitive buffers around it
Rivers, water bodies and wetland
Groundwater
Coastal/ Hill zone, if any
Green & Forest cover
Urban Heat Island
Biodiversity
Environmentally Sensitive areas‐ Hazard prone zones such as earthquake, floods/ flash floods,
high winds, cyclone, fire, land slide, tsunami, vulnerability and risk assessment of the region.
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Pollution levels of water, soil, land, air
Other threat to Natural environment
Major Proposals and Projects
1. Regional policy & Development strategy:
Policy for zones of development
Growth poles & Satellite townships: strategy of development of settlement system
Recommendations on Urban centre jurisdiction changes, if any
Development corridors and TOD zones
Economic activity and fiscal policy
Major economic thrust sectors & its identified markets (focus on encouraging economic
activities for formal and informal for women empowerment)
2. Regional landuse and Development Controls:
Landuse proposal: built‐up area, agriculture, protected areas, waste lands, water bodies etc.
conforming with State Land Utilisation Policy and State Perspective Plan
Proposed hierarchy of settlements: Priority towns and Counter magnet areas
Major economic hubs and industrial estates/ parks for cluster development
Development Control Regulations for various regional uses
3. Regional infrastructure:
Mobility: Transportation proposal at Regional level (including locations for integrated freight
complexes, multi modal hubs among others)
Major proposed institutional areas and policy on its location in peri‐urban areas
Proposals for other infrastructures for water supply, sanitation, decentralised treatment and
for health, education at regional level (proposal to ensure that facilities and infrastructure are
easily accessible to female population and differently abled / physically challenged / disabled).
Earmark spaces and norms for services like communication (postal and telephone), protection
(police, fire) and others at regional level
Preferred locations for power generating activities
Preferred locations and norms for regional landfill site. Strategy to minimize waste generation
by encouraging Zero‐Waste disposal.
4. Disaster Risk Mitigation measures: as per NDMA guidelines (refer Chapter 6)
5. Tourism: locations for promotion (even if seasonal) and proposed circuits including strategies to
promote green mobility (walking, cycling, public transport) for tourism.
6. New and Modified Policies:
Alignment with State Policies for Environmental, Land Utilisation Policy etc.
Plan for Slum free City
Rationalization of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for villages/ transitional towns
Policy on Tribal Settlements
Proposals for MSME clusters or recommendations for separate studies
Policy and action plan for decentralisation/ dispersal of hazardous and polluting industries and
allocation of suitable land for industries clusters
Policy and priorities for informal residential areas/ slums and unauthorised colonies.
Other Issues that need New Policies, Incentives and disincentives.
Implementation Plan
Implementation strategies for the region for land and resource mobilisation
Co‐ordination of local bodies and authorities and integrated management
structure for the region
Estimation of the Fiscal requirement phase‐wise and source of fund. Specifying
projects to be taken up under PPP
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Plan Formulation
Capacity building for manpower and preparation of its work plan as per State
policy
Priorities of the developmental projects and further detailing of plans
Framework of monitoring and its mechanism
2.2.3. Contents of Development Plan
This part recommends the contents of Development Plan document, which would
include the written document as well as the map showing the spatial plan and other
supporting charts and diagrams. Major heads and sub‐heads to serve as a guide for
formulation of development plan of an urban centre are given below.
Contents of Development Plan should be formulated in accordance with statutory
provisions of the relevant Act. With the view of saving time and also developing a
participatory system of planning, necessary information from secondary sources
should be utilised, as far as practicable and primary surveys should be conducted only
when it is unavoidable. Conceived within the framework of the perspective plan and
adjusted as per the Regional District Plan, a Developmental Plan is to be prepared for
a period of 20‐30 years. While preparing Development Plan, special attention must be
paid on safety, security and participation of women, the elderly, and other segments
of society requiring special needs.
The Development plan should contain the following major heads:
1. Existing Conditions and Development Issues
2. Assessment of Deficiencies and Projected Requirements
3. Vision and Mission
4. Development Proposals
5. Implementation Plan
The details of each of the major sub‐heads of Developmental Plan are given in the
following sections:
2.2.3.1. Analysis of Existing Scenario and Development Issues
1.
Background:
Location, regional setting and connectivity
Brief history of development of the town
City influence and its characteristics including settlement pattern, rural‐urban relationship and
fringe area developments
Physical setting – Topography, Climate, Soil (profile and condition), Geology & Geomorphology,
Litho‐logy, Neo‐Tectonics, Micro‐Seismic zones and Hydrology, Sub‐surface aquifer systems
2. Demographic Profile:
Existing population and distribution
Population growth and its composition of
Natural growth
Migration pattern/
Jurisdictional changes
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Floating population
Age‐sex composition and literacy rate (trend analysis)
Workforce participation
Population density (net and gross)
Household characteristics ‐ Household sizes
3. Land Profile:
Jurisdiction changes and efforts of planned development
Existing landuse map with revenue level details (map scale as per Table 7.7)
Developable and non‐developable area
Peri‐urban areas and urban villages, if any
Existing zoning and development within zoned area (including inner city area)
Built floor space, floor space permitted
Particulars including ‐ Vending zones, Heritage (sites, buildings and areas)
Land development and management (Central & State Government land)
4. Economic Profile:
Primary:
Agriculture, horticulture & forestry
Sericulture and/or Fishing
Mining & quarrying
Secondary:
Manufacturing – large, medium and clusters of MSME
Household industries
Construction
Tertiary:
Trade (whole sale / retail trade)
Tourism, Hotels and Restaurants
Transport, Storage and Communication
Financial services such as Banking, Insurance etc.
Real estate and Business services
Public Administration
Others services
Informal sector as informal trade, commerce.
Work‐force & Occupational pattern (Employment data to be analysed gender wise & age wise)
Employment generation / Major work areas
5. Infrastructure Profile:
Transportation:
Mode of transportation ‐ by road, rail, air, water as the case may be.
Network of roads, railways, waterways and their interrelationship with major activity nodes
Transport Corridors & Terminals.
Trans‐intra city transportation facility
Pedestrian and bicycle
Network of city‐level non‐motorized routes and zones
Goods movement system
Transportation land use integration
Parking
Signage and way findings
Facilities like:
Education: schools, technical institutes, universities,
Health care: Dispensary, health centres, hospitals
Recreational spaces, Parks and Open spaces
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Plan Formulation
Religious spaces
Socio‐cultural facilities
Physical Infrastructure: (benchmarks)
Water supply: network, existing demand and supply scenario, water transmission, reservoirs
and distribution, rainwater harvesting
Energy: existing demand and supply scenario, transmission and distribution network,
renewable energy
Drainage, Sanitation and Solid waste disposal: existing demand and supply scenario,
generation and collection system, transportation, treatment, re‐cycling and re‐use of waste
Transport and Communication
Police protection, Fire protection
Cremation and graveyards
Disaster management centre
6. Environmental Profile
Eco‐sensitive zone ‐ Protected or restricted areas such as National parks and Wildlife
sanctuaries and eco‐sensitive buffers around it
River, Water bodies and wetlands
Coastal/ Hill zone, if any
Green & Forest cover
Pollution levels ‐ air, water, noise, soil pollution
Disaster Management
Hazard prone zones such as earthquake, floods/flash floods, high winds, cyclone, fire, land
slide, tsunami
Disaster mapping ‐ vulnerability and risk assessment of the region
All environmentally sensitive areas
7. Shelter (both formal and informal)
Housing scenario
Housing stock & supply
Mapping of slums, squatter settlements/JJ clusters, other informal settlements
Housing supply mechanism,
Housing need assessment including typologies
Low cost housing
Affordable Housing
Rental Housing
Night shelters
Public housing
Slum settlements
Squatter settlement
8. Administrative profile:
Legal framework
Institutional framework & manpower
Fiscal: Sources of revenue, streams of expenditure – existing and required
Major policy issues
Key issues in governance
Grievance Redress
City level reforms
9. Maps & Plans:
Existing landuse / utilisation plan
Historical city growth map
Infrastructure maps
Environmentally sensitive zones map
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Disaster maps
10. Gap analysis:
Based on the existing conditions and the projected requirements of the planning area, a gap
analysis is suggested to be done and issues be identified.
2.2.3.2. Projected Requirements
Assessment of projected requirements should be for a period of twenty to thirty years
and it should further be classified under periods of 5 year in line with State five‐year
plans. Such classification would help in preparation of annual plans and budget.
1. Population
Projected population: should be guided by environmental and infrastructure (especially
drinking water) sustainability and holding capacity of the city. Dispersal of economic activity
may also guide population projection
Floating population, age sex composition, literacy
2. Economic base and employment
Hierarchy of commercial areas, dispersal of commercial activity and related activities
Dispersal of industries, environmental restriction on industrial development
Urban poverty and its alleviation.
Work force, employment in different sectors of economy: formal and informal sectors
Proposed hierarchy of trade and commerce area
3. Shelter
Informal sector housing, slum up‐gradation and resettlement strategy
Housing need and requirement
4. Transportation
Green mobility strategy with multimodal integration strategy
Mass transportation system and its integration with activity nodes/facility centres and land
use pattern
Proposed network of city‐level non‐motorized routes and zones
Travel demand forecast, Road length, Hierarchy of roads, Transport terminals
Projection of parking requirements
Need for Airport, seaport (as the case may be)
5. Social Infrastructure
Education: pre‐schools, schools, technical institutes, universities
Health care: Dispensary, health centres, hospitals
Recreational: Parks and open spaces, theme based parks
Religious
Socio‐cultural: museum, cultural centres
Cremation/ Burial grounds
6. Physical Infrastructure
Water: projected water demand, water treatment plant
Sewerage: estimation of generation and treatment capacity
Power demand and supply gap with options for transition to renewable energy and Smart Grid
electricity
Drainage: estimation in case of change in jurisdiction, developable area or major change in land
use share
Gap assessment & projection of other utilities
7. Land use requirement for
Residential areas
Commercial areas
Manufacturing area
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
45
Plan Formulation
Public and semi‐public
Parks, Playgrounds and Open Spaces
Transport and Communication
Special areas
Agriculture
Water‐bodies
8. Assessment of Disaster management infrastructure to meet the requirement of prescribed
in the District Disaster Management Plan
2.2.3.3. Development of Vision
The plan, at this stage is to formulate Vision based on existing conditions and
development issues and stakeholder consultation. Goals and objectives related to
dispersal of activities, environmental and infrastructure sustainability, mass
transportation and informal activities, Information and Communication Technology,
women and poorer sections to be incorporated if not already included.
It should consist of the guiding planning principles for the plan formulation. Like
whether the city development strategy is for Compact city/ Green city/ Dense cities.
Also, if it is a Tourist city, Heritage city, Educational hub, Industrial city etc.
2.2.3.4. Development Proposals
The proposal sub heads are enlisted as:
1. Land use Plan:
Hierarchy: Concept of hierarchy of planning units and spatial development of various activity
nodes, facility centres and network of roads
Proposed land use plan (scale of the plan as per Table 7.7)
Zoning regulations for proposed land use categories (refer Chapter 9 for details for the land
use classification) including:
Residential areas
Commercial areas
Manufacturing area
Public and semi‐public
Parks, Playgrounds and Open Spaces
Transport and Communication
Special areas
Old built‐up (core) area
Heritage and conservation areas
Scenic value areas
Disaster prone areas / Eco‐sensitive area
Primary activities
Water‐bodies
2. Comprehensive Mobility Plan:
Mass transportation system and land uses interfaces.
TOD development with priority for NMV around nodes
Integration of proposed Comprehensive Mobility Plan
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Plan Formulation
3. Infrastructure Plan/ Utility Plan:
Layout of plan of trunk infrastructure of each infrastructure and utility at the scale of the
proposed land use plan
4. Special Area Planning:
Plan for Renewal and redevelopment areas or recommendation for the further detailing of
Urban Redevelopment Plan for the earmarked area
Provisions for Heritage and conservation areas
Regulations for the Hazard zone and protected areas
Proposals for development of women and vulnerable population
5. Development Promotion Rules / regulations
To regulate and develop landuse as mooted under the Development Plan, development promotion
rules / regulations should be mentioned in this section.
6. Annexures:
Detailed scaled maps of prevailing situation
Detailed scaled maps of existing Land use
Detailed scaled maps of proposed Land use
Detailed scaled maps of proposed infrastructure plans and social services
Detailed scaled maps of proposed Special purpose plans
2.2.3.5. Implementation Plan
Following inputs from preceding stages and prevailing Statutes, a seamless plan
implementation schedule must be prepared for Development Plan. It should contain
roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders, resource mobilisation framework and
phase‐wise implementation schedule for planned project activities. The key aspects to
be covered in the Implementation framework should be in line with aims, objectives
and prioritised projects and schemes. Implementation framework may include the
following:
Priorities of projects and research
Phasing of developmental activities
Proposal for land resource mobilisation
Investment Strategy and Promotion
Institutional set‐up
1. Priorities: Classify various projects identified as a part of development proposals by
priority as under
Essentials (top priority)
Necessary (2nd priority)
Acceptable and desirable (3rd priority)
Deferrable (4th priority)
Projects and research should be identified by phases and implementing agencies (including private
and corporate sectors) to be given as per the institutional set‐up.
2. Phasing: Development Plan should advisably be in phases of 5 years to coincide with the State
Five Year Plans. The targets set for each phase can be assessed as the mid‐term review against
the achievements at the end of each phase. For Greenfield area phasing could include a ‘Zero’
period for approvals, institutional set‐up, initial land pooling and revisiting any strategy.
3. Proposal for land resource mobilisation: Implementation mechanism detailing approaches
for land polling and development in lines with the suggested mechanism in the State
Perspective Plan
4. Investment Strategy: Proposals for fiscal resource mobilisation including:
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
47
Plan Formulation
Internal revenue
Grants & Aids
Institutional finance
Market borrowing
Private sector finance
5. Institutional Setup to clearly provide Stakeholders’ role and responsibility and organisation
chart.
2.2.4. Contents of Local Area Plan
Once the Development plan is prepared, its proposals can be further implemented by
preparing Local Area Plan. This plan can be either Zonal Development Plan or Local
Area Scheme and these can have the following contents:
2.2.4.1. Contents of Zonal Development Plan
1. Introduction
A brief introduction to the city comprising its regional setting, functional character growth
trends.
Development plan / Master Plan context
Interdependence of Zones on other parts of the city
2. Site Background & Analysis
Land use distribution and analysis
Population and density
Built‐up area, character, extent and delineation
Transportation: Circulation network, traffic flow (people and goods) and terminal facilities
Physical and social infrastructure
Land ownership
Slope analysis
Micro‐zoning hazard mapping
Green cover: parks/open spaces, forest, orchards, green belts, etc.
Site potentials and constraints
Security mapping: specifying relatively safe and unsafe areas, streets etc.
Types of housing subsystems: low cost housing, affordable housing
3. Conceptual Framework
Planning parameter
Planning concept & hierarchy till community level
Projected requirements
Urban design framework
4. Proposals and development strategy
Land use plan (scale of plan as per Table 7.7)
Proposed circulation system
Proposals for physical infrastructure
Proposals for community facilities
Strategy for new development, redevelopment and improvement
Proposal for integrating and developing urban villages
Proposals for informal sector
Strategy for rehabilitation/regularization of unauthorized colonies
Strategy for maintenance of services
Provision for facilitating physically challenged and disabled in urban development
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Proposals regarding vending zones: Transit‐oriented markets and market streets can be
pedestrianized or only NMVs and buses be permitted in vending zones.
5. Conservation and Improvement of Environment
Conservation and Improvement of land profile
Proposals for conservation and improvement of rivers streams, water‐sheds.
Conservation and Improvement of green cover and landscape
Conservation of heritage areas/zones
Energy‐efficient and environmentally sustainable development
Provision for rainwater harvesting & common infrastructure at LAP level
Integration of proposals regarding air water and noise pollution control
Security mapping: Focusing on provision of appropriate street furniture including lighting,
spacing of police booths. Consideration is recommended for providing security for women
6. Compliance of Government Policies
State Land Utilisation Policy
State Perspective Plan and/or State Urbanisation Policy
State Urban Housing or Affordable Policy
Township and Integrated Township Policy
Rainwater Harvesting Policy
Energy Policy
Disaster Management Policy
Industrial and Service Sector Investment Policy
Barrier‐free Environment for Physically Disabled
Information Technology Policy
Tourism Policy
Other Policies
7. Zoning Regulations
Definitions of various use zone premises
Use restrictions (uses permitted, conditionally permitted and uses prohibited)
Proposal for mixed land uses
Strategy for non‐conforming land uses
Strategy for hazard zone and regulations
Proposals for meeting women’s needs: mixed use development with focus on street activities/
TOD/ space for street vendors/encourage areas to be active at various times of day and night
8. Development Regulations
Building regulations and building bye‐laws
Urban Design of major hubs, if required
Architectural Control, if necessary
Specific development controls for heritage areas and other special areas traditional areas as
defined by the local authorities if any may be provided
9. Resource Mobilization and Implementation
Institutional set‐up for Implementation
Physical Infrastructure development cost including annual and 5 year phasing
Resource Mobilization for implementation through public private and other sectors
10. Implementation framework
Phasing and prioritization of development
Development Management
11. Annexures:
Detailed scaled maps of prevailing situation
Detailed scaled maps of existing Land use
Detailed scaled maps of proposed Land use
Detailed scaled maps of proposed location of infrastructure and social services
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
49
Plan Formulation
Detailed scaled maps of vending zones in the planned local area
Any other proposal necessary for the development of the zone or ward or area.
2.2.4.2. Specific Contents of Urban Redevelopment/Renewal Plan
Urban redevelopment or renewal plans have following distinct contents, apart from
the local area plans’ contents as provided in the preceding section:
1. Development gaps & projected requirements
2. City Revitalisation Strategy
3. Development proposals: Typology of the urban development– transportation, infrastructure,
congestion areas revitalisation, heritage resources, utilisation of Government properties
4. Restructuring of Institutional setup, if required
5. Annexure
6. Local Area Plan (Ward Plans) shall be aggregated at the Zonal Development Plan Level
coterminous with the Administrative Divisions/Boundaries and Zonal Development Plans shall
be aggregated at the Development plan level.
2.2.5. Contents of Specific Purpose Plan (e.g. City Development
Plans formulated for accessing funds under JNNURM)
A specific purpose plans should draw upon and align with the objectives of the
programmes etc. under which it is to be drawn. The CDP under JnNURM offers an
example. The objectives of JnNURM was developing physical infrastructure for
achieving MDGs and realising full potential of cities and making them engine of
growth of the economy. Mission had objectives focusing on integrated development of
infrastructure, ensuring adequate funds, promoting urban reforms, provision of basic
services to the poor etc. Preparing CDP is a key strategy to achieving objectives of the
Mission. Developmental Plan provides comprehensive proposals for socio‐economic
and spatial development of urban centre but increasing population and spatial extent
of the cities has raised the need for urban planning. As a result various special
purpose plans have come up to fill the gap and to cater the specialised planning needs
of different aspects of city.11
2.2.5.1. Contents of City Development Plan (may be renamed as City
Investment Plan)
CDP is the perspective and vision document, which gives existing condition of the city,
sets out direction of change through vision, provides thrust areas and strategies, and
investment framework to follow for successful implementation of plan. 12 It is
suggested that the terminology of ‘City Development Plan’ be renamed as ‘City
Investment Plan’ to avoid confusion as in many states statutory plans are named as
Development Plan.
1. Introduction
11
JnNURM: Formulation of CDP, JnNURM: Overview.
12
Ibid.
50
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Plan Formulation
Background
Concepts and principles of City Development Plan
2. City Profile
Location
Geography
Profile of city
3. City vision and development of goals and strategies
Approach and Vision and mission statement
Development of goals and strategies
4. Demographic Profile
Demographic trends
Spatial spread and Population density
Composition of population growth
Natural
Migration pattern
Jurisdictional changes
Literacy rate and Gender ratio
Social composition and Income distribution
Population projection
5. Land Management and Urban Growth
Existing city assessment
Morphological development of city
Existing land use
Unauthorized & unorganized colonies
Urban villages
Industrial development
Ecologically sensitive areas
Land development and management
Efforts of planned development
6. Inner city
Inner city area
Problems of inner city
7. Economic Profile
Economic profile
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Formal and informal sector
Workforce participation
Occupational distribution and structure
GDP and per capita income
Directions of growth
8. Financial Profile
Review of the existing fiscal and financial status
Status of current assets and liabilities
Overview of finances of local authority and departments
Inter government transfer in the finances in local authority
Sources of revenue and expenditure stream
9. Infrastructure
Physical infrastructure
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Plan Formulation
City water supply system
Sewerage system
Storm water drainage
Road network and transport system
Solid waste management
Electricity
Social Infrastructure
Education
Health facilities
Other amenities
Recreational spaces
10. Environment Profile
Water quality
Air quality
Noise pollution
Land pollution
11. Disaster Management
Existing situation
Disaster prevention and management plan
Investment estimates
Training and other programs
Information management system
Implementation plan
12. Urban Poor and Slum
Poverty profile
Socio‐economic profile of poor
Poverty alleviation programmes
Slums / JJ clusters
Squatter settlements/JJ clusters
Slum development polices & strategies
Issues of slums/JJ clusters
13. Conservation and Heritage Management
Inventory of heritage resources
Legal framework
14. Governance and Institutional Arrangement
Legal framework
Institutional framework
Key issues in governance
Grievance Redress
City level reforms
15. Community Consultation
City stakeholders profile
Women
People employed in informal sector
Youths
Senior Citizens
RWAs
NGOs etcetera
Sector wise viewpoint of communities
Stakeholders workshop
16. SWOT Analysis
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17. Investment Framework
Sector wise investment options
Summary of costs
18. City Investment Plan
A CIP provides an estimate of the level of investment that will be needed to implement the CDP. It is an
estimate and provides an order of investment, arrived at by using financial norms or standards for
service provision and up‐gradation or directly estimating the cost of implementing a reform agenda. A
linked aspect is to consider options and strategies for financing the vision as contained in the CDP.
These may cover:
Water supply
Sewerage system
Road network & Transportation system
Storm water drainage system
Solid waste management
Heritage conservation and management
Urban environment
Urban governance
Other development projects
Urban slums and poor
Summary of project investment plan
Financing options of the local body could be sourced from its own resources, Central/ State
Government grants and loans, market borrowings, capital market, FDI, PPP etc.
19. Institutional Reforms
Review of issues in governance
Measures for good governance
Institutional reforms
Municipal accounting
e‐Governance
Poverty reduction
Other reforms
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
53
Plan Formulatio
F
n
Figure 2.5: Process off Preparing City Developm
ment Plan
Source: Jn
nNURM CDP Toolkit
T
2.2.5.2. Contents of Com
mprehensiive Mobiliity Plan13
Increasin
ng populattion of urban centress has resulted in trafffic problem
ms. CMP is the
key docu
ument prov
viding ratio
onale for th
he transporrtation pro
oposals und
der JnNURM
M. It
draws itts rationalee and base from CDP,, Master Pllan and Co
omprehensiive Traffic and
Transport Studies (CTTS). It provides the
t long‐teerm vision of mobilityy patterns and
focuses on
o integrattion of land
d use and trransport an
nd improveement of th
he mobility and
accessibility of peo
ople and faacilities. CM
MP reviewss the futuree landuse p
patterns in
n the
13
Guideliness and Toolkit for Urban Transpo
ort Development.
54
URDPFI Guidelines,
G
2014.
2
Ministrry of Urban D
Developmentt
Plan Formulation
Master Plan from the mobility optimization point of view and selects a preferred
pattern of landuse‐transport integration if necessary.14
1. Existing situation
Introduction
Objective of the CMP
Scope of the CMP
City Profile
General background
Socio‐economic profile
Legal framework and standards
Institutional and financial situation
Environmental and social conditions
Review of Land Use System
Existing reports and documents
Landuse patterns and development trends
Landuse development policies and strategies
Identification of issues
Existing Transport Systems
Existing studies, reports and proposals
Existing Road Network and existing transportation infrastructure
Public transport systems
Urban goods movement
Traffic safety and enforcement
Other relevant issues
Analysis of Existing Traffic Pattern /Transport Situation
Traffic surveys including Traffic Volume, Origin Destination, Traffic Movement, etc. (refer
Chapter 8 for details)
Analysis of travel characteristics
Analysis of vehicular traffic and bottlenecks
Analysis of social consideration
Development of base‐year transport demand model
Identification of Issues
Comparative analysis of urban transport environment
2. Development of urban landuse and transport strategy
Development of Visions and Goals
Vision statement
Urban transport development strategies
Goals setting
Development of Alternative Urban Growth Scenarios
Urban growth scenarios in the master plan
Development of urban growth scenarios& evaluation
Future Transport Network Scenarios
Road network scenarios
Public transport development split scenarios
Development of Urban Land Use and Transport Strategy
Evaluation of urban growth and transport network scenarios
14
Comprehensive Mobility Plans: Preparation Toolkit; Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport development in Medium
Sized Cities in India.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
55
Plan Formulation
3. Plans and projects
Public Transport Improvement Plan
Bus service improvement plan
MRT development plans, if required
Trunk and feeder public transport network
ITS application
Road Network Development Plan
Hierarchical road network
Arterial road construction/improvement
Secondary road construction/improvement
Intersections and flyovers
Railway crossing and underpass
NMV Facility Improvement Plan
Strategy for NMT facility improvement
Pedestrian facility improvement
NMV facility improvement (bicycles, rickshaws)
Intermodal Facilities
Bus terminals
Bus‐Rail interchange
Park and ride facilities
Freight terminals
Regulatory and Institutional Measures
Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority and Traffic and Transportation cell for small and
medium size towns
Traffic impact assessment mechanism
Regulatory changes required for the introduction of TDM measures
Traffic safety regulations
Parking regulations
Fiscal Measures
Fare policy for public transportation and parking
Subsidy policy for public transport operators
Taxation on private vehicles and public transport vehicles
Potential for road congestion charging
Mobility Improvement Measures and National Urban Transportation Policy Objectives
Introduction
Summary of NUTP objectives and the proposed measures
Social and environmental considerations
4. Implementation programs
Implementation program should provide detailed process of implementing the proposal along with
time frame, financing options and implementing agencies for each project.
Implementation Programs
List of mobility improvement projects and measures – list to be prepared by reviewing all
the existing and on‐going projects along with very brief summary of each.
Selection of priority projects/measures – while considering timeframe of measures, a
selection process should be developed to screen prime candidates based on their
importance and constraints to implementation.
Implementation agencies/organizations – for each project implementing agency /
organisation should be identified and considering existing implementation capacity, new
agencies could be proposed.
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
P
Plan Formu
ulation
Finan
ncing option
ns – financing options could be from Local Governmen
nt, Central
Goveernment, priv
vate sector financing
f
(orr PPP) and in
nternational developmen
nt partners
(donor agencies). In addition, the financial share of the local body sh
hould also be clarified.
Implementation programs
p
– fo
ollowed by above examin
nations the im
mplementatio
on program
shou
uld be summaarized. An im
mplementation
n program caan be prepareed based on time
t
frame
of eaach project, which
w
will ind
dicate a realisstic schedule for implemeenting all reco
ommended
projeects and meassures.
5 Annexure
5.
es
Survey data
Details of traffic demaand modelling
Proposall Plans
Project profile
p
sheets
Figu
ure 2.6: City Mobilisation
n Planning Process
Sourrce: Guidelin
nes and Toolk
kit for Urban Transport
T
Deevelopment
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
57
Plan Formulation
2.2.5.3. Contents of City Sanitation Plan15
Unprecedented growth of urban population in India has resulted in several
infrastructural issues. Sanitation infrastructure is important to keep cities healthy and
liveable. The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) was prepared with the vision of
making all Indian cities totally sanitized, healthy and liveable for all citizens especially
the urban poor. The CSP is a vision document on sanitation with 20 to 25 years
horizon with short term town level action plans for 3‐5 years to achieve sanitation
goals. CSP provides for the preparation of City Sanitation Task Force, stakeholder
mapping, situation analysis, current deficiency assessment, prioritising of areas,
institutional capacity and financial mapping.16 The key contents of CSP are listed as
under:
1. Introduction
Background
Objectives of City‐Wide Sanitation Plan
City Sanitation Planning: Process, detailed steps and limitations
Activity Update on CSP
Verification of MoUD checklist
2. Profile of the City
Introduction
Location and regional linkages
Climate
Topography
Brief History
Regional Importance
Economy
Demography
Population projections
Population density
Sex‐Ratio
Literacy
Ward wise population distribution and growth potential
Housing Scenario‐Ownership Status
Slums and squatter settlements
Existing Landuse
Municipal Governance
3. Environmental Sanitation – An Assessment
Sanitation Situation Analysis
Introduction
Household sanitation
Slum sanitation
Open defecation areas
Community toilets
Public toilets
15
16
Manual on Preparing CSP
National Urban Sanitation Policy.
58
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Plan Formulation
School sanitation
Wastewater treatment infrastructure
Septage management
Service level benchmarking indicators
Wastewater projections
Storm Water Drainage System
Introduction
Existing drainage network
Coverage
Outfalls
Existing drainage conditions
Local flooding areas/ low lying areas
Storm water drainage – peak run‐off calculations
Standardized service level indicators
Solid Waste Management
Primary collection and coverage
Street sweeping
Waste generation & segregation ‐ quantity and characteristics
Secondary collection
Transportation
Treatment & disposal
Institutional setup & Health of sanitary workers
Operation & Maintenance (O&M)
Service level benchmarking indicators
Future demand and gap
Water Supply
Source of water
Existing transmission, distribution and storage capacities
Service coverage
Standardized service level indicators
Future demand and gap
4. Institutional Capacity and Finance:
Existing institutional framework:
Details of existing State laws related to slums applicable to the city
Institutions engaged in slum improvement i.e. Slum Clearance Board, ULBs, District Urban
Development Agency (DUDA), State Urban Development Agency (SUDA), Housing Boards,
Development Authorities, District Collectorate, NGO, CDS / Neighbourhood society’s,
assessment of organizational capacities.
Community participation arrangements (Identification of city level Lead NGOs) and the
existing community mobilization and development structure
Financial Capacity Assessment of Local Body
5. Sanitation Situation with respect to National Ranking Parameter
Sanitation situation with respect to national sanitation ranking parameters: To promote
sanitation in Indian cities, National Rating and Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian cities,
was implemented under National Urban Sanitation Policy by MoUD. Cities are rated based on
set of objective indicators of outputs, processes and outcomes.
6. CityWide Sanitation
Introduction
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Plan Formulation
60
Vision and City‐ Wide Sanitation Planning
Vision statement
Principles of CSP
Assumptions, norms and units costs
Various occurrences of issues versus consequences
Sub‐sector Strategies
Open defecation free status by ensuring access to all (including poor and slum dwellers as
well as visiting population)
Excreta disposal and waste water management
Improvement of integrated solid waste management
Improvement of storm water management
Enabling and Sustaining strategies
Awareness raising, hygiene promotion and community participation
Institutional arrangement and responsibility
Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and review
Launching reward scheme
Incentives and dis‐incentives
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
P
Plan Formu
ulation
Figu
ure 2.7: City Sanitation Pllanning Proceess
Sourrce: CSP Man
nual – NUSP.
2.2.5.4. Con
ntents of Slum Red
development Plan17
In pursuance
p
o Governm
of
ment of Ind
dia’s vision for “Slum Free
F
India””, Rajiv Awaas Yojana
wass launched
d in 2011 under wh
hich Slum Redevelop
pment Plan
n is preparred. RAY
env
visages two
o‐step implementation
n strategy i.e. preparaation of Slu
um free Citty Plan of
Actiion (SFCPo
oA) and preeparation of
o projects for
f selected
d slum. RAY
Y provides financial
17
Ra
ajiv Awas Yojana
a Guidelines.
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
61
Plan Formulation
support to States/UTs/Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)/Central Government Agencies for
providing housing and improvement of basic civic infrastructure and social amenities
in each selected slums.
Preparation for SFCPoA (Slum Free City Plan of Action)
Conducting Stakeholder Workshops and meetings to prepare the ground for beginning the
processes and surveys required under SFCPoA.
Preparation of a City profile
Review of existing policies and programmes related to slum improvement and housing.
1. Curative strategy
Assessment of present status of slums
Preparation of a municipal information base for all slums
Categorization of slums based on tenability analysis
Prioritization of tenable slums through priority matrix
Prioritization of untenable and semi‐tenable slums
Formulation of Slum Intervention Strategies
Detailed Analysis of all Prioritised Slums
Formulation of slum intervention strategies for all prioritised slums
2. Preventive strategy
Estimating Urban Poor Housing Shortage & Identifying Supply and Demand constraints.
Estimating present and future housing shortage for the urban poor
Identification of supply and demand constraints in housing
Identifying Supply and Demand Side Reforms and Framing Future Supply Strategy
Identifying policy reforms (Not applicable for smaller cities less than 3 lakh population
included under RAY implementation phase)
Framing future supply strategy
Discussing and sharing findings with stakeholders guidelines for preparation for Slum Free
City Plan of Action
62
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
P
Plan Formu
ulation
Figu
ure 2.8: Slum
m Free City Pllan of Action Process
Sourrce: RAY Guid
delines SFCPo
oA.
3. Investme
3
ent plan
Framing Investment Requirement
R
ts & Financingg Plan
Estim
mation of Inveestment Requ
uirements
Finan
ncial Planning for Implem
mentation of Slum
S
Improveement and Prrevention Straategy
Formulatting a Credit Plan
Revieew of existingg housing finance options for the urban
n poor
Revieew of the credit profile of urban poor
4. Finalisatiion of SFCPo
4
oA
Framing Institutional Arrangemen
nts
Preparation of ind
dicative impllementation mode
m
and deefinition of ro
oles and responsibilities
of insstitutions forr implementation
Finalization of Slum Free
F
City Plan
n of Action
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
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Plan Formulation
2.2.5.5. Disaster Management Plan (DMP)
The Disaster Management Plan is to be prepared on the lines of proposals made by
National Disaster Management Authority. Chapter 6 on ‘Sustainability Guidelines’
provides detailed contents for DMP at State and District level.
Other specific purpose plans ‐ Tourism Master Plan and Heritage Conservation Plan to
be prepared as required by the State Government and/or Local Authority for specific
purposes, but within the framework of the Development Plan or Regional Plan (for
the respective scale of preparation at city level or at district level).
2.2.6. Contents of Annual Plan
This section provides the contents of Annual plan prepared in the framework of an
approved development plan by the local authority. It is an important document for
the local authority as its aggregation at the district planning committee or
metropolitan planning committee level will generate the district or metropolitan area
annual plan which when further aggregated at State level will form its consolidated
annual plan. The State annual plan would indicate the State and Central funds for
different sectors, which finally will result in the allocation of funds to the local
authorities. The annual plan of the local authority will also help in formulation of its
annual budget and monitoring the performance annually.
As annual plan and budget are interlinked it is important that preceding annual plan
be evaluated before the next financial year, so that the following plan will have inputs
from previous plan and investments for new plan can be incorporated in budget. The
contents of annual plan of a local authority, as given in the following sections, are
applicable to all sizes of urban centres.
2.2.6.1. Review or Evaluation of Preceding Annual Plan
Review of last year’s performance
The review of the performance of the preceding year should include both physical and
fiscal achievements. It should cover all the components of the development plan as
contained in the last year’s annual plan and highlight for each component:
The physical target set, such as expressway, trunk infrastructure lines
The status at the end of the annual plan and the level of physical performance by percentage of
targets achieved
The fiscal allocations made vis‐a‐vis proposed
The money spent and level of fiscal performance by percentage of money spent
The review should also present an analysis of performance component wise, highlighting:
Areas where the local authority had a very high degree of performance.
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Areas where the local authority had a very low degree of performance and reasons for such
performance as well as the ways and means to correct the course of action.
A further analysis of the performance by source of funds should also be presented. It should
include physical and fiscal performance of the projects implemented through funds from:
Central assistance
Central and state assistance
State assistance
National funding agencies
International assistance or funding agencies
Local authority resources
PPP
Private sector funds
Finally, specify the areas/ actions that require attention with particular reference to:
Finance
Capacity and skill up‐gradation
Administrative and legal issues
Changes in policies, programmes or priorities
Mechanisms of review of Annual Plans Performance:
Preparation of a pert chart in each annual plan, which shall be reviewed in the next year to rate
the performance.
The physical and fiscal performance to be assessed on the target achieved on quarterly or at
least half yearly basis. This will ensure distribution of development and activities throughout
the year and not at the end of the annual period.
Key performance indicators (KPI) to be proposed in the Annual plan for its evaluation in the
following year. This will ensure the quality and will be application specific.
It is suggested to consider disasters, hazards and Act of God, if any, while reviewing the annual
plan performance
2.2.6.2. The Annual Plan
Brief Introduction:
A brief introduction of the urban centre as indicated in its Development Plan. The
objective in writing this introduction is to make the annual plan self‐contained and its
section should be as brief as possible.
Aims and Objectives:
Taking the review of the previous year’s annual plan and the proposals of the development plan into
account, annual plan id prepared. This plan should provide:
Aims and objectives of development during the year
Priorities
Fiscal requirements and physical targets:
Such a plan should provide implementation of each component of the plan:
The funds required; and
The physical targets to be achieved during the year
Fiscal resource mobilisation plan:
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Plan Formulation
The resource mobilisation plan should present the manner of mobilisation of resource required for
implementation of the annual plan, specifying the funds proposed to be mobilised through:
Local authority resources
PPP
Institutional financing
Market borrowing
Private sector funds
State assistance
Central‐state assistance
Central assistance
Land assembly:
Estimate the total land required by the development components and present the manner of assembly
of land by the local authority including assembly.
Capacity building and skill upgradation
This section should incorporate‐
Appointment of staff, both technical and administrative
Training of staff
Strengthening of the urban planning department
Consultancy practice
Other Proposals:
Depending upon the specific needs and local area requirements provide other proposals also.
2.2.7. Contents of Projects /Schemes
The following is the recommended list of contents of plans of projects for execution
on site. Depending upon the local requirements of the approving or funding agency,
these may be modified. These contents are applicable to all plans of projects for all
size of settlements.
Location
Location and other physical characteristics of the site if it is already available
Identification of possible sites, if not already available, and :
Evaluation of alternative location;
Selection of preferred location; and
Physical characteristics of the preferred site.
Site Planning
Aims and objectives and schedule of area requirements as per provision of the development
plan.
Alternative concepts of layout, their evaluation and selection of a preferred concept.
Layout based upon the preferred concept.
Planning and design of infrastructure (water supply, sewage, drainage, electricity, road
network and other infrastructures).
Detailed drawings
In case of further contracting of projects ‐ detailed drawings shall be provided for estimating cost,
working drawing for design and procurements purposes.
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Environment Impact Assessment
As per the Guidelines issues by MoEF, Environment Impact Assessment of the project may be
undertaken as an independent exercise.
Spatial Impact Assessment
In case of large project, a spatial assessment of the project may be undertaken, if necessary.
Assessment should include:
Impact of the project on additional demand for housing with specific reference to EWS & LIG
sections of the society who would squat near the project site if no proper care is taken in this
context
Impact on the direction of the growth of the settlement
Impact on the commercial and other ancillary industrial activities
Impact on resettlement of the population due to compulsory land acquisition
Impact on city level infrastructure specially‐ roads, bridges, transportation system, water
supply, sewerage treatment plant, electricity generation and supply
Impact on city level facilities
Financing Plan
Cost recovery strategy
Financing terms
Financing plan
Sources of finance
Proportion, form and nature of funds
Proportion, forms and nature of financing by various participating agencies and local
authority
Interest rates and terms for borrowed funds
Cash flow and repayment schedule
Project Administration and Organisation
Project administration agency
Major administrative requirements
Advertisement
Processing of application
Collection of dues
System of allotment of plots/units
Supervision
Monitoring
General management
Requirement of manpower
Executing agency
Legal Support / Constraints (if any)
Land assembly laws.
Land tenure laws.
Development promotion laws/regulations
These sections may not form part of the documents needed at the time of approval of
private sector project by the local authority.
All plans to be formulated in accordance with statutory provisions of the
relevant Act.
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3 Resource Mobilization for Plan Implementation
3.1.
Introduction
Land, finance and manpower are the three main resources for planning and
development of urban and regional centres. As a basic principle, allocation of these
resources among various competing land uses must be such that it helps in achieving
an optimal level of economic efficiency with inclusion and equity18.
In case of spatial development and various development programmes, the
government has been normally considered as the sole source for finance and
ownership. However, in the recent years the role of private sector in the development
process has been duly recognized. As a general policy on resource mobilization, it
would be desirable to have a proper mix of public and private sectors participation,
both playing a symbiotic role in such a way that the public infrastructure programmes
are implemented with the strength of public authority and efficiency of the private
entrepreneur. This should be the framework for PPP. The role of people is also being
recognized, leading to development of the PPPP model.
This chapter focuses on the fiscal resource mobilization, land resource mobilization,
good governance and manpower resources mobilization strategies for development.
The local authorities, chief town planners, city commissioners could select the most
appropriate model and combination depending upon the contextual possibilities.
3.2.
Land
Land is the medium on which the entire superstructure of human settlement is
created and under which a lot of infrastructure find their place. Planning for the use of
land leads to socio‐economic and physical development of urban and rural areas.
However, it is a scarce commodity as its supply is limited and it cannot be mass
created.
3.2.1. Land as a Resource
The (Draft) National Land Utilization Policy, 2013 states that land is required for
development of essential infrastructure and for urbanization, while at the same time
there is also a need to protect land under environmentally sensitive zones and land
which provides ecosystem services. Farmers’ livelihood options and food security
issues make it imperative to protect land for agriculture. Further, the need to
preserve natural, cultural and historical areas requires land protection. It is,
therefore, most essential to ensure that utilization of the available land is judicious
and in the best interest of the community through the instrument of Development
Plans.
18
Technology and capacity to handle the various resources can also be defined as a resource.
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3.2.2. Land Economics
Land value depends on demand and supply of land. The value increases as the
demand exceeds the supply, which is the general case, owing to limited supply of land
against it growing demand in the wake of urban growth and development. The Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013(RFCTLARR Act, 2013), defines “land” so as to include the
benefits that arise out of land, and things attached to the earth or permanently
fastened to anything attached to the earth19. The Act also requires that the market
value of land be calculated as the minimum land value specified under the Indian
Stamp Act, 1899 for the registration of sale deeds in the area, where the land is
located, or the average of the sale price for similar type of land located in the
immediate areas adjoining the land being acquired. It is to be ascertained from fifty
per cent of the sale deeds registered during the preceding three years, where higher
price has been paid. This approach is suggested for determining the market value of
land for acquisition.
The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 was made mainly to facilitate the government to
procure privately held land for the purpose of developing public infrastructure and
also for companies. After 120 years, this Act was replaced by the RFCTLARR Act,
2013. The Act has provided for fair compensation to those whose land is acquired
permanently or temporarily, while bringing in enhanced transparency to the process
of acquisition of land.
3.2.3. Land Assembly
Land assembly and development mechanism are undertaken for achieving optimum
social use of urban land and to ensure adequate availability of land to public authority
and individuals. Public Private Participation is achieved in land development through
various techniques. Mainly, land assembly techniques prevent concentration of land
in few hands and promote its efficient social and economic allocation. Some of the
land assembly techniques also promote flexibility in land utilization in response to
changes resulting from growing city. The various mechanisms to assemble and/or
develop land are enlisted below:
Land Acquisition: bulk land acquisition by State and by private initiatives.
Land Pooling: land pooling approach and redistribution scheme, popularly known as
Town Planning schemes.
Land Reservations: the concept of Accommodation Reservation which allows the land
owner to develop the sites reserved for an amenity.
Transferable Development Rights: a technique of land development which separates
the development potential of a land parcel for use elsewhere.
19
Appendix B of Volume II B provides definition for land and associated terms.
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Guided Land Development: this model uses the provision of infrastructure as an
instrument to guide urban development in partnership with land‐owners without pooling
any land.
3.2.3.1. Land Acquisition
“Land Acquisition” popularly means the acquisition of land for defined public purpose
by a government agency from individual land‐owners, as authorized by the law, after
paying a government‐fixed compensation to cover losses incurred by land‐owners
from surrendering their land. The land acquisition process can be undertaken by the
State or through private initiatives. As of now, most of the land acquisition is to be
processed as per the RFCTLARR, 2013. Some models of land acquisition are as
follows:
Bulk land acquisition method as a State Initiative: In this method, Master Plan is prepared for the
entire area encompassing different land uses and involving various activities. Land is developed in
accordance to the planning norms for various uses/activities. Bulk land is acquired from farmers by the
development agency and compensation is paid to farmers/owners based on the provision of prevailing
act.
Bulk land acquisition method with Private Initiative: To defray the cost of land acquisition some
state governments and ULBs have developed models in which private sector acquire land by directly
paying compensation to the affected families. A variety of models are in existence per which land is
acquired for planned development with private partnership.
Haryana Guided Land Development Model: In this model, the private developer can acquire land
directly from farmers at market price and at the same time, it permits a land owner to assume the role
of a colonizer. This model provides fixed time period of 5 years to utilize that land acquired (initially 2
years, then extension of 3 years, if required)and the developer is expected to complete the projects
within this period. Major highlights of this model are that the difficulties and delays inland acquisition
are avoided and pressure on government to pay compensation is reduced, overall enhancing
investments.
Ghaziabad Joint Venture Model: As per approach followed by Ghaziabad Development Authority
(GDA), a joint venture (JV) is formed between the GDA and the builders/developers/co‐operative
societies through open bid (based on technical and financial capabilities). Twenty per cent of the plots
developed are to be reserved for EWS/LIG and the costing and allotting of social facility by developer
has to be done as per the government regulations. The balance of the land is to be sold by the developer
at profit. For the entire process, the development authority acts only as a facilitator. Project duration is
specified in the JV agreement and penalty is imposed if developer requires time extension, thus making
sure that land is utilized within the stipulated time period.
Hyderabad Differential Compensation Models: In Hyderabad, the land acquisition technique has
been modified into two different models, in which while acquiring land for public and private projects,
different level of compensations are arrived at, these are‐
Model I: When land is acquired for projects mainly for public purpose such as roads, power
generation and distribution, irrigation, schools, welfare housing, environmental projects etc.,
appropriate compensation is paid to land‐owners by consulting them.
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Model II: When land is acquired for projects such as SEZ, Industrial Estates, Satellite
townships and others where value addition enhances the land prices substantially, mainly for
third party use, compensation is normally worked out on profit sharing basis, which is in two
parts, namely‐
•
•
Basic Value (Government Rate) of Land
% Equity Sharing in SPV / % of Net Developed Area / Built Space
CIDCO Model of Land Development in Navi Mumbai follows the technique of land banking for land
assembly. The compensation to land owners is done by the way of monetary and land compensation.
But in Vasai Virar sub‐region, CIDCO undertook the land assembly by obtaining power of attorney from
land‐owners or outright purchase of freehold lands located close to each other by private developers or
builder. The promoter is solely responsible for providing and maintaining infrastructure for
consolidated land parcel.
3.2.3.2. Land Pooling
In Town Planning or Plot Reconstitution Scheme, the land is pooled and its
development is financed with the involvement of land‐owners without compulsorily
acquiring land. This land assembly technique helps to provide plots for basic services
in a planned layout from the original haphazard arrangement. Costs incurred by the
developmental authority for development and for infrastructure are recovered from
the sale of few of the final land plots reserved by the authority and betterment
charges levied on land‐owners. The reconstituted plots are allotted to the land‐
owners in proportion to their original land holdings.
The scheme was first introduced in the Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act,
1966 and later in Gujarat Town Planning & Urban Development Act, 1976 and is now
widely appreciated model of land assembly. Another deviation of the land pooling
mechanism has been recently introduced by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA),
wherein DDA facilitated developers and land‐owners to pool land for development.
The town planning scheme is referred as ‘land acquisition without tears’ and has the
following key advantages:
Infrastructure is provided in coordinated way.
Partial cost is recovered through betterment charges.
Land for public and community purposes including green & open spaces is
acquired without direct expanses.
Community benefits through unified planning.
Land‐owner shares the project cost and benefits by increased property prices.
However, the Land Pooling Scheme suffers from certain difficulties, such as:
Delay in process of preparation, approval, arbitration and implementation, mainly
due to litigations.
There are issues related to cost recovery.
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There is also inadequate public participation in such schemes. To overcome the
drawbacks of TP scheme, some suggestions are enlisted below:
Division of scheme into planning and financial part, which has been done in the
Gujarat model.
Appointment of an arbitrator and a project planner by local authority to modify
the plan after initial preparation, who would undertake active consultation with
original stakeholders pre and post plan preparation.
The contribution, which is based upon the estimated value of land assuming full
development as per the scheme, should be replaced by estimated cost of the
scheme.
Provision of Transferable Development Rights in lieu of compensation to original
plot holders can be considered.
Land pooling schemes to be prepared only for the areas included in current
development plan.
Land development for Schedule6 areas: Some North‐east states have areas covered under the
Schedule 6 of the Constitution. In such areas, land development and planning are not directly under the
control of the State government but vests with the Autonomous District Councils and mainly under
community ownership. Therefore, communities can be involved in development process of the
settlements as it may be viable and easier approach.
3.2.3.3. Land Reservations
The concept of Accommodation Reservation allows the land‐owners to develop the
sites reserved for an amenity in the development plan using full permissible Floor
Space Index (FSI)/Floor Area Ratio (FAR) on the plot, subject to agreeing to entrust
and hand over the built‐up area of such amenity to the local authority free of all
encumbrances and accept full FAR/FSI as compensation in lieu thereof. The area
utilized for the amenity would not form part of FAR/FSI calculation. Reservations
such as retail markets, dispensaries, etc. can be implemented in this way wherein
local authority is not required to acquire the land by incurring expenditure on
payment of compensation. In case of reservations like shopping centres etc., the
owner can be allowed to develop these on agreeing to give at least upto 25% of the
shops to the local authority for the purpose of rehabilitation of the displaced persons
on payment of cost of construction.
In case of road widening/ new construction, the local authority can grant additional
FSI on 100% of the area required for the purpose, provided the owner surrenders the
land for widening or construction of new roads to the local authority free of all
encumbrances and accept the additional FAR/FSI as the compensation in lieu thereof.
This mechanism has considerably relieved local authorities from incurring huge
expenses for the purpose of acquisition of such lands. The model can be explored for
other non‐economic activities such as open spaces, public utilities among others.
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Urban Planning Approach
The concept of accommodation reservation has been incorporated in the
Development Control Rules of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation.
3.2.3.4. Transferable Development Rights (TDR)
TDR is a technique of land development, which separates the development potential
of a particular parcel of land from it and allows its use elsewhere within the defined
zones of the city. It allows the owner to sell the development rights of a particular
parcel of land to another. This entitlement is over and above the usual FSI available
for receiving plot in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations, which
entitles a land‐owner to construct additional built‐up area on his existing building or
vacant land.
TDR is taken away from the zone and it is tradable which makes it different from
Accommodation Reservation. This is also generally used for redevelopment of inner
city zones and for reconstruction/ re‐development and has been tried out in
numerous cities/ States including Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai and Rajasthan.
However it has its prospects and consequences as experienced from the
implementation in various cities. For instance, unbridled pooling of TDRs could
damage the urban form, TOD strategies, quality of public spaces, etc. Hence it should
be used carefully within a predefined spatial framework. States like Karnataka and
Rajasthan have made provisions to mitigate such effects.
3.2.3.5. Guided Land Development
Guided Land Development model uses the provision of infrastructure as instrument
to guide urban development. This is done in partnership with land‐owners who pay
for the cost of providing services to their land and in return donate land for public
infrastructure and a payment as betterment levy. This model, also proposed by the
United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Asia & Pacific (UNESCAP), has been
for guiding the conversion of privately owned land in the urban periphery. It uses a
combination of traditional government role of providing infrastructure and the
enforcement of land subdivision regulations. The key advantage of the approach is
that it is less costly than outright land acquisition and more equitable than land
banking.
The principle behind guided land sub‐division is that the government agency
proactively selects the direction where it feels urban development should take place
and provides infrastructure in those areas. This acts as an incentive to encourage
developer to invest in the planned area selected by the government agency. The cost
effectiveness of guided land development approach results from the fact that land
development is planned, designed and implemented with the land‐owners of the
designated area, who donate land for roads and right of way for infrastructure and
public spaces, as well as pay a betterment levy to meet the costs of the project. To
finance the scheme, a loan is initially taken to build the infrastructure, which is paid
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from betterment levies provided by land‐owners either on annual installments or in
lumpsum upon sale of land. The infrastructure is provided by the government agency
upto the site. Individual land‐owners are supposed to subdivide their land for various
developments and lay the on‐site services.
But guided land is often fraught with difficulties on the ground. First, as the model
depends on the consent of the land‐owners it cannot be applied in areas with
fragmented land‐ownership, lack of owners’ will and consensus. Second, collection of
betterment levies may not be feasible by small landholders and lead to default of
payment.
3.2.4. Inclusive Land Development
Most cities in developing countries suffer from land market distortions caused by
poor land development and management policies including poor planning, slow
provision of infrastructure and services, poor land information systems, cumbersome
and slow land transaction procedures, as well as under regulation of private land
development, leading to unplanned or ribbon/corridor development of land in the
urban periphery. The urban poor suffer most from a dysfunctional city. Distortions in
the land markets allow land speculation, which often prices the poor out of the formal
land markets and into the informal land markets, which are exemplified by slums,
squatter settlements and illegal sub‐divisions, mainly in the periphery of cities. This
leads to longer commuting time and costs, poor living conditions, in adequate
infrastructure and services, adversely affecting the health and financial condition
especially of the poor, thereby entrenching the cycle of poverty.
Land and housing have special significance for the poor. Often for poor, a house is not
just a shelter, but is also a place for income generation. Urban settlements of the poor
in the region are characterized by home based workshops from which the poor earn
their incomes. Though slum, squatter and illegal settlements are often used
interchangeably but they are different from each other and denote different
characteristics of the settlement.
Slums are legal but substandard settlements, with a lack of adequate services and
overcrowding.
Squatter are settlements where land has been occupied illegally. They are often found on
marginal or environmentally hazardous lands, such as close to railway tracks, along rivers
and canals etc. They are also found on government land or land whose ownership is
unclear.
While squatter settlements are spontaneous and unorganized, illegal settlements are
planned and organized. These usually occur in cities where the government owns large
tracts of vacant land, with low opportunity cost.
3.2.4.1. Inclusion of Poor into the Formal Land / Housing Market
Experience has shown that bringing the poor into the formal land and housing
markets needs a two pronged strategy: increasing the choices available on the supply
side and increasing affordability on the demand side.
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Urban Planning Approach
1.
2.
Increasing supply of land for the poor includes following:
–
Sites and Services: It provides the target group with a plot and basic infrastructure, such
as water, roads and sanitation facilities.
–
Illegal settlements regularization/upgrading: Settlement upgrading provides existing
settlement dwellers land tenure, as well as, basic infrastructure.
–
Land sharing: Land‐owner and the land occupants reach an agreement whereby the land‐
owner develops the economically most attractive part of the plot and the dwellers build
houses on the other part with full or limited land ownership.
–
Sites without services incremental development: The approach includes mechanisms
whereby groups of households are encouraged to organize themselves, accumulate funds
and provide infrastructure gradually.
–
Private developers to provide a percentage of FAR (DDA norms provides 15%) for EWS
housing to be handed over to LB/ Authority at predetermined price.
–
Reservation for service population including domestic help, cleaners, drivers, other
small scale and informal services should be made (DDA norm in 50%).
The strategy of increasing effective demand for land for the poor has following schemes which
can be used to provide better shelter to the urban poor:
–
Community organization: Organized communities of the poor can afford housing and
they also negotiate with governments and other stakeholders more effectively.
–
Increasing savings and providing access to finance: Community‐based savings‐and‐
credit schemes preserve organized communities and increase access to finance.
–
Improving income opportunities by providing access to the Central and State level
schemes for employment (like Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana, Urban Wage /Self‐
Employment Programme, Women Self‐help Programme) and vocational trainings (like Skill
Training for Employment Promotion).
(Source: UNESCAP Urban Land Policy for the Uninitiated, DDA Norms and other sources.)
3.3.
Fiscal Resource Mobilisation
Local bodies play an important role in providing social, civic, physical and economic
infrastructure services to the public. Municipal finances are critical in initiating many
urban and local governance projects, as financial resources’ strategic management
plays a vital role in ensuring long‐term sustainability of local services and
infrastructure. With the introduction of 73rd & 74thCAA, local government’s role and
responsibilities have been increasing continuously. To realize these responsibilities
local governments require steady flow and efficient management of financial
resources. However, as the traditional system of funding on basis of plan and
budgetary allocations will be reduced, the local authorities will have to devise
innovative methods of resource mobilization through fiscal instruments and
accessing the market. The subsidies will need to be rationalized and urban
development plans and projects need to be designed as commercially viable. A
general lifecycle of a project is depicted in Figure 3.1.
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anning App
proach
Figu
ure 3.1:
Project Life Cycle
Also
o the estimatiion of projectt cost is to be accurately caalculated inclluding contin
ngencies. Thee important
head
d for project cost
c
calculatiion are:
1. Capital Investment (Caapex), includiing‐
1
Land cosst
Common
n infrastructu
ure cost, like roads, water supply etc.
Project specific
s
infrasstructure cosst like toll plaza, bridge‐ s
Buildingg and civil cosst
Interest during consttruction
2 Working capital
2.
c
margiin (also incideental expensees)
3 Operation
3.
ns and Mainteenance cost(ss) (O&M), inccluding‐
Salary & Wages
Recurrin
ng raw materrial cost
Repair & Maintenancce
Administration & Oveerheads
Marketin
ng expenses
Project specific
s
operaating expensees
Req
quirement of finance in the projject life cyccle is for im
mplementaation and then later
for operation and managgement. Th
he first actiivity is raissing funds in bulk to initiate a
project. Once construction is oveer, the lateer stage off operation
n and maintenance
requires steaady flow from
f
revenue sourcces. Howev
ver, only well planned and
imp
plemented infrastructture projects generatee revenue income
i
forr local authorities in
form
m of fees and
a chargees. Figure 3.1
3 depictss general life cycle of a projectt. Various
inno
ovative an
nd traditional approaaches for financing developmeental activ
vities are
avaailable these days and
d an attemp
pt to prepaare a comprehensive list has been made,
as presented
p
in Figures 3.2 &3.3 below.
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
77
Urban Planning Approach
A
Figure 3.2: Funding Sources
Figu
ure 3.3: Reveenue sources
3.3.1. Traditional an
nd Inn
novative approaches for Fisscal
Resourrce Mobiilisation
Diverse options of the sourcee finance arre availablee for develo
opmental p
projects. Th
hese
tradition
nal and innovative sou
urces of fin
nancing pro
ojects at Staate and ULB
B level thro
ough
funding and revenu
ue sources are detaileed below:
a.
Taxes: State Gov
vernment autthorises locall governments by law, to collect taxess. Taxes are major
m
sourrce of revenu
ue of Urban Local
L
Bodies. Property taxx, profession tax and adveertisement tax are
majo
or sources off revenue in lo
ocal governm
ments.
b.
Charges and fee
es: Local bodiies levy chargges and fees for the servicces provided to citizens. These
T
charrges, for wateer supply, sollid waste man
nagement, paarking and otther such services to coveer the
costt of undertakiing the provission of servicces.
c.
Gran
nts and Subssidies: Grantts and subsidies are generrally given by
y Central Goveernment to State/
Locaal Government or State to Local Goveernment for developmentt and provisiion of services to
citizzens.
d.
Pub
blic Private Partnership
p: PPP is an
n agreementt between public
p
and p
private entity
y for
prov
viding servicees or infrastrructure to citizens. It helps municipal authorities
a
to
o shed some of its
of such functtions.
funcctions and evo
olve alternative institutional arrangem
ment for the performance
p
e.
Loan
ns from fina
ancial institu
utions: Publicc and privatee organisation
ns come togetther to pool funds
f
from
m public and investing
i
it in
n financial assets. Such loaans are for long term.
f.
Fun
nding by Bila
ateral and Multilateral
M
Agencies: These
T
are deevelopmentaal agencies which
w
prov
vide soft loan
ns for infrastructural pro
ojects. Almosst all such lo
oans are back
ked by soverreign
guarrantee and taake long process to access.
g.
Fore
eign Direct Investment:: FDI is direect investmen
nt from company or entiity into a forreign
coun
ntry.
h.
Pooled Finance Developme
ent Fund (PF
FDF) Scheme
e of Governm
ment of Indiia: PFDF is meant
m
to provide creditt enhancemeent grants to enable ULBss to access market
m
borrow
wings to facillitate
deveelopment of municipal
m
inffrastructure.
i.
Mun
nicipal Bond
ds and Debe
entures: Mun
nicipal bondss and debenttures are issu
ued by ULBss and
Infraastructure Fu
unds, to gen
neral public or
o specific in
nstitutional investors
i
to raise finance for
deveeloping physiical infrastructure.
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G
2014.
2
Ministrry of Urban D
Developmentt
Urban Planning Approach
3.3.1.1. Taxes (Property taxes, Vacant developed land tax)
The municipal entities derive their tax powers from the laws enacted by the State
legislatures. The sources of revenue – both tax and non‐tax are delegated to them
under these laws as obligatory and discretionary taxes. However, the municipal
bodies are at the liberty to levy a tax and may or may not levy all the entitled taxes.
In order to match the functional domain of municipal bodies with tax power, it is
imperative to devolve additional tax powers to municipalities and to provide for
transfer of new functions to them as proposed in 73 rd & 74th CAA, along with the
requisite funds which currently are under the purview of State Government
Departments.
In addition to taxes, state governments also provide authority to local bodies to levy
‘surcharge’ on some taxes to generate additional fund to meet its requirements.
Following is the list of taxes and surcharges that local bodies can levy to generate
revenue.
Taxes:
Property tax on lands and buildings: reforming the property tax entails bringing in amendment
of inherent Rent Control Laws either for delinking its present depressing effect on rental value or
for permitting legally the periodical revision of standard rent. The Model Rent Control Act of MoUD
provides for refurbishing of standard rent and its periodical revision. This, if adopted by all the
states, will go a long way in restoring the base of this tax with some relationship with the market
value.
Stamp Duty: This tax is levied on those instruments or documents of transactions when selling and
buying property. The proceeds in regard with this duty go directly to State in which the individuals
are levied. It can also be shared with Local Bodies.
Tax on Land/Property values increment: It is common phenomenon that land values keep on
increasing over the years not because of any individual effort but due to implementation of
development schemes. Land values increment may also be due to economic phenomenon of rise in
general prices. The basic objective of land value increment taxes is to capture some of this increase
for the benefit of the community.
Water tax: The Municipality can levy a water tax on any land or residential building or non‐
residential building as a percentage of property tax as specified by regulations.
Fire tax: The Municipality can levy a fire tax on any building as a percentage of property tax as may
be specified by regulations.
Tax on congregations: It is a tax levied per head or per vehicle for providing municipal services to
persons or vehicles visiting the municipal area for the purpose of tourism or in connection with any
congregation of whatever nature, including pilgrimage, fair, festival, circus or yatra, within a
municipal area for persons or vehicles assembling within the municipal area for the purpose.
Tax on pilgrims and tourists.
Tax on deficit in parking spaces in any nonresidential building: This tax is on the deficits in
the provision for parking spaces required for different types of vehicles in any non‐residential
building.
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Urban Planning Approach
Advertisement Tax: Such tax can be levied for the exhibition or display of any advertisement
(other than in newspaper) to public view in any manner.
Vehicle tax: It is a tax on purchasing vehicles and using roads.
Profession Tax: Profession tax is levied by municipal authority on individual, company, business
owners or merchants’ It is levied on the income earned by way of trade, profession, employment or
business.
Domestic Servants Tax: This tax is payable by employer on domestic servants.
Vacant land tax: In some urban places, the land is kept vacant without any use by the owner for a
period of time. A tax is payable on vacant land to incentivize its development or sale to those who
have the interest and access to resources to develop it. It is recommended to levy this tax as per
applicable FAR rather than availed FAR.
Octroi: This tax is levied on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use, or sale. Many
States have replaced octroi by entry tax levied and collected by the State Government, but shared
with the Local Bodies.
Other taxes: The municipalities can also levy any other tax, which the state legislature has the
power to levy, subject to the prior approval of the state government.
Surcharges:
Some States provide for levy of surcharge on State taxes, to be passed on to the local bodies, though
some economists find such surcharges to be distortionary. Examples are‐
Surcharge on stamp duty: The Municipality can levy a surcharge on the transfer of lands and
buildings situated within the municipal area as a percentage of stamp duty levied on such transfer.
Surcharge on entertainment tax: It is a surcharge on any tax levied by the state government on
any entertainment or amusement within the municipal area.
Surcharge on electricity consumption: It is a surcharge on consumption of electricity within the
municipal area.
Surcharge on petroleum products: State governments levy sales tax on petroleum products and
additional surcharge to cover the financial demands of local bodies.
Tolls:
Toll is a form of tax, typically implemented to help recover the cost of road construction and
maintenance.
Roads & Bridges: A Municipal authority can establish a toll‐bar on any public street or bridge in
the municipal area and levy a toll at such toll‐bar on vehicles, over and above the vehicle tax, for
specified reason.
Ferries: Where a ferry plies between two points on a water‐course and either one or both the
points are situated within a municipal area, State Government can declare such ferry to be a
municipal ferry and levy toll or tax.
Heavy trucks: It is a toll on heavy goods or passenger motor vehicles, plying on a public street.
This is to control heavy passenger motor vehicles movement in the restricted hours of the day and
in the restricted areas.
Toll collection on navigation channels: The State Government can levy tolls for use of any
navigable channel, which passes through the limits of a municipal area in lieu of the maintenance of
navigation channel.
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Table 3.1: List of various Taxes, Surcharges, Charges, Fees and Tolls as may be levied for Urban &
Infrastructure Development
Heads
Sources of Revenue
Taxes
Property tax on lands Water
and buildings
Vehicles and
other
conveyance
Electricity Cess
Conservancy
Property: (Lighting,
water, drainage,
general purpose,
sanitary)
Drainage
Motor vehicles
Education cess
Congregation
Profession
Sanitary
Non‐Motorized
vehicles
Special
education tax
Sale of cattle in
the market
Terminal
Pilgrims and
Tourist
Carriage and
animal
Local body tax
on entry of
goods
Artisans
Scavenging
Trade
Timber
Animals
Fire
Stamp duty on
transfer of properties
Stamp duty on
transfer of
immovable
properties
Electricity
Deficit parking space Special water
in any non‐residential tax
building
Land according to
circumstances &
property
Latrine
Markets
Boats
Dogs
Building application
Garbage
Treatment
Advertisement
Menial domestic
servants
Dogs Latrine
Vacant land
development tax
Special and
general
sanitation
Theatre
Octroi*
Surcharges
Transfer of lands and Tax/charge/
buildings
fee on
Buildings
Electricity
consumption
Entertainment
Petroleum
products*
Charges
Development charges Water‐supply
Drainage
Solid Waste
Management
Sewerage
Betterment Levy
Other specific
Services
rendered
Stacking of
material or
rubbish
Fees
Tolls
Source:
Sanction of building
plans
Building
betterment
Compounding
Hotel /
Restaurant
Carts
Issue of completion
certificates
Betterment /
Development
Fee
Warrant fee
Swimming pool
Carriages
Licensing:
Professionals,
activities
Building
construction
Nature and cost
of Internet
services
Food
adulteration
Registration of
Dogs and Cattles
Issue of Birth and
Death certificates
Advertisement
Fee
Street
Compounding
Cattle pounds
Birth and Death
registration
Boats (rental)
Pilgrim
Dangerous and
Offensive trade
license
Animals
Mutation
Fire Brigade
Drainage
Market
Slaughter house
Registration
Public Health
Lighting
Composting
Scavenging
Trade License
Water
Connection
Fee for sale of
Goods
Stock Registration
Roads
Bridges
Heavy trucks
Navigable channel
Ferries
Compilation of State wise applicable taxes and fees as in 2004. * Taxes and surcharges which may be abolished.
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Case Study: Canada, British Columbia
In British Columbia province of Canada, a study was undertaken to identify as to how to make better use
of taxation powers to increase funding of Local Government needs. Various new sources of revenue by
way of sharing or negotiating a greater share of existing taxes, developing new taxation tools were
identified. Some of the innovative sources as identified are discussed below in three major categories:
Figure 3.4: Sources for Fund Generation
(Source: http://www.thinkcity.ca/node/289)
3.3.1.2. Charges and Fees (Development Charges, Levies, Impact Fees,
non‐tax sources, valorisation charges, service charges)
Charges are a fee charged by a consumer’s local body to recover the costs of specific
community/physical services. For example, municipal charges of water supply may go
to cover costs of laying water supply infrastructure and water treatment plant in a
city. Betterment charges are usually imposed on the beneficiaries of the improvement
projects to recover the project cost. Development charge is used for recovering the
cost of providing new services and infrastructure in an area.
The Municipality can levy user charges for following services provided in the urban
areas:
Provision of water‐supply, drainage and sewerage
Solid Waste Management
Parking of different types of vehicles in different areas and for different periods
Stacking of materials or rubbish on public streets for construction, alteration, repair or demolition
work of any type
Other specific services rendered
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Transit Corridors attracts economic activities and concerted development where
provision of additional infrastructure or its augmentation requires additional
financial support. Therefore, such areas call for self‐financed urban infrastructure
projects. Alternative possibilities to raise revenues in these areas can be by tapping
land‐based financing sources along dense transport corridors, these options can be:
Higher Conversion charges especially for commercial and economically lucrative activities.
Higher Development charges or Betterment levy on land uses which put more pressure on
infrastructure Impact fees or higher charges on the purchase of extra FSI/FAR along the corridor
upto a maximum prescribed by the authority.
Overall additional changes and fees such as higher property tax, special water tax (mentioned in
the Table 3.1).
Non‐tax source for the use of particular services, such as Service charges for parking in the TOD
influence zone, fire safety facilities in the zone among others.
Apart from the TOD focused charges, the Municipality can levy fees and fines for the
following services and activities to generate revenue:
Sanction of building plans and issue of Completion certificates,
Issue of municipal licenses for various non‐residential use of lands and buildings,
Licensing of various categories of professionals, activities such as sinking of tube‐wells, sale of
meat, fish or poultry or premises used for private markets, slaughterhouses, hospitals, animals,
carts or carriages and other activities.
Sites used for advertisements in roads, parking lots, commercial locations and public building,
Issue of birth and death certificates.
Impact Fees: It is a fee imposed on builder, developer on industrialist to compensate the impact
and burden new project is going to have on social and physical infrastructure (existing and need
for new) and environment.
3.3.1.3. Grant‐in‐aid and Subsidies
Central Finance Commission (CFC) evolves a comprehensive framework for the
distribution of the grants‐in‐aid between states, including those for the local bodies.
Further, the 13th Finance Commission has introduced other grants namely, general
basic grant, general performance grant and special area basic grant. Similar
provisions are made by the State Finance Commissions. In addition, Planning
Commission recommends Development (or Plan) Grants to States, including for the
local bodies.
A capital grant is usually utilized for capital expenditure like purchase of land,
building, equipment, facilities, etc. The benefits of such expenditure are of an
enduring nature and spread over an extended period of time, such as road
development grant.
The revenue grant is generally utilized for meeting recurring expenditure, the
benefits of which usually expire within the accounting year in which it is incurred.
Revenue Grants are usually in the nature of a subsidy. Subsidies are provided directly
or indirectly for the provision of services such as water supply, disposal of sewage,
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transporting and disposal of wastes, municipal transport, street lighting, hospitals and
schools.
3.3.1.4. Public Private Partnership (PPP)
One of the ways to enhance fiscal capabilities of the municipal authorities is to shed
some of their functions and evolve alternative institutional arrangement for the
performance of such functions. Public Private Partnership is such arrangement
between a government / statutory entity / government owned entity on one side and
a private sector entity on the other. This partnership is for the provision of public
assets or public services, through investments being made and management being
undertaken by the private sector entity, for a specified period of time. There is well
defined allocation of risk between the private sector and the public entity. The PPP
arrangement ensures that private entity receives performance linked payments that
conform to specified and pre‐determined performance standards, measurable by the
public entity or its representative.
PPP models are generally classified in the categories enlisted below and detailed in
section 3.3.3:
Management Contracts
Turnkey Projects
Lease
Concession
Private Ownership
3.3.1.5. Loans from Financial Institution(s)
A financial institution is either in public and private sector which brings funds from
the public and puts them in financial assets rather than physical property. Such
institutions are made up of different organizations such as banks, trust companies,
insurance companies and investment dealers. Specialized financial institutions e.g.
IDFC, NHB, HUDCO and IL&FS are some agencies which provide loans and a variety of
instruments for infrastructure financing. Other financial institutions e.g. ICICI, LIC of
India, etc. also provide funds for infrastructure projects. These institutions have
access to funds which are for longer duration e.g. loans from development agencies,
bonds from open market, foreign institutional investors, etc. and are thus able to lend
for relatively longer durations than banks.
Credit Rating of the ULB plays an important role here. The better the credit rating for
repayment of principal and interest, lower is the rate of interest. Certain financial
institutions provide credit enhancement mechanisms to enhance the inherent credit
quality to obtain a better credit rating resulting in lower interest rates. This facility is
now also being extended by MoUD through its Pooled Finance Development Fund
(PFDF) scheme. Institutions may also provide guarantees for funds accessed from
other sources. (Source: Municipal Finance Improvement ProgrammeJnNURM)
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Banking institutions also provide finance to local authorities. Bank loan is a relatively
new avenue and an easier option for finance for Local Bodies, as the banks have
prescribed norms and well laid down procedures. The time period of these loans are
short to medium term and generally do not cater to the long tenure needs of
infrastructure projects. Bank loans are available to finance the short term needs of
institutions e.g. working capital loan, bridge loans, loans against property etc.
3.3.1.6. Funding by Bi‐lateral & Multi‐lateral agencies
Bilateral organizations are government agencies or non‐profit organizations of a
country that provide aid to other countries. Bilateral organizations receive funding
from their national governments, and use the funding to aid developing countries.
Few bilateral agencies are as follows:
US Agency for International Development (USAID)
Department for International Development (DFID; UK)
Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Australian Aid Agency (Aus Aid)
Multilateral organizations are international organizations whose membership
comprises member governments, who collectively govern the organization and are
the primary source of funds, while the loans/grants‐in‐aid are provided for projects in
various countries. Some examples of multilateral funding agencies are:
Various United Nation (UN) bodies
World Bank
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Bi‐lateral and Multi‐lateral bodies are also known as Development Agencies. These
provide soft loans and grants for infrastructure projects. Accessing funds from these
agencies is relatively a long process and it requires preparation of various project
documents ‐ in‐depth planning, and studies to assess compliance of the project with
respect to environment, rehabilitation / resettlement and social safeguard policies,
and pilot testing of new initiatives. As almost all loan projects of bi‐lateral and multi‐
lateral agencies are backed by a sovereign guarantee, the Department of Economic
Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India plays an important role during the
entire process. In line with the development financing objectives of these institutions,
projects funded by these institutions are typically in sectors that are not commercially
attractive. Local bodies can receive external development assistance from bilateral
and multilateral sources on behalf of the State Governments for State sector
projects/programmes.
(Source: Municipal Finance Improvement ProgrammeJnNURM)
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3.3.1.7. Foreign Direct Investment
Funds from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have emerged as a major source of funds
in infrastructural projects in India – for instance Japan’s (Japan Bank of International
Cooperation) FDI support in developing the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC).
Under FDI Policy 2013, almost all the sectors have been opened for 100 per cent FDI
except agriculture, mining and petroleum and natural gas, manufacturing, service
sector and financial services. The sectors in which hundred per cent FDI is
permissible are construction (townships, housing and built up infrastructure),
Industrial Parks and Airports with few conditions. Hence FDI support for financial
resource mobilization is easily available, which could be permitted through financial
collaborations, joint ventures/technical collaborations, capital market, preferential
allotments etc.
3.3.1.8. Pooled Finance Development Fund scheme by GoI
Small and medium sized cities find it difficult to raise resources from the market for
infrastructure projects due to lack of project structuring capabilities and
creditworthiness. The Government of India has launched the Pooled Finance
Development Scheme (PFDS) to enable these local bodies to bridge this gap through
accessing market funds for their infrastructure projects. The scheme is meant to
provide credit enhancement grants to enable local authorities to access market
borrowings through Pooled Finance Municipal Bonds (PFMB) for investment in urban
infrastructure projects.
PFDS facilitates ULBs in municipal infrastructure by helping them access capital and
financial market for investment in essential projects. It facilitates local bodies in
developing bankable urban infrastructure projects. With appropriate credit
enhancement measures it helps ULBs in reducing the cost of borrowing from market,
on the other hand strengthening the municipal bond market.
The PFDS creates an incentive structure to support urban reforms, which would also
be driven by covenants of financial market lenders to ULBs. These urban reforms are
in synergy with urban reform agenda of other central schemes as JnNURM and
UIDSSMT. In order to apply for the grant assistance a State Pooled Finance Entity
(SPFE) is required to be established in every state. The SPFE could be a trust provided
that the entity is just a pass through vehicle. The Central Government will be
responsible for the funding of these State pooled finance entities through the PFDF.
The cost of each project of the Municipality/ULBs will be estimated. Seventy‐five per
cent of these costs will be reimbursed by the Central Government and twenty‐five per
cent by the State Governments.
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Other funds at the national level, set‐up by Financial Institutions and Banks have also
started providing the much required funds. State level Infrastructure funds (from
supply side) and Pooled Finance Funds (from demand side) have also started
providing funds for infrastructure projects. The examples of such funds are Tamil
Nadu Urban Development Fund and Gujarat Infrastructure Development Fund etc.
3.3.1.9. Municipal bonds/debentures
Urban Local Bodies and Infrastructure funds, issue municipal bonds and debentures
to general public or specific institutions at fixed rate of interest and are redeemable
after a specific period. Municipal bonds can either be taxable or tax‐free. These bonds
and debentures can be listed on the stock exchange which makes the securities highly
liquid and makes secondary market available for the bonds and debentures holders.
National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange provide a facility for listing of
bonds and debentures in their Exchanges. In India, the Municipal bond market is still
in its budding stage. Only large ULBs having buoyant revenue base e.g. Ahmedabad,
Bangalore were successful in the past in raising funds through Municipal Bonds20.
Some national success cases of Local Bodies in raising bonds for infrastructure
projects are given below:
Municipal Bonds by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) for water supply and sewerage
program, 1998: To finance the water supply and sewerage program, AMC floated municipal bonds in
January 1998. These were rated AA(SO) specifying having high degree of safety regarding timely
servicing of financial obligations or carrying very low credit risk. These bonds were floated for seventy‐
five per cent private and twenty‐five per cent public issues. This was a significant accomplishment at
the given time, as it was the first municipal bond issue in India without a state government guarantee
and it represented the first step towards fully market‐based system of local government finance.
Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF), 2003: Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund
issued bonds for commercially viable water and sewerage infrastructure projects by pooling fourteen
municipalities in 2003. A special purpose vehicle, the Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund (WSPF), was
set‐up to issue the municipal bonds. The Indo‐USAID Programme on Financial Institutions Reform and
Expansion (FIRE‐D) supported the efforts of WSPF to structure the bond issue whose proceeds
financed small water and sanitation projects in the fourteen small ULBs. USAID provided a backup
guarantee of fifty per cent of the bond’s principal through the Development Credit Authority (DCA)
mechanism.
Greater Bangalore Water & Sewerage Project (8 ULBs), 2005: Government of Karnataka created
debt fund called the Karnataka Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund (KWSPF) and successfully floated
tax‐free municipal bonds during June, 2005. It was done for the Greater Bangalore Water Supply and
Sewerage Project (GBWASP). Government of Karnataka was assisted by USAID under its DCA program
and provided a guarantee of up to fifty per cent of the principal amount of market borrowing. The
GBWASP was planned to provide water supply to 1.5 million people residing in about 300,000
households.
20
(Source: Indo-US Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion Project - Debt Market Component FIRE(D);
Creative Financing of Urban Infrastructure in India through Market-based Financing and Public-Private
Partnership Options, Chetan and Hitesh Vaidya)
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3.3.1.10. Possible Sources of Funding For Projects
Possible sources of funding various types of projects, but not limited to, are tabulated
below:
Table 3.2:
Alternate Sources of Funding for Projects
S. No. Project type
Indicative sources to fund
1
Funding by Bi‐lateral & Multi‐lateral agencies
Large Infrastructure Projects (at State/
District level)
Foreign Direct Investment
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
2
City Urban Infrastructure
Central Grant‐in‐aid & Schemes
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Loans from Financial Institution(s) (if short to medium term)
Municipal bonds/debentures
3
Social Infrastructure, Capacity Building
and PMC Projects
Funding by Bi‐lateral & Multi‐lateral agencies
Municipal bonds/debentures
Central Grant‐in‐aid & Schemes
Public Private Partnership (PPP) / Corporate Social Responsibility
4
Real Estate Projects
Foreign Direct Investment
Municipal bonds/debentures
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Loans from Financial Institution(s)
3.3.2. Alternative Financial
Participation
Avenues
by
Private
Sector
Public‐Private Partnership (PPP) is a long term contractual agreement between a
public agency (central, state or local) and a private sector entity for providing a public
asset or service in which the private party bears significant risk and management
responsibility.
The private sector includes consultancy firms, developers, builders and promoters,
cooperative societies, Non‐Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community
Based Organisations (CBOs), cooperative bodies, industrialists and businessmen.
PPP means an arrangement between a government or statutory entity or government
owned entity on one side and a private sector entity on the other, for the provision of
public assets and/ or related services for public benefit, through investments being
made by and/or management undertaken by the private sector entity for a specified
time period, where there is a substantial risk sharing with the private sector and the
private sector receives performance linked payments that conform (or are
benchmarked) to specified, pre‐determined and measurable performance
standards21.
21
(Department of Economic Affairs - DEA, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, 2010)
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3.3.2.1. Conditions/Situations for PPP Selection
A project may be considered to be implemented as a PPP project when there are
efficiency gains from improved project delivery, operation and management, and
access to advanced technology can offset the incidental costs, improvement in human
resource etc. In fact, many countries have established value for money as the main
criterion in judging the merits of a PPP option for a project. Decision for PPP to be an
alternative development mechanism can be selected for a project, if it satisfies the
following conditions or is set in the given situations:
Enhance the supply of much‐needed services
Does not require any immediate cash spending
Provide relief from the burden of the costs of design and construction
Transfer of many project risks to the private sector
Promise better project design, choice of technology, construction, operation and service delivery
PPP projects are viable essentially when robust business models can be developed
3.3.2.2. Systems of Participation
PPP models vary from short‐term simple management contracts to long‐term and
very complex BOT form. Depending upon type of project and requirements of public
entity any single or combinations could be selected. In such models amount of
investment, risks, obligations and durations vary. These models vary mainly by:
Ownership of capital assets
Responsibility for investment
Assumption of risks
Duration of contract
The PPP models can be classified into following broad categories in order of generally
(but not always) increased involvement and assumption of risks by the private sector.
These are enlisted below and are diagrammatically presented in the figure 3.5.
Management Contracts
Turnkey Projects
Lease
Concession
Private Ownership
1.
Management Contracts: It is a contractual agreement between government and private sector for
the management of public enterprise partially or completely by private party.
Control of public enterprise remains with the government. While private sector skills are
brought into service design and delivery, operational control, labour management and
equipment procurement.
Supply or Service Contracts: In these types of contracts supply of material, equipment or services is
provided to public enterprise by private counterpart. The main purpose of such contracts is to ensure
the supply of the relevant service at the desired level of quantity and quality. Example of these
contracts is catering services for passengers on public railway systems.
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A
Maintena
ance Manage
ement: Privatte partner is contracted by
b public partner to operaate, maintain
n, and
manage a facility or system providiing a service. Such as in prrovision of wastewater
w
trreatment serv
vices,
transport projects etc.
nal Managem
ment: Publicc partner (Ceentre, State, or
o Local Goveernment agency or autho
ority)
Operation
contracts with
w a privatte partner to provide
p
and//or maintain a specific serrvice.
Such contrracts are usseful in major transportt facilities (port or airp
port) when local
manpowerr is limited, in the transsport sector for providin
ng managem
ment servicess like
ticketing, reservation
r
o of urban transport. In
or
n the simpleest type of su
uch contractt, the
private op
perator is paaid a fixed fee for perfforming man
nagerial tasks. More com
mplex
contracts may
m offer greeater incentiv
ves for efficien
ncy improvem
ment by defin
ning perform
mance
targets and
d the fee is baased in part on
o their fulfilm
ment.
2.
Turnk
key projectss: It is a traditional publicc sector procu
urement mod
del for infrasttructure facillities.
The private contraactor designs and builds a facility for a fixed fee, ratte or total cosst, which is one of
the keey criteria in selecting thee winning bid
d. The contraactor assumees risks invollved in the deesign
and co
onstruction phases.
p
The scale
s
of invesstment by the private secctor is generaally low and for a
short‐‐term. This ty
ype of privatee sector participation is alsso known as Design‐Build
d.
Lease
e: In this cateegory of arran
ngement, an operator (the leaseholderr) is responsible for operating
and maintaining
m
t
the
infrastru
ucture facilitty and servicces, generallly without m
making any large
investtment. The op
perator retain
ns revenue co
ollected from
m customers/users of the ffacility and makes
m
a speccified lease feee payment to
t the contracting authoriity. Fixed faccilities and land are leased
d out
for a longer period
d than for mob
bile assets.
Figure 3.5: PPP Modeels
3.
Source:
4.
90
PP
PP, MoUD and A Guidebook on PPP
P Infrastructurre, ESCAP, UN
Co
oncessions: In this alterrnative, Government defin
nes and gran
nts specific riights to a prrivate
co
ompany to bu
uild and operrate a facility
y for a fixed period
p
of timee. The Govern
nment may retain
URDPFI Guidelines,
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2014.
2
Ministrry of Urban D
Developmentt
Urban Planning Approach
the ultimate ownership of the facility and/or right to supply the services. Typical concession
periods range between 5 to 50 years. Concessions may be awarded to a concessionaire, under
two types of contractual arrangements:
Franchise: Under a franchise arrangement the concessionaire provides services that are fully
specified by the franchising authority. Commercial risks are carried by private sector and may
be required to make investments. This form of private sector participation is historically
popular in providing urban bus or rail services.
BuildOperateTransfer (BOT): Build‐Operate‐Transfer or its other variants type of
arrangement, the concessionaire undertakes investments and operates the facility for a fixed
period of time after which the ownership reverts back to the public sector. In BOT type of
model the government carries the risk. The various types of BOT combinations are given
below:
–
DesignBuildFinanceOperate (DBFO): In DBFO approach, the responsibilities for
designing, building, financing, operating and maintaining are bundled together and
transferred to private sector partners. Varying degree of financial responsibilities is
transferred to the private sector. Direct user fees are the most common revenue source.
–
DesignBuildFinanceOperateMaintenanceTransfer (DBFOMT): DBFOMT model is
the same as a DBFO except that the private sector owns the asset until the end of the
contract when the ownership is transferred to the public sector.
–
BuildRehabilitateOperateTransfer (BROT): A private developer builds an add‐on to
an existing facility or completes a partially built facility and rehabilitates existing assets,
then operates and maintains the facility at its own risk for the contract period.
–
DesignBuildOperateMaintain (DBOM): DBOM model is an integrated partnership that
combines the design and construction responsibilities of design‐build procurements with
operations and maintenance.
–
BuyBuildOperate (BBO): BBO is a form of asset sale that includes a rehabilitation or
expansion of an existing facility. The government sells the asset to the private sector
entity, which then makes the improvements necessary to operate the facility in a
profitable manner.
–
BuildOwnOperateandTransfer (BOOT): BOOT is based on the granting of a
concession by the Union/ Government/local authority to the concessionaire, who is
responsible for the construction, financing, operation and maintenance of a facility over
the period of the concession before finally transferring the fully operational facility.
–
BuildTransferandOperate (BTO): BTO is a contractual arrangement whereby the
public sector contracts out the building of an infrastructure facility to a private entity such
that the concessionaire builds the facility on a turn‐key basis, assuming cost overrun,
delay and specified performance risks.
–
BuildandTransfer (BT): BT is a contractual arrangement whereby the concessionaire
undertakes the financing and construction of a given infrastructure or development
facility and after its completion turns it over to the Government Agency or Local
Government unit concerned.
–
BOT Annuity: BOT Annuity is the contractual arrangement quite similar to BOT but
return on investment is not through the levy and collection of user fee directly from the
users. Instead the owner/ Government pay to the Concessionaire an amount annually or
bi‐annually (Annuity) which he bids for.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Urban Planning Approach
5.
–
BuildLease–andTransfer: BLT is a contractual arrangement whereby a concessionaire
is authorized to finance and construct an infrastructure or development facility and upon
its completion turns it over to the government agency or local government unit concerned
on a lease arrangement for a fixed period after which ownership of the facility is
automatically transferred to the government agency or local government unit concerned.
–
RehabilitateOperateandTransfer (ROT): ROT is a contractual arrangement whereby
an existing facility is turned over to the private sector to refurbish, operate and maintain
for a concession period, at the expiry of which the legal title to the facility is turned over to
the government.
–
Rehabilitate OwnandOperate (ROO): ROO is a contractual arrangement whereby an
existing facility is turned over to the private sector to refurbish and operate with no time
limitation imposed on ownership.
Private ownership of assets: In this form of participation, the private sector remains
responsible for design, construction and operation of an infrastructure facility and in some
cases the public sector may relinquish the right of ownership of assets to the private sector.
The main variants under this form are described below –
BuildOwnOperate: In BOO type, the private sector builds, owns and operates a facility,
and sells the product/service to its users or beneficiaries
Private Finance Initiative: In PFI model, the private sector similar to the BOO model
builds, owns and operates a facility. However, the public sector purchases the services
from the private sector through a long‐term agreement.
Divestiture by license or sale: A private entity buys an equity stake in a state‐owned
enterprise. However, the private stake may or may not imply private management of the
enterprise.
Joint Venture: Joint ventures are alternatives to full privatization in which the
infrastructure is co‐owned and operated by the public sector and private operators. Under
a joint venture, the public and private sector partners can either form a new company or
assume joint ownership of an existing company through a sale of shares to one or several
private investors.
Table 3.3:
Model
Possible roles of Private and Public sectors in the urban development process
Main Features
Ownership
of Capital
Assets
(Public/
Private/
Shared)
Public
Sector
Private
Sector
Investment
By
Assumption of
Risk
(Public/Private
/ Shared)
General
Duration of
Contract
(Years)
Supply and
Management
Contracts
Government retains
the ultimate control
of the Public
enterprise
Public
Investment
Investment
Public
1‐5
Turnkey
projects
Private contractor
designs and builds a
facility for a fixed fee,
rate or total cost
Public
Investment
‐
Private /Public
3‐5
Lease
Operator is
responsible for
operating and
maintaining the
infrastructure facility
Public
Investment
‐
Private /Public
5‐20
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Model
Main Features
Ownership
of Capital
Assets
(Public/
Private/
Shared)
Investment
By
Public
Sector
Private
Sector
Assumption of
Risk
(Public/Private
/ Shared)
General
Duration of
Contract
(Years)
and services
Concessions
Specific rights are
granted by
Government to a
private company to
build and operate a
facility for a fixed
period of time
Public
/Private
Investment
Investment
Private /Public
15‐30
Private
ownership of
assets
The private sector
builds, owns and
operates a facility
and then public
sector purchases the
services from the
private sector
through a long ‐term
agreement
Public
/Private
‐
Investment
Private /Public
10‐20 /
Indefinite
Source: PPP, MoUD and A Guidebook on PPP Infrastructure, ESCAP, UN
While the spectrum of models discussed above are possible as individual options,
combinations are also possible such as, a lease or (partial) privatization contract for
existing facilities which incorporates provisions for expansion through Build‐Operate‐
Transfer. In fact, many PPP projects of recent times are of combination type. Some of
case studies of Public Private Partnership Projects in India are enlisted in Appendix C
of Volume II B.
3.3.2.3. Toolkits for Decision Making for PPPs
Toolkits for decision making for PPP projects are available and could be used by the
partners to identify, assess, develop, procure and monitor the PPP projects. Such
toolkits are structured to cover the full life cycle of PPP projects. The toolkits are built
on specific approaches for project procurement; approval etc. currently in place in
India to ensure that it forms a relevant resource for practitioners in India.
Various toolkits to assist decision making for PPP are provided by Ministry of
Finance22. Some of these are as follows:
1. PPP Family Indicator – It gives a starting indication of which PPP mode ‘family’ the particular
project might be suited to.
2. PPP Mode Validation Tool – It uses a risk allocation analysis to help decide further whether
the selected PPP mode is best for the project.
3. The PPP Suitability Filter –It tests how well suited the project is to being a PPP and checks for
barriers that might make it difficult to do the project as a PPP
4. Financial Viability Indicator Model ‐ It allows an analysis of the key questions of financial
viability of the project and to test these using ‘what‐if?’ scenarios.
22
(www.pppinindia.com).
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Urban Planning Approach
5. Valueformoney Indicator Tool ‐ It provides an indication of the expected range of value‐for‐
money for the public sector from the PPP.
6. Readiness Filters – This toolkit checks that all the important steps have been followed and that
the important preparations have been made, so that the project is ready to move on to the next
step in development as a PPP.
3.3.2.4. Municipal Accounts
Reliable municipal accounting system has come to front as cities are approaching
different sources for funding infrastructural projects. To access bank or bond market
sound financial management is required. Currently due to lack of good financial and
expenditure management, ULBs are wasting scarce resources.
With a view to provide better financial management, improved governance,
accountability, and transparency of management, Ministry of Urban Development
aims at implementing municipal accounting reforms as a part of the mandatory
reform agenda under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. Hence,
JnNURM reform conditions call for “improved municipal accounting, with the
objective of having a modern accounting system based on double entry and accrual
principles, leading to better financial management, transparency and self‐reliance”, as
a mandatory reform for local bodies.
The Ministry of Urban Affairs & Employment (erstwhile Ministry) has introduced
National Municipal Accounting Manual with the objective of providing support to the
state governments in implementing financial management reforms in the ULBs23.
Existing trend of Municipal expenditure pattern is studied.
3.3.3. Existing Trend of Expenditure Pattern
Before an attempt is made to evaluate expenditure pattern of ULBs of India, it’s
imperative to understand expenditure heads. The details of expenditure categories
are given in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4:
Categorisation of Municipal Expenditure
Expenditure Category
Establishment expenditure
Administrative expenditure
Operations & Maintenance
Capital expenditure
Other expenditure
Source:
Expenditure Items
Staff salaries, Allowances, wages, Pensions & Retirement benefits etc.
Rents, rates & Taxes, Office maintenance, Communications, Books & periodicals,
Printing & stationary, Travel expenditure, Law charges etc.
Power & fuel, Bulk purchases, Stores, Hire charges, Repairs & expenditure Maintenance
and Interest payments made on loans
Buildings, Water supply & Sewerage, Energy/lighting, Solid waste management , Roads,
Bridges, Culverts, Causeways, Health & sanitation, Parks and recreation spaces, etc.,
Principal repayments of loans, Furniture & fittings, Tools & plant, Equipment
Miscellaneous expenses not accounted for in the above
Budgets of Municipal Corporations.
As accepted and emphasized by reports of various institutions and committees24,
cities are important for national economic growth, while physical infrastructure is
23
(Source: National Municipal Accounting Training Manual- MoUD, JnNURM Primers-Municipal Accounting,
ULB level Reforms [http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Mandatory_Primer_2-Mun-Acc.pdf])
24
Rakesh Mohan Committee; The High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) for Estimating the Investment Requirements for
Urban Infrastructure Services of MoUD; & Urban Infrastructure in India by FICCI.
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driving force for urban economies. Thus, for faster and consistent growth of cities,
extensive infrastructure development is being promoted by centre as evident through
various Policies, Programmes and Acts. This should reflect in the expenditure pattern
of the cities. The development of infrastructure will be reflected in Capital
Expenditure, as expenditure on infrastructure development falls under the latter.
In ULBs of India, as given in the table below, majority of expenditure goes into
Establishment and Administration expenditure head. In fact, expenditure in O& M of
existing infrastructure is higher than for new infrastructure. In absence of adequate
infrastructure present in Indian cities, these figures indicate that enough money is not
being spent on Infrastructure development as required. A positive outcome of the
policies like JnNURM which has been emphasizing infrastructure development in
cities and providing finance for same, is that growth rate of capital expenditure is to
increase.
Table 3.5:
S.No
.
Composition and Trends of Municipal Expenditure (Rs. in Lakh)
Composition and
Trends of
Municipal
Expenditure
Average Growth
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
(% of total
expenditure)
Establishment and
administration
expenditure
279,216
330414
329,592
411,432
402550
10.19
Operation and
maintenance
expenditure
107,383
3
Other revenue
expenditure
51,830
56,120
55,954
58,190
56265
4
Revenue
Expenditure
(1+2+3)
438,429
514,699
527720
634,028
613215
Capital
Expenditure
96,933
Other Expenditure
(not classified)
209744
Total Expenditure
(4+5+6)
745106
1
2
5
6
7
Source:
(36.25%)
128165
142174
164406
154400
9.96
(14.43%)
2.17
(5.88%)
9.2
(56.66%)
105,942
119,463
124,817
150424
11.76
(12.37%)
266611
210685
399205
470925
28.4
(31.07%)
887252
857868
1158050
1234564
14.34
Municipal Finance in India: An Assessment by Department of Economic Analysis and Policy, Reserve Bank of India,
Mumbai. December 27, 2007.
It is recommended that the urban settlements need to increase spending on capital
expenditure head in total Municipal Expenditure which leads to the development of
economy and living condition.
3.3.4. Effective Finance Management
3.3.4.1. Uniformity of accounting system
Under the JnNURM, MoUD decided to provide financial resources to states and ULBs
that agree to undertake following modern accounting reforms:
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Budgeting, accounting, internal controls and auditing.
Re‐engineering business processes to align with accrual‐based accounting system.
Integrate financial management systems with financial accounting system.
Staff and building financial management capacity.
To encourage decentralization and improving transparency in the functioning of
municipalities of the country, the Government of India has made initiatives for
improvements in the accounting and budgeting systems, improved record keeping
and maintenance among others. With this objective the Ministry of Urban
Development, initiated to develop a National Municipal Accounts Manual. The
Manual comprehensively details the accounting policies, procedures, guidelines
designed to ensure correct, complete and timely recording of municipal transactions
and produce accurate and relevant financial reports. The manual is to be adopted and
followed by the various State Governments while drafting their state specific
municipal accounts manuals.
3.3.4.2. Efficient tax/charges administration and recovery management
Tax administration and recovery mechanisms need to be revised in India to improve
tax collection and increase the revenue resources available with local bodies to meet
its requirements. Enforcement of tax collection needs to be strengthened. For
collection of fees for provision of services, proper techniques should be enforced.
Periodic assessment and valuation of properties for tax revision should take place and
for expanding the tax base, property tax rolls should be updated via identification of
new properties, computerising billing & collection.
3.3.4.3. Fiscal transfer management for ULBs/RDAs
Lack of structured fiscal transfer mechanisms from State to ULBs is one of the major
reasons of availability of lesser fiscal resources with local authorities. State
Governments and ULBs need to explore the performance‐based grants as suggested
by the 13th Central Finance Commission (CFC). State Finance Commissions (SFC)
generally do not have access to good database at the ULB level and there are no
agencies at the state level, which collect and maintain comprehensive databases. State
Governments should address this issue of creation and maintenance of database of
ULBs rather than depending on databases based on sample surveys.
Timely constitution of SFC and timely submission of SFC Reports is very important.
The system of providing grant‐in‐aid to ULBs is complex and the SFCs should try to
introduce the concept of devolution packages after taking into consideration all types
of revenue grants and these should be linked with State’s own resources.
SFCs should also consider the idea of performance based or incentive grants based on
outcomes such as improved service delivery, improved tax collections and improved
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financial management etc. SFCs could review and link the grants to performance as
suggested by the 13th CFC and reforms under JNNURM. Importantly, the State
Governments should give a serious consideration to the recommendations of the SFC
Reports and timely issuance of Action Taken Reports (ATR). All State Governments
should build a system for predictability and transparency of state transfers to ULBs.
The State Governments should follow the system of electronic transfers to ULBs
rather than the conventional transfers.
(Source: Tracking Central Finance Commissions and State Finance Commissions Grants to Selected States
and Urban Local Bodies in India, NIUA.)
3.3.5. City Infrastructure Fund
The infrastructure plays a vital role in the growth and development of cities in the
current context. Keeping in mind the demands and requirements of urban
development, Government of India has also been emphasizing and providing finance
for development of infrastructure. Following the same line of thought, a City
Infrastructure Fund should be established at urban centres by an Executive order. It
should be other than the Budget fund and dedicated only for the Urban and Regional
Infrastructure development.
The following can be possible sources of funding (whole or part of it):
1. Stamp Duty on transaction of real‐estate property,
2. Capital gain tax on real‐estate property,
3. Land use conversion fee,
4. Entry tax on vehicles in special areas (inner city, CBD etc.) of cities,
5. Part of the TDS on real‐estate transactions valued over 50 Lakh (now mooted by the Finance
Ministry),
6. Vacant tax on Municipal FAR rather than vacant land,
7. Toll tax,
8. Part of funds raised through auction of strategic plots,
9. Cess on purchase of luxury vehicles say costing above 10 lakh,
10. Betterment levy on special zones (transport corridors etc.).
11. Cess on electricity bill is imposed to cover the cost street lighting,
12. Urban Infrastructure Bonds,
13. Use idle funds (Provident Fund, various Trusts etcetera) to subscribe to the Bonds.
14. Leverage Urban Infrastructure Bonds with long term loans from multilateral development banks.
15. Land‐based financing sources along Transport Corridors tapped through Betterment charges,
Development charges, Impact fees, Pricing of Floor Space Index (FSI) above a certain limit.
State of Odisha has developed Odisha Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (OUIDF) to
strengthen revenue buoyancy at ULB level.
Institutional framework of OUIDF consists of:
• Urban Loan Fund.
• Grant Fund.
• Project Development Fund.
OUIDF has been developed as a Trust under the Housing and Urban Development Department (HUDD)
with assistance from KfW (Germany’s Development Bank).
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Urban Planning Approach
The OUIDF seeks to (a) catalyse development of well‐structured pool of bankable projects, (b) build
capacity in appraisals and resource mobilization and (c) spur institutional reforms as a pre‐requisite
for external financing.
Focus sectors and projects for funding under the OUIDF include the following:
• Water supply and water supply improvement schemes,
• Underground sewerage schemes,
• SWM,
• Climate adaption measures,
• Slum development, rehabilitation, provision of basic amenities to informal settlements,
• Bio‐medical waste management,
• Development and renovation of bus/train terminals,
• Electric crematories,
• Energy efficient street lighting,
• Reclamation / preservation of water bodies/tanks.
To raise financial support under the fund project needs to clear set of criteria like, positive climate /
environment impact, financial soundness of ULB, projects which are expected to achieve economic
viability after three years of grant support amongst others.
Source: Odisha Infrastructure Development Fund
Similarly, State of Rajasthan has developed innovative sources of finance to develop infrastructure in
State. The expenditure of the fund is broadly divided into two‐
50% on Transport
50% on Urban infrastructure and buildings
3.4.
Governance
The new economic policy of Government of India has changed the role of government
from provider to facilitator. With entry of private sector in service provision and
improving economic profile of Indian economy, urban public (basically but not only)
has started demanding better service provision standards and accountability in the
process of governance. Herein comes the role and concept of ‘Good governance’. It is
an evolving concept, concerning best practices of decision making for conducting
public affairs and management of public resources. Good governance is responsive
and responsible governance. It is described as accountable, transparent, responsive,
equitable & inclusive, effective & efficient, follows rule of law, participatory and
consensus oriented. Following are the characteristics of good governance:
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anning App
proach
Figu
ure 3.6: Charracteristics of Good Goverrnance
Sourcce:
UN ESCAP,, Good Governan
nce guide: Municcipal Association
n of Victoria
3.4
4.1. Chaaracterisstics of Good
G
Gov
vernancee
3.4.1.1. Pub
blic accou
untability
y
Acccountability
y is a key requiremen
r
nt of Good Governancce and has become key
k policy
prio
ority of the governmeent. In geneeral, an orgaanization or
o an institu
ution is acccountable
to those
t
who will be affected
a
by its decisio
ons or acttions. Not only goverrnmental
insttitutions but
b also th
he private sector an
nd civil so
ociety orgaanizations must be
acco
ountable to
t the pub
blic and to
o their insstitutional stakehold
ders. Accou
untability
cannot be enfo
orced witho
out transpaarency and
d the rule off law.
(Sou
urce: Centre fo
or Good Goverrnance)
3.4.1.2. Traansparenccy
Traansparency is the basis of Go
ood Goverrnance. Th
his requirees manageement of
gov
vernment in
nstitutions so that government officials an
nd agenciess are accou
untable to
citizzens. Transsparency iss also esseential for acccountabiliity, people’’s participaation and
efficciency. Th
he workingg of the public
p
autthority sho
ould be su
uch that all
a rules,
regu
ulations, decisions sh
hould be in
n the publiic domain. Transpareency is esseential for
purrsuing colleective visio
on of deveelopment, determinin
d
ng the locu
us of accou
untability,
keeeps stakeho
olders’ aware of achiev
vements an
nd process..
Emergence of United Nations Conv
vention agaainst Corrup
ption, activvism and aw
wareness
of civil
c
society
y for transparency, sttrong med
dia leading to increased voice of citizens
and
d participattion in gov
vernance haave furtherr emphasizzed the neeed for transparency
in governance
g
e. This meeans addreessing corrruption an
nd ensuring accountaability in
form
mulation of
o policies,, implementing proggrammes and
a
deliveering serviices in a
con
nvenient, acccessible an
nd responssive manneer is becom
ming a non‐negotiablee priority
for governance.
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
99
Urban Planning Approach
(Source: Good Governance & Transparency Their Impact on Development by Saladin AlJurf &
Transparency and Good Governance at the Municipal Level: Transparency International Canada.)
3.4.1.3. Citizens charter and Grievance Redress
One of the functions of government is to provide public services to the citizens and to
do the same, government i.e. State and Local authorities, Municipalities, Government
departments have to operate efficiently and effectively for reaching its optimum
performance. For the delivery of public services to the citizens at acceptable
performance requires government entities to act in the public interest at all times. It
requires transparency, citizen participation in decision making and public
accountability. Citizens’ feedback plays an important role in service delivery and its
improvement.
Citizens’ charter and grievance redress brings accountability in the process of service
delivery. A Citizens' charter represents the commitment of the organisation towards
standard, quality and time frame of service delivery, grievance redress mechanism,
transparency and accountability. The concept of Citizen’s charter enshrines the trust
between the service provider and its users. A grievance can be defined as any sort of
dissatisfaction, which needs to be redressed in order to result in service delivery.
Government of India has introduced, ‘The Right of Citizens for time bound delivery of
Goods and Services and Redress of their Grievances Bill, 2011’. It confers right on
every individual citizen to time bound delivery of goods and provision for services
and redress of grievances25.The citizen report card is a simple but powerful tool to
provide public agencies with systematic feedback from users of public services. By
collecting feedback on the quality and adequacy of public services from actual users,
CRC provides a rigorous basis and a proactive agenda for communities, civil society
organization or local governments to engage in a dialogue with service providers to
improve the delivery of public services.
(Source: Improving Local Governance and Service Delivery: Citizen Report Card Learning Tool KitADB &
ADBI)
3.4.1.4. Inclusive development
The Government of India has put focus on inclusive development in the last two Five‐
Year Development plan’s vision statement. As the title implies, inclusive development
means development of all the citizens of an area. If all groups of people contribute in
creating opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision‐
making, the development can be inclusive. This requires all groups, but particularly
the most vulnerable have opportunities to improve or maintain their well‐being. Here
focus should be given to women, poorer & disadvantaged section of society and
people employed in informal sector in order to impart social and economic inclusivity.
25
(http://goicharters.nic.in/welcome.html& Study on Reforms and Restructuring Final Report of Meghalaya State Power
Sector)
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3.4.1.5. Follow the Rule of Law
Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also
requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial
enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and
incorruptible police force. Here, need for a regulatory body is felt for planning and
development with a legal backing to take decision in such aspects.
3.4.1.6. People’s participation
Good governance is linked to the welfare of citizens. Good governance through
people’s participation ensures development, which is equitable and sustainable.
People’s participation is not a single stage activity but as suggested in the planning
process, it should be taken up at multiple stages. It should take place pre‐plan and
post‐plan preparation at various stages from decision making to implementation and
then feedback, for ensuring answerability and transparency in the public
governance26.
3.4.1.7. Consensus oriented
There are several actors and as many viewpoints in a society. Good governance
requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in
society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be
achieved. It also requires a broad and long‐term perspective on what is needed for
sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development.
This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social
contexts of a given society or community and brought in the planning system right
from the State Perspective Plan to be conceived for implementation in Development
Plan and Special Purpose Plans. (Source: UN ESCAP)
3.4.2.
E‐Governance Reforms
E‐Governance is the application of ICT in delivery of services to public by government.
It brings efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of informational &
transactional exchanges with in government, government agencies of National, State,
Municipal & Local levels and citizen. It empowers citizens through access & use of
information. In India through National e‐Governance Plan (NeGP) both the Union and
the State Governments are making efforts to bring in the latest ICT technologies for
administration and increase the reach of services to citizens.
Vision of NeGP is to make all Government services accessible to the common man in
his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency,
transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic
needs of the common man. Under state mission mode projects of NeGP, NRLMP, Road
26
(http://peoplesgoals.org/)
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Urban Planning Approach
Transport, Agriculture, Municipalities, Commercial Taxes, E‐Panchayat services, State
Governments are responsible for its implementation.
International best practices:
Singapore: E‐Governance in Singapore started with computerisation of civil service
in 1981. Three relationships on which Singapore's e‐Government framework is
centred on are – Government to Citizens (G2C), Government to Businesses (G2B) and
Government to Employees (G2E). The objectives of e‐Governance are integrated on
acronym CARE indicating: Courtesy, Accessibility, Responsiveness and Effectiveness.
Five thrust areas of e‐Governance in Singapore are: (i) reinventing government, (ii)
delivering integrated electronic services, (iii) being proactive and responsive, (iv)
using IT and Telecommunication to build new capabilities and capacities (v)
innovating with IT and Telecommunication.”
Vancouver: The City of Vancouver has defined Digital Strategy as ‘a broad range of
technology that enables new methods of engagement and service delivery supported
by a robust and accessible digital infrastructure and open government ecosystem’.
The Vision is to enhance multi‐directional digital connections amongst citizens,
employees, business and government. The pillars of digital strategy of Vancouver city
are: engagement and access, digital infrastructure and assets, digital economy and
organizational digital maturity.
National best practices: E‐Governance functions and online services are detailed in
Table 3.6.
Table 3.6:
Selective e‐Government functions and Online Services in India
State
Online Services
Gujarat
Public grievance redress,
e‐Gram – Vishvagram (connecting villages)
e‐Dhara (computerisation of land records through),
Hospital Management Information System,
e‐City (delivery of municipal services)
Delhi
Conversion of lease hold to free hold,
Booking of community hall, parks, open spaces,
Samsyanidansewa,
Legal management system,
OPD medical claim reimbursement
Review of Master Plan for Delhi 2021
Ghaziabad
Vehicle pooling facility (registration for owner),
System of feedback for public departments,
Online property information system
Online complaint system
Tiruchirappalli
Dues Payment: property tax, water charges, non‐tax, professional tax
(under IT Department, Govt. of India)
Birth and Death certificate,
Building Plan approval,
Trade license
Source: AMDA: Websites of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu Government, DDA and GDA.
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3.5.
Institutional Set‐Up
Planning function is a continuous process and the Planning Department’s work
continues from plan preparation to plan processing, enforcement, implementation,
plan detailing, review and then plan formulation and so on. The plan formulation,
implementation, monitoring and review exercises must be statutorily prescribed in
the State Acts and completed within the specified time‐frame as schedule. In the
context of these requirements institutional set‐up has a vital role.
3.5.1. Town and Country Planning Departments: State Levels
Most of the States in India have Department of Town and Country Planning (T&CP),
under the provisions of State Town and Country Planning Acts. But, not all the
Departments of T&CP are headed by qualified planners. Instead of Chief Town
Planner, the Departments are headed by Chief Engineers or Administrators and in few
cases by Senior Town Planners. Thus, despite of qualified manpower T&CP
departments at many states are headed by non‐planners which lead to problems, like
delayed decision making, lack of appropriate visions and policy in planning, delay in
master plan preparation. A review of the various States and detailed study by TCPO
has provided (Table 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 & 3.10) general manpower requirements at State
Departments of T&CP.
Table 3.7:
Required manpower of State Town Planning Department
Professionals
Sub Professional
Administrative
Chief Town Planner
Assistant Town Planner
Deputy Chief Town Planner
Village Planner
Assistant Director of Town Planning
Executive Engineer
Head Clerk, Accountants, UDC,
LDC, Typists, Stenographers,
Peons,
Drivers,
Cleaners,
Gardeners and others
Town Planner
Assistant Engineer
Deputy Town Planner
Statistical Assistant
Research Associates
Assistant Consulting Surveyor
Assistant Sociologist
Urban Designer
Planner(s)
Architectural/ GIS Draftsman
Assistant Architectural/ GIS Draftsman/
CAD/CAM expert
Photographer cum Draftsman
Quantity Surveyor
Supervisor
Sub Overseers
Source: TCPO
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3.5.2. District Planning Committee
State Governments have been empowered by 74th Constitutional Amendment Act to
constitute District Planning Committee. These committees are to be responsible for
the preparation of District Development Plan. However, even after 2 decades of
amendment, most of the states have not constituted these committees.
In a study done by TCPO in consultation with State Town & Country Planning
Departments and academic institutions, tentative strength of planners required at
different planning levels was deliberated. It was agreed that proportion of town
planners would vary according to the population and size of the administrative units.
The manpower requirement of DPCs, as assessed, is presented in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8:
Number of Town Planners required at District Level
Designation
Number
Chief District Planning Officer
1
Senior District Planning Officer
1
Associate District Planning Officer
3
Assistant District Planning Officer
5
Total
10
Source: TCPO
3.5.3. Urban Local Bodies (Municipality, Development Authority,
MPC)
In view of growing number of cities and towns the number of town planners at
Metropolitan Planning Committees was assessed to be around 1,200. It was
established that number of town planners may vary city to city depending upon
number of zones/wards in the city. It was normated that for every 5 lakh population,
1 town planner is required at metropolitan planning area.
Table 3.9:
Number of Town Planners in Metropolitan Planning Area
Designation
Number
Chief Town Planner
1
Additional Chief Town Planner
1
Senior Town Planner
3
Associate Planner
6
Assistant Planner
12
Total
23
Source: TCPO
The Census of India, 2011 has for the first time classified a large number of towns as
census towns (3,894). These rural settlements have attained urban characteristics
and need support of town planners. It was assessed that about 79,000 planners will
be required in small and medium cities alone.
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Table 3.10: Number of Town Planners required for non‐million plus cities (small & medium cities)
Designation
Number
Chief Town Planner
1
Senior Town Planner
1
Associate Planner
2
Assistant Planner
6
Total
10
Source: TCPO
Thus, the analysis done by TCPO indicates that 85,000 to 90,000 planners would be
required in the country at various levels of planning framework, which roughly works
out to 1 planner per 14,000 population.
3.5.4. Team Requirement for Plan Formulation
Though the number of cities and the necessity of planning in these cities have
increased but the qualified manpower for the preparation of various plans has been
not yet met, as well as no statutory framework has been formed to meet the
manpower requirement normatively. The TCPO study has concluded ‘this has led to
regional variations in planning manpower and hinders regional or national
integration of ideas and rationales of planning standards followed in States’. In
addition the use of modern techniques of planning including advancements in IT
systems, Remote Sensing (RS), Geological Information System (GIS) and Global
Positioning System (GPS) technologies, use of CAD, CAM is also falling behind due to
lack of trained manpower of such disciplines in planning. Thus current situation calls
for predefined acknowledgement of minimum team requirements for plan
formulation, boosting training of the new planners and provision of adequate
planning schools, capacity building. It is also desirable to revisit the curricula of the
under‐ and post‐graduate study courses in town planning to bring in the newer
concept and technologies, including RS&GIS etc., into every aspect of town planning.
3.5.4.1. Team Requirement
Core Planners’ team for holistic planning of cities and regions should necessarily
consist of:
Urban planner and/or regional planner,
Environmental planner,
Transport planners and
Infrastructure planner.
Apart from team of planners certain experts’ are also required (as per requirement of
the study) such as,–
Urban designer,
Legal expert,
Economist,
Geographers & Demographer,
Sociologist/Anthropologist,
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Expert in housing and good governance,
Heritage conversation expert,
Tourism expert,
Urban policy expert,
Development planner,
Water & Sanitation expert and others,
Architectural draftsman / GIS expert or associate.
3.5.4.2. Qualified Planner
A qualified planner should preferably be a member of ITPI. A list of institutions
recognized by ITPI is given in Appendix D of Volume IIB. However, to bring
uniformity in the planning profession, Draft Town & Country Planners Registration
Bill, 2012 has been prepared by the TCPO. The Bill also provides for establishment of
a Council of Town & Country Planning. The purpose of such council is to regulate the
quality of educational institutions and qualified professionals in Town and Country
Planning. The Bill has defined "Town and Country Planning" as the profession
responsible for planned development of urban and rural areas and the process
concerned with control of the use of land so as to guide and ensure planned and
orderly development.
Town and Country Planner is proposed to be a person holding a professional
undergraduate or postgraduate qualification in Town and Country Planning or in
accordance with the nomenclature as specified in the Schedule of the Bill, acquired
from a recognized School, Institution, Department of study / University and
registered with the Council. The Council will prescribe the standards of Town and
Country Planning education. The Council could help ensure that only certified
planners carry out the task of urban and regional planning.
3.5.4.3. Policy Options of Manpower Mobilisation
As indicated above, the requirement of planners to perform the function of planning
and development at district, metropolitan and local area levels is over 85,000.
Currently there are 3700 planners registered with Institute of Town Planners, India
(ITPI), working in different organizations. It is therefore suggested that:
Every state should have a Planning School. As of now, N‐E States, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, J&K, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh do not have any recognized institute offering courses in
Town Planning. This gap needs to be filled in soon.
Capacity building for enhancing institutional capacities for plan preparation, effectively
function as institutions of local governance and for improved service delivery. As per the
‘Toolkit for Comprehensive Capacity Building Programme’, JnNURM, 2013, the efforts
should focuses on creating an enabling environment at ULB level to improve governance and
service delivery functions. Further, capacity building to include training programmes, such as:
i.
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Training /awareness programmes to ULB staff and elected representatives, with special
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ii. Skill development trainings to ULB/parastatal functionaries to plan and implement
development projects.
iii. Technical and sectoral training programmes for ULB/ parastatal staff in water supply,
solid waste management, roads & bridges, urban transport, sewerage, environment, and
other sectors related to urban development / management.
It is also desirable to strengthen the arrangements for training and capacity enhancement of
town planners and urban designers in non‐government sectors, for which ITPI or similar
bodies could act as facilitators.
3.5.4.4. Outsourcing Professional Services
In case of inadequacy in the manpower capacity with the Government bodies for
planning, outsourcing to non‐governmental and private consultancy/ organisation
could be considered as an option. The conditions of engagement of professional
services and scale of professional fees and charges are provided by ITPI27. It provides
professional fees for preparation of different types of plans based on projected
planned population and also as per man‐months, which can be referred for estimating
the cost of respective plan preparation.
3.6.
Institutional Reforms
3.6.1. Regulatory Body at State Level
A Regulatory body ‘Urban‐ Regional Planning and Development Regulatory Authority’
at State level should be established through statutory support. The role of this body
should be to regulate and monitor the functioning of development bodies and also to
regulate Urban and Regional Development Authorities / Bodies / Agencies28.This
regulatory body should have following objectives to fulfi l its role and functions in an
envisioned manner:
Assess and Monitor the overall Urban / Regional Planning in the State.
Observer and Evaluate impacts of planning on other elements of development system, especially
Environment and Social & Balanced Regional Development.
Quicken the process of approval of Plans coupled with transparency.
Promote and direct FDI in Real Estate Sector.
Prepare Standard monitoring plan and evaluation parameters
To serve as a Centralised Single Window for clearance and
Authority to exam the plan modification request and permit (mid‐term) landuse changes in the
plan which may be guided by large developments, social interest and need for all.
27
Document: ‘Conditions of engagement of professional services and scale of professional fees and charges’, ITPI, effective
from December, 2011 available at: http://itpi.org.in/pdfs/DiscussionDraft.pdf.
28
Such arrangements have been introduced in Kerala, where Town & Country Planning Commission under the Kerala Town
& Country Planning Ordinance, 2013 isan apex body to advise the Government and guide and assist the MPCs and DPCs
on matters relating to spatial planning and development.
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3.6.2. Grievance Redressal System
A decentralized grievance redress system should be established in every state upto
the level of local development authority, to provide redress for complaints.
A Citizen’s Charter could be formed in the framework of the “Action Plan for Effective
and Responsive Government, 1997” and the Citizen's Charter and the Grievance
Redress Bill, 2011 under consideration in Parliament.
Central Government is providing base for public grievance under Citizen’s Charter, for
which guidelines are also available in the Compilation of Guidelines for Redress of
Public Grievance, 2010 of the D/o AR&PG, which has a dedicated website for citizen’s
charter: http://goicharters.nic.in/welcome.html .
To ensure obligation of transparent modification of schemes, including the updated
progress Local Area Planning level, the method of public participation should be
utilised.
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4
Regional Planning Approach
4.1.
Need of Region as Planning Unit
Region is a contiguous geographical area, which has a fair degree of uniformity, in
administration, economic linkages or natural environment. It is relatively a large area,
with hierarchy of settlements and varying landscape.
Urbanisation has accelerated in the past few decades while planning in India has been
largely limited to urban settlements and the space between cities and their
surroundings has been growing in an unplanned haphazard manner. Centrifugal
forces attract huge volume of migrant population to urban centres, which has
rendered short the planning efforts of local bodies. The resultant biases in
demography have also had negative implications in the development at the source of
migration. Thus, urban centres & its surrounding settlements have two‐way
interrelationship in terms of cause and effect of many elements. Accordingly, planning
as an exercise should not be exclusively limited to urban settlements but a region can
be identified to have holistic development of growth promoting centres and
surrounding subsequent hierarchy of settlements. This should facilitate optimal
planning and development of infrastructure in cities along with the adjoining rural
areas and strengthen the economic links in the region.
The paradigm of regional development has evolved through the years after
Independence. Most important ones are district planning, metropolitan planning,
watershed management and special area development. The Planning Commission has
also developed methods for regionalisation and policy guidance for preparation of
development plans for regions. A number of such case studies have been taken up by
the State Governments for development of special regions. Considering the
importance of regional planning at the district level and with the view to integrating
the urban and regional development, the DPC and MPC were created through the 73rd
and 74th CAA.
4.2.
Aspects of Regional Planning
The preliminary aspects of regional planning may constitute the following, which
highlight the advantages of the approach:
1. Sustainability Sustainability leads to balance in Regional Development which implies efficient
use of available resources and opportunities for development in all parts of the region.
Sustainability of regional planning depends upon:
i.
Management of major environmental inputs namely water (both surface and ground),
minerals, maintenance of green cover, protection of sensitive environmental areas and
linking areas with special opportunities for development like religious, archaeological etc.
ii. Balanced and equitable spatial and economic development of the region
iii. Effective Use of local resources including cultural resources such as art &crafts.
iv. Optimisation of regional multimodal mobility and TOD.
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Sustainability based regional development can provide solutions for elevation of urban poverty,
minimisation of urban sprawl and managing migration, which are majorly outcomes of lack of
regional planning.
2. Environment – Some of the major environmental concerns that can be addressed by regional
planning approach are the following:
i.
Control of pollution specially water pollution, use and maintenance of the water courses.
ii. Maintenance of green cover, forests and eco fragile areas.
iii. Control and regulation of activities which have impact on environment.
While planning, the environmentally sensitive areas should be identified which are non‐conducive
for development. Such areas should be either protected or developed while following relevant
standards.
3. Disaster Management – The impact of natural disasters is exaggerated by unscientific plus
unplanned development. Regional development should promote efficient response and
preparedness to disasters such as floods, landslides, land subsistence, fire and earthquake. The
Disaster Management Act, 2005 makes it mandatory to prepare Disaster Management Plan at
State and District level. Integration of hazard (micro) zoning in planning activities is more
facilitative and responding at regional level which can be integrated with the provisions of
NDMA. Zoning hazards and its holistic approach can be achieved largely at the regional level
scale or better at city level. Thus, regional planning is the solution to integrated response.
4. Promoting Balanced Development – Imbalanced development of the country due to missing
regional planning approach to bring development in urban‐rural settlements simultaneously
has led to lopsided development in favour of urban settlements. As a result centripetal and
centrifugal forces of human movement have come to work with intensity in the urban parts of
the country. Lack of integrated spatial planning specially in the influence area of metropolitan
cities has led to ‘rural push’. Migration across administrative boundaries to the cities without
adequate functional infrastructure to support the population puts pressure on the
administrative departments. On the other hand the areas from where out‐migration takes place
suffer with imbalance growth. Thus, an integrated planning approach is required to provide
administrative solution for provision of sustainable infrastructure in the region and vision
development of the peri‐urban areas & counter magnets.
5. Inclusivity – Regional planning can bring inclusivity in broader area by preparing plan after
considering issues, strengths and prospects of a large spatial unit. Regional disparities
especially peri‐urban areas surrounding large cities and metropolitans present contrasting
conditions both physically and social‐economically. Regional planning can efficiently tackle the
problem arising out of the transition of rural area into peri‐urban and urban areas. Inclusive
development principles can bridge the gap present in terms of regional disparity in India.
4.3.
Planning Regions in India
The increasing need of urbanisation further aggravated by the rural push factors is
directly affecting the quality of life and environment. Such areas shall not be merely
left to the factors of natural growth and can be identified for Regional Planning. A
region is a flexible concept and can be referred to as a continuous and localised area
intermediate between National and Urban levels.
The District Planning Committees is to be the single decision making committee,
which can address to the issues of planning in the District. In many States, DPC’s are
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not constituted, however, in some of them, the Town and Country Planning Acts
provides a legal framework for constitution of Regional Development Authorities. For
example, the Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority Act, 1974 makes it
mandatory to constitute the Metropolitan Regional Development Authority for the
planning and development of Mumbai metropolitan city.
Whenever functional areas cut across different State boundaries there may be
problems of co‐ordination in administration. Ideally in such cases, a unified RDA (for
this specified region) may be instituted with representation from each of the State.
In the present scenario, Indian metropolitan cities have planned development, which
partially satisfies the aim of the 73rd & 74th CAA, however, incomplete adherence of
the Act has resulted into lack of holistic planning. Thus, it is required that state
governments amend respective State Town and Country Planning Acts and provide a
structure of regional planning with appropriate administrative structure to carry out
its preparation and implementation.
Such regions are holistic from administrative point of view and there are little
chances of conflict when there is a single administrative unit. The present planning
system for only urban settlements has developed islands of growth centres, creating
vast disparity. Planning for district as a region is the approach in which country as
whole can be covered in planning exercise leaving no intermediate space. Thus, for
convenience of administration of regions and entire coverage of country under
planned development the structure of regional planning should be followed.
The 12th Five Year Plan has emphasised on regional development particularly DPC
composition to control and regulate unplanned development beyond the urban areas
i.e. urban sprawl/scatter. The State T&CP Acts provide statutory setup for urban and
regional planning and development. In many States, Special Area Planning Acts,
similar to Regional Planning, are also in place.
Transport linkages play an integral role in the growth of urban nodes. As movement
of goods, services and alignment of infrastructure follow the transport network while
the human settlement and economic activities generally follow the transport lines.
Lately, Government of India has recognised the potential of transport corridors as
instrument of imparting economic push to large region and thus has been
implementing programmes, which are spread across a large region like, Delhi Mumbai
Industrial Corridor (DMIC) Programme. The objective of DMIC project is to expand
India's manufacturing and service base and develop DMIC as a "Global Manufacturing
and Trading Hub". The project will provide a major impetus to planned urbanization
in India with manufacturing as the key driver.29.
The National Highway Development Programme (NHDP) was launched in 2000 to
upgrade and strengthen National Highways and one of the advantages identified
under the NHDP is all round development of areas. Other transport oriented regional
29
http://www.dmicdc.com
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A
corridorrs conceptu
ualised aree the Easteern and Western
W
Freeight Corriidors. Keep
ping
these deevelopmentts in mind, Transit Orriented Dev
velopmentt (TOD) app
proach to plan
p
and deveelop region
ns can be ad
dopted.
There arre other ty
ypes of reggions as well, which have homo
ogeneity aand linkagees in
terms off investment, tourism
m and natu
ural enviro
onment. In India, ow
wing to its vast
stretch and
a heterogeneity, multiple/diffferent typo
ologies of regions
r
cou
uld be adop
pted
for plan
nned development. The
T
regional plannin
ng approacch is suggeested in th
hese
guidelinees for plann
ned and su
ustainable developmen
d
nt of the hu
uman settleements.
The plan
nning regions in India have been
n categoriseed as:
Figure 4.1: Categorisaation of Regio
ons in Indian Context
Source:
Co
ompilation from 73rd& 74th CAA, State
S
Administrative setups and regional plannin
ng cases in India
4.3.1. Districtt as a Plaanning Region
R
India haas 640 disttricts and according to Censuss of India, 2011, 67%
% districts are
urbaniseed upto 50
0% out of which
w
apprroximately
y 7% have crossed th
he line of 40%
4
urbanisaation. New
w Delhi, Central
C
Deelhi, Kolkaata, Mumb
bai, Mumb
bai Suburban,
Hyderab
bad, Chenn
nai, Yanam and Mahee (in Pudu
ucherry) arre 9 distriicts which are
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100% urbanized. However, there are many other districts which have rural‐urban
character and have a fast rate of urbanisation. Therefore, the urban trend of these
districts should be planned. Efforts to direct urbanisation of such districts will
synchronize the growth of cities with goals of national development.
District as a unit is a holistic concept which administratively provides a strong
foundation for planning. The hierarchy of settlements and natural resources available
in relatively larger region are other additional reasons which make district a unit of
planning more logical premise.
4.3.1.1. Need for Administrative Structure
Administrative structure to guide planning at district level is important. The 74th
Constitutional Amendment Act provides that the State Legislature should provide for
the composition of District Planning Committee (DPC) given that there shall be
elected representatives of Panchayats and municipalities in committee in
proportionate ratio. For this, State Governments are required to amend existing or
enact new laws to introduce DPC in planning administration structure.
4.3.1.2. Process of planning at District level
In India, planning process for administrative areas equal to or bigger than district has
been attempted.
Kerala: The State of Kerala has provision for DPC and MPC. Its methodology of District plan
preparation provides for a decentralised planning process by initiating preparation of an Integrated
District Development Plan (IDDP) along with Local Development Plans (LDP) for every local
government in the district in an integrated manner. The Integrated District Development Plan (IDDP)
aims for an integrated draft development plan with due regard to common interests of Panchayats and
municipalities (as shown in Figure 4.2) to plan for spatial and sharing of resources: both natural and
man‐made. The IDDP includes planning of special areas such as tribal areas, coastal areas, economically
backward areas, areas for establishment of new towns etc. Also, there are provisions of Joint area
planning in case the area comprises more than one Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, Town
Panchayat or village Panchayat, either in full or in part.
Draft IDDP should be prepared for the district incorporating suggestions of LSGs. The Draft IDDP
prepared shall be an input for the identification of development issues and setting up of development
goals and objectives of each LSG and thus becomes the frame within which the Draft LDPs are
prepared. Based on suggestions and proposals of the Draft LDPs, the Draft IDDP is modified and
finalised. Once the draft IDDP is approved by the DPC and sanctioned by the State Government, the
Draft LDPs shall be modified and finalised.
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Figure 4.2: Plan Preparation Process of Kerala
Source:
The Kerala Town and Country Planning Ordinance 2013
Goa: The State of Goa has prepared Goa Regional Plan, 2021. The basic approach for preparation of Goa
Regional Plan has been protection of environmentally sensitive area of the State by introducing “Eco
Sensitive Zones” and planning details at village Panchayats level. The Regional Plan gives a micro level
planning of the State of Goa with the village Panchayats as the planning units. Multiple level
consultative process has been undertaken in preparation of the plan. A decentralised approach was
adopted in which a vision document was prepared for the State and was shared with the local
bodies/villages. Plans prepared at grass root level were compiled at higher levels to prepare Draft State
Regional Plan. Another round of public participation ensured inclusiveness. The approach has been
presented in the following diagram.
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anning App
proach
Figu
ure 4.3: Plan
n Preparation
n Process in th
he State of Go
oa
Sourcce:
Goa Region
nal Plan, 2021
Thee States of Kerala and
d Goa have attempted
d successfu
ully the preeparation of
o District
th
or Regional
R
Pllans by ado
opting 74 CAA. Whilee Kerala haas prepared
d District Plans,
P
Goa
has prepared State level Regional Plan
P
(but based on thee two distrrict plans) due
d to its
sizee. Both thee states have adoptted decentralised approach as prescribeed in the
Con
nstitution of
o India an
nd have focused on public participation. The appro
oach and
metthodology of these tw
wo States is
i influenceed by the size and seettlement structure
s
and
d hierarchy
y present in
n the States.
A Planning process at diistrict levell for the larrger Statess of India w
would requ
uire much
morre complexx procedurre to integgrate botto
om‐up and
d top down approach. Hence
con
nsidering th
he above mentioned
m
c
case
studiees and keep
ping in view
w the consttraints of
largge size States, a Districct Regionall Planning simplified
s
a
approach
is given in Fig
F 4.4.
Plan
n preparation process for regional plan must
m
start with
w preparration of Sttate level
Perrspective Plan
P
alongg with pre‐plan intteractive consultatio
c
ns of gov
vernment
dep
partments, elected representat
r
tives, stakeholders, NGOs and
d Self‐help
p groups.
Outtcome of su
uch consulttations is a Perspectiv
ve Plan which will be vvision docu
ument for
the entire Statte either by
y the State Planning Board,
B
Statee Town Plaanning Com
mmission,
d State Tow
wn & Counttry Planning Departm
ment or by State
S
Urban
nisation Co
ommittee,
and
such
h as effortss taken by Kerala
K
and Rajasthan recently.
Perrspective Pllan must in
nclude the LUZs
L
from the State Land
L
Utilisaation Policy
y. In case
the State Land
d Utilisatio
on Policy iss not prepared, Persp
pective Plaan should delineate
d
Statte into developable, prohibited
p
a restriccted zones. For this cllassification
and
n, variety
of parameters
p
s could be used
u
based on develop
pment approach of th
he state. Som
me of the
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parameters have been shared below but this is only suggestive list, which must be
made exhaustive while preparing plan at state level:
Eco sensitive zones of the state,
Boundaries of all the urban and rural settlements of the state,
Mapping of transport and communication networks,
Mapping of natural features,
Industrial, mining and related area,
Disaster Zonation
All maps/plans must be prepared on GIS platform and geo‐referenced.
The State Perspective plan should be distributed to the Districts as a reference for
preparation of further plans at district level. At the stage of Perspective Plan
preparation, the mapping scale, time lines and roles and responsibilities for the
preparation of district plan preparation should be decided which will bring clarity
and uniformity in mapping and plan preparation process. District administration
should proceed with distributing the plans and maps at taluka level and from taluka
level to village Panchayats. The Draft Development plan should then be prepared at
each village Panchayat level with public participation. Here, capacity building and
technical knowhow would need to be percolated from the top administrative set‐ups
and supporting institutional arrangements. The training to the selected people or
people’s representatives must be provided along with trained officials through the
plan preparation process. Similar process must be followed in settlements of urban
hierarchy. Once the plan process at grass root level is over, these plans should be
compiled first at taluka level or at its urban counter parts by Development Authority/
Municipal Corporation to formulate the draft District Regional Plan.
The Draft District Regional Plan then must be put on public forum for objections and
suggestions to impart transparency in the plan process. To meet the purpose of the
district plan, interchangeable options and conflict of interest would need to be
answered in the regional plan. Once the process of public participation is over and
with the approval of State legislature, the final Regional Plan should be uploaded on
relevant websites for future reference and use.
Table 4.1: Institutional responsibilities
Administrative Unit
Institutional Body
District
DPC/ Zila Parishad
Taluka
Block Development Level/ Town & Country Planning Department
Village Level
Panchayat/ Gram Sabha
Metropolitan & Megapolis
MPC/ Development Authority / Municipal Corporation
Large & Medium Towns
Development Authority / Municipality / Urban Local Body
Small Towns
Nagar Palika/ Municipal Council / State T&CP Department
Ward
Ward Committee
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anning App
proach
Figu
ure 4.4: Prop
posed District Planning Prrocess
Source: Compilatio
on from 73rd an
nd 74th CAA, Sta
ate Administra
ative Setup and
d Regional Planning exampless of Kerala
and
d Goa
4.3
3.2. Varrious setttlementts in Region
In delineation
d
n of the planning
p
reegions therre can be certain leevels of settlement,
exissting or plaanned whicch give speccial structu
ure to a region. The grrowth nodees around
whiich the flow
ws are acttive and intense shalll be the no
odal centree. The nodal centre
cou
uld act as th
he highest echelon in
n the hierarrchy of the settlemen
nts. This maay have a
uni‐‐polar (meetropolitan city), bipo
olar (such as twin citties) or mu
ulti‐polar structure.
s
Thee other setttlements within
w
the region shaall be directly or ind
directly fun
nctionally
link
ked to this centre.
c
Theey can be:
1 Counter Magnets:
1.
M
Th
he counter magnets
m
are potential
p
and growing sub
b nodal centrres located
out of thee direct functtionally linked areas of th
he growth node/ nodal ceentres in the region, e.g.
Hissar, Gw
walior, Patialla and Kota etc
e in contexxt of NCR. The main objecctive of devellopment of
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
117
Urban Planning Approach
i.
ii.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
30
the counter magnets is to prevent undesirable concentration of growth impulses in the nodal
centres and to disperse the same to counter magnets for more balanced development of the
region. The counter magnet areas may play two distinctive roles:
As interceptors of migratory flows into the nodal centre
As regional growth centres, this would be able to achieve a balanced pattern of urbanisation
in the region over a period of time.
Satellite Towns: A Satellite Town is one, which is located near or within reasonable distance,
well connected by transportation route of the growth node or a metropolitan city, e.g. Gurgaon
and Noida (Delhi), Navi Mumbai (Mumbai) and Salt Lake City (Kolkata) etc. The Satellite towns
are dependent on the growth node largely for employment. If developed well, satellite towns
offer great scope doe providing economic growth and employment for the benefit of the main
city, subject to efficient transport connectivity.
Priority Towns: Priority towns are the potential towns for investment and development;
identified on the basis of their inter‐aerial relationship with the regional nodal centre. For
integrated development of the identified region, identification of the priority towns and
planning for their development should be done.
Growth Centres/Points: Settlements with growth potential and special advantage of location
within the region can be classified as growth centres/ growth points/ service village in order of
hierarchy from high to low while planning for settlement structure within the region.
Peri Urban Areas: Peri‐urban areas are zones of transition from rural to urban land uses
located between the outer limits of urban and regional centers and the rural environment. The
boundaries of peri‐urban areas are porous and transitory as urban development extends into
rural, agricultural and industrial land. Peri–urban areas might include valuable protected areas,
forested hills, preserved woodlands, prime agricultural lands and important wetlands, which
may require conservation. Irrespective of how the boundaries move, there will always be peri‐
urban zones. These areas if planned properly can provide essential life support services for
urban residents. In preparation of development plans for metropolitan cities, the area may be
taken as 5‐8 kms around existing cities, say those with more than 3 lakh population to cover the
urban spill.30
Urban Agglomeration: Census, 2011 defines an urban agglomeration (UA) as a continuous
urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths, or two or more physically
contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An UA must consist of
atleast a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should
not be less than 20,000. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations
which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity.
Examples: Greater Mumbai UA, Delhi UA, etc.
Out Growth: Census 2011, defines ‘Out Growths’ (OG) as a viable unit such as a village or a
hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in
terms of its boundaries and location. Some of the examples are railway colony, university
campus, port area, military camps, etc., which have come up near a statutory town outside its
statutory limits but within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town.
While determining the outgrowth of a town, it has been ensured that it possesses the urban
features in terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage
system for disposal of waste water etc. educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities,
banks etc. and physically contiguous with the core town of the UA. Examples: Central Railway
Colony (OG), Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG), etc.’
Spatial Priority Urban Regions (SPURs): National Commission on Urbanisation, 1988 with a
visionary approach to future urbanisation in India, identified 329 urban centres all over the
country as Generators of Economic Momentum (GEMs) where development activities should
Working group on urban strategic planning, p 33.
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converge, based on which the upcoming Metropolitan regions could be forecasted. The
Commission also identified 49 Spatial Priority Urban Regions (SPURs). SPURs were based on
observed trends of growth and Commission’s assessment of growth potential, integration with
national transport network, optimising investments and opportunities already in a particular
region. Such an attempt of regional planning pan India was the first of its kind and evolved from
the idea of expanding planned urban regions.
4.4.
Metropolitan Planning Region
Metropolitan area is a large urban settlement, which has population from 10 lakh and
above. The aerial extent of such settlements is huge and often spread across multiple
districts. India has 53 metropolitan cities per Census, 2011. Many of these cities have
already been covered by metropolitan planning or development authorities, such as
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Guwahati.
Formulation of Metropolitans Authorities was conceived with the idea of initiating the
integrated planning and development of the major cities and their surrounding areas.
Constitution requires the States to constitute Metropolitan Planning Committees
through State legislature. Various States‐ West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
have issued procedures for formulation of Metropolitan Planning Committee (MPC)
and metropolitan areas like Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune have MPCs. However,
only Kolkata MPC has prepared a Metropolitan Development Plan (MDP). This has
been referred as a lesson to guide the MPC formulation and integration in the existing
scenario.
4.4.1. Metropolitan Administrative set‐ups
As major cities increase in size, Municipal Bodies often turn out to be inadequate to
meet the requirements. Thus, the need for Metropolitan Regional Development
Authority (MRDA) Acts was felt, to regulate a designated jurisdiction covering urban
and peri‐urban areas. The authorities formed under these acts perform functions in
close coordination with the State agencies, apart from the already core Municipal
Corporations. MRDAs perform the function of integrated spatial planning and
inducing coordination among the numerous authorities and institutions operating
in/for the region, thus facilitating the planned growth in a smooth urban‐rural
continuum framework. Examples are Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai etc.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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A
Figure 4.5: Frameworrk for Kolkataa Metropolitaan Planning Committee
C
Source:
Ko
olkata Metropoliitan Planning Com
mmittee
4.4.2. Transitt Orienteed (Urbaan) Deveelopmentt (TOD)
In India,, the conceept of TOD
D to plan an
nd develop
p cities / regions
r
hass been used in
various cities,
c
few of
o which arre Nationall Capital Reegion, Hydeerabad Mettropolitan Area
A
and Ahm
medabad Urrban Devellopment Au
uthority (A
AUDA). In NCR,
N
transp
port option
ns of
metro raail, ring railway and ring road has been used to gu
uide urban
n developm
ment.
Hyderab
bad Metrop
politan Developmentt Authority
y has prep
pared TOD
D developm
ment
plan for city using metro corridors, MM
MTS, potenttial BRTS/L
LRT and ou
uter ring road.
AUDA haas developed BRTS co
orridor, rin
ng road to guide deveelopment aalong transp
port
corridorrs. Hyderab
bad Metrop
politan Dev
velopment Authority
A
(HMDA) haas developed a
Transit Oriented
O
Developmen
nt plan to develop
d
metropolitan area (the ccase study is
i as
follows)..
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2014.
2
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Developmentt
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anning App
proach
Case
e Study: HMD
DA: Transit Oriented De
evelopment (TOD)
(
Approach and Meethodology: HMDA
H
conceived TOD plaan to be comp
patible with M
Master Plan. Integrated
tran
nsit network was propossed with focu
us to integraate employm
ment generating nodes with
w
transit
netw
work. Influen
nce zone alon
ng transit netw
work were id
dentified and detailed devvelopment control rules,
FAR
R and land usee in such areaas are decided
d.
TOD
D zones, speciial features off such zones and
a the faciliitating authorrities have beeen recogniseed in the
Hyderabad metro
opolitan region. Features of TOD Zones are:
Mixed land use
u zoning,
Incentivized higher density developmeent,
Expedited bu
uilding permiits,
Decreasing parking
p
requirement
Affordable
A
ho
ousing,
Integration of
o employmen
nt and transitt,
Alternatives
A
to personalissed vehicle ow
wnership.
The method followed for planning and
d developmeent under TO
OD approach
h is given beelow:
Sourcce: Hyderabad Metropolitan
M
Deveelopment Authorrity
DPFI Guidelin
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ban Development
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4.4.3. Planning for peri‐urban area
Peri‐urban is the zone which is within the planning area limits but outside the
urbanisation limit of the municipal corporation / authority or metropolitan planning
committee or authority. Integration of the plans of such settlements can be done
through two approaches.
The plans can be prepared by the developmental body in consultation with the
village authority and implemented jointly by the village authority and/or
developmental body,
Village bodies may prepare the plan and such plans will be compiled and made
part of overall developmental plan of the region by developmental body.
Since, peri‐urban area is not well defined in all the states, identification and planning
of peri‐urban area (outside municipal limits) is important in the context of urban and
rural development. Also the States till now have not clearly defined what should
constitute peri‐urban areas and therefore a change in the Acts in this context is surely
called for. However peri‐urban area has been included in planning areas of Master /
Development plans which invariably go beyond the municipal boundary. In some
state like in Andhra Pradesh, Mandal committees are empowered to prepare land
conversion and development of peri‐urban areas. Nonetheless this aspect of urban
and rural development needs special legal and policy efforts. 31
To holistically approach the legal and planning issues for peri‐urban areas, it is
suggested by the Ministry of Urban Development to the States to avoid multiplicity of
the authorities and simultaneously allow coordination. In a regional authority, the
urban agglomeration should be recognised as the urban centre, while the small towns
and service villages should be within the overarching boundary of the Metropolitan
regions to co‐exist. Where planning, the power to plan landuse should be
decentralised to local authorities, apart from some regional resource management
such as management of water and preservation of eco‐sensitive areas.
As the regional and metropolitan area planning intends to bring such area in planning
framework it is only logical that development norms of urban area are adopted for
peri‐urban area too because of its heavy bias towards urban character. In addition,
provision for institutional requirements for example specialised hospitals and
education and research centres in the peri‐urban areas are to be allowed as per the
Regional Plan.
31
Note: Uttar Pradesh Government has followed for long years delineation of planning area by the authority on the basis of 8
kms from the municipal boundary. This norm is not backed / supported by any rationality. Adding to it, the planning area so
designated under the Town and Country Planning Act under the section 143, conversion of land use from rural/agriculture to
non‐agriculture was permitted by the competent authority (District Collector). The conversion of land use as per the Act,
section 143 could be done for development ‘abadi’. This has created confusion for planning urban extension. In 2013, the UP
government modified the Act and excluded ‘abadi’ from the section 143. This implies that any type of land use proposed such
land use conversion, land lords must adhere to the development control rules, regulations and bye laws specified under the
Master Plan.
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Low income habitat planning norms of National Building Code, 2005 are suggested to
be followed in peri‐urban areas. The states may develop further specific guidelines for
such settlements based on their growth trend and economic base. Low income habitat
planning norms are as following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Plot size: Minimum 80 sq.m.
Density: Maximum 60 plots per ha
Minimum frontage: 6m
Ground Coverage: 33% (subject to a maximum of 50%)
FAR: Maximum 200
Open spaces: 1.21 ha open space for a village with 200 houses.
If required, facilities like branches of co‐operative bank, a fertilizer depot, a veterinary hospital,
market place and a branch of the co‐operative consumer store besides facilities for educational
and health care should be available within a maximum distance of 5 km from any settlement.
8. Proposed Road Hierarchy:
Table 4.2: Road Hierarchy for peri‐urban areas in line with low income habitat planning norms
Road Type
Road Description
Road width
Function/ Remarks
R1
Road which connects village to nearby
areas
9m
Widest road
R2
Road which take major traffic to village
6m
Amin village roads with drain on both sides to
facilitate drainage system of the village
R3
Internal Village road
4.5 m
R4
Internal Village road
3m
Source:
Other village roads
Village lanes
NBC
9. Community facilities:
- A community hall/ baraat ghar
- Rural development centre shall include Panchayat ghar, a Mahila Kendra that may also serve as
a vocational training centre
- School, health centre, post office, police post, shopping, work sheds for the artisans, telephone
facilities, should be established.
- The concept of ‘aided self‐help’ shall be ensured for active participation of the prospective users
and association in the construction and development of dwelling units and other community
buildings.
10. When specifically planning for an Industrial area; service villages, hamlets and rural settlements
to be provided with a buffer of 100‐300 meters for the expansion of the settlements, for health &
safeguard point of view (after calculating the induced growth rate).
4.4.4. Village Planning
Planning at grass root level includes village Panchayat in rural settings of both District
Planning and Metropolitan Planning region. Plans prepared at grass root level must
be compiled at higher administrative units either through talukas or villages falling in
urban areas and finally compiled draft plan is prepared at appropriate level. Use of
cadastral maps at village area planning level is important and the revenue
department which is custodian of cadastral maps has to play the critical role in
providing, reliable and authentic land data base.
States are advised to provide technical support to village Panchayat for providing
support in planning process. Lower literacy levels in rural areas can be hindrance to
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123
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the planning process or can result in faulty planning or social‐economic bias. The
State governments can provide conditional planning powers to village Panchayats.
State can provide planning function to village Panchayats when the performance at
grass root level is good in following parameters:
Literacy,
Women’s participation in decision making, women empowerment,
Handling of development funds as in past records,
Transparency in funds handling,
Inclusion of vulnerable groups and youths in decision making.
Case study: Goa Institutional set-up Study
In the State of Goa to facilitate the process of Regional planning three tier structure was prepared. At
highest level is State Level Committee, at lowest level is Village Panchayat and Taluka Level Task Force
at intermediate level. The State of Goa has prepared Draft Regional Plan for Goa, 2021 through this
three tier structure.
State Level Committee (SLC): This committee had 10 members and presided by CM and Minister
(TCP). SLC supervised the process of Public participation, co‐ordinated with Taluka level technical
team (TLTT), explained the Revised Regional Plan for Goa, 2021 and its features to TLTT. It also
prepared a questionnaire and a list of parameters on which comments/suggestions were sought from
village Panchayats.
Taluka Level Technical Committee (TLTC): This committee comprising of 7 members was headed by
Town Planner/Dy. Town Planner to headed Committee of concerned taluka. TLTC took the Revised
Regional Plan for Goa‐2021 to the respective village Panchayats and municipalities, under its
jurisdiction. It arranged for the venue of meeting at respective village Panchayats and municipalities to
explain the plan. Committee also assisted the village Panchayats and municipalities by visiting the
Village Panchayats/municipalities in phased manner and supervised the public participation process.
The suggestions from all village Panchayats and municipalities were collected and classified in
categories and submitted to State Level Committee.
Local body level team/committee: These bodies had to mark all the existing (up to 6 meters) and
proposed roads in the village, identified resources/services, water bodies, heritage sites, missing water
bodies, nalhas, heritage sites, settlements, industrial areas, public utilities and services etc on the map
with the help of TLTC.
Source: Goa Regional Plan, 2021
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4.5.
Investment Planning Regions
Investment Regions/ Zones are generally areas which show potential for
development due to economic forces. These areas face problem of uncontrolled land
confiscation and holding by the private entities. Due to lack of policies or plan to
control development in such places haphazard development of commercial, industrial
activities and human settlement takes place along transportation nodes and routes.
Urbanisation in the eco‐sensitive areas takes place and natural resources are misused
in the process of unplanned growth. Thus, the planning efforts of the investment
regions must be undertaken at the earliest to realise the scope of economic
development with the global vision.
Government of India has started the process of developing investment zones across
the country. DMIC, Chennai‐ Bangalore Economic Corridor and Bangalore‐Mumbai
Economic Corridor are examples of such efforts. While these investment zones are
inter‐State and backed by Central government, States have also started envisaging
such investment regions and have brought legislations to support the same. The State
of Gujarat has enacted Special Investment Region (SIR) Act, 2009. The Act is an
initiative to develop investment zones and encourage industrial activities in the State.
Under this Act, minimum area requirement for an SIR is 100 sq. km. Forty percent of
the area of such zones shall be for industrial activities. This is an example of intra‐
State investment region, which can be inter‐district or intra‐district.
4.5.1. Approach of Plan Preparation
Unlike the district and metropolitan region planning which has administrative
boundaries, planning of investment region involves a strategic decision making
process beginning from delineation of the region boundary; identifying the region
which has the potential to attract investment and can lead to an economic
development.
Among the several techniques to delineate a region, few have been elaborated in the
subsequent section. These techniques use parameters based on which area is
demarcated. In case of development of nodes, the delineation should be based on the
potential of development/ investment that the node can attract, while the corridor
development shall depend upon its hinterland. The delineation of investment region
should follow the steps given below:
Identification of infrastructure gaps and planning for providing last mile connectivity either at
regional or sub regional level as the case may be.
Identification of main thrust sectors for investment.
Identification of growth drivers and potential growth centres
Market assessment – primary, secondary and tertiary
Pre‐feasibility of the proposals
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Based on the evaluation of resources, thrust areas should be identified for the region’s
economic development and overcome the bottlenecks. For such regions to be
investment friendly, market analysis techniques to arrive at the viability of the region
in terms of generating investment and feasibility of thrust areas in terms of
technicality. For Indian investment regions to compete in the International market
and attract foreign investment, the state of art infrastructure facilities must be
developed rapidly.
With this vision, the economic profile of the region should be envisaged and realistic
investment goals could be targeted. At the given stage of investment region planning,
a broad spatial plan, along with indicative land use shall be proposed for
conceptualising the region as a whole. Here, planners must pay attention to major
roads, trunk infrastructure, tapping points for power, water and carefully modifying
local drainage pattern.
The approach of the plan preparation should be followed by encapsulating the vision
for the Investment region, which should become the part and parcel or the basis for
preparation of the Perspective plan for the region.
4.5.1.1. Aspects of Investment Region Planning
The planning process should include the following key elements essential to promote
growth and balanced development of the region, namely:‐
The policy in relation to land‐use and the allocation of land for different uses.
Identification of the potential nodes and counter magnets (if required for decongestion) for future
and proposals for development.
Integrated transport policy, administration policy, law and order machinery.
Plan for regional infrastructure linkages, a dedicated and sustainable connectivity across the
corridor and hinterland.
Policy for economic development.
Fund flow for development.
Indication of the areas which require immediate development as "priority areas".
Roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders.
Housing and shelter development.
Protection of environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas and conservation of heritage.
Sustainable development of resources including agriculture and rural development.
The perspective plan should define the influence zone of the corridor or define the rationality of
selection in case of a node.
Monitoring systems and social audit mechanisms to ensure effective implementation of the plan.
4.5.2. Criteria for Delineation of Region
Regions can be classified based on many criteria but while delineating region for
planning purpose the forward and backward linkages of the parameters must be kept
in mind and relevant parameters be selected for the delineation process. Some
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criteria for delineating the Planning Regions are presented below but list can be
expanded based on requirements on planning approach and region’s specifications:
Table 4.3:
Criteria for Delineation of Region
S. No.
Parameters
Indicators
1
Environment and land suitability
Soil cover & fertility,
Topography, Geology, Geomorphology, Lithology & Drainage
Surface water body & Ground water table,
Green & forest cover,
Buffer areas,
Agriculture cover and intensity of production
Hazardous zone
Other environmentally sensitive areas
2
Demographic, Quality of Life
Population growth rate: percentage increase in population,
Urbanism: percentage of urban population to total population
Migration: number of persons migrating to nodal point,
Density: population per Ha,
Aspect of literacy,
Other socio economic aspects,
3
Flows
Goods: Volume of goods traffic:
– Supply of raw materials,
– Sale of finished goods,
– Supply of perishable goods like vegetables, milk, egg, meat, etc.
People: Passenger traffic:
– Floating population
– Labour supply
– Cultural affinity: shopping, major recreational,
Finance: banking facilities
Infrastructure links: Supply and management of services such as water
supply, waste water and solid waste treatment with focus on recycling
and re‐use.
Drainage channels, irrigation channels, power house etc.
Information: location of institutes, movement of students and scholars,
Telephone calls etc.
4
Economic and investments
Economic:
– Local economic activity,
– Wholesale trade,
– Major existing developments,
Large investment proposals for developments
Workers: Percentage of non‐agricultural workers to total workers,
Land ownership and land uses
5
Others
Contiguity of areas,
Integrated development,
Adjustment of boundaries with other planning areas,
Manageable size of the region from planning point of view.
Source:
Various Sources including Reading Material on Planning Techniques by JH Ansari and Mahavir.
It is recommended that the planning region should have a nodal point, either
developed or developable to satisfy the organisational needs of the region. The
homogeneous region identified should be adjusted to the nearest administrative
boundary, such as village boundary, taluka or district.
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4.5.2.1. Techniques for delineation
The criteria mentioned above are to be analysed by the following suggested
techniques for area delineation:
1. Weighted Index Number Method: This method helps to determine a homogeneous region
within certain variations/ deviation limits. For example, delineation of a region based on
literacy rate may be limited within the area having specific mean literacy rate with not more
than one a standard deviation. The approach used in this method is:
i. Identification of the criteria such as literacy rate, unemployment rate, watershed, contours
etc.
ii. Determination of weights to the respective criteria
iii. Determination of homogeneity limits such as standard deviation.
2. Flow Analysis: The flow analysis identifies the direction and intensity of flows and builds up
functional relationship between the dominant centre and the surrounding satellite towns. The
flows show decreasing intensity as it becomes more distant from the main centre, hence
identifying the sphere of influence of the main centre. The flows can be plotted on linear graphs
from which following information can be obtained:
i. Most intense (Primary) and less intense (Secondary) flows into and out of each centre
ii. Hierarchy of nodes providing the form and extent of functional relationships within an area.
The flow analysis involves grouping together of local units which displays a considerable degree
of inter dependence.
3. Gravitational Analysis: This technique identifies the potential flows between centres rather
than the actual flows. This model suggests that the interaction between the two centres is
directly proportional to the ‘mass’ of the centres and inversely proportional to the ‘distance’
between the centres. The variables used to measure ‘mass’ and ‘distance’ depend upon the
problem and data availability. The ‘mass’ can be represented by variables such as population,
employment, income, expenditure etc. and ‘distance’ can be represented by distance in physical
terms i.e. km, time, price etc. Mathematically this can be represented as:
Tij = [ pipj / d2ij]
Where Tijis the gravitational force between towns i and j and Pi and Pj are the masses of the two
centres and dijis the distance between them.
By calculating the potential for the centres in a study area, contour lines of equal potential can be
plotted on a map, illustrating the relative attractiveness and sphere of influence of various centres.
4.6.
Special Area Planning Regions
Special area development planning implies prudent use of all the available resources
to ensure optimum and sustained development of the region, towards improving
quality of life of the people and to meet growing demands of increasing population. It
is also imperative to maintain the fragile balance between development and
conservation practices through identification of the problem areas and preparation of
location specific development plans.
The special areas requiring conservation‐ development approach could be:
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4.6.1. Eco‐sensitive areas
Eco‐sensitive area is a designation provided to area which has very diverse yet fragile
ecosystem. Western Ghats is one of the ecologically sensitive areas in the country. The
Government of India had taken a step to conserve and develop this region sustainably.
For this GoI constituted Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel which submitted its
report in year 2011. Western Ghats is a region which is defined by its geological
characteristics, biological landscape, richness in flora‐fauna species, spatial
heterogeneity, high conservation value and ecological sensitivity. Human activities
had deteriorating ecological impacts on the region due to which the committee was
constituted to give recommendations for its conservation. The committee has given
recommendations for protection of Western Ghats, few of which have been shared
below:
River basin‐level planning and decentralised management of water resources
Sustainable strategy of livestock development for the Western Ghats
Convert tea estates to organic production with the integration of animal husbandry
Promote systems of providing incentives to local people for conservation efforts
Strengthening the Rural Development department on issues related to non‐timber forest produce
Promote industries and services that involve dematerialization e.g. e‐commerce, tele‐conferencing
Promote education hubs and special incentives should be given to agro‐based fruit and food
processing industries
The Zoning Atlas for siting of Industries should be used as a tool for decision‐making at various
levels for industry, regulatory authorities and the general public
Exclusion of mining from ecologically sensitive areas/zones etc
The basic unit of development of eco‐sensitive areas can be a watershed, which is a
manageable hydrological unit and covers the entire area starting from the highest
point of the area to the outlet of the stream. The efficient development planning
requires an overlay of various thematic layers of the spatial and non‐spatial data. The
watershed management approach is a suitable planning platform for conservation
and sustainable development of all the resources specially land and water.
The development approach shall consist of the following steps:
a.
b.
c.
Identification and acquisition of the spatial and non‐spatial data
Identification of the ‘formal region’ on the basis of homogeneity of demographic and economic
characteristics and sharing of natural resources
Creation of the thematic layers, overlay and interpretation for developing an integrated approach
for conservation and development
4.6.2. Socio economic sensitive areas
These are areas which lack amenities due to an imbalance in the economic
development of the region/ nearby region and standard of living of the residing
population. Such areas also encounter high rate of social stresses.
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There are culturally sensitive areas like tribal areas which lack even the basic social
amenities of health and education as mostly they are not covered in the jurisdictional
areas of the administrative offices. Schedule 6 of Constitution of India gives the
provision for the tribal areas in the north‐east states of India. This schedule gives
provisions for the administration of tribal areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura and Mizoram. In such cases, planning and land development is not directly
under the control of the State, but rests with the Autonomous District Councils,
formed in the districts as per the constitution.
However, the Regional Council of an autonomous region or District Council for an
autonomous district of these states have the power to make laws with respect to ‘the
allotment, occupation or use, or the setting apart, of land, other than any land which is
a reserved forest for the purposes of agriculture or grazing or for residential or other
non‐agricultural purposes or for any other purpose likely to promote the interests of
the inhabitants of any village or town.
4.7.
Land use classification for Regional Planning
1. Urbanisable Zone: In Regional Plan, the areas under existing development and those
earmarked for future development shall be termed as ‘U Zone’. This zone is envisaged at three
levels U‐1, U‐2 & U‐3.
•
‘U‐1’ zone shall primarily cover the existing areas where more intensive urban
development and economic activity are expected in future.
•
‘U‐2’ zone shall cover the new town areas/ satellite towns/counter magnet/growth
centres where urban development and economic activity is expected or proposed.
•
‘U‐3’ zone shall be zone outside the existing or proposed urban zones, which have
potential for urban development such as lands around major roads and corridors, railway
stations etc. No formal development plan may be prepared for U‐3 zone but the
development shall be regulated on the basis of road widths and development promotion
regulations.
In U Zone all residential, commercial, light and service industry, public and semi‐public
buildings, transport zones and recreational area may be permitted depending upon the
compatibility of the uses.
2. Industrial Zone: The areas earmarked for industrial use – service and light industry, extensive
and heavy industry, special industrial zone or development of SIR, IT zones etc. shall be termed
as ‘I Zone’.
3. Transport and Communication Zone: The areas earmarked for transport and communication
use shall be termed as ‘T Zone’. This zone can be sub divided into Roads/ BRTS: T‐1, Railway/
MRTS: T‐2, Airport: T‐3, Seaports/ Dockyard/ Dry ports: T‐4, Bus depots/ truck terminals and
freight complexes: T‐5 and Transmission and Communication T‐6.
4. Primary Activity Zone: The areas earmarked for primary activity use shall be termed as ‘PA
Zone’. This zone can be sub divided into Agriculture: PA‐1, Forest: PA‐2, Poultry and dairy
farming: PA‐3, and Brick kiln and extractive areas: PA‐4.
5. Open Area Zone: The areas earmarked for leaving open shall be termed as ‘O Zone’. This zone
can be subdivided into Recreation Area: O‐1, Green Buffer Zone: O‐2. Green buffer zone shall be
provided, so as to restrict the peri‐urban areas from unauthorised development. For peri urban
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areas special regulations and development control regulations shall be determined in the
development plans.
6. Protective and Eco Sensitive Zone: The areas earmarked as Protective and Eco‐sensitive
Areas shall be termed as ‘E Zone’. This zone may comprise of Water bodies: E‐1, Special
recreation zone/ protective areas such as sanctuaries/ reserve forests: E‐2, Forest Zone: E‐3,
Coastal Zone: E‐4 and Undevelopable use zone: E‐5. Undevelopable use zone shall be identified
as Earthquake/ landslide prone, cliffs and environmentally hazardous area, areas adjacent to
fault lines, areas with slope higher than 45°, areas adjacent to major drainage lines and other
areas identified by State Disaster Management Authority and all environmentally sensitive
areas.
7. Special Area Zone: In addition to the above listed zones, zones may also be specified keeping in
view the special characteristic of such areas/pockets. Such areas shall be termed as ‘S Zone’.
This zone may comprise of old built‐up areas with architectural or historical importance : S‐1,
areas of scenic value: S‐2 which need to be preserved without spooling the character by putting
up various kinds of structures, the area restricted for development by Government: S‐3, or it
may be area under other uses/ spot zones: S‐4. Therefore, it is necessary that use/activity
permissibility in special areas should be carefully thought of in the development plan when it is
being formulated.
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Table 4.4:
Simplified Regional Land use Classification
Level I
Level II
N
A‐N
Use Zone
N
A‐N
Use Zone
1.
U
Urbanisable Zone
11
U‐1
Existing Zone
12
U‐2
New Area Zone
13
U‐3
Potential for Urban Development Zones
31
T‐1
Roads/ BRTS
32
T‐2
Railways/ MRTS
33
T‐3
Airport
34
T‐4
Seaports, Dockyards and Dry ports
35
T‐5
Bus Depots/ Truck Terminals and freight
Complexes
36
T‐6
Transmission and Communication
41
PA‐1
Agriculture
42
PA‐2
Poultry and Dairy Farming
43
PA‐3
Rural Settlements
44
PA‐4
Brick Kiln and Extractive Areas
51
O‐1
Recreation Area
52
O‐2
Green buffer zone
61
E‐1
Water Bodies
62
E‐2
Special recreation Zone / Protective Areas such as
sanctuaries/ reserve forests
63
E‐3
Forest Zone
64
E‐4
Coastal Zone
65
E‐5
Undevelopable Use Zone
71
S‐1
Heritage and Conservation Areas
72
S‐2
Scenic Value Areas& Tourism Zone
73
S‐3
Government Restricted Area (such as Defence)
74
S‐4
Other Uses/ Spot Zone*
2.
I
Industrial Zone
3.
T
Transportation &
Communication Zone
4.
5.
6.
7.
PA
O
E
S
Primary Activity
Zone
Open Area Zone
Protective and Eco
sensitive Zone
Special Area Zone
Source: Various Regional Plans (NCRPB, MMRDA, HMDA).
N= Numeric Code
; AN= Alpha Numeric Code
Note: *The process of changing/relaxing/modifying land use of part or “Spot” of a “zone” in a particular land use is
termed as “Spot Zoning”. Spot Zoning can be done for comparatively smaller area in a particular land use zone in
such a way that it does not affect the overall Plan.
4.8.
Composition of the Planning Committees
Traditionally, the planning bodies in India have remained nominated, starting with
the Chairperson and including the members. At times, in the name of democratisation,
a serving or former Legislator is made the Chairperson. Also, the technical expertise
available with the Planning Bodies needs to be augmented, in view of the flooding of
the environment with technological tools and techniques that can make spatial
planning far more realistic, speedy and transparent. Accordingly, in the changing
socio‐economic environment, it would be desirable to consider introducing greater
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democracy a well as subject matter expertise in the composition of the Planning
Authorities at all levels.
There is also this perception that Planning bodies are increasingly doubling up as
Development Authorities and, in the process, they suffer from conflict of interest and
besides, the development functions get overwhelming attention to the detriment of
the planning functions. The Municipalities and Panchayats falling in the jurisdiction of
the Development Authorities (DAs) have been complaining of all the financial and
regulatory ‘cream’ being skimmed off by the DAs, leaving only the rubbish removal
task and unpleasant authority (like property tax collection) with the Municipalities
and Panchayats.
To address such concerns, some broad suggestions are given below.
District/Metropolitan Planning Committees and Regional Planning Boards: The
DPCs and MPCs may be constituted as per the broad framework indicated in the 74th
CAA. However, it is suggested that the DPC/MPC should not be unwieldy in size and
the total number of members, including the Chairperson and the nominated members,
should not exceed 30. Subject matter experts (3 to 4), from the fields of spatial
planning, agriculture, climate issues, and finance should be nominated as members.
The members should be authorised to elect among themselves a Chairman, Vice
Chairmen and Chairmen of Subject Committees. Wherever the District/Region include
cantonment areas, the Head of the Cantonment Board may also be made a member.
The State level Heads of relevant Central and State Government organisations may be
invited from time to time, as per felt need.
For interstate regions, such as the NCR, Parliament would have to make a law, in
consultation with the States concerned, for constitution of the Regional Planning
Board (RPB). Concomitantly, the State Laws, including the T&CP Acts, would need to
be amended suitably, to mandate the alignment of the Local Area Plans with the
Regional Plans. The onus of such alignment should remain with the State Government
concerned by way of self‐ certification and there should be no need for mandating
formal approval of the Local Area Plans by the RPB. The Chief Ministers of the
participating States should, by rotation, be made the Chairperson of the RPB. This
would be in line with the federal principles. In the alternative, a Minister of the Union
may be the Chairman of the Inter State RPB. For the area of region falling in the
respective States, there should be State Regional Planning Board, to carry out the
regional plan in finer details in the sub‐regions.
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Figure 4.6: Planning Board for Inter State Regions
Inter State Region
Planning Board
Representatives from
Sub Region – State 1
State Regional
Planning Board
Representatives from
Sub Region – State 2
State Regional
Planning Board
Representatives from
Sub Region‐ State n
State Regional
Planning Board
Regional Development Authorities and Improvement Trusts: The broad
principles for composition and functioning indicated above for the DPCs and MPCs
may be suitably adopted for the Regional Development Authorities and Improvement
Trusts as well. The Development Authorities should preferably not be combining the
planning, regulatory and development functions all in one. All the resources
generated by way of fees etc. in approval of layouts should be sharable with the local
bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities) besides using it partly for development of
regional infrastructure.
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5
Urban Planning Approach
5.1.
Introduction
The location, site and situation significantly contribute to growth and function of a
settlement. Location and surroundings could have positive and negative impact on
settlement development. However, careful planning should be able to use well the
advantages that the location of a town provides. Particularly location in the context of
waterfront of sea, river and large lakes provides special resources, which can be
effectively used for development of the town. Similarly, the town located on the hills
provide other special opportunities for development. Any appraisal of the value and
importance of a particular site must involve a knowledge of its historical past,
evolution and landmarks of change.
The growth of clusters of urban settlements is more frequently found around large
metropolises and results in what are sometimes called “city regions”. Often these are
made up of small towns and villages, which have been enormously expanded as a
result of national policy on dispersal of economic activities away from the
metropolises. The small and medium towns in these city regions are related to one
another by the functions, which they perform. Site condition in the hilly and
mountainous regions may occupy site in Ridges, Valleys, River terraces, Confluences,
Rolling Meadows and in cases linear settlement growth along the major
transportation routes or at the entrance to specific hill region.
5.2.
Guidelines for Study on Location, Site and situation of
Settlement
5.2.1. Location
Location attributes to be considered in a planning exercise:
a) Location in terms of latitude and longitude, population size and area and connectivity with
other settlements etc.
b) Nodal significance in the national or regional transport and communication network, power
network and industrial development etc.
c) Location in terms of agricultural produce collection and distribution centre, agro‐industries
linked to local markets, irrigation network, agricultural extension services etc.
d) Significance of the location in ecological terms, related to important ecological networks
e) Status that the settlement in hierarchy in the State or the Region
f) Role and status of the city/ town in the national delivery systems of social services;
g) Relative significance of locations of city/ town in proximity to a Metropolitan/Megapolis:
i. Nodal significance
ii. Presence of high productive economic activities
iii. Presence of large scale market
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5.2.2. Site
Site attributes to be studied for planning exercise:
a) Conditions of site: low‐lying, swamp, or dry land, ridge, on a riverbank or canal side. Within the
town‐flat, slopping (in which direction), undulating‐gentle slope, moderate slope, steep slope.
b) Value and importance of the site and its historical past, that is, when the nucleus was
established.
c) Analyse the factors responsible for determining the site:
i. In alluvial plains
ii. In hilly and mountainous regions
iii. In arid regions
iv. In the areas of territorial ruler ship
v. In the areas around some localised physical resources, mining settlements,
manufacturing towns, resort towns
vi. Around large metropolis
d) Climate and its influence on daily life, construction, range of crops and how the city activities
have modified the natural climate, particularly in the built‐up area.
e) Analysis of climate type, variations in temperature, wind velocity and wind directions in
different parts of the city; study of the climate with reference to summer, rainy and winter
seasons.
f) Limiting and the favourable factors of site in the spread and growth of the city/town.
5.2.3. Situation
The following to be considered for situation analysis:
a) The endowment of the situation (wider setting) for the subsequent growth in size of the
city/town and for the enhancement of its functions
b) The important and interrelated aspects of situation, namely,
i. Physical configuration
ii. Route patterns
iii. The extent of the territory to which the urban functions are related
c) Suggest measures to retard or even overcome the weakening of the original value of the site
and situation.
5.2.4. Hinterland
The endowment of the hinterland is another factor on which growth of an urban
centre rests. An urban centre, for example, can establish a mutually interacting
relationship with its hinterland if the hinterland has a variety and extent of natural
resources in terms of both agriculture and economic potentials. A city’s growth may
be consistent and stable mainly because its economic base is closely linked with that
of its hinterland. It is also conceivable that the city can be an instrument not merely
for effectively utilising the existing potential of its hinterland but also of increasing
the hinterland’s potential itself. The development of the regional economy helps the
growth of small towns, which in the process become the main service centres for their
hinterlands.
Therefore, considerable attention should be given to the delimitation, functionality,
social and economic link to a particular urban settlement. The area linked socially and
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economically to an urban settlement has been given various names, such as
“Hinterland”, “Upland”, “Urban Field”, “Sphere of Influence”, “Zones of Influence”,
“Tributary Area”, or “Catchment Area”. The immediate hinterland of a large city,
which is directly under the influence of the agglomeration, is the ‘peri‐urban area’.
Location, Site, Situation and Hinterland may be studied using Geospatial techniques
on the aspects like Hydro‐Geological analysis, Temperature Change analysis, Network
analysis, Proximity analysis, Land Suitability analysis, Urban Growth analysis, etc.
5.2.4.1. Peri‐urban area
The area influenced by a town is not a two‐dimensional feature, not a sphere, nor
does it necessarily form a continuous zone. Flow of goods, services and information
into and out of a town/city, most modern urban settlements and their immediate
hinterlands are economically interdependent, rather than one being a tributary to the
other. An analysis of the rural area served by a city/town gives some indication of the
relation between city and the urban‐rural mix (the peri‐urban area), which is of
practical application in examining the provision of goods and services in an urban
centre. However, as mentioned in the Regional planning chapter, Periurban is the
zone which is within the planning area limits but outside the limit of the
municipal corporation / authority or metropolitan planning committee or
authority.
As smaller towns fall within the areas served by larger metropolitan regions, the
delimitation of urban zones of influence also sheds light on the manner in which a city
at a particular level in the urban hierarchy provides specialist services for the
surrounding population and settlements (such as service towns, satellite towns or
service villages). Finally, very large cities extend a particularly intensive influence
over the areas around them; so much so that these can be well defined peri‐urban
areas. Delimitation of peri‐urban areas is directly influenced by accessibility as of
highways and/or prime economic investments. With rapid urbanisation conditions,
the peri‐urban zone is dynamic. Hence peri‐urban limits undergo alterations subject
to high stress for urban growth and therefore always in fast transition.
In examining zone of influence, one commonly adopted method is to establish on a
map the areas served by employment, shopping, entertainment, education, health
services and so on. This method of analysis is applicable to cities and towns at all level
in urban hierarchy. At a higher level in urban hierarchy the criteria used reflect the
distinctive functions of larger settlements and employ information like:
The area served by the city’s services and amenities like water supply, electricity, gas supply and
telephone, health services, educational, cultural, recreational elements, security services such as
police and fire brigades, postal services, mainly the local delivery areas and postal zones; banking
and insurance facilities, the circulation of its daily newspapers.
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Flow of wholesale products, trip generation, intensity and speed of movement should be taken into
consideration.
Other reflective elements, which may be considered, are land use ratio of non‐agricultural to
agricultural population, density trends in population growth, settlement pattern, growth of built‐up
areas and pattern of communication.
In respect to a typical industrial town, its peri‐urban area may be much more restricted than that of the
other types of town. An intrusive industrial town may well not have the full range of urban services
appropriate of its size. These missing functions will be supplied from other centres, thus making its
zone of influence less clearly defined.
Temporal data provided by Satellite imageries may be used for the delineation of Urban Zones of
influence. All maps for urban areas like utility maps, infrastructure maps, growth maps, vegetation
maps, transport maps, etc. may be prepared using high resolution satellite data. It will be clear that the
analysis of urban zones of influence is most appropriate for those cities whose dominant role is that of
serving as a central place, although most settlements of any reasonable size will have this among their
various functions.
5.2.4.2. Leapfrog Development and Urban Sprawl
Leapfrog development refers to the occurrence of urban settlement in places
separated from denser areas by open space and land under agricultural production.
This development has “jumped” land unavailable for such development because it is
held by the state, by other private owners, or because it is under the control of
traditional authorities. This type of development may take the form of upmarket
residential and business park development, or it may take the form of low‐cost
housing projects or informal settlements which may be implemented, or which may
occur as a consequence of rapid urbanization32.
Urban sprawl refers to urban growth; along transportation routes in linear form with
one or a few property depth as width on both sides of the road, taking advantage of
accessibility, flow of goods and services. These urban developments have higher
infrastructure systems cost such as water supply, power supply, which often have to
be long extended from the nearest serving areas. Land Assembly/Land Management
Techniques using geospatial techniques may be used for effective utilization of land
and thus check the urban sprawl.
Municipal Planning & Management should apply careful control over change of
agricultural land for non‐agricultural uses. These conversions are commonly seen in
peri‐urban areas and are neither covered under Municipal laws not under any
planning regulations as the location is outside the limits of municipality or even a
planning authority.
Often, sporadic and scattered conversions create problems for future planned urban
development, where many of these are done for speculation purposes to gain high
32
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capital returns from land lots. Though the laws require the land revenue authorities
to take the advice of State Town Planning Department about viability before
permitting conversions, but due to absence of any approved land use plan and weak
structure of Town Planning Department, this step is rarely taken or even if taken it is
hardly effective from planning perspective. Such haphazard urban sprawl needs to be
curbed and regulations should be in place to discourage unplanned growth, which can
be achieved through the Regional Planning Approach (see Chapter 4).
5.2.5. Accessibility
Accessibility is the dominant factor influencing the location, growth and functions of
urban centres. It is to combine at least three elements: the location of a place within a
region (in general, centrally located places are more accessible); the form of the
transport system; and accessibility within the area of the activities: access to
employment opportunities, access to population, access to educational or health
facilities, etc. Green mobility and TOD demand a focus on better accessibility by non‐
motorised mobility and public transport.
Urban settlements tend to grow on transport routes only at specific places,
particularly at junctions and break‐of‐bulk points, where one form of the transport is
changed for another. Hence settlements whose locations are guided by transport
routes are found not only at the end of these routes, but also along them. The number
of routes, which come together at a particular point, is important, but the degree to
which passengers and goods are interchanged is more important.
The guidelines for the study of accessibility are as under –
Establish the role of:
i. Long‐distance regional/inter‐regional transportation in determining the locations of the
city/town;
ii. Both the long distance as well as local and intra‐urban transportation in the growth of size of
the city/town;
iii. Inter‐urban and intra‐urban transportation in affecting urban structure.
iv. Non‐Motorised Transport and Transit Oriented Development in defining intra‐urban
transportation and urban structure.
v. Inter‐regional easy access by different modes;
vi. Good mobility within city/town due to construction of tunnel results in the development of
new areas with commercial, industrial and residential activities, which leads to population
increase in the entire urban area.
5.2.6. Socio‐Economic Profile
City is not alone a characteristic of its physical or locational forms; its population and
its characteristics determine the social processes that set the City culture. Socio‐
economic class‐wise distribution of the population is a key indicator of the social
parameters in a settlement. In case of existing settlement, the pattern of population
on the basis of socio‐economic levels can be studied for planning to understand the
services and facilities. On the contrary, it is useful for the greenfield sites, where
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zoning can be proposed based on the income of the settling population class, higher,
middle or low. Spatial plan is usually influenced by living and work places of different
of population classes.
This principle of Urban Strategic Planning33should in consonance with the income
distribution structure of the city region with the urban poor located near public
transport nodes/links and specially providing space for the urban poor in
master/development plans for living, selling and working ‐ at city, zone and local
levels.
Overall, the social indicators allow the planner to understand the city, link it with the
city spatial form and its behaviour pattern. In short, unlike the traditional approach to
zoning, social parameters can be used for creating zones and its functions. This can
directly point at the urban facilities such as bus services, dedicated transportation
corridors, facilities of social infrastructure and physical infrastructure.
5.3.
Distribution of Land Use
5.3.1. Developed Area Average Densities
For the purpose of these guidelines, the densities mentioned in this section are the
Gross Population Densities defined as person per unit area (in hectares) for
developed area only. The calculation includes population of the settlement on the
developed land of the settlement.
Fixation of density norms should be based on carrying capacity analysis focusing on
parameters ‐ space per person, access to facilities, available piped water per capita,
mobility and safety factors. The task should be settlement specific. However, for
overall planning approach density ranges are suggested in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1:
Developed Area Average Densities
Settlement Type
Persons per Hectare(pph) in
Plain Areas
Hill Areas
Small Towns
75‐125
45‐75
Medium Town
100‐150
60‐90
Large Cities
125‐175
60‐90
Metropolitan Cities
125‐175
100‐150
More than 200
‐‐
Megapolis
Source: Revised based on UDPFI Guidelines.
These are suggestive population densities as per the settlement size. However, while
planning for compact and TOD development, these densities should be modified to
suit the requirement and should be based on carrying capacity analysis. Developed
area densities suggested above is useful to calculate total developed area requirement
33
th
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at city level, when the target population for the city is given. When used along with
the suggested norms for different land use, area can also be calculated.
5.3.2. Proposed Land use Structure of Urban Centres
The proposed land use structure for urban centres is indicated in Table 5.2:
Table 5.2:
Land use Structure for Developable Area in Urban Centres
Percentage of Developed Area
S.No. Land use Category*
Small
Medium
Large Cities
Metropolitan
Cities &
Megapolis
1
Residential
45‐50
43‐48
36‐39
36‐38
2
Commercial
2‐3
4‐6
5‐6
5‐6
3
Industrial
8‐10
7‐9
7‐8
7‐8
4
Pub. & Semi Public
6‐8
6‐8
10‐12
10‐12
5
Recreational
12‐14
12‐14
14‐16
14‐16
6
Transport & Communication
10‐12
10‐12
12‐14
12‐14
7
Agriculture, Water bodies and
Special areas
Balance
Balance
Balance
Balance
8
Total Developed Area
100
100
100
100
Source:
Revised based on UDPFI Guidelines, 1996
Note:
1. It would be desirable to fix the recommended Landuse share for essential uses (Residential,
Transportation and Recreational) while the proportion for other uses may be flexible. Actual
land use percentage in a given city case should be calculated based on local conditions and
needs.
2. Zoning regulations given in Table 9.1 – ‘Simplified land use classification’ to be followed in
consistency with the land use structure given in the table above.
3. *Land occupied under Special Areas (refer Table 9.1 for uses) to be included in the land use
categories 1‐6 given in the table above, unless large special areas to be considered as a separate
entity for planning, such as cantonment areas.
4. *However, to propose the mixed land use of a city –percentage share of residential, commercial
and industrial land use to be adjusted proportionally as planned by the local authority. Mixed
land use should be either non‐industrial oriented or industrial mix oriented (refer Table 9.1 for
uses).
5. The adjustment in the residential, commercial and industrial land use (dominant use) to be
based on the land area proposed for mixed land use zone and reduction of respective proposed
mixed land use(s). Appropriate reduction in residential, commercial or industrial uses and
adjustments in other uses to be made so that the total land use becomes 100%. The mixed use
of land to be envisaged at vision development stage of the plan formulation.
6. Detailed study is to be undertaken on the co‐relation of and effects of FAR/Densities in our
towns (both small towns and metropolitan cities) and guidelines to be adopted for the optimal
use of land.
Specific attention needed on areas in section 5.4 Urban planning approach.
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5.4.
Urban Planning Approach
Though urban development increasingly accounts for a large share in the National
economy, huge gap between the need of infrastructure services and available
resource still remains unbridged as a major concern. It adversely effects provision of
employment, mobility and lifestyle of large sections of city’s population. Challenges
like environmental sustainability, changing but stressed lifestyle put pressure on
mobility and health. In order to reduce pressure on land and response to climate
change impact, alternative approaches of city planning and building is the need of the
hour.
Such solutions lay in keeping the city compact by mixing uses of land to an optimum
level, decreasing trip generation and high population density making mass rapid
transit systems technically and economically viable. Aspect to be encouraged by
urban planners are walk to work best designed pedestrian safety, protection of
natural features and environmentally sensitive areas, along with finding new source
of financial resources for city development.
To moderate and eventually curb the environmental impacts of urbanisation,
sustainable ways of planning are required. Urban centres by its conventional form
play a significant role in mounting urban heat island. Green city modules such as
street orientation in lines with sun direction, prevailing wind direction and use of
heat repelling material not only help reduce the impact, but also slow down the gas
emissions from artificial cooling systems. Further green spaces within the urban set‐
up ensure cooling effect and better public interaction spaces, apart from psychological
supports in reducing human stress levels.
Both compact city and green city approach should help to release land for open space
and recreational use purposes, reducing pollution levels, decentralising waste
handling, encouraging public transportation and simplifying land use segregation.
To technically meet the demand of the urban centres in making it cost effective and in
optimum utilisation of available resources to any of the urban planning approaches,
Information Communication Technology (ICT) has emerged as a solution. Smart city
concept facilities better living experience for human kind, declining dependency on
contingencies by using ICT enable development of smart communities, providing a
communication web that connects buildings, energy and mobility devices such as
Electric Vehicles (EV) by using bi‐directional information exchange. 3D City Models
may be used to facilitate orientation of views in terms of scale and spatial position
and planning other urban utilities. Digital modelling can also be used to create
decision support tools that help to reduce the environmental impact of planning
decisions, for flood risk prevention and for cost benefit analysis.
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Urban Planning Approach
The following sections cover the key benefits of compact city, green city and smart
city approaches and its aspects in planning.
5.4.1. Green City
Green cities are those where economic growth and development is fostering, that
reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the
pressure on ecosystem services. These cities have significant synergies between
environmental and economic objectives. A clean or effective production and
consumption of facilities related to movement of people and goods, waste
management and recycling, pollution prevention, treatment, energy, abatement,
design, construction, maintenance, resource extraction, agriculture, natural resource
management and other environmental services, are the prime component of a green
city.
5.4.1.1. Key Benefits of Green city
Effective Land Use: Green cities promote effective land use and get rid of urban sprawl by
encouraging compact mixed‐use developments. Higher urban densities are promoted without
affecting the quality of life.
Habitat Prevention and Restoration: These cities aim to prevent damage to the natural
landscape, productivity of agricultural land, biodiversity and natural habitat. Such green spaces
improve the quality of air and canopy covers reduces noise level.
Efficient Transportation Management: Green city increases opportunities for non‐motorised
movement, bicycling, pedestrian friendly network, reduction in the number of automobile trips,
promoting public transportation and use of vehicles with alternative fuels.
Effective Use of Resources: Limits the usage of resources by incorporating efficient systems, like:
Water Efficiency: Green city includes “R3” (reduce‐recycle‐reuse) strategies and can save potable
water to an extent of 30‐40% including water harvesting.
Energy Efficiency: On‐site power generation using various renewable energy technologies and
other clean fuels can significantly reduce the load on grid power supply. There can be energy
saving to the tune of 20‐30%.
Waste Management: Waste management in Green Cities are well planned which takes into
account waste reduction initiatives by planning and implementation of efficient and effective
systems for collection, transportation, treatment, recycling and reuse or disposal of municipal solid
waste. Also, Waste‐to‐energy is a key component of green city.
Other Benefits: Reduced maintenance costs, resource consumption, waste generation along with
higher marketability and speedy environmental clearance approvals.
5.4.1.2. Green city Planning Components
Site Selection and Planning
Green city development in India is a new effort. West Bengal Government and
Maharashtra Government have recently taken initiatives. Green city initiatives should
on publically owned land with minimum site disturbance should be preferred during
site selection in case of a Greenfield township. Priority should be given to the already
developed land in order to achieve green redevelopment.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
143
Urban Planning Approach
Land Use & Transportation Planning guidelines for green cities
1. Urban sprawl is controlled by practicing higher density development
2. Green cities should majorly use public transportation to reduce fossil fuel consumption & vehicular
emissions. The proximities of basic transportation mode should be in walk‐able distance.
a.
Eco‐ friendly transportation services should be preferred which runs on CNG, bio‐fuels, solar
battery etc. Thus, Non‐Motorised Transport (NMT) and Intelligent Transport System (ITS)34
should be encouraged.
b.
Requirements:
i. Rail Station Proximity: Locate a city project within 1/2‐mile (800‐meter) walking
distance as far as possible (measured from a station building entrance) of an existing or
planned commuter rail, light rail or subway station.
ii. Bus Stop Proximity: Locate a city project within 1/4‐mile (400‐meter) walking distance
as far as possible (measured from a main building entrance) of 1 or more stops for 2 or
more public, campus, or private bus lines usable by building occupants.
iii. Public Transportation Proximity: Locate the project within ¼‐mile (400‐meter) walking
distance as far as possible from the bus stop. Rideshare options should be promoted which
include passenger ferry terminals, vans and IPT, such as rickshaws, that are authorized by
the local transit authority and that meet the definition of public transportation.
3. About 25‐35 % of total area should be earmarked as recreational and open spaces within the Green
City in addition to environmental sensitive areas, which must be protected.
4. Locate basic amenities within walk‐able distances to reduce dependency on automobiles
a.
Basic amenities like ATM, Parking, Convenience shopping, religious facilities, crèche etc.
should be within 600‐800 meters.
b.
Amenities such as School, Medical Clinic, Community hall with sports facilities, Restaurant
etc. within 1.6 ‐ 2 km.
5. Provide a non‐industrial mixed land use by including at least 3‐4 developments like Offices,
Hospitals, Retails, Recreational areas, etc.
6. Economic sustainability and resilience are important aspects of green cities. Provide good
connectivity and accessibility by green mobility. Provision of TOD to create economic opportunities
and facilities around multimodal nodes of infrastructure.
7. The need of differently abled / physically challenged / disabled people should also be adequately
addressed.
Infrastructure Resource Management
Green cities are required to be developed as a self‐sustained entity i.e. the place where the resources
can be utilized in a recycled and reusable approach, so that the dependency over the civic bodies can be
minimized.
Addressing water supply: It should be mandatory for a green city to practice the rainwater
harvesting to enhance groundwater table though recharging and reduce municipal water demand. As a
whole, water supply should comply with the R3 (ReduceRecycleReuse) 35concept in order to address
the water related issues. Grey water reuse shall be in built in the infrastructure set‐up (refer Chapter 8
for details).
Efficient energy: Green cities shall majorly emphasize on non‐conventional sources of energy, at least
10% of city’s peak electricity load36. Solar energy, Waste‐to‐energy, Landfill Gas Energy and Wind
energy are some of the alternative sources that can be integrated with the green city development to
reduce the load on grid power. Further attempts should be made to guide and channel prevailing wind
Green Module, A study of West Bengal.
Ibid.
36Pasadena Green City Report.
34
35
144
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Urban Pla
anning App
proach
thro
ough sensitive design of roads,
r
related
d plantation and mainten
nance of buillding lines. This
T
should
redu
uce heat islan
nd formation and also mak
ke mobility in
ncluding cycliing and walkiing easier.
Wasste reduction
n: The aim sh
hould be to achieve
a
“Zero Waste” to landfills. “Userr‐friendly” reccycling and
com
mposting proggrams should
d be implemeented with th
he goal to reeduce at leasst 20% per capita
c
solid
wastte disposal to
o landfill. Usee of eco‐friendly materialss (e.g. heat reepellent mateerial) are reco
ommended
inclu
uding use of hollow
h
AAC Blocks
B
for bettter insulation
ns.
Ca
ase study: Vancouver,
V
the Greenes
st City
Va
ancouver is the
t world's most
m
liveablee city as per the
t Economisst magazine. IIt's proved to
o be not only
y the
most liveable, but
b also Canaada's model for
f using reneewable energgy sources.
93% of Van
ncouver’s eleectricity is gen
nerated from
m renewable sources.
s
The City haas implementted the green
nest building code in North
h America.
The City haas shifted inv
vestment to walking,
w
cyclling and transit infrastruccture instead
d of building new
n
roads.
Vancouverr has the smalllest per capiita carbon foo
otprint of any
y city in North
h America.
By 2020, reduce
r
wastee heading to
o landfills or incinerator by 40% and
d over 50% of commuterr by
walking, biiking or publiic transport.
Sourcce: Greenest City Action Plan, Cityy of Vancouver
Micrroclimate ch
hange37
Greeen cities can be
b planned in
n accordance with the miccroclimate. Co
onditions of w
wind, sun, rad
diation and
hum
midity experieenced at a paarticular locaation around
d the built mass contribute to microclimate and
undeerstanding of these can create
c
energy
y efficient lan
ndscapes for buildings and comfortablle dwelling
units.
Prop
per practices that affect microclimate
m
c reduce prressure on arrtificial tempeerature reduccing power
can
conssumption and
d ultimately GHG
G
emission
ns, which is explained belo
ow:
1 Street Orrientation: Street
1.
S
geomettry and orien
ntation influeences the am
mount of solar radiation
received by
b street surfaces, as well as the potential for coolling of the wh
hole urban sy
ystem. The
streets caan be orienteed (as mentiioned earlierr) parallel to
o prevailing w
wind directio
on for free
airflow in
n warm climaates. Preferab
bly, the streett orientation in Indian con
ntext should be E‐W, as
the buildiings will be oriented
o
N‐S, thus there will
w be easierr seasonal solar control as the walls
are proteccted in the su
ummer and exxposed in thee winter.
37
MNRE, Solar Energy
y, Chapter 2
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URD
145
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2. Water bodies: Since water has a relatively high latent heat of vaporisation, it absorbs a large
amount of heat from the surrounding air for evaporation, which cools the air. The wind pattern
at a site is also influenced by the presence of water body. Therefore, water bodies such as lakes,
ponds or fountains should be provided.
3. Open spaces & Vegetation: Open spaces such as courtyards can be designed, that can act as
heat sinks. Grass cover and shading which gives cooling effect. Plants adsorb radiations and cool
the environment. Planting a deciduous plant (e.g. Mulberry, Champa) on East and West side
provides shade from intense and glazing morning and evening sun in summers, cut off hot
breeze, and also allow solar radiations in winter as they shed the leaves in that period.
4. Semipervious ground cover: Semi‐pervious paving which allow percolation of water into the
underground water table.
5. Green Buildings: A green building is one, which uses less water, optimises energy efficiency,
conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants,
as compared to a conventional building. As an added benefit, green design measures reduce
operating costs, enhance building marketability, increase worker productivity and reduce
potential health impacts resulting from indoor air quality problems.
6. Solar Passive Design38: Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun’s energy for heating
and cooling of living spaces. In this approach, the building itself or some element of it takes
advantage of natural energy characteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun.
The key features lies with solar passive design are: Orientation of building, Sunshades, Window
design, double glazed windows, Building insulation, Roof treatment, Evaporative cooling,
Landscaping, Surface to volume ratio, Passive heating, Earth air tunnel, Solar chimney, and
Wind tower.
7. Green Roof: Green roofs are roofs that have a layer of living plants on top of the standard
structure and waterproofing elements. It helps in reducing Urban Heat Island Effect and also
delays storm‐water runoff. It also reduced energy consumption. Thus, adaption of this
technology throughout the city will increase the green area; hence areas with construction can
also be converted to green area.
For development of green buildings, the norms as suggested by MoE&F and various
bodies such as LEED, IGBC or GRIHA may be applicable depending upon the
requirements.
An effective design of green city for its various components can even reduce crime.
Green cities promote features that maximize visibility of people, open spaces in and
around the campuses and building entrances looking over the streets and parking
areas, pedestrian‐friendly sidewalks, which allows natural surveillance.
5.4.1.3. Redevelopment of brownfield sites
Priority shall be given to redevelopment of contaminated and dense sites, which are
environmentally degraded or demographically saturated. Focus should be on green
redevelopment of such site, which can improve the overall condition of existing sites.
Thus, it is advisable to prefer redevelopment on brownfield sites than fresh
development on a greenfield site until absolutely essential. In such a case, brownfield
38
TERI with support of MNRE
146
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Urban Pla
anning App
proach
redevelopmen
nt makes efficient
e
usse of existing infrastrructure. T
The process for the
deccision and actions
a
is giiven in the figure belo
ow:
Figu
ure 5.1: Way
y towards Greeen Redevelo
opment
5.4
4.2. Com
mpact citty
Urb
ban sprawl is a resulttant of an ever‐expan
e
nding city jurisdiction
j
n due to ab
bsence of
com
mpact development practices. Th
his has ressulted in un
ndesirable extension of urban
infrrastructuree, encroacchment off valuablee agricultu
ural land,, raising cost of
dev
velopment and
a also increasing caarbon, wateer and enerrgy footprin
nts.
Con
ncept of Compact
C
C
City
revolves aroun
nd high‐deensity devvelopment without
com
mpromisingg the qualitty of life of the peoplee. Cities bassed on com
mpact appro
oach may
or may
m not inccorporate all
a dimensiions of a grreen city ap
pproach, sttated underr section
5.4.1. This ap
pproach larrgely solvees the prob
blem of extternalities such as friction on
space (congesstion), trav
vel time deelays and lo
osses in ecconomic prroductivity
y, air and
watter pollutio
on, solid waaste collecttion and dissposal. Thee optimum density red
duces the
capital and operating
o
c
costs
of providing
p
public
p
infrrastructure and serv
vices and
imp
proves overrall accessibility.
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
147
Urban Planning Approach
A
Figure 5.2: Compact City’s
C
Concept and Approaach
Source: Vario
ous sources inclu
uding Fact Sheett, UNESCAP, MIL
LUNET, Practitio
oner’s Guide, 200
06 etc.
As shown
n in the figurre above, th
he efficient densification
d
and effective intensification needs to
t be
balanced in
i order to maintain the liveability of people.
p
5.4.2.1. Key Ben
nefits of Compact
C
c
city
The beneefits of the compact ciity approacch are:
Efficieent use of land
d and urban containment
c
Increaase in the num
mber of ridership for econ
nomically viab
ble MRTS
Enviro
onment proteection by low
wering the clim
matic change emissions
Protecction of ecolo
ogical diversitty, countrysid
de and land fo
or agriculturee
Efficieent delivery of
o utility serviices in more densely popu
ulated areas. Due to the economies of scale
in sup
pplying energgy, water and
d treating waaste, it is less costly to deliver
d
urban utility service in
39
compaact cities than
n in suburban
n areas
Increaased social intteraction lead
ding to safety
y against crim
me
Less trravelling disttances that saaves time, mo
oney and fuel consumption
n per capita
Impro
oved public heealth by betteer water and air quality, and
a by walkin
ng and joggingg
The appro
oach of comp
pact city deveelopment is given
g
below::
5.4.2.2. Transitt Oriented
d Develop
pment
Transit Oriented
O
Developmen
nt is a comp
pact & integgrated tran
nsportation
n developm
ment,
which sh
hould be in
ncorporated in Comp
pact Cities. It is defineed as, “anyy developm
ment,
macro or micro th
hat is focussed around
d a transit node, and facilitates and comp
plete
ease of access
a
to th
he transit faacility, therreby induciing people to prefer to
o walk and
d use
public trransportation over personal mod
des of transsport.40”
TOD pro
ovides opp
portunitiess by accesss to high
h‐quality public
p
tran
nsportation
n by
enhancin
ng connectivity and contributingg to attracttive and waalkable disttances thro
ough
39
40
Fact Sheet, UNESCAP.
Draft UTTIIPEC Guidelines,, 2012.
148
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G
2014.
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Urban Planning Approach
densification. TOD Ideal land use mix and mixed land use development (with Density)
and the Transit mode function at various city destinations are indicatively explained
in the Table 5.3. High density, mixed‐use and interconnected street networks reduce
per capita vehicular trips. This can be achieved through a balanced mix of job, housing
and markets along MRTS corridors.
Table 5.3:
Transit Oriented Development Matrix
TOD
Ideal Land use mix and mixed land use
development (with Density)
Transit mode function
Core Area
Residential: High Intensity
Bicycle Lanes
Commercial/ Office: Medium Intensity
Pedestrian Networks
Mixed Use
Intermediate transportation supported by
non‐motorised vehicles
Supporting retails & services
Commercial Zones
Limited Parking Lots
Employment (commercial, office, industrial,
institutional): High Intensity
Parking Lots, if required
Supporting retail & services: Medium Density
Bicycle Lanes
Residential: Minimal
Pedestrian Networks
BRT and Bus Stops
Intermediate transportation supported by
motorised vehicles
Neighbourhood
Peri‐urban Area
Residential: Medium Intensity
Pedestrian Networks
Employment (commercial, office, industrial,
institutional): Medium Intensity
Bicycle Lanes
Supporting retails & services
Intermediate transportation support by non‐
motorised vehicles
Commercial: High Intensity along TOD
Considerable Multi‐level Parking Areas
Residential: Medium Intensity in inner region
Transition to higher density and greater mix
of uses close to the transit source
Mixed Use including compatible institutional
use
Green Interconnected Pedestrian Network
BRT and Bus Stops
Considerable Multi‐level Parking Areas
Source: Transit Oriented Development Policy Guideline, Calgary, 2004.
As a whole, TOD encourages use of non‐motorized transportation, directs compact
high‐density developments, intensifies under‐utilized urban areas through
redevelopment, leads to lower infrastructure costs and increases public safety,
mobility options and health benefits.
5.4.2.3. Intensive Use of land
The intensive land use offers cities the possibility of (re)development of urban areas
for a number of functions that, in combination, can offer residents, workers and
visitors high quality services. This concept can be sub‐divided into three types with
combinations as shown in Figure 5.3.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
149
Urban Planning Approach
A
Figure 5.3: Types of In
ntense Land Use
Source:
MILUNET, Practitiioner’s Guide, 20
006
Mixed Land
L
Use: Mixed‐use
M
developmeent is the practice
p
off allowing m
more than one
type of use
u in a buiilding or seet of buildin
ngs which can be a co
ombination
n of residen
ntial,
commercial, industrial, officee, institutio
onal or oth
her land uses.
u
It is p
presumed that
mixed laand uses yields socio‐economic benefits
b
an
nd thereforre has a positive effecct on
housing and commercial values.
Good mixed‐use caan be defineed as a fineely grained mix of prim
mary land uses, nameely a
variety of
o housing and
a workp
places with housing prredominan
nt, closely in
ntegrated with
w
all otherr support services,
s
wiithin conveenient walk
king distan
nce of the m
majority off the
homes. (Murrain
(
1993:86). Itt is also refferred as ceellular deveelopment. M
Mixed use is
i to
be carefu
fully alloweed along with
w the com
mpatible usse only. Th
he mixed u
use of land and
the dom
minant usee thereof should be referred
d from Ch
hapter 9 on Simpliified
Developm
ment Prom
motion Regu
ulations.
The apprroaches forr promotin
ng mixed‐usse development can be
b by increasing inten
nsity
of land use,
u increasing diverssity of land
d use or in
ntegrating segregated
s
uses. The key
parametters for inteegration of different uses
u
can be:
The fu
unctional and
d physical inteegration of different uses such as Residential, Comm
mercial – Rettail &
service and Public Semi Public.
Integrration of thrree or more significant revenue pro
oducing usess – Industriaal, Commerccial –
Wholeesale, Retail & service and Public Semi Public – officces
In an urbaan space, mixxed use development can be
b planned at
a selected loccations with ideal mix, such as
a) City or town
t
centress comprising the commerccial and civic core of town
n and cities, b
b) Inner city areas
a
and c) Perri‐urban locattions and greeenfield sitess in urban frin
nges as also indicated in Table 5.3. Mixed
M
layer development/ Multifunctio
M
nal land use
e:
Mixed laayer develo
opment is based on the princiipal of high intensityy with verttical
integratiion. It is un
nder the category off multifuncttional land
d use and aalso termed as
“Layerin
ng Developm
ment”.
Vertical integration
n has many
y benefits to offer to
o cities as a whole. Beenefits incllude
energy‐ssaving pottential, reduction in
n unnecesssary jourrneys, imp
proves oveerall
accessibility and so
ocial inclusiion possibiilities offered by comb
bining houssing, shopp
ping,
work, trransport, recreation,
r
culture and
a
social functionss within o
one area. This
T
150
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G
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Ministrry of Urban D
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Urban Planning Approach
combination also helps to utilize the full potential of an urban site, leaving sufficient
open spaces for a greener surrounding. A mixed‐use high‐rise development
diversifies the use of space within a single building structure, which in turn saves
horizontal travelling, and hence additional land requirement.
Mixed layer development provides (re)development opportunities that ease the way
towards Compact Cities. This concept should be preferred for abandoned sites within
the city instead of building on greenfield sites on the edge of town. Therefore,
brownfield sites can be redeveloped to offer a higher building density by layering
different functions on top of each other. The land use structure and densities given
earlier in this chapter is not applicable for mixed layer development. Such planned
areas are proposed to have high average density up to 800‐1000 pph, with large open
spaces and inter‐block margins. Typically, this form of vertical integration land use
development has commercial/retail on the street level with offices and recreational
commercial on the top levels, while the intermediate levels are for residential, well
developed open spaces, institutional. Case study of Sky City, China, is a world‐class
example, which is explained below.
Figure 5.4: Case Study of China Sky City
Source: Sky City, China.
High‐rise development may limit the access of light to the lower storeys and therefore
demands slender buildings or appropriate setbacks from the boundary wall. The
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Urban Planning Approach
recommendations of the Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) for high‐rise buildings
are:
The height of the building should be linked with the width of the road on which the proposed
building is to be located;
Also the distance of Fire Station from the building so that in case of emergency, the Fire Tender
may reach in the shortest possible time.
The EAC also recommended that the provisions and the guidelines, as applicable, of
the State Departments and National/State Disaster Management Authority should be
strictly followed41.
Multifunctional use in time:
A public space or a building can have different functions at different time periods. For
example use of spaces even buildings can be used in shifts in a day allowing different
types of uses in different shifts.
School playground, which can be utilized by the students during school hours and
later in evening wherever possible, can be used for sports training and practice
purposes or public stadium which can be seasonally used as fair grounds. Such areas
can be considered especially in small size towns where infrastructure and funds are
limited.
5.4.3. Smart City
A smart city uses information, communication and technology to enhance its
liveability, workability and sustainability. A smart city is build‐up by key basic
functions: Information collection, communicating, and crunching (analysing). The two
basic steps towards Smart city are:
1. DATA Created by the already implemented information technology. Some of the Indian cities have
created a cornucopia of data in past few decades, which can form the basis for the development of a
Smart city.
2. DIGITAL DNA (BUILT ENVIRONMENT DATA)Data collected by building departments,
engineering departments, land department, planning department, tax department and department
of postal services. India is still finding its footprints in this regard.
In view of rapid urbanisation and high congregation of population in large cities, it is
imperative to make use of advances in technology, capability to make cities safer and
protect cities from cyber‐crime and also augment the quality of governance with
higher levels of transparency and accountability. Such cities, which take advantage of
advanced technology, are called as Smart Cities.
41
MoEF Office Memorandum, Guidelines for High Rise Buildings, 2012.
152
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Urban Planning Approach
5.4.3.1. Important Insights
The following figure provides the important insights of Smart City application globally.
Figure 5.5: Important insights of SMART city application globally
Source:
Various sources including Smart Cities Readiness Guide, RICSSmart Cities.
5.4.3.2. Universal Targets to achieve Smart city development
There are mandatory targets that must be accomplished in order to propel on the
smart city path, these are termed as “Universal” as each of them applies to every city
responsibility. The Check Sheet (Implementation Progress) reflects the strong and
the weak points in the existing city infrastructure. Status of this matrix reflects the
preparedness of the city to be a Smart city and helps in prioritizing the points on the
basis of the status (progress) in order to drive on the path of development towards
being a Smart city.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Urban Planning Approach
Figure 5.6: The Universal Targets
Source:
Smart Cities Readiness Guide.
The essential elements of focus in a Smart city include:
5.4.3.3. Smart grid concept
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogue or digital information
and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers, in an automated
fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of electricity. Metering and Smart power generations are
the two basic steps taken in the direction of handling power in cities.
a.
b.
Smart meter‐ Smart meters help utilities to better detect and manage outages. Smart meters
coupled with advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) helps to pinpoint problems in the grid,
allowing determination of faults and failures in no time42.
Smart power generator Smart power generation is a concept of matching electricity
production with demand using multiple generators, alternatively to buffer the peak and high
demand for load balancing. These generators are designed on smart technologies to operate
efficiently at chosen load43.
5.4.3.4. Smart Transportation Concept
The smart transportation refers to the integration of information and communication
technologies with transport infrastructure to improve economic performance, safety,
42
A U.S. Department of Energy study showed that real‐time pricing information provided by the smart meter helped consumers
reduce their electricity costs 10% on average and their peak consumption by 15%.
43
Source: GE: Smart grid technology guide.
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anning App
proach
mob
bility and time sav
ving of thee citizens. The abov
ve can bee accompliished by
inco
orporating the following technollogies in th
he existing structure:
s
a
a.
b
b.
c.
Digitall view terminals‐These terminals
t
pro
ovide users with
w an intelliigent navigattion system
that op
ptimizes thee best routess, alternativee destination
ns, efficient movement by
b a well‐
inform
med guidance from the term
minal. For example, the en
ntire city's bu
us lines, theirr stops, and
drop‐o
off and pick‐u
up times are displayed
d
on the terminals along with satellite streeet views of
locations, such as of restaurantss and other to
ourist attractiions. Coordin
nates for bank
ks, schools,
hospitaals, and real estate are also
a
featured for the citizzens to deterrmine best‐su
uited route
betweeen destination
ns.
Intellig
gent roads It includes setting
s
up of sensor techn
nologies in th
he pavementts and over
the bridges, which can
c be combined with thee data collectted from movving vehicles to provide
operators, mainten
nance autho
orities and road
r
users with rapid warning off emerging
problem
ms.
Trafficc Prediction ToolIt pred
dicts traffic flo
ows over pre‐set duration
ns (10, 15, 30, 45 and 60
minutees) by stimulaations. With these
t
predicttions, traffic controllers
c
caan anticipate and better
manage the flow of traffic to prevent congesttion and save time.
Oth
her smart ap
pplicationss in the inteelligent Traansportatio
on system m
may consistt of:
Optimised dy
ynamic signallling
A
Automatic
paarking system
m,
A
Advanced
Drriver Assistan
nce Systems (ADAS),
(
Satellite appllication for em
mergency han
ndling, trafficc alerts, road safety and in
ncident preveention
A
Automated
trransport systtems.
Ca
ase Study: Malta,
M
World’s first Smartt Island
Malta is a grou
up of small isslands 50 miles to the sou
uth of Sicily. Smart meterrs are installed in the
islland for both
h electric and
d water custo
omers. Thesee smart meteers records th
he data automatically
an
nd sends the data back to
o the office fo
or billing. Sm
mart meters also
a
act as thee analysis insstrument
th
hat locate pro
oblems and determine
d
wh
hen and whether to expan
nd the grid. T
The new smaart water
grrid has increaased theft deetection, and has also inttroduced new
w pricing op
ptions for cu
ustomers
th
hat reward co
onservation
n.
Figure 5.7: Malta: World’s first Smart Island
Source:
Smart Cities
C
Council‐Readiness Guide
Th
he goal of Sm
mart City Maalta is to put everything a high‐tech company
c
neeeds to succeeed in one
place, includin
ng state‐of‐the‐art ICT infr
frastructure along
a
with a host of IT, m
media and prroduction
seervices.
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
URD
155
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5.4.3.5. Application of Built Environment Data
The built environment data of the city is captured by the different departments to
develop a blue print of the city and its attributes for virtual representation of the
physical city. This data forms the DNA for the smart city. It includes:
Demographic distribution
Land uses
Transportation and other infrastructure framework
Forests and parks
General urban plan
Space and organization plan: This data when linked with the Information communication and
technology develops the digital DNA, which forms the basis for the Smart city. The software and
service layers for the built environment data can contain the following layers44:
Data layer: that presents all the information, which is required, produced and collected in the
smart city.
Service layer: This incorporates all the particular e‐services being offered by the smart city.
Infrastructure layer: that contains network, information systems and other facilities, which
contribute to e‐Service deployment.
User layer: that concerns all e‐service end‐users and the stakeholders of a smart city for
dialoguing and in decision‐making. The participation includes:
The local stakeholders –who supervise the smart city, and design
Those who offer e‐services‐ and
The endusers –who “consume” the smart city’s services
5.4.3.6. Urban planning and smart city interrelations
On the attributes discussed in the preceding section, various e‐service portfolios can
be offered in a modern smart city, some of which have been mentioned below:
Table 5.4:
e‐Services of a Smart city
eServices
eGovernment
Public complaints, showing administrative procedure, bringing transparency in
governance.
edemocracy
Performing dialogue, consultation, polling and voting of issues of city.
eBusiness
Supports business installation.
ehealth and Telecare
Distant support and services to elderly, civilians with diseases, disabled
elearning
Distant learning opportunities, training material to the students.
eSecurity
Supports public safety via amber‐alert notifications, school monitoring and natural
hazard management
Environmental services
Information about recycling, guide households and enterprises in waste/energy/water
management
Intelligent Transportation
Offers tools for traffic monitoring, measurement and optimization.
Communication services
Broadband connectivity, digital TV
Source: Compiled from Urban Planning & Smart Cities: Interrelations and Reciprocities, Leonidas G. Anthopoulos.
44Source: Urban Planning and Smart Cities: Interrelations and Reciprocities, Leonidas G. Anthopoulos.
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5.5.
City Typology
Urbanisation over centuries and evolving city morphology has given shape to the
present day cities in India. Most post‐independence cities have emerged from planned
directions and yet have experienced population explosion. Cities also have benefited
from planning based on Government schemes and programmes. However, the
functions of the urban centres have taken natural course to its maturity, without or
with intended interventions. These are the consequences of response of human
settlement and interaction of societies. Focus on planning even application of land use
standards and development controls could vary depending upon the typology of the
cities.
Situation of the city: Situation of the city is the prime factor to be considered while
planning. City situation is established on its growth in size, physical configuration or
route pattern and largely with its function. Cities, besides multi‐functional, can be also
defined on the basis of the prime economic activity and/or evolution of the city. Such
cities with typical location, situation and functions need focused approach while
planning, to address the associated issues. Some of such kinds are:
Hill cities,
Inner cities/ walled cities,
Industrial cities,
Religious cities,
Tourism cities,
Heritage cities,
Port cities,
Medi‐cities (townships),
Sports cities (townships)
Site and situation specific solutions: These cities, owning to its nature of
development and population, and either permanent, new settlers or floating
population, have specific functions and therefore have associated issues. Some of the
generic ones are:
Lack of alternative economic activities,
Stagnation of city growth,
Strict segregation of classes by profession and income,
High crime rate,
Lack of public spaces,
Lack of recreational activities,
Lack of educational facilities for low income class/ poor,
Significant ratio of bachelor population,
Lack of gender specific health facilities and other facilities,
Investment oriented land/property ownership,
Others: pressure on public utilities, lack of social guidance in case of exposure to cultural variation
etc.
Such as, in case of industrial cities or township, specific drawbacks are observed like
lack of recreational activities, lack of alternative economic opportunities, and social
activities. These townships are limited to work ‐ home relationship and lack
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recreational activities and therefore, there is a need to focus on providing dedicated
public spaces for population to interact in such cities/towns.
Similarly, other city typologies also have specific issues to be addressed for which
approach can be defined while preparing plans. Mix of economic activities such as
service industries and social activities should be promoted to encourage the avenues
for wholesome development.
Increased rate of crime as observed in some industrial and port town is primarily due
to segregation of population income classes, lack of recreational activities, lack of
educational facilities for low income class, and to some extent due to high proportion
male workers living without families and also large number of bachelor population.
Therefore to promote sustainability of cities, its situation in terms of its function and
its social behaviour shall be addressed. Such cases need emphasis on complimentary
requirements of the city, besides its prime economic activity and physical
infrastructure for holistic development of the city. Some of the complementary
activities are suggested below‐
Promotion of service industries,
Educational facilities with emphasis on technical institutes
TOD mix of institutional and administrative land use,
Social infrastructure, targeting needs of specific strata of population
Recreational facilities, also theme based facilities
Heritage and religious activities to be promoted for mixing of economic base and population
Earmarked spaces for the urban poor / informal sector residents or their activities45.
5.5.1. Hill city
The National Building Code defines hilly areas as “Any area above 600 m in height
from mean sea level, or any area with average slope of 30°, considering the sensitive
and fragile eco‐system of hills and mountains.” However, the State Governments may
identify and notify areas to be covered under ‘Hilly Area’, which need to be dealt with
special consideration, when developmental activities are taking up.
Hilly areas have fragile ecosystems, which need to be conserved. Therefore planning
and development strategies for hilly areas shall have to be designed with added
sensitivity and sound land use planning and settlement planning.
5.5.1.1. Associated Issues
Hilly areas have a sensitive ecosystem consisting of mountains, rivers and valleys,
several lineaments and some of them even experience extreme weather conditions.
These varied natural features also make hilly areas a suitable place for tourist
destination, thus creating a pull for commercial development and urbanisation. Also,
many rivers originate from the Northern Himalayan range, thus the areas attract
45
Also Suggested in ‘Strategy paper on master plan formulation, inclusive planning, prioritization for housing and pedestrian
movement, 2010’
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development of hydro power plants, which directly or indirectly have shown great
impact on the river hydrology and bio‐diversity.
The common issues associated with planning in Hilly areas are:
Hilly areas in Himalayas and Northeast experience heavy rainfall, which makes the shallow soil,
cover highly susceptible to erosion (such as in Darjeeling) 46. These conditions necessitate
conserving the precious soil cover during monsoons and harvesting irrigation water for dry
months. In other areas heavy rainfall causes deep weathering of sedimentary rock and rapid and
active erosion of weathered materials from steep slopes.
There are issues with respect to mobility and connectivity due to steep slopes and difficult terrain.
Also geographically younger hill areas with high seismic activities make settlements vulnerable to
disaster risks. In such areas regulating construction activity is of prime importance in planning.
Adherence to seismic code specific to seismic design of buildings is to be made mandatory for plan
approval in hill areas.
In hilly areas, remarkable variations in culture and practices(including in many places tribal
culture and rich craft skill) exists between the settlements even within short distances as
compared to those in plain areas47
As terrain plays a crucial role in the hilly areas, settlements are to be on definite habitable lands
only and thus, its carrying capacity needs to be determined for adequate planning.
The planning status of hilly areas, in the present state, is uncontrolled creating haphazard growth
due to need for urbanisation, industrialisation (such as quarrying and hydro power generation)
and intrusion of commercial activities (such as tourism industry) on the limited land cover,
typically along hill routes. These trends has led to encroachment on forest land and precious green
cover, construction on unsuitable lands and development at higher level of ridges, thereby
disturbing the natural ecosystem and making the areas more vulnerable to disasters.
The impacts on infrastructure are ‐ traffic chaos, inefficient service infrastructure and congestion in
prime locations, inadequate social infrastructure.
The impacts on the environment are loss of hill and forests, degradation of stream system, landslide
and erosion, increase in natural hazard as earthquake, landslide and manmade hazards such as air
pollution and roadway noise.
5.5.1.2. Strategies for Development
Hilly areas have various factors, which necessitate a thrust on adoption of an
integrated planning approach for conservation, preservation and planned
development.
Strategy 1: Land Conservation and Optimisation:
1) Environment Inventory/ Impact Assessment: For planning of the new settlements or
working out the strategies for the growth of the existing settlements, it is necessary to conduct
detailed environmental inventory/ impact assessment. The inventory would involve geological
investigations, slope analysis, soil, flora and fauna analysis, climatic inventories, vulnerability
to natural disasters (such as earthquakes, landslides, floods etc.), etc. In addition to this the
aesthetic factors, cultural, architectural and historical heritage, scenic/ landscape value shall
also be taken into consideration.
46
Planning Commission Report of Task Group on Problems in Hilly habitations.
47
Report of the Evaluation Study on Hill area Development programme in Assam and West Bengal”, Planning Commission, June
2010.
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2) Identification of Developable Area: Identification of developed area is calculated by
deducting the natural ecological area from the entire township jurisdiction. Jurisdiction may
be large to control the surrounding areas. The classification of land uses should be given only
for developed area, while the rest of the ecological area shall be for conservation or
restoration.
Hill Town Developable Area = Hill town jurisdiction area – Natural Ecological Area.
3) Land use optimisation: Keeping in view the scarcity of good buildable land and also the high
cost of the construction, it is necessary to optimize the use of land by calculation of carrying
capacity and land suitability analysis. Green building approach should be adopted such as use
of cost effective and appropriate building materials and technologies.
Strategy 2: Sustainable development based on Watershed Management:
A watershed, also called a drainage basin or catchment area, is defined as an area in which all water
flowing into it goes to a common outlet. People and livestock are the integral part of watershed and
their activities affect the productive status of watersheds and vice versa. From the hydrological point of
view, the different phases of hydrological cycle in a watershed are dependent on the various natural
features and human activities. In hilly areas or where intensive agriculture development is planned, the
size of watershed relatively preferred is small.48Watershed managements, i.e. river basin management
also is important in the context of regional planning both in terms of as a source of water and sources
of disaster risk like flood etc.
During the Tenth Five Year Plan of Government of India, emphasis was on watershed development and
ecological restoration/preservation for the hill areas of Assam and West Bengal. In the sixth Five Year
Plan, the Planning Commission had suggested achieving a balance between beneficiary‐oriented and
infrastructural development programmes, keeping in view the vital importance of ecological
restoration and conservation. This can be achieved through49:
Better water and land‐use and control of soil erosion through watershed management,
Afforestation, silvi‐pasture development and replacement of annual crops with perennial shrubs
and trees and plantation crops in steep slopes and development of other high value‐low volume
crops linked with processing and marketing.
Rural and small industries and electronic and precision instruments industries can also be
promoted taking advantage of favourable weather conditions.
To understand watershed system data from latest and authentic sources to be collected (details
provided in Chapter 7), simulation models may be used to analyse (drainage pattern modification)
scenarios before Development Plan Preparation and building regulations.
48
http://oar.icrisat.org/3914/1/1._Watershed_Management_Concept.pdf.
49
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/6th/6planch25.html.
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5.5.1.3. Proposed Land use Structure of Hill Towns
The proposed land use structure for hill towns are:
Table 5.5:
Land use structure for hill towns
Percentage of Developed Area
Land use Category
Small
Medium
Large & Metropolitan
Cities
Residential
50‐55
48‐52
45‐48
Commercial
2‐3
2‐3
4‐5
Industrial
3‐4
4‐5
4‐6
Pub. & Semi Public
8‐10
8‐10
12‐14
Recreational
15‐18
15‐18
16‐18
5‐6
5‐6
6‐8
Balance
Balance
Balance
Transport &
Communication
Ecological
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
The ecological area (non‐developable area) given in the table above for Hill towns is
applicable for the hill town jurisdiction developable area only. Hill town developable
area shall be considered as area hill town jurisdiction minus natural ecological area.
Where, non‐developable area is defined as‐ Earthquake/landslide prone, cliffs and
environmentally hazardous area, areas adjacent to fault lines, areas with slope higher
than 45o, flood plain and areas adjacent to major drainage lines for general guidance
and all environmentally sensitive areas. Land suitability analysis should be an
important tool in first principal approach for deciding on land use proportions.
5.5.1.4. Aspects of planning50
The important aspects to be considered in planning for the hilly areas are suggested as below:
1. The hillside with less than 30° slope are in general stable. Therefore, building sites (temporary or
permanent) should in general be located on hillside with not more than 30°‐ 45° slope. In areas
where most of the land is above 30° degree slope, spatial regulations should control construction
activity on slopes above 30° degree with maximum of 45° provided that appropriate technology is
used.
2. The maximum height of the building to be fixed, such as in States of Meghalaya maximum building
height permitted is 15 meters on hills.
3. Flat land is normally not available in hilly regions. The houses are required to be constructed on
partially sloping land made available by cut and fill. It shall be necessary to protect the house by
building retaining walls/breast walls to avoid landslides occurring at time of earthquakes or heavy
rains.
4. Cut slopes with height less than 5 m or two to three storey heights of residential buildings are in
general stable. For higher cut slopes special investigation should be carried out and details of
protection works should be worked out and implemented.
5. Site development in hilly regions consumes about 30 to 40 per cent of total cost of building
complex, therefore the following investigations shall be done to obtain the following geotechnical
parameters:
50
NBC, 2005 & IS 14243, 1995 b.
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a.
Type of Soil Rock: Weathered or intact, dip of bedding planes, drainage conditions, shear
planes, material between the joints, tension cracks, type of plantation, verticality of trunks of
the trees etc. Cliff sides and spur faces need to be protected with appropriate technology
including where netting with tables and/or blowing of RCC along the walls.
b.
Thickness of overburden, nature of soil strata, details of soil matrix etc.
c.
Estimation of shear‐parameters of the in situ soil mass, which will govern the failure.
d.
Drainage pattern of the area and permeability tests in the area to see the Drainage
conditions.
e.
Specific slip zones in the area, if any.
6. Roads and paths: Street orientation shall preferably be East‐West to allow for maximum South sun
to enter the buildings. The street shall be wide enough to ensure that the buildings on one side do
not shade those on the other side. Hill Road Manual (IRC: SP: 48‐1998) should be referred to for
detailed guidelines for planning roads in Hilly Areas.
7. Provisions for Landslide Hazard Mitigation, Seismic Micro‐zonation and mitigation of Liquefaction
hazard should be integrated.
Specific aspects for New Hill Towns:
1. The new hill towns will have to follow the basic principles of hill architecture including use of local
building materials, slanting roofs, seismic bands in structures etc. so that they merge in cultural
landscape of their regions.
2. Travelling time from nearest town to the new township should be at least one hour or 20 Km.
3. The new town should be self‐sufficient in infrastructure and its area should ideally not be less than
40 hectares.
4. Provision of facilities for additional (and /or floating) population should be made.
Specific aspects for Buildings in Hilly area:
1. A minimum clearance of 1.5 m should be provided between toe of boundary wall and building wall.
2. On the uphill side of the building on a sloping site, the natural flow of the water shall be diverted
away from the foundations.
3. The slope of ground all around building should be not less than 1: 50 built in such a way that rain
water does not find way to ingress in ground excessively and moves away quickly to surface drains
or away on adjoining hill surface towards natural streams.
4. A minimum of 0.75 m wide apron should be provided all around the building to prevent entry of
water into foundation.
5. Stepped terrace development and stepped storeyed building construction may be adopted for
offices, schools and other building complexes51 because of following advantages:
a. It results in least hill cutting, disturbance to hill stability and also in least deforestation.
b. Cost of site development works, slope protection and other protection works is reduced
considerably.
c. Least load comes on valley side, so danger of foundation failures is avoided.
6. Buildings to be provided with good drainage facilities to prevent excessive saturation of sub
surface formations. Construction should not obstruct existing surface drainage courses.
7. Buildings shall be located on the south slope of a hill or mountain for better exposure to solar
radiation. At the same time, locating the building on the leeward side may minimize exposure to
cold winds.
8. Appropriate solar passive methods, such as orientation, double‐glazing, trombe walls and solar
collectors, to be adopted to achieve climatic comfort with little use of conventional energy.
51
(Refer conditions of development from IS 14243 Part 2: 1995 for details )
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5.5.2. Planning for Inner city
Walled cities, old city, often central zones, which are also generally the core area of
the settlements, are referred as inner cities. These city parts have been the melting
pot for cultures with a history. Some of the old cities have been historically an
important trading centre, owing to its regional prominence, strategic location and
trade links. However, owing to its prosperity, some of the cities were under the threat
of plunder and loot, which reshaped the city form over the centuries (as also walled
cities). These cities are marked by key features, such as, narrow roads (gullies), dense
built ‐up, often mixed use of land, small plot sizes occupying 100% ground for built‐
up, social homogeneity, limited public spaces, which are usually congested
developments, in comparison to the modern day cities.
5.5.2.1. Associated Issues
Common issues associated with the inner cities:
Out migration of local residents and release of residential spaces for commercial use,
Dilapidated buildings (as building owners only repair their buildings, while little or no
reconstruction is takes place) and vacant properties,
Narrow roads‐ not planned for vehicular movement,
Unorganized on‐street parking at various locations,
No prominent public transport system present in the city,
Presence of cottage or household industries and polluting industries
Prominence of on‐street encroachments for informal markets & hawkers,
Due to shift from residential to commercial land use, emergence of warehouses, go‐downs,
workshops or other non‐compatible activities,
Old water supply distribution network and in non‐metric sizes, difficult to maintain
Repeated excavation of roads damaging the underground utilities and disturbed road levels
Overall lack of social infrastructure facilities compared to the density of the inner cities
Outcrop of Slum like conditions in the open areas surrounding historical properties or on old
recreational open spaces
5.5.2.2. Alternative strategies for Redevelopment and Regeneration
Redevelopment and regeneration are the prime planning aspects of inner cities. The
space norms and development control rules that are generally applicable to other city
areas are normally not applicable to inner cities. The two alternatives for the
redevelopment of an inner city/ old city are based on the strategy of revival or in‐situ
development. These are:
Alternative 1 Modification in Builtup: In this approach, the residential built up is adjusted with the
plot size and height from urban renewal point of view. The building density is redefined, usually by
increasing the permissible FAR/FSI as permissible by the available infrastructure. It allows the market
forces to reconstruct and redevelop the core city areas. The urban local authority may provide
supporting infrastructure through betterment levy or charges. This tool of redevelopment is in practise
in major cities like, Hyderabad and in some parts of the old Delhi (Shahajahanabad). Abutting road
width, plot sizes, accessibility and land use regulates the increased building height. This entails
amalgamation of plots.
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This alternative can be applied for the entire inner city or it could be limited to an identified area such
as along the transport corridors as in the case of Old Delhi (Shahajahanabad) wherein a 500 meter
influence zone of metro rail is permitted with a suitable enhanced FAR.52.
An added advantage of this alternative is amalgamation of residential units. To improve the
morphology of the core city, increase in unit size of the residential plots is also often necessary,
especially where very small units are present. Higher FSI, for medium size plots, even marginally will
lead to amalgamation of small and very small plots by market forces. This will improve the urban
design and density of residential areas. However amalgamation of plots is to be carried out in lines
with regulations, which is to be defined based on the study of the area by the local authority. The
redevelopment project of east Kidwai Nagar, New Delhi is among the first initiatives as a vision project
of Ministry of Urban Development.
Alternative 2 Insitu Development: In order to conserve the characteristics of the inner city, this
alternative is adopted to maintain and revive the old city by different mechanisms. Unlike the
alternative 1, in‐situ development maintains the height and the building foot print, by carefully using
Transferable Development Rights (TDR). This alternative is used where the redevelopment strategy is
to maintain and encourage the heritage of the city and its housing morphology, as in the case of
Ahmedabad, where Tradable Development Rights are provided for the notified Structures, Buildings
and Precincts in the form of Tradable Right Certificate by competent authority. However the authority
controls other activities such as:
The Permissible Uses for the Heritage Areas and other buildings on the basis of its plot size and
floor.
Amalgamation and/or Sub‐division not be permitted in the Zone,
The owners of these heritage structures and buildings are required to conserve the following
original aspects of their Buildings:
All Façades
Building Footprint
Character of Open Spaces such as courtyards, khadki, streets, etc.
The in‐situ development also does not encourage road widening until necessary, as it aims to preserve
the building façade. Therefore parking spaces are created through community initiatives and by
consultative process. In case if it is not feasible to provide the required parking within the existing
building as per Regulations, the Competent Authority may recover fees for deficit parking to develop
on‐street parking/parking lots/parking structures as a part of Parking Management Plan.
The concept of Accommodation Reservation may be introduced for social infrastructure whereby for
the provision of essential public facilities to be handed over to the local body / government, the owner
of property is given full permissible FAR on the component of public facility. Vacant properties should
be preferred for this purpose.
The two alternatives of redevelopment to be chosen carefully and a combination of the two may be
used for suitable sub‐zones in an inner city. However the redevelopment strategy is to cover the key
aspect i.e. positive growth for the city to be a liveable area and also as a work space. Therefore in most
of the Indian inner cities, mixed land use is to be recognised as permissible and thereafter organised, as
the city is planned on the concept of work & live with inherited benefit of reduced travel trips. The land
use structure given in Table 5.2 could be modified and adjusted for mixed land use as planned by the
local authority. To achieve this, regeneration is to be a part of the redevelopment, including socio‐
economic development, maintaining and encouraging commercial lifeline of the inner city for its
revival.
52
Source: ITPI article by A.K. Jain, Commissioner (Planning), Delhi Development Authority.
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5.5.2.3. Aspects of Revival
While planning, planners face the problems associated with road levels, lying of new
pipelines, parking in residential areas, decongestion, fire safety issues, requirement of
road widening and lose of heritage façade, provision of land for social infrastructure
and sometimes re‐planning underground infrastructure. Core city revival is based on
conservation, promotion and solution. These can be:
1. Out‐Shifting of polluting, noxious and hazardous trades / industries and de‐limitation of non‐
residential non‐compatible activity with priority,
2. To decongest the inner city, proposal can be to develop counter centres in the form of
Integrated Freight Complexes at the peripheral location or new industrial area,
3. Iconic developments along the historically valuable areas and if space allows ‐ encourage city
level recreational areas to create a pull factor towards the old city,
4. A new set of development controls for Mixed Use, enhanced FAR and TDR applicability. Mixed
use to be maintained with regulations on the road width, plot sizes and density,
5. Conservation and restoration of historical buildings. Provisions for FAR and Tax incentives for
those who have to maintain the architectural controls,
6. Revival of cities by alternative public transport system technically modified for the road
network and as per the trip generation,
7. For parking, multi‐level parking is one of the solutions for identified residential pedestrian,
8. In case of new development or redevelopment, stilt parking to be mandatory,
9. Adding street furniture can enhance street design. This is to facilitate public space for
community interaction and promote pedestrian movement,
10. In congested and bottle neck areas, solutions such as one ways and multi‐level parking to be
adopted,
11. Alternative solutions of use of smaller fire hydrants for very narrow roads for the fire safety,
12. To meet the social infrastructure requirement, reducing space norms up to 50‐60% in case of
space non‐availability in the core city. In order to compensate for the shortfall in various types
and levels of facilities in the existing built‐up area, such facilities may be provided in contiguous
/ proximity to sectors of new development.
13. Multi‐functional uses should be proposed to encourage optimum utilisation of existing built‐up
infrastructure.
14. ULBs to initiate developing database of the buildings, with attributes such as its age, height,
heritage value, revenue collection and other points as desirable.
5.5.3. Industrial city
Cities with major thrust in manufacturing and production are industrial cities. Such a
focus on manufacturing was initially in the beginning five year plans after
independence, when the focus was on heavy iron and steel manufacturing.
Industrialisation again boosted after liberalisation in 1991 and encouraged
developing clusters for export in 2005 by the SEZ Act, 2005, which provides for the
establishment, development and management of the Special Economic Zones for the
promotion of exports. There were also schemes proposed for promotion of cluster/
park development by respective Ministries, while Small Scale Industry (SSI) was
defined under Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMED) Act, 2006.
Lately, Government of India has also announced the National Manufacturing Policy in
year 2011 with the objective to enhance the share of manufacturing in GDP and
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increasing employment. Under the National Manufacturing Policy, the New
Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZ) guidelines was cleared by the Cabinet in
2011.
5.5.3.1. Associated issues
The following are the key concerns for industrial area planning:
Industrial cities are marked by high intensity of noise levels and air pollution levels, which makes
unsuitable for residential. Also, improper discharges of liquid and solid industrial waste/effluents
are concerns for health. These hazard prone activities have a direct impact on residential areas,
Movement of heavy traffic for transportation of raw material and finished goods, large share of the
traffic load on the roads (highways) & rail,
Lack of supporting infrastructure such as logistics, warehousing,
Industries face power problems with respect to unscheduled cuts, which affects the productivity,
especially in the continuous process plants. In order to make up for production loss, industries
have to operate DG sets which eventually increase the overall production cost and air pollution,
Lack of emergency facilities for fire safety and accidents, including medical infrastructure and
health care,
Absence of integration with research and development and ICT infrastructure in Indian industrial
cities,
Unplanned infrastructure provisions for various utilities, both underground and on surface,
Limited space for industrial plots, allowing no expansion in future.
Other issues associated with industrial township are:
Issues of compatibility between processing and non‐processing areas,
Lack of alternative economic activities leading to stagnation of city growth,
Some of the industrial towns also show high rate of crime. This is primarily due to segregation of
classes, lack of recreational activities, lack of educational facilities for labour class, and to some
extent due to a portion of the population is bachelor,
Ignorance on the public transportation in the industrial areas for labour and managerial labour,
Lack of housing for construction labour, who continue to live within and adjacent to the industrial
cities for years and lack of housing requirements for low income labour and informal employment.
5.5.3.2. Planning strategies
Site location of the industrial city is the prime aspect of its planning. The siting criteria shall satisfy the
environmental requirements mentioned by Ministry of Environment and Forest, which is with
sufficient buffers, distance from a large size town and agricultural land (refer Chapter 6 for specifics).
Land suitability analysis to be done for identifying zones for placing hazardous industrial (uses
including air polluting units and wind directions), other manufacturing industrial, compatible uses
along surface water bodies, hamlets and settlements and placing of non‐processing areas. For locating
industrial zone, preference to areas with easy connectivity, provision for logistics and areas with
existing industries to be given, also wind directions to be considered.
Zoning for processing and nonprocessing areas is recommended in the ratio of 40:60 (especially in
SEZ). The land use regulations have to keep in view the requirements of both these areas according to
the activities envisaged. Due to the health concerns and safeguards, provision of green buffers of
minimum of 500 meters between compatible and non‐compatible shall be well defined while zoning(as
given in Chapter 6).
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Processing area: may be comprise of the following activities:
Industries / manufacturing;
Ancillary & MSMEs;
Retail Trade and commerce;
Go‐downs and warehousing;
Utility corridor;
Port and port related activities;
Airport and related uses, rail, road and inland waterway and spaces for parking etc.;
Public utilities and any other essential services;
Incidental and other activities for safety and security; and essential residential for the same;
Governmental use / activities to manage the proper functioning of such processing areas.
Information Technology and Enabled Services;
Within the processing areas, space for informal commercial, service industries and parking as per
industrial requirement to be paid attention. For development of various types of parks – like IT parks,
Plastic parks, Bio‐technology parks, Food parks, Agro park, etc. the policy and norms issued by
respective departments and guidelines available to be considered for planning. In absence of such
handholding provisions, case studies of the specific industrial sector to be referred.
Cluster development: A cluster approach may be taken to optimise use or resources and minimise
cost of production. For example, all work related to computers, IT, Communication can be housed in a
cluster at the outskirts of processing area to minimise heavy transportation within the city. Small
clusters related to IT and communication can also be accommodated within the non‐processing area at
uniform distance for easy reach of availability of all services in time.
Nonprocessing areas: Areas other than processing area are to be planned for various uses and
activities, mainly as an industrial township including residential, commercial, recreational and
activities related to social infrastructure like education, health care, and socio‐cultural facilities.
Social infrastructure: The overall quantum of social infrastructure to be provided in the industrial
township may be divided into two levels of facilities, including ‐ Industrial city level Facilities and Local
Level Facilities.
Land use: An industrial township should provide for a judicious mix of land uses / activities in such a
way that it is not dependant on the neighbouring or other city. The norms and standards for
distribution of land use may be as under53.
5.5.3.3. Proposed Land use Structure of Industrial towns
Table 5.6:
Sl. No.
Land use structure for Industrial towns54
Land use Category
Percentage of Developable Area
1
Residential
20‐25
2
Commercial
3‐4
3
Industrial
4
Public and Semi‐Public
5
Recreational
12‐15
6
Transport and Communication (including logistics)
10‐12
7
Water bodies & Special areas
Total
30‐35
6 ‐8
Balance
100
Note: The above landuse distribution is indicative, and may vary as per the size of SEZ, industrial town, cluster development.
53
54
Draft SEZ Guidelines study by TCPO presented to the Parliament Standing Committee.
Ibid.
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5.5.3.4. Aspects of planning
The industrial town should primarily be a modern state‐of‐the‐art township having
worldclass infrastructure 55 , high quality living, working and entertainment
provisions, which are particularly suited to the flexible uses and space demands of
modern technology and knowledge based activities.
Infrastructure:
a.
All industries to be responsible for treating the effluent generated as per the CPCB regulations,
for small and medium size industries infrastructure of Common Effluent Treatment Plants
(CETP) to be planned. Special care to be taken in cases where the effluent after treatment is
discharged into a water body.
b.
Solid waste disposal to be as per CPCB/SPCB regulation, specifically for hazardous waste
disposal,
c.
To meet the power supply pressure, alternative source of energy to be explored in the site and
situation to meet the domestic and commercial demand within the region.
d.
Logistics and Parking requirement of industrial area as per the industrial area demand. The
transportation infrastructure, including RoW and speed design to be as per the norms given in
the transportation section of this guideline.
e.
To ensure safety from high‐tension power line, reduce disruption and for increasing life,
infrastructure lines are to be well designed within the Row for infrastructure corridors, by
allocating Right of Use as per regulations of each facility.
Nonprocessing areas:
a.
To bring harmony in the society, integration of residential sectors (informal/low income
group/managerial staff/ pockets of high income group) shall be planned to reduce friction and
encourage interaction socially and economically. The locations of low income group to be in
proximity to the industrial and commercial areas to facilitate easy movement and reduce
pressure on public transportation.
b.
Public transportation shall primarily target integration of residential areas with industrial zone.
c.
In case of greenfield industrial sites, for the expansion of existing hamlets and small settlement, a
buffer to be governed by respective authority (to be marked on the development plan after
calculating the induced growth rate). Such buffers shall be established for recreational, livestock
support and social infrastructure for the developments of the hamlets. Similarly buffers along
rivers in the industrial areas shall be well protected from any water pollution by allowing river
front developments with recreational activities but without permanent developments.
Space norms:
After liberalisation in 1991, several changes have taken place in the manufacturing and service
industries. Among which the key shift is from labour intensive to capital intensive. Hence the space for
industrial allocation is shrinking, while in service sector the work space norms are altering with the
FDI in IT/BPO sector. Workers space norms are to be proposed based on the latest technologies used,
scale of development and investment planned. The work force ratio is as given below56:
1) Work force participation can be considered more than 75% of the total population in
industrial towns, in case the Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) is not available.
2) The Industrial workers density can be: 100 pph to 125 pph
55 “World class infrastructure” would consist of 24X7 hour water supply, uninterrupted power supply, efficient and pollution‐
free transport and modern solid waste management, sewerage treatment and communication systems.
56
Source: Based on UDPFI Guidelines, 1996
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The ratio of employment to land allocation should be case to case specifically for the sector of
investment. With the advancing technology, the investment intensive developments will be altering
the employment and space ratio.
Safeguards:
a.
Disaster management Plan for the industrial towns to be prepared at initial stages of planning
and integrated with the Development Plan. In case of hazardous industrial, an evaluation plan
shall be designed within the transportation network, to ensure evaluation by high speed
designed roads.
b.
Health care facilities and emergency services to be decentralised and located in the processing
and non‐processing areas both.
c.
Specifically fire stations to be located on the corner plot giving direct access to sub‐arterial roads.
d.
Local water holes and rainwater harvesting tanks to be linked with pressured hoses as a back‐up
to fire extinguisher.
5.5.4. Heritage/ Religious/ Tourism city
Heritage areas and cities with historical and tangible / intangible cultural values;
preserved, conserved and evolved by social interactions and changing economic
factors have given shape to tourism in these cities. The World Heritage Organisation,
Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Tourism have laid focus on the conservation,
restoration and promotion of cultural heritage. Among these historical cities, pilgrim
destinations and centres of religious values have emerged with broad base economic
activity of tourism. Close observation of these cities revels that these cities were not
designed for large population influx. Many of the religious towns with pilgrim
destination in India are located on the fronts of water bodies or in the fragile
ecosystems, (such as in the Himalayan ranges) where the balance between human
activities and the nature is sensitive issue. It is crucial to include the eco‐sensitive
area mapping, evaluation of carrying capacity (refer Chapter 7 for details) and
provision of eco‐tourism in planning for such towns.
Planned tourism is a major contributor to cities’ economy. Tourism sector provides a
high multiplier in employment generation. Tourist cities’ economy may almost be
totally based on tourism.
As evolved from the Tourism 2020 Vision, UNWTO 2002, ‘cities or places of high
population density where trips are taken by travellers for leisure and recreation can
be referred as tourism cities’. Besides, the heritage and religious cities, as mentioned
before, tourism cities/regions have developed from natural tourism, sports tourism,
adventure tourism, rural tourism, and wellness tourism, among others. The National
Tourism Policy, 2002, Ministry of Tourism rests on the principle of:
Institutional framework may be based on participation between Government and the private
sector. Government to provide legislative framework to regulate tourism trade and private sector
to tourism related activities,
The deep rooted relationship of tourism and culture to be realised, and promotion of cultural
tourism should be encouraged focusing culture related (craft, art, performing art, living style as)
saleable products for tourist.
Greater emphasis on Eco‐tourism, focusing on natural landscapes and other environmental
features and also virgin traditional rural environment etc.
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Special thrust may be imparted to rural tourism and tourism in small settlements, where sizable
assets of our cultural and natural wealth exist.
Linking heritage, build and nature with tourism is important. Heritage sites both
global (world heritage sites) and natural are to be identified and protected. Such areas
should be integrated with rest of the development based on rules and regulations
specified by World Heritage Centre, Archaeological Survey of India and State
Governments. Protection of sites of historical value other than officially designated at
local area level may be identified and integrated in the Regional/ Development /
LAPs.
5.5.4.1. Associated issue
Some of the issues associated with heritage cities, religious cities and cities of tourism
potential are:
Influx of the floating population or tourists,
Assessment of areas of influence of tourism/ pilgrimage,
Pressure on fragile/sensitive tourism zones and on eco‐tourism sites in the tourist circuits,
Seasonal variation of the local economic base,
Unclear infrastructure estimations & planning estimations for the tourism towns due to fluctuation
in the population to be served,
Transport planning issues associated with terrain, slopes and undulated systems,
Priority for non‐motorised transport and public transport.
Conservation and improvement of land profile, areas of scenic value and utilization of site features
for strengthening the ambience,
Issues in solid waste management especially in religious/pilgrim towns,
Street vending activities in the popular religious and tourist sites and measures for their
rehabilitation,
Lack of documentation of heritage buildings and areas and application of general architectural
control in historical areas,
Supporting investment in heritage assets and generating returns by ULBs or by private sector,
Lack of social guidance in case of exposure to cultural variation, specifically in international
tourism destination, et al.
5.5.4.2. Planning Strategy
A tourism city planning strategy is to be broadly based on the understanding ‐
For ‘Nature’ in its many forms, its mountains, streams, sylvan surroundings;
Its ‘Culture’ as manifest in the art, architecture, temples and pilgrim towns;
Its ‘History’ as seen in the archaeology of the tangible and intangible outputs of an earlier era.
On 10th November 2011, UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the new
recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape by acclamation, as an additional
tool to integrate policies and practices of conservation of the built environment into
the wider goals of urban development in respect of the inherited values and traditions
of different cultural contexts. The UNESCO General Conference recommended its
Member States to take the appropriate steps to facilitate its implementation and
further recommended that Member States and relevant local authorities identify
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within their specific contexts the critical steps to implement the Historic Urban
Landscape approach, which may include the following:
To undertake comprehensive surveys and mapping of the city’s natural, cultural and human
resources;
To reach consensus using participatory planning and stakeholder consultations on what values to
protect for transmission to future generations and to determine the attributes that carry these
values;
To assess vulnerability of these attributes to socio‐economic stresses and impacts of climate
change;
To integrate urban heritage values and their vulnerability status into a wider framework of city
development, which shall provide indications of areas of heritage sensitivity that require careful
attention to planning, design and implementation of development projects;
To prioritize actions for conservation and development;
To establish the appropriate partnerships and local management frameworks for each of the
identified projects for conservation and development, as well as to develop mechanisms for the
coordination of the various activities between different actors, both public and private.
Through adopted strategies, such as of UNESCO’s new Recommendation on the
Historic Urban Landscape, the local conservation approach is to be defined by the
local authority in lines with the broader prevailing policies in India. However
application of conservation, preservation and promotion is not to be equally treated.
With detailed mapping, documentation and analysis, zones of treatment and extend of
tourism may be identified for sustainable development. Figure 5.8 explains the
integrated approach to tourism city/region planning.
High Value zone: The core zone of heritage, religious or of tourism value is the high
value zone. This may consist of Natural Heritage or Built Heritage or both. Ethnic
value of the zone is of the highest level and is meant for preservation. The carrying
capacity of this value zone is the key to the tourism potential of the city.
Figure 5.8: Integrated approach to Tourism City/Region Planning
Native’s Zone: This can be called as the residential zone of the locals or the
settlement. This zone usually overlaps with the high value zone, as mentioned earlier,
due to social interactions and economic relationships. The economic benefits of
tourism are measurable in the native zone and improvement in the quality of life of
the local population can be achieved through planned development. This zone is for
conservation of the culture, valuable architecture, and for promotion of local
economy. This zone is suggested for innovative strategies to provide the city with a
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consistent image and therefore provide significant revenue and added value to its
residents.
New infrastructure zone: The city periphery or outer zone is the new development
zone. This outer zone is for the new development to come‐up to meet the tourism
requirements for the promotion of tourism and for city growth. By understanding
market trends through market analysis, demand and needs of the tourist is to be
assessed for the Tourism Product Development57 such as experiential‐shopping,
festivals, emotional‐cultural and historic resources, hospitality, physical‐
infrastructure, natural resources, restaurants, accommodation. In doing so, tourist
attraction spots and areas should be first made easily accessible. Depending on the
quality of such tourist area, certain experience based tourist trails can be planned
with adequate support of logistics. These new developments should be integrated
with the inner two zones.
The investment in this zone can draw from the various tourism infrastructure
development schemes by the State. Promotion of tourism as an economic activity,
alternative economic base including thrust in institutional & commercial
developments is to be adopted in this zone & if allowable in Native’s Zone too.
In case of tourism regions/circuits, the new infrastructure zone may be wide spread
and can be considered as the rest of the area of the region/circuit outside high value
zone and native’s zone. A tourism circuit will have various nucleus of high value zone
bedded by the thread of connectivity.
Networks: The integration of the zones is to be strong with networks. Networks to
connect zones for accessibility between the two outer zones i.e. new infrastructure
zone and native’s zone shall have strong linkages, while from eco‐sensitive approach;
the High Value zone shall have limited access (if possible pedestrian). For the
protection of the (built and natural) heritage from the adverse impacts of tourism,
adoption of greener tourism in this zone is the key. For improving external
connectivity up to the tourist city/ nodes in the tourist circuit, alternative modes of
transportation should be promoted.
Simple practical steps to reduce adverse impact on the environment and promote the
benefits of tourism are through zoning. Local consultative approach to be taken for
tourism based livelihood development, physical infrastructure, transport and tourists,
heritage and tourism conservation, environment and tourism, any other. However, a
generalised land use structure is proposed below.
57
Tourism Product Development is a key factor in the overall experience demanded by tourists visiting cities or other types of
destinations. Understanding market trends through market analysis will help create a strategy that will match tourists’
needs and demands.
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5.5.4.3. Proposed Land use Structure of Heritage/ Religious/ Tourism
city
Table 5.7:
Land use structure for Heritage/ Religious/ Tourism City
Sl. No.
Land use Category
Percentage of Developable Area
1
Residential
35‐40
2
Commercial
5‐7
3
Industrial
4
Public and Semi‐Public
10‐12
4‐5
5
Transport and Communication
12‐14
6
Recreational & water bodies
10‐12
7
Special areas (including heritage and religious areas)
7‐10
Total
100
Source: Modified based on the Proposed Land use Structure for Urban Centers and analysis of various case studies (including
Agra, Puri, Rameshwar, Hampi, Bodhgaya etc.)
Note: The above land use distribution is indicative, which may vary as per the size of city and the economic base.
5.5.4.4. Aspects of preservation, conservation & promotion
1. In line, with the objectives of the Ministry of Culture, (RFD 2013‐14), planning for heritage cities to
include‐ ‘safeguard of various forms of Intangible Cultural Heritage and promote research through
financial support to artistes, scholars and cultural organizations and Manage national monuments
(Tangible Heritage) of India through Archaeological Survey of India, State Governments,
Universities, Local Bodies’.
2. Special attention to be paid while planning for religious settlements along the river fronts and
water bodies, where emphasis is to be laid on conservation of water bodies, reduction of pollution
(due to incompatible activities), improper solid waste management and no alteration of the
watershed system of the area.
3. For the application of the conservation, preservation and promotion in various zones of treatment
and flow of tourist, the various planning aspects can be adopted:
a.
Development plan should include historic & religious zones as special zones where all
Development should be permitted by the competent authority.
b.
Development controls to be based on ground realities with a separate section on urban
design approach (such as façade controls) for improving aesthetics of the town at large,
c.
Standardisation of Urban Design in the preservation and conservation zone including:
Typical elevation of the houses, Building height, Elevation colour theme, Building material
(Maintain and encouraging local building material use), Typical styles for column, bracket,
balcony, motifs. While the usable area inside should be free from regulation.
d.
Visibility of historical monuments and façade of the core zone to be maintained and
implementation of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites & Remains Act, 2010
(AMASR).
e.
Signages to be specified and preferably aesthetically fitted, (as given in Shimla Master Plan)
4. Formation of a Heritage Conservation Committee within the Municipality/Development Authority
for the heritage cities is suggested as an implementation agency for Heritage related policies and
plans. The cell to essentially consist of Planners, Conservation architects, Archaeologist, Structure
(retrofitting) engineer, urban designer, Property evaluator, representative from ASI, members
from revenue department, town planning department and local representatives (councillor). Its
roles & responsibility may include:
a.
Strict implementation of Central & State Government policies
b.
Carry out Heritage related studies &surveys, categorising heritage properties and mapping
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c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Formulate special heritage guidelines
Formulate & implement Heritage related Development Control regulations and make
revisions for the ‘regulated zone’ as per the AMASR Act, 2010
Any heritage related notification and fines
Equipment and infrastructure for maintenance of the heritage buildings to be acquired and
maintained
Conducting workshops, awareness programs and cultural activities
Support heritage property owners in repair and maintenance and suggestions for retrofitting
of old structures
5. The tourism plan may also include:
a.
Promotion of Heritage walkway and River front walkway,
b.
Landscaping & Up‐gradation of available open spaces
c.
Revival of urban water bodies
d.
Seasonal tourism events such as Fair and Festivals to be organised as per the approved
‘Guidelines for Financial Assistance to State Government / Union Territory Administrations
for Organizing Fair and Festivals and Tourism related Events’.
e.
Alternative modes of transportation to be encouraged in the tourism plan. Key nodes on
transportation networks to have Tourist Information Centre/kiosk.
f.
Marketing strategies of the tourism destinations to be well‐defined including generating
revenue to the local population, apart from employment generation estimations. On average,
Employment generation by tourism industry as direct and indirect is suggested for hotel
industry (per room) by the Tourism Policy is:
i. Direct employment: 2 persons
ii. Indirect employment: 3 persons
5.5.5. Port city
A coastal city whose seafront is dominated by port and which has come into existence
primarily due to port activities is referred to as a Port City. Such cities represent
exceptional developmental potential due to their maritime identity. Coastal features
remarkably notable within the high‐low tide line mark are mudflats, salt pans,
estuaries, creeks, mangroves, coral reefs, geomorphological features with patches
under sand and beaches; scrubs, plantations, forests and sometimes horticulture. On
the other hand, easy access to large water body of the port leads to development of
coastal infrastructure, fishing activities, salt manufacturing, presence of industries
and even power plants, which provide an advantage to the City development by
means of bearing the benefits of its location. Besides the coastal advantages, these
sites are connected to the hinterland by rail and roads.
5.5.5.1. Associated issue
The challenge in the management of such a city lies in the balanced development of
port activities, environmental protection and urbanisation. Key issues associated with
port city planning are:
Challenge to sustain the port city’s activities while transforming into major economic centres. Some
of the ports have intensified port activities, which have resulted in increasing pressure on land for
urbanisation.
Development of compatible land uses, activity areas and integration of port, industries, logistics
facilities and the residential zones, with the provision of adequate green buffer and connectivity.
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Decentralised development through provision of self‐contained zones within the Port City region.
Preservation of ecologically fragile areas, water bodies and their basins, CRZ and forests.
Identification and planning for the Coastal Regulations Zone and land under the High Tide lines per
the CRZ regulations and major use of the available waterfront.
Attempts along the port land to reclaim land impacting the marine ecology.
Lack of alternative economic activities leading to stagnation of city growth.
Some of the port towns also show high rate of crime. This is primarily due to segregation of classes;
lack of recreational activities, lack of educational facilities for labour class, and to some extent due
to a considerable percentage of the population is bachelor.
5.5.5.2. Planning strategy
A port and a city usually have two distinct entities, the port operational area and the
civil city. These two entities may be differently administered and managed, however,
under the Indian Port Act (IPA), 1908; the Port Trust is the nodal agency for the port
operational area and, at times the civil city too. In some cases port city may have the
administration under the municipal law, hence planning for port city must take into
account the conditions of IPA 1908. Planning for the port for which the jurisdictional
area is well defined is to be done by the Port Trust. While planning for the civil city
may be done by the Port Trust or by the Town and Country Planning Department/
relevant body of the State.
A growth model in general is observed for port city, which evolves from harbour to a
heavy manufacturing base, eventually leading to a commercial growth centre. The
pressure on land impacts its demographic profile and land values. Also, industrial
development requires supporting residential development. Often ancillary and
service industries, warehousing facilities, logistic sector, truck and heavy vehicle
parking areas begin cropping up around the industrial development. This is the stage
where the unplanned proliferation of developmental activities start and a strong need
for planning intervention is felt. Slowly the surrounding land’s real estate value rises
and commercial development intensifies. As a result worker population increases and
forward linkages are established as services like institutional development,
development of financial institutions, corporate offices, BPO amongst others. As the
quality of infrastructure and service improves, eventually the tourism sector also
grows.
International and Indian port cities, viz, Mumbai, Vishakhapatnam, Shanghai and
Singapore reflect presence of industrial manufacturing base and other key
components such as city size and population density. Land use pattern of Los Angeles
and Vishakhapatnam, amongst others have inspired the planning for the non‐
industrial components of institutional support system and commercial economic
base.
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Figure 5.9: Mumbai Port City Analysis
Source:
MMRDA.
The strategy to accommodate all the self‐contained zones within the Port City region
is largely dependent on the geographical and topographical patterns of each port city.
However there are some fundamental similarities in the arrangements in their land
use pattern, which have been depicted in the following diagram.
Figure 5.10: Suggested Port city Planning Strategy
Source:
Various Port city case studies referred.
Port & Industries: Ports bring in a variety of trade and their ancillary activities to the
immediate hinterland. Freight handling and industrial activities have inseparable
linkages with the port.
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The industrial and residential zones generally form two distinct parts of the port
cities with industries and manufacturing units clustering together in the area
immediately surrounding ports. Within the industrial region, the heavy and the light
industries tend to be separated as well with the light industries being set up away
from the port but well connected with transport lines. In many situations SEZs come
up right around the port to attract industry and form the main urban centre of these
port cities. However, shipbuilding and saltpans are economic activities, which come
up along the waterfront.
Residential & Support: Port Trust can allow the development of residential building
for the employees of the Board, within or outside the limits of port as the board may
consider necessary58. Migratory population increases the demand for housing in the
port vicinity, which creates a large portion of the land use share to be residential and
commercial activities.
Residences are generally planned in the port hinterland with strong connectivity.
Along with residences, planned educational/institutional and commercial areas come
up with a view to cater the urban population. Here it is important to note that the
commercial and institutional developments are as a complimentary requirement of
the thrust economic sectors and thus need to be integrated with the port & industries.
To avoid stagnation of port city growth, alternative avenues and economic
opportunities shall be adopted as key strategy taking advantage of the agglomeration
economy and access to basic logistics, like transport, power and water. Institutional
infrastructure base provides skilled and semi‐skilled labour as per the demand and as
a consequence, share of institutional requirement in port cities is slightly on the
higher side. With higher end services being provided, an institutional framework is
established that provides a highly educated and motivated workforce.
Transportation: There would be two aspects for the development of transport
infrastructure in port cities. Firstly, the aspect of infrastructure development is the
establishment of interstate rail lines and airports that are created to accommodate
the easy movement of cargo as the capability of port increase with the setting up of
more industries.
Second is development of a public transport network, which in most cases consists of
rail lines as well as mass rapid transit service. This comes up to cater the movement of
the residential population to the commercial and industrial zones and forms the
backbone of the expansion and growth of the city. Also, the areas around these
Transport Corridors gain in land values and various kinds of mixed use developments
develop around it including commercial, institutional, theme developments,
investment areas, and hospitality and tourism activities amongst others.
A seamless transport infrastructure network should be developed throughout port
trust and local authority area. Works for roads, railways, bridges, and tunnels can be
58
Major Port Trust Act, 1963.
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executed within or without the limits of the port by the sanction of the Board of
Trustees.59
Environment and Sustainability: Marine ecosystems of the coast are very rich in
species diversity and abundance. It is seen in many of the port cities across the world
that once industry and residence has been established, port cities set up
environmental reserves and forest regions and fish culture areas begin focussing on
sustainable development even attracting tourism. Economic activities requiring water
front and conservation of this front under coastal regulation zones have a combating
demand for the sensitive land. However, port trusts have power to carry out the
activities like reclaiming, excavating, enclosing, and raising any part of the foreshore
of the port or port approaches to carry the port activities properly.60
This zone can be regulated through provision of buffers and protected areas
surrounded with compatible land uses of recreational, institutional and sparse
residential areas. Recreational zone can be developed with beaches, creek
development, parks, street shopping etc. to accommodate urban leisure activities by
carefully integrating the sea edge with the city by well‐developed pedestrian paths.
Quality of life: As more workers begin to settle, an urban, cosmopolitan environment
is generated which attracts the commercial and service sectors to these port as well
as recreational areas. The development of these service sectors attracts a different
population of workers, service providers, henceforth emphasising on the need of
educational facilities with technical institutes.
For interaction of the various classes of the society, the living and recreational areas
are to be integrated and hence the open spaces and amenities to be decentralised and
inclusively planned for public integration. Here, social infrastructure can target needs
of specific strata of population to ensure improved quality of life and eventually social
security.
Maritime boards of the country in respective States are making effort to plan these
cities as multi‐functional and sustainable. The idea is to provide for infrastructure to
attract & accommodate urban population and to regulate development in and around
these ports.
59
Ibid.
60
Ibid.
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5.5.5.3. Proposed Land use Structure of Port city
Table 5.8 summarises the land use structure for a typical port city
Table 5.8:
Sl. No.
Land use structure for Port City
Land use Category
Percentage of Developable Area
1
Residential
2
Commercial
3
Industrial (including Port)
4
Public and Semi‐Public
5
Recreational (including waterfront activities)
15‐20
6
Transport and Communication (including logistics)
15‐18
7
Primary activities & Water bodies
Total
20‐24
3‐4
20‐25
6‐8
Balance
100
Source: Modified based on the Proposed Land use Structure for Urban Centers and analysis of various case studies, including
Singapore, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai, Mumbai, Surat, Rotterdam etc.
Note: The above land use distribution is indicative and including green, open spaces, water front activities area, but excluding
CRZ areas and non‐developable areas.
5.5.5.4. Aspects of Planning
1. Planning of the port and its surrounding area to be based on the harbour
structure, port infrastructure, cargo capacity, facilities including jetties &
wharfs, Godown facilities and on the understanding of its backward& forward
linkages of the commodities of import and export. The following port
supporting infrastructure could be considered in a port city as per requirement:
i.
Encourage logistics infrastructure development by private or by the ULBs
to generate revenue. Logistics as a backward linkage benefits from port
&other industries and generates direct and indirect employment.
ii.
Separate rail lines and cargo/freight handling junctions to be situated along
the port and its industries.
iii.
Aerodrome, if existing, can be extended to commercial operations as well.
iv.
During planning, provision for pipelines infrastructure in and around port
city to be given attention
v.
Innovative and feasible alternatives of water supply infrastructure, using
techniques such as desalination, reverse osmosis to be considered.
vi.
Appropriate disposal system for industrial effluents, sewerage and solid
waste.
vii. Area identification for Cyclone Shelters in view of cyclone proneness and
Hazard Line demarcation.
2. Sectors with focus on local raw material available from the natural resource
base have due advantage to bring benefit to the local economy. The areas
marked as high cropping intensity should be left as green/agriculture. Also,
Ship building industry to be allowed/considered along the coastal front.
3. Institutional development is complementary and key support to port city
industrial development for sectors such as port & logistics. Skilled labour is
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required and crucial in light engineering for technical inputs. Similarly semi‐
skilled manpower is prime logistics requirement. Development centres for
skilled and semi‐skill labour shall be developed as a part of institutional facility.
Office spaces and Information Technology is a support system required for high
end and value addition in the entire industrial zone. Besides this, Marine mining
& biotechnology may benefit from research & development. R& D can be
diverted to add value to agriculture, pharmaceuticals etc. also.
4. The National Environmental Policy, 2006 suggests actions to conserve coastal
resources ‐ explicitly consider sea‐level rise and vulnerability of coastal areas to
climate change and geological events, in coastal management plans, as well as
infrastructure planning and construction norms.
Adopt a comprehensive approach to Integrated Coastal Management by addressing
linkages between coastal areas, wetlands, and river systems, in relevant policies,
regulation, and programs.
Environment risks and mitigation plan to be taken into consideration while planning
the port city development.
Sustainability of the port is reflected from its planning as per local weather conditions
and for Ecologically Sensitive Areas & Protected areas such as CRZ, Marine National
park and sanctuaries, specifically taking into consideration the climate change.
Port city design is generally in grid formation. This is due to alignment with the wind
flow directions in the coastal areas as sea breezes and helps to reduce pressure of
cyclonic winds, apart from the influence of mangroves on the cyclone.
5. In case of older cities where ports were set up many years ago, the aim is to
attain sustainable growth of the city by decongesting city centres while at the
same time allowing greater growth in the commercial and industrial sectors by
connecting these cities to smaller towns, suburbs and decentralized hubs of
activity.
Apart from coastal ports, India also has Dry ports‐ Inland Container Depots (ICD) and
Container freight Stations (CFS) are alternatively called Dry Ports. ICD and CFS
provide warehousing space, temporary storage and handling equipment for import
and export load, as well as empty containers. Rail network should be provided for
strong connectivity between the port cities and dry ports.
5.5.6. Integrated Township
Integrated Township can be defined as clusters of planned housing and commercial
businesses with associated infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals,
convenience shopping, water treatment plants and drainage & sewage facilities.
Integrated townships majorly emphasise on creating self‐contained settlements with
work‐live‐play concept by integrating selected economic activities in
manufacturing/service/business categories.
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Integrated townships have more open areas with suitable economic size capable of
supporting businesses and homes, with adequate physical and social infrastructure.
Yet, these should be compact enough to enable high quality living environments
where it is possible to walk‐to‐work / school or take public transport for other
activities. Such townships are expected to offer the same or more comforts and
facilities as available in main city. Over that, it provides relief from congestion and
traffic bottlenecks.
Strategically, integrated townships should be designed to have zero impact in terms of
waste management and be adequately self‐sufficient in terms of facilities for
education, health and other aspects of social welfare. Therefore, for sustainable
infrastructure and continued operation and maintenance, new service sectors such as
facilities management and integrated waste management shall be promoted in
Integrated Townships.
States like Maharashtra and Rajasthan have policy (township policy) under which
new townships are being developed by private developers within the city limits on
Urbanisable land under the Development plan/ Master plan of the city. The minimum
area of such townships is 100 acres in Maharashtra and 10 hectares in Rajasthan.
Government of India has permitted Foreign Direct Investment up to 100% for
development of integrated townships including housing, commercial premises,
hotels, resorts, city and regional level urban infrastructure facilities such as roads and
bridges, mass rapid transit systems and manufacture of building materials.
Development of land and providing allied infrastructure will form an integrated part
of township's development. 61 Many States in India, following initiatives by
Maharashtra and Rajasthan, have made attempt to prepare policies or schemes for the
development of integrated townships. The brief based on study of relevant
policy/schemes of three States’ is being presented below.
5.5.6.1. State Integrated Township Policies
To provide a framework for the development of townships and to regulate the
functions of the participants in such developments, the Government should formulate
an Integrated Township policy / scheme, as has been done by the Governments of
Gujarat 62 , Himachal Pradesh 63 , Rajasthan 64 and Uttar Pradesh 65 . Such policies
institutionalise the role of the state government, developers and other state level
agencies in the process of developing Integrated Townships.
Rajasthan:
61
Guidelines for FDI in Development of Integrated Township, DIPP Press Note, 2002.
62
Gujarat Integrated Township Policy, 2008 (GUDC).
63
Himachal Pradesh Integrated Township Scheme (Draft).
64
Rajasthan Township Policy, 2010.
65
Integrated Township Policy, Housing & Urban Planning Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh.
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The salient features of the Guidelines for developing Integrated Township provided by State of
Rajasthan66 has been listed below:
Minimum area for integrated township shall be 10 hectares,
The local authority shall acquire land and may allot for township projects to developers,
Local authorities would develop sector parks on the lines of sector roads as per zonal plans,
Road connectivity shall be ensured by the developer and no road shall be less than 40 ft.,
FAR for the entire gross area of scheme shall be 1.2,67
Industrial Township shall have Facilities/Services/Open/Road area as 35%, further breakup of
which is facilities area ‐10%, open area‐ 5%, area under roads – 20%
Street Lights: The distance between poles should not be more than 30 meters,
It is mandatory for the developer to establish and operate STP in the township along with recycling
of treated waste water,
Horticulture & Plantation: Trees of heights more than five feet should be planted with minimum of
30 trees per acre of the gross area,
In township schemes local authority will construct “community water harvesting structures” and
all water outlets and drainages will be connected to this structure. This shall be strictly enforced by
the Local Authority,
The design of the township shall aim at water and energy conservation.
Rajasthan Township Policy, 2010 has provided following categories of schemes for
developing different type of townships:
Table 5.9:
Rajasthan Township Policy: Types of Townships
Types of Townships
Area requirement
Township Scheme
More than 20 hectares.
Mini‐Township Scheme
More than 10 hectares and up‐to 20 hectares
Special Townships (like Educational Township,
Industrial Township, I.T. Township
Special Townships (like Educational Township, Industrial
Township, I.T. Township)
Minimum area of 10 hectares in RIICO68 industrial areas
in small towns.
Mixed land use on land of closed /sick units in small
towns
Affordable housing projects on land of sick or unviable units in industrial areas of RIICO or elsewhere.
Source:
Rajasthan Township Policy, 2010.
Himachal Pradesh:
The salient features of Himachal Pradesh Integrated Township Scheme69 are:
More than 40 hectare of land in hilly terrain and above in 50 hectare in plains mandatory for
developing Integrated Townships,
Special Townships (like Educational Township, Industrial Township, I.T. Township etc.), with more
than 40 hectares of land,
The Township shall not include land under the forest, water bodies, land falling within 100m from
(having the level the HFL) the HFL (High Flood Level) of the major lakes, dams land falling within
200m from the official boundary of historical monuments and places of archaeological importance,
archaeological monuments, heritage precincts, other restricted areas.
The Township scheme shall have a minimum of 15 meter approach road from any National
Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, Other District Road or any other road area
network/sector roads/master plan roads.
66
67
Notification, 2007, Government of Rajasthan.
However, the individual plots can be allowed maximum FAR as per Building Regulation but not exceeding 2.4.
68
Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation.
69
Himachal Pradesh Integrated Township Scheme.
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For global township, FAR for the entire gross area of scheme shall be 1.75. 70
Policies at national level also provided guidelines for the Integrated Townships, as National Urban
Housing and Habitat Policy states that, Integrated Townships should generally be located on
comparatively degraded land excluding prime agricultural areas growing more than one crop with the
help of assured irrigation. Also, these should be located at a reasonable distance from medium or large
towns.71Hence, mass rapid transport corridors shall be developed between existing medium and large
towns and new green‐field towns so that the relationship between industry and commerce is
developed to an optimum level.
Gujarat:
Government of Gujarat has proposed to provide primarily five types of support activities through the
Gujarat Integrated Township Policy, 2008 (GUDC) for facilitating to develop Integrated Townships in
the State, which are as follows:
Provision of trunk infrastructure and procurement of land,
Establishment of a Green Channel for statutory clearances related to land, development
permissions, environmental clearances,
Special benefits (tourism, education, health projects) under the policy,
Rating of developers and projects to be mandated by the government.
Gujarat Integrated Township Policy has provided detailed town planning norms on land use
classification. Broad percentages of land area under each use sub category in the proposed township
are defined in the policy document. The land use categories prescribed in table below may be the
predominant use of the land, thus, the document also specifies land uses which are permitted and those
which are not permitted in the land use zone. The colour coding differentiates the mandatory from the
recommended norms.
70
However, the individual plots can be allowed maximum FAR as per Building Regulation but not exceeding 2.4.
71
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007.
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Table 5.10: Space Allocation/Land Use Mix: Permitted under Gujarat Integrated Township Policy, 2008
Minimum Land Area by Use SubCategory
NO
Use Category
Description
Name
1 Technology
Parks
Measurable
Parameter
Value
What does
the value
include?
Residential
Such as Parks of
IT ITES.
Biotechnology,
Apparel, Gems &
Jewellery and
other R & D
Institutions with
Ancillary Housing
2 Education
Such complexes of
Based
schools/colleges/
Townships
Universities/resea
rch centres with
Hostels and
Ancillary Housing
3 Medical/Healt Such as complexes
h care
of hospitals/
Townships
health resorts/
medical colleges/
medical research
facilities with
Hostels and
Ancillary Housing
4 Tourism
Related
Infrastructure
Proportion of
total Built Up
Area used for
Economic
Activity
70% or
more
Residential,
Commercial,
Institutional
and
Industrial
area as
specified
30% of the
developed
land area
‐
60% or
more
Residential
and
Institutional
15% of the
developed
land area
Proportion of
total Built Up
Area used for
health Care
facilities
60% or
more
Residential
and
Institutional
15% of the
developed
land area
Proportion of
total Built Up
Area used for
Economic
Activity
70% or
more
Commercial, 20% of the
Institutional, developed
Residential
land area
5 Logistics
Parks
Proportion of
total Built Up
Area used for
commercial
activity
70% or
more
Commercial,
Industrial,
Residential
184
Includes all large
scale logistics
(freight handling)
and trading
activities
(wholesale or
retail) with
ancillary activities
such as office
complexes,
20% of the
developed
land area
Institutio
Functiona
Residential
Commercial Institutiona nal (Social Indust
Commercial
Road
l Open
for EWS
for EWS
l
infrastruc rial
Spaces
ture)
10% of land ‐
5% of land ‐
1% of
‐
10% of the 10% of the
under
under
developed
developed developed
residential
commercial
land area
land area land area
development
development
to be
to be
allocated
allocated
10% of land 5% of the
under
developed
residential land area
development
to be
allocated
10% of land 5% of the
under
developed
residential land area
development
to be
allocated
5% of land ‐
under
commercial
development
to be
allocated
5% of land ‐
under
commercial
development
to be
allocated
1% of
‐
developed
land area
10% of the 10% of the
developed developed
land area land area
1% of
‐
developed
land area
10% of the 10% of the
developed developed
land area land area
10% of land
under
residential
development
to be
allocated
10% of land ‐
under
residential
development
to be
allocated
5% of land ‐
under
commercial
development
to be
allocated
5% of land 5% of the
under
developed
commercial land area
development
to be
allocated
1% of
‐
developed
land area
10% of the 10% of the
developed developed
land area land area
1% of the ‐
developed
land area
10% of the 10% of the
developed developed
land area land area
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Minimum Land Area by Use SubCategory
Use Category
NO
Description
Name
6 Residential
7 Mixed Use
Townships
Source:
entertainment
complexes and
Ancillary Housing
Where Housing is
developed as
serviced plots or
constructed
Dwelling Units
and is contiguous
to an accessible
economic activity
Are also eligible
Measurable
Parameter
Proportion of
total Built Up
Area used for
Dwelling
Units
Value
80% or
more
What does
the value
include?
Institutio
Residential
Commercial Institutiona nal (Social Indust
Residential
Commercial
Road
for EWS
for EWS
l
infrastruc rial
ture)
Residential
‐
10% of land 10% of the
under
developed
residential land area
development
to be
allocated
5% of land 5% of the
under
developed
commercial land area
development
to be
allocated
5% of the ‐
developed
land area
10% of the 10% of the
developed developed
land area land area
‐
10% of land 10% of the
under
developed
residential land area
development
to be
allocated
5% of land ‐
under
commercial
development
to be
allocated
1% of the ‐
developed
land area
10% of the 10% of the
developed developed
land area land area
Functiona
l Open
Spaces
Gujarat Integrated Township Policy, 2008.
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5.5.7. Planning for Affordable Housing
Provision for affordable housing is a critical provision in the context of sustainable
development. Affordable housing implies that the cost of the housing should be
affordable to the disposal income of low income group, EWS and the poor. The cost
of housing has two major components‐ land and construction of houses. Invariably
in large cities land cost undesirably is boosted making housing cost unaffordable for
the majority. Therefore, the critical policy in planning has to relate to adequate
supply of land, commensurate to the needs of the majority, not for demand of the
minority. This requires strong policy interventions to control rise of land price,
speculation and more importantly to increase supply of land for buildings in the
market. Some State initiatives have made efforts in policy and planning and
prevention in order to affordable housing and this involves enacting regulations of
reservation in housing supply for EWS and the poor.
Case Study: Affordable Housing Norms, Rajasthan
Sustainable human development cannot be achieved without adequate & affordable housing to the
vulnerable population residing in the ever‐growing urban settlements currently. Affordable shelter
for the masses or creation of productive and responsive housing is a complex amalgam of a host of
factors, which need to be tackled at all levels and in a synchronized manner. Department of Urban
Development, Housing and Local Self Government, Government of Rajasthan has developed
Affordable Housing Policy, 2009 after studying and dovetailing various housing schemes of
Government of India. With the help of the policy framework and the in‐built incentives it is aimed to
motivate various agencies, including private developers to take up construction of affordable housing
for EWS/LIG categories in various urban centres of Rajasthan. Under the said Policy, five models for
developing Affordable Housing have been advanced.
Model No1: Mandatory Provisions
Table 5.11: Proportion of Plots/Houses/Flats in Townships/Group Housing Schemes
S.No.
EWS/LIG
MIGA category
Rajasthan Housing Board
50%
20%
All Urban Local Bodies
25%
20%
Private developers
15%
‐
Source:
Affordable Housing Policy, 2009, Rajasthan Government
Model No2: Private developers on land owned by them
Developers to take up construction of EWS/LIG flats on minimum 40% of the total land.
The built up EWS/LIG flats to be handed over to Avas Vikas Limited at pre‐determined prices.
Several incentives are offered like double of the normal FAR, TDR facility, waiver of EDC, Building
plan approval fee, conversion charges, 10% of the total land allowed for commercial use, fast
track approval
Model No3: Private developers on acquired land
The land would be made available to the developer on payment of compensation (Land
Acquisition cost + 10% Administration charges). All other parameters as per Model No. 2.
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Model No4: Private developers on Government land
Earmarked Government land to be offered free of cost to the developer selected through an open
bidding process. The developer offering the maximum number of EWS/LIG flats free of cost to the
ULB would be awarded the project. At least 50% houses should be of EWS category.
The developer shall be free to use the remaining land as per his choice for residential purpose
with 10% for commercial use. All other parameters as per Model No. 2.
Model No5: Slum Housing
The model is based on various schemes approved by Government of India and also on the lines of
"Mumbai Model" of slum redevelopment with private sector participation.
The Policy document also provides for the tentative land use breakup, ground
coverage, time period for finishing project, additional FAR and Use of TDR as a result
of additional FAR.
Integrated Townships developing in the periphery of cities lead to formation
of enclaves once city grows and once peripheral area is accommodated in city
planning area. These enclaves can be assimilated with the city character and
structure by realising needs of the main city, promoting required activities in
the townships and developing policies to accommodate needs of development.
5.5.8. Medi‐City
The concept of modern medical cities or special health care facilities as been in place
for some time, but has gained renewed interest, particularly in rapidly developing
economies. The concept of a medi‐city or health city defines a cluster of hospitals, a
holistic healthcare centre; a large hospital sprawled across acres of land. Medi‐city
can be a new township or a zone of a city, where medical facilities are provided
releasing pressure from the main city or to promote medical tourism attracting new
sources of economic growth.
Medi‐cities have been designed to be comprehensive in scope and incorporate
advanced technologies and medical practices. The scale and scope of medical cities
usually demands an advanced level of care, both in technology and approaches to
create an attractive destination for care to ensure the high level of patient volumes
required to support such a large setup.
5.5.8.1. Pre‐requisites
In certain circumstances, Medi‐cities evolve in metropolitan cities. There are many
pre‐requisites for the development of Medi‐cities, as:
Volume and demand: Medi‐cities will always require a significant amount of patient volume
from the local population in addition to the human resources and community infrastructure that
a city setting provides.
Special infrastructure: Medical care and associated infrastructure is to be provided in a planned
manner. Medi‐cities require highly specialised provisions for medical waste handling especially
hazardous bio‐waste, accessibility, special care systems, area reservations and infrastructure.
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Accessibility: Well‐connected site is required for Medi‐city development to provide ease in
accessibility. Parking provisions in a medi‐city is need based demand, focusing on institutional
set‐ups. Accessibility into and around the medi‐city should be highly focused on the accessibility
of differently abled / physically challenged / disabled.
Attractiveness: Medical cities need to offer several attractive attributes to attract foreign or
‘non‐local’ patients to overcome the competition, having special care, area reservation, and
infrastructure facilities. Hotels, beautiful landscaping and country club, in order to attract and
promote medical tourism, should complement the medi‐city.
Multiple functions: Medi‐cities developing in isolation do not reach the maturity stage. Medical
cities should also incorporate substantial non‐medical services to support the staff, patients and
visitors. Clear approach and effective forecasting may not be easy in such a case.
Poor management of health care waste potentially exposes health care workers, waste
handlers, patients and the community at large to infection, toxic effects and injuries, and risks
polluting the environment. It is essential that all medical waste materials generated from medical
city are segregated at the point of generation, appropriately treated and disposed of safely. Bio‐
Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011of MoEF or latest such guidelines, must
be followed in Medi‐cities (to be monitored by CPCB/SPCB as per their regulations).
5.5.8.2. Planning strategy
Medi cities have the ability to support services that are highly specialized, services
that often struggle to see sufficient volume to support a business case. Medi‐cities
need to have a strong higher and medical educational system and complete and
stable infrastructure to become an ideal location for specialisation. Due to the
interplay of economies of scale, the Medi‐city creates an interesting and
opportunistic intersection with medical tourism as mentioned earlier. For those
organizations providing medical tourism services, this integration extends beyond
the immediate community into the global healthcare delivery system.
5.5.8.3. Aspects of Planning
Since the most critical issue in Medi‐city is handling of hazardous medical waste,
essential facilities for the maintenance of Medi‐city has been prescribed by WHO,
these are:
Effective waste reduction and waste segregation, ensuring that only appropriate wastes are
incinerated;
Siting incinerators away from populated areas or areas where food is grown, thus minimizing
exposures and thereby risks;
A properly engineered design, ensuring that combustion conditions are appropriate, e.g.,
sufficient residence time and temperatures to minimize products of incomplete combustion;
Construction following detailed dimensional plans, thus avoiding flaws that can lead to
incomplete destruction of waste, higher emissions, and premature failure of the incinerator.
Apart from the waste handling of the Medi‐city, the key aspects of planning are:
1. Access: One of the primary success factors for proper healthcare design is convenient and easy
access to and from the facility. This includes simple way‐finding, safe and weather‐protected
vehicular drop‐offs, and convenient access to parking. Such access is often at odds with urban
planning trends, which attempt to minimize the impact of vehicular transportation in favour of
more pedestrian‐oriented buildings.
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2. Transportation facilities like bus routes, metro rail, bicycling, and heliports are substantial non‐
medical services to support the staff, patients and visitors.
3. Parking Demands: Access to public transportation and housing within walking distance creates
opportunities for staff and certain patients and visitors to avoid vehicular commuting altogether.
This reduces the polluting impact of automobiles and can minimize the size of required parking
facilities. It should be noted, however, that even with these reductions, hospitals would still
generally create a much higher parking demand per square foot than a typical urban office
building.72
4. Natural Environment: Environment Studies have concluded that a natural environment is
essential to create a genuine state‐of‐the‐art healing environment and reducing stress. Key
sustainable design elements such as roof‐gardens, courtyard spaces can minimizes the building’s
heat‐island effect, reduces demand on storm water systems, improves surrounding air quality,
and reduces noise pollution.
5. Institutional: Integration of Medi‐city with research and development centres for bio‐medical
research, medical colleges, training centres are necessary. Also, financial support units should be
created such as banks, ATM facilities, information centres, money transfers and exchange and
insurance company outlets.
6. Commercial Space: A mixed use community is desirable in this area because of its proximity to
the emerging Medical City. Therefore, Planned Development shall be encouraged, including a
mixture of residential use types, hotel, retail/commercial, office and airport support, commerce,
conservation and recreational uses.
Medical city should encompass the concept of self‐sustainable cities/townships, in a
way as an eco‐city is designed with consideration of environmental impact. They
should have clean disposal of waste, waste‐to‐energy, renewable energy, sustainable
transportation and drainage system, zero‐energy building, green roof, etc.
5.5.9. Sports city
Sports City defines a large developed area with all kind of sports infrastructure
facility to support organising and hosting different sports activities in a city.
Basically it is a concept of “City within City” which provides a regular series of sports
venues, sports academies, providing a platform for youth development, recreational
sports facilities, residential and commercial developments, together with all the
related amenities. The purpose‐built city is supported by service facilities like
schools, medical facilities for sportsmen and residents, hotels, community centres
and entertainment venue. And eventually all the events of sports city translate their
activity into economic generation for an economically sustainable sport city.
5.5.9.1. Associated issue
As sports city emerges as a newly developed city on the fringe or near to the existing
or old city so the associated issues are different from the parent city. Following are
some of the issues associated with sports city:
72
Large vacant land is required for developing sports city for development of sports infrastructure
and supporting services. This required land is only available near to the parent city, if planned in
advance.
Case Studies in Design Excellence for Mid‐Sized Urban / Inner Suburban Medical Centers, by AIA Potomac Valley
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Huge and regular investment for infrastructure development is a big challenge to sustain sports
cities. Major sports events are not held on a high frequency so maintenance and sustainability
during lean time is a challenge
World class modern infrastructure and equipment only can act as a pull factor of sports persons
to come, participate and stay for long. Apart from development of sports complexes other
development including residential, commercial and logistic facilities (store houses) are to be
integrated.
As sports cities lies on outskirts of the city, lack of connectivity leads to isolation of the sport city.
Further, if the sports city lacks alternative economic activities, apart from sport event, it leads to
stagnation of city growth.
Apart from sports city, it has been widely accepted that availability of facilities for
sports and games and recreation is an essential part of healthy social life. Now it has
been considered as an important parameter in determining the quality of human
development. Sports play a vital role in overall development of youth. As per the
latest All India Educational Survey conducted by the National Council for
Educational Research and Training (NCERT) more than 50 per cent of one million
plus schools in the country lack playground facility. This problem is more acute in
the urban areas where playing fields are facing serious threat from competing
demands on open spaces due to the low priority attached to it.
5.5.9.2. Planning strategy
The various factors associated with Sports city planning are strategic location,
sports infrastructure, supporting institutional infrastructure and most importantly,
skilled man power in the sector.
In India, cities and townships like Greater Noida Sports City, Mohali Sports Complex
has emerged as a sports city. Now, New Raipur, almost 20 km from Raipur city is
developing as a new sports city by the Naya Raipur Development Authority in
eastern part of India.
Initial development of the sports city are to focus on infrastructure development,
specific to sports, recreation and connectivity to national level urban centres and
also international. Success of the city lies in the institutional backing to provide for
highly specialised skill development, research and development and application of
evolving technologies in the field. To overcome the challenge of huge investments,
sports tourism, is among the alternative sources to sustain sports cities. The
management of such cities/townships shall strategies these with hospitality,
commercials, recreational and entertainment venues and proportion of its land use
up to 15‐20% to be dedicated for such uses73.
73
Evolved from Gujarat Integrated Township Policy, 2008.
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Case Study: Naya Raipur Sports City
Total area: Proposed development is on 130 acres, with its prime use divided into recreational
and residential zone as mentioned in the Master Plan of Naya Raipur, 2031.
Land use & Infrastructure: The project is conceived as an integrated development featuring
residential and commercial real estate components of the Greenfield capital city, complemented
by various sports facilities of international standards. Core activities of the two areas is proposed
to be well segregated, however, the supporting infrastructure and amenities to facilitate all the
prerequisites for luxury lifestyle and a well‐equipped base for sports requirements are integrated.
Inclusive planning: As per the stipulations of NRDA, 10% of the total housing units need to be
developed as LIG and 15% of the total number of housing units need to be developed as EWS
housing.
Residential Zone: The core concept of this component is to be an integrated neighbourhood
development with easy access to social amenities and facilities like healthcare, education,
shopping, leisure and entertainment, sports.
Sports Zone: It is the prime focus area for development of sports city for providing sports
complex for organising games, training centre, practice venue and competition based environment
of sports at both national and international level. The sports zone would offer a wide range of
indoor and outdoor sports facilities, mainly comprising an aquatic centre and indoor stadium to be
development components. Sports centre, accommodation facilities for players along with other
support infrastructure such as food courts, restaurants, and open spaces form optional sports
components.
Other facilities would be parking space, public utilities and amenities, hospital and primary health
centre and shopping centre for local residents.
5.5.9.3. Aspects of Planning
The major planning aspects of the sports city are development of sports complexes,
training centres, medical facilities, good connectivity, residential and commercial
zones. The following supporting infrastructure should be considered for sport city:
Good connectivity with the existing cities by road and rail facilities.
Provisions for all basic infrastructures like water supply, storm water drainage and sewerage,
and if location allows, integrate with the parent city, in order to draw benefits from the common
infrastructure.
Share of open spaces and recreational land use to be significantly high and hence provision of
water harvesting system for available large open spaces in the sports city to be mandatory.
Alternative uses of the open space to generate revenue during lean period.
To regulate the development activity of sports city an integrated institutional development is
required with local bodies and the sports authority.
To promote Sports Tourism, Sports City to boast major entertainment venues, community
centres, hotels and all the related amenities expected
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It should be noted that the projections and allocation of infrastructure provisions
and space standards of a Sports city are different. Such as the per capita water
supply requirement should be planned for higher amount compared to the other
cities. Since it is a “City within City”, the building regulations in the development
plan for these areas to be individually prepared. The large land requirement in these
cities must be compensated by sustainable development and green infrastructure.
Government of India (GoI) has taken into consideration, the importance of sports in
day to day life and have made policies for development of sports at the level of Gram
Panchayat, Urban Local Body and schools. Initiatives taken by the GoI are as follows:
The National Sports Policy, 2001 of Government of India, ensures the provision of land and
development of sports for the educational institutions, Schools and Colleges in both rural and
urban areas, where existing play fields and stadium, both in rural and urban areas, will be
maintained for sports purposes. The introduction of suitable legislation may be considered for
providing open areas to promote sports activities. Steps would be taken to evolve low cost
functional and environment‐friendly designs in this regard, so that maximum benefits could be
derived through relatively low levels of investment.
The revised Twenty Point Programme, 2006 of Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports provide for
substantially enhanced public investments as a fundamental requirement for the time‐bound
establishment of basic but extensive sports infrastructure along with trained supervisors and
organized sports management arrangements. This will include trained supervisors, in all rural
Panchayats and urban neighbourhoods throughout the country, leading to the
establishment of a National Sports Infrastructure Grid extending from the community
level in Panchayats and Municipalities to Block, District, State, Metropolitan and National
levels, backed by sports medicine and sports sciences.
Apart from Sports city, the Comprehensive Sports Policy, 2007 of Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports urges State Governments and Local Governments to engage physical instructors in schools
and make available at least 1 acre of land for a primary school and 2.5 acres of land for an
upper primary school for use as playgrounds. In addition, it is also introducing and thus,
implementing major programme in urban areas, to financially support the Nagarpalikas and
other Urban Local Institutions to provide basic safe places to play in poorer areas in convergence
with the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. The Nagarpalikas will need to
provide the minimum prescribed extent of land on a realistic basis. For this, financial assistance
from GoI should be used as seed money to raise other contributions from the public and private
entities for the creation of the basic sports infrastructure.
5.5.10. Development by the Private Sector
Multiple urban planning approaches that are available today pave way for the
development of planned settlements in greenfield and brownfield sites. The
information provided in this chapter about different cities and townships, state
policies and development approaches can be realised on the ground of State backing.
Easy adoption of these opportunities by developers for developing planned and
better cities is possible once State Governments legislate and bring out township
policies.
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5.6.
Special Area Planning (cantonment area, restricted area etc.)
5.6.1. Cantonment Area
Cantonment area is a place or places along with boundaries in which any part of the
Armed Forces is quartered in a region amidst civil population. The overall municipal
administration of the notified cantonments is the function of the Cantonment
Boards which are local bodies comprising democratically elected representatives of
the residents of the Cantonment as well as official members on a 50:50 basis.
As per “The Cantonments Act, 2006”, the Central Government may, by notification in
the Official Gazette, declare any place or places along with boundaries in which any
part of the Forces is quartered or which, being in the vicinity of any such place or
places, is or are required for the service of such forces to be a cantonment for the
purposes of this Act and of all other enactments for the time being in force, and may,
by a like notification, declare that any cantonment shall cease to be a cantonment.
Also, section 10(2)74 states that, “Every Board shall be deemed to be a municipality
under clause of article 243P of the Constitution for the purposes of‐
a.
b.
Receiving grants and allocations; or
Implementing the Central Government schemes of social welfare, public health, hygiene, safety,
water supply, sanitation, urban renewal and education.
Thus, the Cantonment Board provides municipal services, community facilities and
civic utilities including Water Supply, Sanitation, Street‐lighting, roads, medical,
educational, and recreational facilities. The Board also strives, as per the National
Policy, for the environmental up‐gradation by planting trees, bushes, decorative
plants, etc. The cantonment board also act as a municipality for taxation purposes75.
The structure of Cantonment Boards is being maintained keeping in view the fact
that the Cantonment areas were and are primarily meant to accommodate the
military population and their installations. The Cantonment is an area, which
comprise of both military and civil population. Thus, it needs to be covered under
the guidelines of area development plan, so that the civic services can be integrated
for the benefit of the ultimate user.
5.6.1.1. Categorises of Cantonments
As per the Cantonments Act, 2006, the cantonments are categorised into four types
based on the population residing within the cantonment limit. The categories are
mentioned in table below.
74
The Cantonments Act, 2006.
75
Section 10875, states that, “A Board shall be deemed to be a municipal committee for the purposes of taxation as per the
Municipal Taxation Act, 1881 (11 of 1881).”
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Table 5.12: Cantonment Categories
Sr. No.
Cantonment Categories
Population Limit
i
Category I
More than 50, 000
ii
Category II
10,001 ‐ 50,000
iii
Category III
2,501 – 10,000
iv
Category IV
Up to 2,500
5.6.1.2. Land Use in Cantonment
Land in cantonments is classified under the following major categories for the
purpose of development:
Class A: Reserved for specific military purpose and is managed by military authorities.
Class B: Reserved for military administration for central government departments, railways;
state government and agricultural land; used by private persons on lease; Vacant land, managed
by the defence estate officer.
Class C: Occupied or used for municipal purposes such as markets, roads, ranges, gardens, etc. it
is managed by the cantonment board.
Case Study of Cantonment areas
1. Delhi Cantonment Area
Delhi Cantonment Area is spread over an area of 42.97sq.km and municipal administration is
provided by the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB), which works under the administrative control of
the Central Government (Ministry of Defence).
Role in Infrastructure: The Board (DCB) is responsible for solid waste management, drainage and
sewerage, street cleaning of the Delhi Cantonment area. While bulk water is supplied by Delhi Jal
Board, which is 100%, metered, water is being metered in the distribution side at the pump houses
for bulk consumers but not at individual houses. The Delhi Jal Board receives in bulk all sewerage
from Delhi Cantonment Board for treatment and disposal.
Land features:DCB regulates development in the Cantonment Area, located between the airport and
the NDMC area, within which features such as the Cantonment low density bungalow layout with
extensive gardens, heritage buildings associated with the Armed Forces, and components such as
Gopinath Bazaar and St. Martins Garrison church are considered to be of significance. Some locations
in the Cantonment Area have been proposed as a Conservation Area by INTACH in the 2000 List.
However, total number of Jhuggies has been increased from 1570 in 1990 to 1700 in 1994 in Delhi
Cantonment Board area.
(Source: CDP Delhi, Dept. of Urban Development, Govt. of Delhi
(http://jnnurm.nic.in/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Delhi.pdf)
2. Pune Cantonment Board (PCB)
The Pune Cantonment Board (PCB) is considering levying the Local Body Tax (LBT) in future, only
after the Pune Municipal Corporation abolishes octroi. They have also studied the implementation of
LBT in Aurangabad and have found there is a hike in their revenue and they believe LBT is far more
feasible than octroi. Specific rule under Cantonments Act states that if the State abolishes a
particular tax, the Cantonment Board situated in that State cannot levy that particular tax, limiting
PCB to impose it.
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5.6.1.3. Associated issues
Some major and minor issues associated with Cantonment areas and their
developments are:
Cantonments were always considered as high‐security areas. The Cantonment Land
Administration Rules permitted lease option for civilian population, who initially settled within
the limit of Cantonment for the purpose of residential and commercial activity. These settlements
are support systems such as for commercial activities, manpower support as formal or informal
and to fulfil some of the institutional requirements. Within the cantonment areas, military based
development and civilian based development takes place. But the management of this
development faces the similar issues as those by the ULBs and development authorities. They
are:
Lack of sufficient funding due to dependency on the Central and State government policies and
permitted or abolished finance revenues;
Lack of consolidated and appropriate planning norms to guide the development of the civilian areas;
The administration of Cantonments is a Union Subject, placed is List I of VII Schedule of the
Constitution. The municipal administration of Cantonments is regulated under the provisions of
the Cantonments Act, 2006. Cantonments cannot access development funds because the
Ministry of Defence and the army are in the non‐plan sector. This isolation is the fundamental
reason for
Lack of integration with the city as a whole, due to paucity of funds and non‐implementation of
Central and State Sponsored Schemes is the Cantonments.
However, as per the Cantonments Act, 2006 the Board may join with any other local authority and
appoint a joint committee for any purpose in which they are jointly interested.
In most cases, cantonments draw services from the city municipality especially water and power, this
creates a dependence on city municipality which needs to be planned carefully and with higher
standards than that set for the city.
Therefore, from the planning perspective, the integration of planning between cantonment areas and
the urban settlements around it, is weak or absent.
Another important planning issue is urban sprawl/ out growths. Cantonment areas which were
originally located at a distance from the city are now within its limits or on its fringe which
creates planning problems related to security and planned urban development of the city. The
rapid urbanisation along urban settlements has engulfed the buffer zone between the two,
leading to76 :
Haphazard development in the surrounding areas of cantonment due to lack of Master Plan /
Development Plan, and lack of land use specifications, resulting into unplanned formal and informal
commercial establishments.
High waste generation in the surroundings of the Cantonment areas due to uncontrolled and
undeveloped open spaces. Such a case is of Ahmedabad Cantonment area (due to untreated disposal
methods and lack of proper waste management system).
Illegal occupancy on defence land due to uncertain General Land Records (GLR). Cases of occupants
questioning the preparation of GLR particularly in the case of Secunderabad Cantonment have
arrived.
5.6.1.4. Planning Strategies
The Cantonment Board has to execute a variety of duties and functions with the
limited availability of funds. The board is responsible to make provisions for
physical as well as social infrastructure. Construction, conservation and
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The Times of India
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maintenance of public service infrastructure, historical monuments, public places,
etc. are also under the purview of the board.
In the given circumstances, where the duties and functions of the cantonment board
and the municipality are similar, the integrated planning efforts shall address the
associated issues of the cantonment area planning
Strategy 1: To control the overall area, in absence of land use specifications, which results into
shopping and commercial establishments in Cantonment residential areas calls for the need for
preparation of Development Plans/ Master Plan. Here, efforts shall be made by the Cantonment
Board or by Joint Committee for formulation of a detailed Development plan. The norms and
standards given in this Guideline may be adopted with modifications for planning (specifically) the
civilian areas of the cantonment. Some specific planning aspects to include:
a.
Public utilities such as water supply, sewage systems and treatment plants, telecommunication,
transportation networks and modes, power etc. can be integrated for ULB’s and Cantonment
Board for an effective output by the powers vested in the Joint Committee.
b.
Social infrastructure such as stadium and sports complex, working women hostel can be built
within the Cantonment area for civilians. Recreational facilities shall be integrated with the
cantonment areas.
c.
Commercial space development with proper guidelines will result in increment of the land
value, which will be beneficial for Cantonment Board.
d.
Integration of the external infrastructure with the city level infrastructure facilities.
e.
More importantly, cantonment boards should make provision to include all sprawls or
outgrowths within their jurisdiction areas for control (building) and land use managements77.
Strategy 278: Another approach for planning exercise is by JNNURM scheme, where Comprehensive
Development Plan and Comprehensive Mobility Plan shall be prepared by the Local authorities in
consultation with Cantonment Board and approved by Ministry of Defence for raising the funds
under the scheme. As per norms, a city development plan projecting future development of roads,
water, sewerage and storm water drains and an indent of existing land use and a future land use plan
is mandatory to obtain grants under all Central scheme such as Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JnNURM), Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) and other Central government schemes.
This approach of planning the cantonment is to ensure:
Integration in terms of connectivity as well as mass rapid transportation system,
Suitably chosen locations of city level infrastructure for cantonment and civilians
Well planned economic/commercial base in the cantonment area,
Giving city a direction to its future growth towards or away from cantonment as strategized.
Another advantage is that the natural systems management such as rivers and flood control
measures can be clubbed for both the Cantonment areas and City area, which will minimise the
losses, as, witnessed for Ambala Cantonment.
City zonal plans on areas adjacent to cantonment board area should be finalised by the
Competent City Authority (Municipalities/ Development Authority) in consultation with
Cantonment Board Administration.
Control on the surrounding or immediate zonal plans to cater to the requirements of the
cantonment area.
77
In case of requirement buffer zones are created for specific defence land pockets under Works of Defence Act, 1903.
78
Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) had introduced JnNURM in selected 76 cities of the country to provide funds on
Central/ State/ Local Body sharing basis to develop basic infrastructure of the cities keeping in view the modern day
requirements of urban governance. Among these cities, there are 28 Cantonments which are co‐located within these Mission
cities in the first phase of JnNURM. However, the issue of sharing funds with cantonment boards is still under consideration
of Government of India.
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Case Study for CDP preparation in Cantonment area
The Khadki Cantonment Board (KCB), Pune is preparing City Development Plan (CDP) to
strengthen urban infrastructure and integrate it with that of the Pune Municipal Corporation with
focus on traffic management for better connectivity, improvement in water supply, better garbage
disposal system, developing sewerage system in bungalow areas and implementing projects in
slum areas. The concept arises to get more funds from the state and Union governments under the
JnNURM as cantonment board is looking for more funds. The first step for getting the funds is to
prepare a CDP, which has to be approved by the state government and sent to the Union
government for final approval
(Source: The Times of India.)
Revenue generation for Implementation of the plan:
The Cantonment Board generates revenue through meagre octroi, taxes and other fees, as explained
in above sections. There are alternatives to increase this revenue. Cantonment area should
incorporate shopping plaza/complex, which will encourage the shopkeepers to pay more rent to the
board. The board can also organise weekly markets, which will also encourage higher shop rents79.
Proper planning strategy as recommended above shall ease the establishment of paid parking,
theatres, cinemas, community hall, stadiums, gymnasia etc. that will also generate revenue. As per
“The Cantonment Act, 2006”, these establishments are the responsibilities of Cantonment Board.
5.6.1.5. Recommendations
As per the Study of the National Commission to Review the Working of the
Constitution, recommendation on “Empowering and Strengthening Local Self‐
Government in Cantonments” suggest the following reforms:
1. As Cantonments come within the legislative competence of the GoI under Article 246 read
with entry‐3 of List I of the Seventh Schedule, the solution appears to bring the Cantonments
under the administrative control of the Ministry which has something to do with the local
self‐government and can access plan finance and developmental grants and loans. It may be
worthwhile considering that the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation as
the most suitable Ministry for Cantonments. The Cantonments could be brought under the
Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation (now MoUD) for planning and budget
purposes and the mechanism may be worked out as in the case of border roads and coastal
guards which are not under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence but still
function in the interest of Defence forces with the Ministry of Defence and army having their
say.
2. The Cantonments may also be brought under the Part IX‐A of the Constitution so that they
can take the advantage of the benefits of district planning, metropolitan planning, the finance
commission, assignment of taxes, duties, tolls and grants and aids from the State Government,
prepare plans for economic development and social justice, etc.
3. Structural constraints prevent the Cantonment Boards to access plan finance and
development funds available for municipal necessities merely because the Cantonments
come under the Ministry of Defence, a non‐plan area.
79
The Deolali Cantonment Board (DCB), The Times of India.
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6
Sustainability Guidelines
One of the early definitions of sustainable development was provided by Brundtland
Commission (1987) as: ‘development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’80. The
Commission’s report also states that “in essence, sustainable development is a
process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of
investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional changes
are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human
needs and aspirations. Applied to the context of planning and development, the
most fundamental element of sustainability is the utilization of natural resources in
a city region most efficiently, most equitably across sections of society and in such a
manner that the resources are conserved and renewed for future generations to
meet their needs and aspirations. Integrating sustainability principles in planning
process and development in today’s scenario has been explained in this chapter.
6.1.
Sustainable Development
6.1.1. Sustainable Planning
Sustainable habitat development means achieving a balance between the economic
and social development of human habitat together with the protection of
environment, equity in employment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure and
transportation. Some of these parameters, which can be considered in Planning and
Development, are:
1. Regional Planning: Regional development to control mushrooming unplanned and un‐organized
growth outside Master Plans/Development Plans along with integration of land use and transport
resulting in sustainable development.
2. Compact city/ High Density Development: The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat81
(NMSH) recommends Low Rise and Higher Density Development to improve overall energy
efficiency of the area; such forms are less expensive and reduce pressure on travel demand.
Therefore for planning for high‐density development and for increase in FAR in existing built up
area, rationality for the increase in FAR should be worked out apart from carrying capacity
analysis for the area.
3. Redevelopment / redensification: Approaches shall be developed for Re‐development / re‐
densification of existing urban habitat. Mixed land use, integrated and shared social space and
multiple transport options can be considered and implemented to reduce trip generation and
create efficient transport system.
4. Open Spaces: Emphasis should be given on vegetation/Green Belt in urban areas to reduce “heat
island” effects.
80
World Commission on Environment and Development’s (The Brundtland Commission) Report Our Common Future (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1987).
81
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, MoUD.
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Apart from the key parameters, the National Mission on Sustainable Habitat has
identified the components, which have major role to play in bringing environmental
sustainability. These basic norms are detailed out below:
6.1.2. Energy Efficiency
The Generic Energy Efficiency Guidelines are given below. These guidelines are
applicable for various categories of the building irrespective of their climate
location.
NonConventional /Renewal Energy: As per NMSH82, for residential buildings 15% of the total
external lighting load should be met through renewable energy and for commercial / institutional
/ industrial / mixed use buildings, 5% of the total lighting load should be met through renewable
energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel‐cells and so on). Also, there should be development of
city level Energy Efficiency (EE) and Renewal Energy (RE) policy actions for e.g. Nagpur and
Bhubaneswar have developed and adopted city level EE and RE.
Energy Efficient Design: Efficient development control regulations and building byelaws from
the point of view of energy efficient design should be considered. The Government of India has
developed the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), which provides minimum energy
performance standards for energy efficient buildings, which can to be referred while designing
private and public buildings. The ECBC is currently a voluntary programme, with a number of
States adopting it as a mandatory requirement.
Building Performance Certification and Rating System: After the introduction of ECBC, MoEF
suggested ECBC compliance while undertaking EIA for all building and construction projects
falling under their purview. Apart from EIA, in 2008, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
the Government of India have launched Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA).
GRIHA rating standards have been incorporated the provisions of the NBC 2005, ECBC, and other
Indian Standard codes.
Similar to the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) rating system
(practiced globally), the LEED‐India promotes a whole‐building approach to sustainability by
addressing performance in the following five areas: (1) sustainable site development, (2)
water savings, (3) energy efficiency, (4) materials selection and (5) indoor environmental
quality. It also meets the specifications of ECBC 2007, NBC 2005, MoEF Guidelines, and CPCB
norms.
6.1.3. Urban Transport
Transit Orient Development (TOD): Provision for TOD in cities should be considered, as it
encourages high density and mixed‐use development, overall reducing the travel demand and in
turn reducing the carbon footprints. The details on TOD are elaborated in Physical Infrastructure
section.
Strengthening of Public Transport System: It can be done through a Combination of
Promotional, Regulatory and Fiscal Measures adopting green transport models. Report of the
Sub‐Committee on Urban Transport (NMSH) can be referred for strengthening Public Transport.
82
Report of the sub‐committee for development of NMSH parameters for energy efficiency in Residential and Commercial
Buildings.
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Reducing Fuel Consumption per passenger: Significant GHG mitigation can be achieved
through modal shift by providing all arterial roads more than 25 m Right of Way to have
minimum of 2.5 m pedestrian path (with trees) and proper street furniture and 2.5m bicycle path
preferably in each direction as a mandatory measure. Where it is not possible to provide a
dedicated cycle path because of right of way being narrow, traffic calming measures to reduce the
speed of traffic to 30 kmph need to be adopted.
Figure 6.1: Schematic cross‐section of Arterial Roads
Source:
Code of Practice Part‐1, MoUD
Road Passenger with Urban Transport systems: Long‐distance passenger travel needs to be
closely integrated into the urban environment, facilitating fast traveller‐friendly mass‐transport
access to well‐located terminals and airports. Carefully planned highway system improvements
are required to reduce travel times for goods and passengers while improving road safety,
congestion, fuel consumption and emissions.
NonMotorised Transport (NMT) and Intelligent Transport System (ITS): NMT and ITS
should be encouraged. Provision of NMT is described in Physical Infrastructure section of this
guideline, which aims to reduce carbon footprint. Moreover, ITS should be implemented for
demand management and efficient implementation/enforcement of Public Transport. Provision
of Mixed‐use along the streets to ensure public safety and attractiveness for pedestrians and
cyclists and hence accommodate large numbers of pedestrians and street vendors.
NonConventional source of Energy: Changing to fuels that have a lower carbon footprint in
sufficient quantities would have a major impact on GHG emissions from urban transport. Also
alternative fuel base in cities to be promoted to reduce dependency. To achieve a good quality of
public space, trees need to be planted to prevent Heat island effects.
Accessibility: Accessibility of public transport to be improved in order to reduce travel distance.
Table 6.1: Accessibility of Public Transport at Neighbourhood Level
S. No.
Transport infrastructure
Distance from Neighbourhood
1
Rail Station including metros, monorail, light rail
800 meters or 5 minutes walking distance
2
Bus stops
400 meters
3
Intermediate Public Transport
400 meters
Source: LEED for India, 2011, IGBC 2011.
6.1.4. Urban Infrastructure
Zero Waste and Waste Recycling: The urban waste should be recognised with a significant
proportion of organic constituents, which has emerged as a resource for energy generation in an
environmentally sustainable manner. Energy in the form of biogas, heat or power should be seen
as a bonus, which improves the viability of such projects.
Bio‐methanation, refuse derived fuel and incineration are the most common technologies,
Pyrolysis and gasification are also emerging as preferred options,
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In case of existing landfills, bioremediation of waste is recommended with a view to reclaim the land
and convert organic waste into useful products, which will result in reduction or elimination of GHG
emission.
GHG mitigation measures for wastewater: GHG mitigation measures includes ‐ collection,
conveyance and treatment of wastewater, reuse and recycling of treated effluent and gas
recovery from sludge as well as use of treated wastewater for artificial recharge of aquifers to
improve the ground water potential.
Decentralised Wastewater Management – Decentralized wastewater management systems for
community, housing complexes, and commercial buildings to be introduced for efficient
wastewater management. Institutional capacity of all (ULBs) should be strengthened for effective
implementation and O&M of sewerage system.
Low Water use and Ecological Sanitation It should be ensured that systems for the
management of human excreta incorporate conservation principles. Low‐water use toilets (3‐5
litre) and ecological sanitation approaches (including ecological toilets), where nutrients are
safely recycled into agricultural manual can be promoted.
Recovery of Energy The major benefits of recovery of energy from urban wastes is to bring
about reduction in the quantity of waste by 60 per cent to 90 per cent; reduction in demand for
land as well as cost for transportation of wastes to faraway landfill sites; and net reduction in
environmental pollution besides generation of substantial quantity of energy.
Reducing need for pumping It would reduce the demand for energy, reduction of Non‐
Revenue Water (NRW), energy audit of all the water utilities, rationalization of water tariff to
reduce wasteful use of water, minimization of leakages, metering of all water taps and water
audit, etc.
6.2.
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Climate change and its recent trends have a direct impact on all types of the
development. Numerous agencies including National and International agencies are
carrying out studies and are supporting cities to develop, adopt and implement
sustainable and climate safe practices as per the National Action Plan on Climate
Change, Government of India.
The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group‐II’s most recent
report (2013) paints a grim picture for India. Focus of the report is on food and
water supply and the urgent need for our cities to be resilient. Considering this, the
Regional Plans and Development Plans must incorporate the possible impact of
climate change on development. The focus should be on water security, use of heat
repealing materials in construction and minimising concrete surfaces. Aspects such
as urban agriculture, vertical farming, water harvesting and preservation of all
environmentally fragile ecosystems including water, landscapes etcetera should be
incorporated. Specific actions should be included to address, among the other
mentioned components. It may be desirable to develop appropriate policies and
bring about effective legal and administrative control systems to deal with the
problem.
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City‐Level Action Plans, for e.g. Kanpur and Meerut have already initiated the effort,
which is supported by WWF. Green building is also one of the approaches for
effectively reducing impact of climate change. It is combination of all the best
practise principle. A brief on Green Building is given in subsection below.
6.2.1. Green Building
Green building concept recognises sustainable development by effective
performance in the following key areas:
1. Sustainable site development: the sustainable site development shall include the following:
a.
Efficient land use
b.
Habitat preservation and restoration
c.
Efficient transportation management
d.
Efficient use of locally available materials and resources
2. Water Efficiency: It shall encourage use of water in a self‐sustainable manner through reducing,
recycling and reusing strategies. The methods of rainwater harvesting can be integrated to
reduce load of water requirement on the urban water supply system.
3. Energy Efficiency: It shall reduce energy consumption of infrastructural equipment through
energy efficient street lighting, motor pumps etc. On site power generation using various
renewable energy technologies and other clean fuels can also be integrated in the planning
system.
4. Waste Management: It shall encourage effective waste management strategies by facilitating the
segregating of waste at source and promoting re‐use of products and materials.
5. Indoor Environment Quality: For development of green buildings, the norms as suggested by
Ministry of Environment and Forest and various bodies such as LEED, GRIHA or IGBC may be
applicable depending upon the requirements.
6.2.2. Climate Proofing Guwahati, Assam: City Resilience
Strategy and Mainstreaming Plan
Housing and urban planning, urban infrastructure and services, informal
settlements and slums, poverty and livelihood, ecosystems and land‐use and
emergency response capacity are the key sectors which are considered to
understand the present and future vulnerability of the city in context of climate
change impacts.
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Table 6.2 Disaster Management strategies for different sectors
Parameters
Strategy
Housing
• Guidelines for construction of buildings on slopes
• Structural stability of buildings in hills and for the entire GMA
• Soil erosion and sedimentation control for construction in non‐hill areas
Ecologically sensitive urban
planning
• Demarcate eco‐sensitive areas in the city as low/ no built up areas
Urban infrastructure and
services
• Augment the piped water supply network in the city
• Bring in principles of climate resilient urban development based on environmental
parameters like conservation of natural ecosystems, natural drainage patterns
• Augment the water treatment capacity of the city
• Water Conservation and Rainwater harvesting
• Development of a sewerage system
• Monitoring water quality at disposal points
• Integrated natural drainage plan for the city
• Prepare and implement a storm water drainage plan
Disaster Resilience
• Preventive health measures
• Public health management and surveillance system
• Emergency medical response
Source:
Climate Proofing Guwahati, Assam City resilience strategy and Mainstreaming Plan, Synthesis Report, TERI, 2013
Based on sectorial analysis, recommendations have been provided for each sector,
which was focused on ecologically sensitive urban planning, management and
conservation of natural resources and efficient and eco‐friendly urban infrastructure
and services.
Figure 6.2: Components of Guwahati Climate Resilience Strategy
Source:
6.3.
Climate Proofing Guwahati, Assam City resilience strategy and Mainstreaming Plan, Synthesis Report, TERI, 2013.
City Bio Diversity Index
City Biodiversity Index (CBI) is a dynamic process, being prepared for depicting the
urban biodiversity status. This helps in evaluation, planning, improving and
reviewing the city conditions in biodiversity perspective. The UNEP and UN Habitat
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states that cities occupy 2 % of the Earth’s surface, their inhabitants use 75 per cent
of the planet’s natural resources.
Recognising the importance of biodiversity and healthy ecosystems for their
survival, cities should undertake initiatives to utilize and conserve their
surroundings efficiently. These actions can reach far beyond the boundaries of the
city, affecting biodiversity on a global scale. At the City level, High‐resolution
satellite images may be used for identifying Bio‐diversity areas.
As adopted by Greater Hyderabad City for formulating Greater Hyderabad
Biodiversity Index, the city biodiversity index system has 92 score system with 23
indicators. These indicators are given in Appendix E of Volume II B.
International convention (Convention on Biological Diversity) and national
policies/plans (National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP), 2008) and documents
have identified Invasive Alien Species as threat to biodiversity83. The 12th Five Year
Plan (2012‐2017) has emphasised the need for a national invasive species
monitoring system to track the introduction and spread of invasive species and
advised that such a system should be linked to the State Forest Departments, and
field staff should be trained to collect information on invasive species. Invasive
species identification should not be limited to invasion in forests— it should also
include invasion in aquatic and marine ecosystems, grasslands, wetlands and so
on84. It is suggested that while implementing a plan or project and developing green
areas or green buffers, local species be used and the State Forest Departments to be
made stakeholders in such projects.
6.4.
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation
Key environmental policies and obligations to be observed while planning are
enlisted and detailed in this section, for reference. However, the latest and updated
versions shall be referred from respective sources during planning and compliance.
6.4.1. National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2006
The NEP, 2006 encompasses an integrated approach to reduce the impact on
environment degradation on human life by taking proactive measures at various
fronts. These include regulatory reforms, process related reforms, substantive
reforms, enhancing and conserving environmental resources, prevention of land
degradation, desert ecosystem, and also various other factors that influences the
environment. The policy primarily focuses on ensuring that people who are
dependent on natural resources for securing their livelihoods from the act of
degradation should realize that a greater purpose will be served from the
83
India’s Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2014
84
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012‐17), Volume I
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conservation of resources which includes land, desert ecosystem, water, wildlife,
forests, wetlands etc.
The National Environment Policy (NEP, 2004) is a response to our National
Commitment to a clean environment, mandated in the Constitution in Articles 48 A
and 51 A (g), strengthened by judicial interpretation of Article 21. The NEP, 2004
has been motivated by the above considerations and is intended to mainstream
environmental concerns in all development activities.
6.4.1.1. Reforms suggested through the policy
The statements of policy objectives are to be realized by concrete actions in different
areas relating to key environmental challenges. Therefore the key reforms suggested
through this policy, which impact planning directly or indirectly are:
Environmental and Forest clearance
Economic principles for environmental decision making by costing the resources
Coastal areas: development activities in the coastal areas are regulated by means of the coastal
regulation zone notification.
Environmentally sensitive zones: environmental sensitive zones may be defined as areas with
identified environmental resource with ‘incomparable values’ which require special attention for
their conservation.
Monitoring & enforcement of environmental compliance.
Use of economic principles in environmental decision making so that costs are associated with
the degradation and depletion of natural resources.
Enhancing and conserving environmental resources through production and consumption
practices with focus on regulatory and institutional reforms. Land degradation, forests and
wildlife, biodiversity, freshwater resources; ground water and wetlands are the thrust resources
of concern.
Pollution abatement: ecosystems have some natural capacities to assimilate pollution; however
these vary considerably with the nature of the pollutant and the ecosystem.
Climate change issues
6.4.1.2. Strategic actions suggested
There is requirement of evolving a flexible policy framework with a built‐in system
for monitoring and review, and where necessary, revise the same for further use.
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Table 6.3 Strategic Actions suggested
Actions
Strategy
Environmental standards
Environmental Standards refer both to the acceptable levels of specified
environmental quality parameters at different categories of locations (“ambient
standards”), as well as permissible levels of discharges of specified waste streams by
different classes of activities (“emission standards”).
Environmental Management
Systems, Eco‐labelling and
Certification
Environmental Management Systems (EMS), such as ISO 14000, by requiring the
adoption of standardized environmental management practices, documenting their
actual use, and third party verification of the fact may significantly ease the public
burden of monitoring and enforcement of prescribed emissions standards.
Clean Technologies and
Innovation
Clean technologies, as distinct from “end‐of‐pipe” abatement technologies minimize
the generation of waste streams in the production processes themselves, rather than
treating the waste after generation. In general, clean technologies are less intensive
in use of raw materials and energy, than conventional technologies, which rely on
pollution abatement after generation. For this reason, they may also offer significant
cost advantages to the producer.
Environmental Awareness,
Education, and Information
Enhancing environmental awareness is essential to harmonize patterns of individual
behaviour with the requirements of environmental conservation. This would
minimize the demands placed on the monitoring and enforcement regimes; in fact,
large‐scale non‐compliance would simply overwhelm any feasible regulatory
machinery.
Partnership and stakeholder
involvement
Conservation of the environment requires the participation of multiple Stakeholders,
who may bring to bear their respective resources, competencies, and perspectives,
so that the outcomes of partnerships are superior to those of each acting alone.
Implementing and policy making agencies of the Government, at Central, State,
Municipal, and Panchayat levels; the legislatures and judiciary; the public and private
corporate sectors; financial institutions; industry associations; academic and
research institutions; independent professionals and experts.
Source:
The National Environment Policy (NEP, 2004).
6.4.2. EIA Notification, 2006
To ensure that the economic growth and development in our country is in
conformity with regulations for environmental conservation, the Ministry of
Environment & Forests (MoEF) has notified the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Notification, 2006. The EIA Notification 2006 has notified 39 developmental
sectors, which require prior EC.
MoEF has prepared EIA guidelines on each sector as identified by EIA notification
2006, which elaborates the procedure and mandatory requirements of EIA with
respect to the sector. For e.g. Manual on norms and standards for environment
clearance of large construction projects has been issued by MoEF to assist
developers to measure and quantify environmental impacts of proposed
construction, and derive mitigation options to minimise impacts. The manual also
enables evaluation of construction projects by the expert appraisal committee. The
proponent may use mitigation options, other than the ones described in the manual,
to mitigate environmental impacts of respective projects.
6.4.3. Environment Protection Act, 1986
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA) has notified various rules under EPA
for protecting the environment which are chronologically mentioned below:
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The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro‐Organism Genetically
Engineered Organism or Cells Rules, 1989
The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rule, 1989
Scheme of Labelling of Environment Friendly Products (ECO‐MARK)
Restricting certain activities in special Specified area of Aravalli Range
The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996
The Bio ‐Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, as amended to date
The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000
The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
Along with the above rules as identified in EPA 1986, The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the Noise‐Pollution (Regulation and Control)
Rules, 2000 should also be referred to formulate norms and standards while
preparing development plan for a city. The various statuary obligations for different
clearances are mentioned in table below:
Table 6.4 Statutory Obligations of Environment Clearances
Type of Clearances
Statutory obligations
Environment Clearances
As per EIA notification, 2006
Forest Clearances
As per Forest Conservation Act, 1980
GEAC Clearances
Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous
Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells 1989, under EPA 1986
Source:
MoEF and other sources.
6.4.4. Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Due to rising rate of deforestation and the resulting environmental degradation, the
Central Government enacted the Forest (conservation) Act in 1980. The Act
prohibits the deletion of a reserved forest or the diversion of forestland for any non‐
forest purpose, and prevents the cutting of trees in a forest without prior approval of
Central government. The salient features of the Act are given below:
This Act has five Sections, which deal with conservation of forests.
The Act was enacted with the twin objectives under Section 2 of restricting the use of forestland
for non‐forest purposes, and preventing the de‐reservation of forests that have been reserved
under the Indian Forest Act, 1927. However, in 1988 the Act was further amended to include two
new provisions under Section 2, where it sought to restrict leasing of forest land to private
individuals, authority, corporations not owned by the Government, and to prevent clear felling of
naturally grown trees.
The Act empowers Central Government to constitute a committee to advise the Government with
a grant of approval under Section 2, as also on any other matter connected with the conservation
of forest and referred to it by the Central Government.
The Act provides for punishment of offenders from the Government Departments, including Head
of the Departments and Authorities.
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6.4.5. Strategic plan for new and renewable energy sector for
the period 2011‐17, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy
India’s substantial and sustained economic growth is placing enormous demand on
its energy resources. The demand and supply imbalance in energy sources is
pervasive requiring serious efforts by GoI to augment energy supplies. India imports
about 80% of its oil. There is a threat of its increasing further, creating serious
problems for India’s future energy security.
The Vision of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is to upscale and
mainstream the use of new and renewable energy sources in furtherance of the
national aim of energy security and energy independence, with attendant positive
impact on local, national and global environment.
6.4.5.1. Objectives
The key objectives are:
To promote deployment of grid‐interactive renewable power
generation projects
To promote renewable energy initiatives for:
− Meeting energy/ lighting needs in rural areas
− Supplementing energy needs in urban areas
− Supplementing energy needs in industry and commercial
establishments, and
To promote research, design and development activities at
premier national institutions and industries on different
aspects of new and renewable energy technologies and help
development of new products
To encourage development of a Robust Manufacturing Industry
in Renewable Energy Sector
6.5.
Table 6.5 Thrust areas of solar
thermal sector
Cost reduction in:
Incubating
technologies
Industrial
process heat
systems
Development
of silicon and
other materials
Technology
improvement
for various low
temperature
applications
Efficient solar
cells
Solar cooling
Thin film
materials
Concentrating
PV technology
Source:
Strategic Plan for new and
renewable energy sector for
the period 2011‐17
Environmental Guidelines
6.5.1. Environmental Guidelines for Industries
6.5.1.1. Areas to be avoided85
In siting industries, care should be taken to minimise the adverse impact of the
industries on the immediate neighbourhood as well as distant places. Some of the
natural life sustaining systems and some specific land uses are sensitive to industrial
impacts because of the nature and extent of fragility. With a view of protection such
an industrial site shall maintain the following distances from the areas listed:
85
http://moef.gov.in/citizen/specinfo/enguin.html
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Table 6.6 Distance of Different Areas from Industrial Site
S. No. Areas
Distance
1
Ecologically and/or otherwise
sensitive areas
At least 25 km, depending on the geo‐climatic conditions the requisite
distance have to be increased by the appropriate agency.
2
Coastal areas
At least 1/2 km from High Tide Line.
3
Flood Plain of the Riverine Systems
At least 1/2 km from flood plain or modified flood plain affected by dam
in the upstream or by flood control systems.
4
Transport/Communication System
At least 1/2 km from highway and railway.
5
Major settlements
Distance from settlements is difficult to maintain because of urban
sprawl. At the time of siting of the industry if any major settlement's
notified limit is within 50 km, the spatial direction of growth of the
settlement for at least a decade must be assessed and the industry shall
be sited at least 25 km from the projected growth boundary of the
settlement.
(3,00,000 population)
Source: Environmental Guidelines for Industries, MoEF.
6.5.1.2. Siting criteria86
Economic and social factors are recognized and assessed while siting an industry.
Environmental factors must be taken into consideration in industrial siting.
Proximity of water sources, highway, major settlements, markets for products and
raw material resources is desired for economy of production, but all the above listed
systems must be away for environmental protection. In such a selected site, the
following factors must be recognized:
No forestland shall be converted into non‐forest activity for the sustenance of the industry (as per
the Forest Conservation Act, 1980).
No prime agricultural land shall be converted into industrial site.
Within the acquired site the industry must locate itself at the lowest location to remain obscured
from general sight.
Land acquired shall be sufficiently large to provide space for appropriate treatment of
wastewater still left for treatment after maximum possible reuse and recycle. Reclaimed (treated)
wastewater shall be used to raise green belt and to create water body for aesthetics, recreation
and if possible, for aquaculture. The green belt shall be 1/2 km wide around the battery limit of
the industry. For industry having odour problem it shall be a kilometre wide.
The green belt between two adjoining large‐scale industries shall be one kilometre.
Enough space should be provided for storage of solid wastes so that these could be available for
possible reuse.
Layout and form of the industry that may come up in the area must confirm with the landscape of
the area without affecting the scenic features of that place.
Associated township of the industry must be created at a space having physiographic barrier
between the industry and the township.
Each industry is required to maintain three ambient air quality‐measuring stations within 120‐
degree angle between stations.
6.5.2. Guidelines for Rain Water Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rainwater at
surface or in sub‐surface aquifers, before it is lost as surface run‐off. The augmented
86
Ibid.
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resource can be harvested in the time of need. Artificial recharge to ground water is
a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented at rate exceeding that
under natural conditions of replenishment.
The functioning of ground water recharge units, various methods and techniques
have already been elaborated in Infrastructure Planning section. Ministry of Water
Resources, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has issued the ‘Manual on Artificial
Recharge of Ground Water87’, which can be referred for development of such
projects.
6.5.3. Guidelines for Buffer Zones
Buffer zones are areas created around the conservation area, often peripheral to it,
inside or outside to enhance its protection. Within Buffer zones, certain legal and/or
customary restrictions are placed upon resource use and/or is managed to reduce
the negative impacts of restrictions on the neighbouring communities. Based on
various activities, important buffer zones have been identified in Table 6.7.
Table 6.7:
List of Buffers for various activities
S.No. Activities
1
Ecosensitive zones
Recommended Buffer
88
As per National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 2002‐2016, “All identified areas
around Protected Areas and wildlife corridors are to be declared as ecologically
fragile under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.”
As general principle the width of the eco‐sensitive zone could go up to 10kms
around a Protected area as provided in the Wildlife Conservation Strategy,
2002. In case where sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important
patches, crucial for landscape linkage, are even beyond 10 kms width; these
should be included in the Eco‐sensitive zones.
Further, even in context of a particular Protected Area, the distribution of an
area of Eco‐sensitive Zone and the extent of regulation may not be uniform all
around and it could be of variable width and extent.
2
Railway land
RoW includes no development zone in itself.
3
Aviation related
infrastructure
• As per Airport Authority of India (AAI), the buffer zone is applicable within 20
km radius of Airport on the height of the buildings, for which NOC is required
from AAI for any construction activity.
• Aviation imposes height restrictions only. Other DCR norms such as ground
coverage, setbacks etc. of the local municipality are applicable.
• The airport should be 20 km away from green area such as wildlife sanctuaries/
zoos/ bird sanctuaries and should not have restricted activities such as
butcheries, sewage and no garbage storage around airports.
4
Communication and
Transmission facilities
such as satellite
towers89
Installation of telecom towers should not be allowed on and around (100 Meters)
the buildings where educational, religious and health care institutions are
functioning.
5
Industrial area / SEZ90
• No SEZs may be planned in the sensitive areas such as the forests, mangroves,
coral reefs, archeologically important sites, sensitive ecosystems, etc. A buffer
zone of 1000 m shall be maintained from such sensitive areas and a greenbelt
with tree density of 1000 trees/ acre shall be developed in the said buffer zone.
• Major settlements (of 3,00,000 population) to maintain a buffer of 50‐25 kms
from the settlement's notified limit and projected growth boundary
87
88
Available at www.cgwb.gov.in
Guidelines for declaration of Eco‐Sensitive Zones around national parks and wild life sanctuaries, MoEF, 2011
89
Draft Special Regulation For Installation Of Telecom Towers In Urban Areas, Government of Orissa, 2013
90
SEZ guidelines, Industries Commissionerate, Government of Gujarat
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S.No. Activities
Recommended Buffer
respectively.
6
Mining and quarrying91
Buffer zone in case of Mining Lease (ML) area up to 25 ha is to be considered as 5
km all around the periphery of the core zone and for ML area above 25 ha ‐ an area
10 km all around the periphery of the core zone.
7
Petrochemical and Gas
industries92
• No Gas pipeline should be located within 15.0 meters of any private dwelling or
any industrial building or place of public assembly in which persons work,
congregate or assemble, unless it is provided with at least 300 mm of cover over
and minimum cover as specified Petroleum And Natural Gas Regulatory Board
Notification, 2009.
• No Gas or Oil well shall be drilled at any point, within a minimum distance, to be
prescribed by the Central Government, of any railway, pipeline or other right of
way, surveyed road, dwellings, industrial plant, air‐craft runway, buildings used
for military or public purposes, or within three kilometres of any mine, whether
active or abandoned, unless the special permission of the Central Government is
obtained in advance.
• About 90m x 90m buffer to be maintained along the active oil wells, petroleum
storage tanks, encompassing all the safety norms for precautions against fire93.
8
Heritage related
areas9495
Every area, beginning from the limit of the protected area/monument, extending
to a distance of 100 meters in all directions shall be the ‘protected areas’ and
extending up to a distance of 200 meters in all directions shall be ‘regulated area’.
The protected zone is a no construction zone.
The building regulations in the regulated zone to be prepared by the Heritage
Conservation Committee in consultation with ASI.
9
Natural hazard zones
such River flood plains
and water bodies
including wetlands96
• The basic concept of flood plain zoning is to regulate land use in the flood plains
to restrict the damage caused by floods. Flood plain can be identified based on
last 50 or 100 year flooded area of water bodies or river. There can be different
considerations for regulations. For example, the area likely to be affected by
floods up to a 10‐year frequency should be kept reserved only for gardens,
parks, playgrounds, etc. Residential or public buildings, or any commercial
buildings, industries, and public utilities should be prohibited in this zone.
• In area liable to flooding in a 25‐year frequency flood, residential buildings
could be permitted with certain stipulation of construction on stilts (columns),
minimum plinth levels, prohibition for construction of basements and minimum
levels of approach roads, etc. In urban areas there should be double storeyed
buildings. Ground floors could be utilised for schools and other non‐residential
purposes.
10
Coastal Regulation
Zone
Coastal land up to 500 m from the High Tide Line (HTL) landward side and a stage
of 100 m along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to tidal
fluctuations is called the Coastal Regulation Zone, which is regulated for
developmental activities.
11
Manmade hazard zones
such as radioactive,
chemical and gas
treatment / processing
/ distribution lines97
Chemical Industry
• The development of buffer zones all around the industry in an effective manner
and establish Off‐Site responding agencies at an appropriate distance from the
new installations.
Nuclear Plants98
• 500 Ha is needed to be in the control of power station as an exclusion zone. This
is maintained as a vacant space and developed as a green belt area.
• Sterilised Zone: the plant as sterilized zone maintains Area of 5 km radius. No
restriction is imposed by the plant on organic development activities of
91
Proforma For Environmental Appraisal Of Mining Projects, MOEF
92
The Petroleum and Natural Gas Rules, 1959
93
Oil Mines Regulations, 1984
94
95
Model Building Byelaws, TCPO
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 2010 (AMASR)
96
National Disaster Management Guidelines Management of Floods, NDMA
97
National Disaster Management Guidelines Chemical Disasters (Industrial), NDMA
98
http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/news_12oct2011_01.pdf (National Power Corporation of India Limited)
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S.No. Activities
Recommended Buffer
population in the annulus between 1.5 and 5 kms. Administrative actions ensure
that there is no influx of large population in this area
• Population Restriction:
– Population density within 10 km radius: Less than two‐third of state average;
– Population within sterilised zone (5Km radius) Less than 20,000;
– Population centres with more than 10,000 persons more than 10 km away;
– Population centres with more than 100,000 person) more than 30 km away;
12
High density/ high
activity zones
Areas around high density, mixed land use or residential areas along dense
commuter’s zones/ arterial and sub‐arterial roads to be buffered with trees and
plantations, flexible building material for attenuation/reflection.
Sources: As given
6.6.
Environmental Guidelines for Planning Eco‐fragile
zones 99
6.6.1. Coastal Area
As per the CRZ notification, 2011, coastal land up to 500 m from the High Tide Line
(HTL) landward side and a stage of 100 m along banks of creeks, estuaries,
backwater and rivers subject to tidal fluctuations is called the Coastal Regulation
Zone (CRZ). For regulation of developmental activities, the coastal stretches within
500 m of HTL on the landward side are classified into four categories and
restrictions have been imposed on construction activities in these zones. The
following activities are prohibited within the CRZ: ‐
1. Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except those directly related to
waterfront or directly needing foreshore facilities.
2. Manufacture or handling or disposal of hazardous substances.
3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery and
natural fish drying in permitted areas).
4. Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents into the
watercourse.
5. Discharging of city untreated waters and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other
human settlements.
6. Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of land filling or otherwise, the existing practice,
if any, shall be phased out within a reasonable time not exceeding 3 years from the date of
notification.
6.6.2. Eco‐Sensitive zones
Due to rapid urbanisation and its impact on protected zone, there is a need to
conserve protected areas. The MoEF has developed guidelines for declaration of eco‐
sensitive zones around protected areas, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
These guidelines provide the framework to states/UTs to develop specific buffer
zones around National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Sanctuaries, important migratory
99
Eco fragile zone s are Fragile Ecosystems such as Coastal eco‐system, Desert eco‐system, Mountain eco‐system, Aquatic eco‐
system, Rain forest eco‐system.
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corridors, etc. with a view of minimizing and preferably eliminating any negative
impact on protected areas and sanctuaries. The recommended procedure to be
adopted by states is mentioned below:
Prepare an inventory of the different land use patterns and the different types of activities, types
and number of industries operating around each of the Protected Area (National
Parks/Sanctuaries) as well as important Corridors be made with the help of range officers.
A small committee comprising the concerned Wildlife Warden, Warden, an Ecologist and an
official of the Revenue Department of the concerned area, could be formed whose function is to
provide recommendation on requirement and extent of eco sensitive zone. Further, the
committee can also suggest the methods of management of zone and thematic activities, which
can be included in the Development Plan/ Master Plan of the region.
6.6.3. Water bodies in Urban Areas
Water Bodies play multi‐functional role in urban area. It can be the source of water
for supply, landscaping, irrigation, fishing and eco‐tourism, which add values to
social benefits. They can also be used to prevent heat island effects and to improve
the micro‐climate in cities. For conserving the same, it is necessary to analyse the
hydrological system with reference to catchment basins for the water bodies. MoEF
has prepared ‘Advisory Report for Conservation and Restoration of Water Bodies in
Urban Areas’ which recommends State and ULBs to take initiatives in order to
conserve water bodies. While formulating Development Plan at city levels, steps
suggested by MoUD &MoEF in the above mentioned report could be adopted to
conserve and restore the water bodies in cities. One of the finest examples of
restoration of lakes in the fast growing urban environment is the Kankaria Lake in
Ahmedabad.
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Case Study: Kankaria Lake, Ahmedabad
Restoration of lake in a fast growing urban environment ‐ Kankaria Lake in Ahmedabad
Key Highlights:
1. Source of water: Surface and recharge of groundwater, for drinking and irrigation
2. Supports livelihoods
3. Food and nutrition
4. Act as flood control measures
5. Recreation Spot
6. Lake as a ‘natural infrastructure’ for climate change adaptation
Source: MoUD presentation.
MoEF has also suggested to integrate identified projects on water bodies with
Programmes such as National Lake Conservation Programme and National Wetland
Conservation Programme, JnNURM/ UIDSSMT, Ministry of Water Resources
programme for Repair, Renovation & Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies with
Domestic/External Assistance which are undertaken by Government of India (GoI).
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For conserving rivers, MoEF has taken up the initiative and formed National River
Conservation Directorate (NRCD). Initiatives have been taken through various River
Action Plans such as ‐ Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
6.6.4. Desert areas100
India is a party to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and MoEF
is the National Coordinating Agency for the implementation of the UNCCD in the
country101, under the ‘National Action Programme to Combat Desertification’ with
objectives:
Community based approach to development,
Activities to improve the quality of life of the local communities,
Awareness raising,
Drought management preparedness and mitigation,
R&D initiatives and interventions which are locally suited,
Strengthening self‐governance leading to empowerment of local communities.
Desert ecosystem sensitive planning is crucial at Regional planning stage including
mapping of land degradation, drought monitoring and indicating components for the
State and District Disaster Management Plan for drought preparedness and warning
system groups.
At Development Plan and local area planning level the key actions suggested in NEP,
2006 as given below to be considered:
Intensive water and moisture conservation through practices based on traditional and
science‐based knowledge, and relying on traditional infrastructure.
Enhancing and expanding green cover based on local species.
Reviewing the agronomic practices in these areas, and promoting agricultural practices
and varieties, which are well adapted to the desert eco‐system.
6.6.5. Wetlands102
Wetlands, natural and manmade, freshwater or brackish, provide numerous
ecological services. They provide habitat to aquatic flora and fauna, as well as
numerous species of birds, including migratory species. Several wetlands have
sufficiently unique ecological character as to merit international recognition as
Ramsar Sites103.
Wetlands also provide freshwater for agriculture, animal husbandry, and domestic
use, drainage services, and provide livelihoods to fisher folk. Larger wetlands may
also comprise an important resource for sustainable tourism and recreation.
100
National Environmental Policy 2006, MOEF.
101
Source: http://moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/Document1_0.pdf.
102
National Environmental Policy 2006, MOEF.
103
The Ramsar Convention defines wetlands as, 'areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial,
permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the
depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres', thereby giving a wide scope to the term.
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Wetlands are under threat from drainage and conversion for agriculture and human
settlements, besides pollution. This happens because public authorities or
individuals having jurisdiction over wetlands derive little revenues from them, while
the alternative use may result into financial gains to them.
A holistic view of wetlands is necessary, which looks at each identified wetland in
terms of its causal linkages with other natural entities, human needs, and its own
attributes.
Key actions suggested in NEP 2006 at state or local level are as follows:
Integrate wetland conservation, including conservation of village ponds and tanks, into sectoral
development plans for poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement, and link efforts for
conservation and sustainable use of wetlands with the ongoing rural infrastructure development
and employment generation programmes.
Formulate conservation and prudent use strategies for each significant catalogued wetland, with
participation of local communities, and other relevant stakeholders.
Formulate and implement eco‐tourism strategies for identified wetlands through multi
stakeholder partnerships involving public agencies, local communities, and investors.
Take explicit account of impacts on wetlands of significant development projects during the
environmental appraisal of such projects; in particular, the reduction in economic value of
wetland environmental services should be explicitly factored into cost‐benefit analyses.
Consider particular unique wetlands as entities with “Incomparable Values”, in developing
strategies for their protection.
Promote traditional techniques and practices for conserving village ponds.
6.6.6. Hilly areas (further to section 5.5.1)
Hilly areas have one of the most fragile ecosystems, which need to be conserved.
Therefore planning and development strategies for hilly areas shall be designed
with added sensitivity and stress on integrated development. The development
approach shall comprise judicious land use planning and settlement planning. In hill
areas, the space standards are affected by the following and therefore these factors
should be considered while setting norms in such areas:
Exposure to sunlight, degree of slopes and accessibility in the form of distance travelled.
Minimum needs of the people and the conservation principle.
Flexibility in norms and standards to accommodate conditions guided by difficult hill terrain and
its geology.
Work place and residence relationship.
Energy needs.
Alternative mode of transportation communication network.
Communication network.
Mobile and emergency facilities.
On the same line, TCPD of Government of Himachal Pradesh has formulated the
Norms and Standards for their state, which can be adopted by other states for hilly
areas. Some of the infrastructure norms and standards are detailed in Infrastructure
planning chapter. For vision development of Himalayan cities, ‘National Mission for
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G
Sustain
ning Himalaayan Ecosy
ystem’ shou
uld be refeerred from the Nation
nal Action Plan
P
on Clim
mate Changge, Governm
ment of India.
6.7.
Disastter Manaagementt
Disasteer means a catastrophe, mishap
p, calamity
y or grave occurrencee affecting any
area fro
om naturall and manm
made causees, or by acccident or negligence,
n
, which ressults
in subsstantial losss of life or
o human suffering or damagee to, and destruction
n of
property, or damage to, or degradatio
d
n of enviro
onment and is of such
h a nature and
magnittude as to be
b beyond coping cap
pacity of th
he commun
nity of the affected arreas.
As it iss clear from
m the defiinition disaaster may impact hu
uman habittat in a sev
vere
manner. Hence itt is evidentt to managge these dissasters at appropriat
a
te level so that
nimised.
impact can be min
As per Section 2 (e)
( of Disasster Management Act, 2005, disaaster manaagement meeans
a contiinuous and integrated process of plann
ning, organ
nising, coo
ordinating and
implem
menting meeasures wh
hich are neecessary or expedien
nt for ‐ (i) prevention of
dangerr or threat of
o any disasster; (ii) mitigation orr reduction
n of risk of aany disasteer or
its seveerity or con
nsequences; (iii) capaacity‐building; (iv) prreparednesss to deal with
w
any dissaster; (v) prompt
p
ressponse to any
a threateening disasster situation or disasster;
(vi) asssessing thee severity or
o magnitu
ude of effeccts of any disaster;
d
(vvii) evacuattion,
rescue and relief; (viii) rehab
bilitation and
a reconsttruction" ass shown in Figure 6.3
3.
Figure 6.3: Disasterr Manageme
ent Cycle
Source: Naational Disaster Management
M
Haand Book for Traaining and Capaccity Building of Civil
C
Defence and
d Sister Organisaations.
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6.7.1. Institutional set‐up
The institutionalized approach for disaster management initiated when 4th Finance
Commission (FC) proposed the concept of “Margin Money”. Subsequently, 9th FC
suggested ‘Calamity Relief Fund’ (CRF) now termed as State Disaster Relief Force
(SDRF). Further, 11th FC recommended establishment of ‘National Calamity
Contingency Fund’ (NCCF) now termed as ‘National Disaster Relief Force’ (NDRF).
The institutional and policy mechanisms for disaster to carry out response, relief
and rehabilitation have been well established since independence. NDMA has
prepared various Guidelines for the Management of different types of disasters
including, natural and manmade, to assist the GoI Ministries and Departments, State
Governments and other agencies to prepare Disaster Management (DM) Plans. The
Central Relief Commissioner (CRC) in the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal
officer to coordinate the relief operations for natural disasters. The CRC in the
Ministry of Home Affairs is the Chairman of the Crisis Management Group (CMG)
whose primary function is to review the contingency plans formulated by various
Ministries / Departments / Organizations in their respective sectors; provide
measures and coordinate among central and state ministries.
Post Disaster Management: The National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) set
up by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India that gives direction to the CMG.
NCMC can give directions to any Ministry/Department/Organization for specific
action needed for meeting the crisis situation. These mechanisms are based on post‐
disaster relief and rehabilitation and have proved to be robust and effective
mechanisms in addressing its requirements.
However, in order to further institutionalize the new approach, the Government of
India have decided to enunciate a National Policy on Disaster Management (2009),
whose broad objectives are to minimize the loss of lives and social, private and
community assets because of natural or manmade disasters and contribute to
sustainable development and better standards of living for all, more specifically for
the poor and vulnerable sections by ensuring that the development gains are not
lost through natural calamities/disasters.
Disaster Prevention, Preparedness & Mitigation: Apart from above, the Disaster
Management Act, 2005 (DM Act, 53 of 2005) lays down institutional and
coordination mechanisms for effective disaster management (DM) at the national,
state, and district levels. As mandated by this Act, the Government of India (GoI)
created a multi‐tiered institutional system consisting of:
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister,
State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) by the Chief Ministers and
District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) by the District Collectors and co‐chaired by
elected representatives of the local authorities of the respective districts.
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Others organisations: The Act further provides for constitution of National Executive
Committee (NEC), National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and National
Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
6.7.2. National Disaster Management Guidelines
The salient features of the NDMA guidelines with respect to the formulation of DM
plans have been briefed, along with integration of the recommended planning
system for the urban and regional planning in Table 6.8 and Table 6.9. The detailed
NDMA guidelines for following disasters can be referred separately while
formulating the Plans104.
Table 6.8: Salient Features of NDMA Guidelines for Management of Natural Hazards
Sr. No.
1
Types of Natural
Hazards
Salient Features on Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation of
respective Disasters
Flood Management
Prevention and Preparedness
Set up River Basin Organisations to deal with the management
of water resources at river basin level.
Preparation of Flood Management Plan by joint effort of States
and concerned department of Central. This plan should be
integrated with plans at city region or district level.
Mitigation
2
Earthquake
Management
Identification and marking of flood prone areas on maps,
preparation of close contour and flood vulnerability maps,
formulating plans for expansion and modernisation of flood can
also be included in Development Plans.
Implementation of the schemes for expansion and
modernisation of the flood forecasting and warning network,
execution of flood protection and drainage improvement
scheme and identification of reservoirs.
Implementation of activities, which include construction of
dams and catchment area treatment (CAT) works in India as
well as neighbouring countries for flood mitigation.
Prevention and Preparedness
Facilitate selective strengthening and seismic retrofitting of
existing priority and lifeline structures in earthquake‐prone
areas
Prioritise the enforcement of earthquake resistant design
features and strengthen the existing structures.
Improve the compliance regime through appropriate regulation
and enforcement.
Mitigation
104
Incorporation of earthquake resistant design features for the
construction of new structures. The same should be reflected in
building byelaws in development planning.
Sensitive earthquake seismic zones should be identified at city
For details NDMA guidelines are available at www.ndma.gov.in website.
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or region or district level. Priority to be given in Earthquake
Seismic Zones 3, 4 and 5.
3
Drought Management
Prevention and Preparedness
Preparation of Drought Management Plan at district and State
level in integration with Disaster management Plan and
development plans. Plan to be prepared in advance based on the
long season forecast issued by India Meteorological Department
(IMD) in April and also the previous season rainfall.
Mitigation
4
Cyclones Management
Measures for integration of soil, water and forest management
and form part of soil conservation, watershed development and
forestry programmes.
Drought proofing measures are taken before the crop is planted
and drought management measures are taken during the crop‐
growing period.
Prevention and Preparedness
Coastal bio‐shields spread, preservation and restoration/
regeneration plans to be prepared by the Coastal Area
Development, and Irrigation and Command Area Development
Authorities
Developing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
frameworks for addressing the sustainability and optimal
utilisation of coastal resources, which shall also serve as cyclone
impact minimisation plans.
Evolving eco‐system restoration plans for degraded ecological
zones.
Mitigation
5
Tsunami Management
Mapping and delineation (coastal wetlands, patches of
mangroves and shelterbelts), identification of potential zones
for expanding bio‐shield spread based on remote sensing tools,
which can be integrated with DM Plan and Development Plan
formulation.
Regulating infrastructure and development activities in coastal
zones. Ensuring cyclone resistant design standards are
incorporated in the rural/ urban housing schemes in coastal
areas.
Implementing coastal flood zoning,
management and regulatory plans.
Groundwater development (recharge) and augmentation of
freshwater requirement in coastal urban centres.
Development of Aquaculture Parks in the identified potential
zones.
flood
inundation
Prevention and Preparedness
Preparation of State and District Disaster Management Plans
(also at city and village level), with specific reference to the
management of tsunami.
Integration of coastal and tsunami risk into community
planning.
Mitigation
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6
Landslides/
Avalanches
Management
Snow
Revision of town planning byelaws and adoption of model
byelaws, wide dissemination of earthquake and tsunami‐safe
building codes, the National Building Code 2005, and other
safety codes.
Development of tsunami safety standards and guidelines for
existing critical lifeline structures in coastal areas.
Emphasis on Early Warning System.
Mapping contour levels up to which Tsunami impacted on the
last incident of disaster.
Prevention and Preparedness
Integrating landslide concerns in the development of disaster
management plans at all levels (especially for hilly areas and the
Master plans of these areas to integrate the DMP provisions).
Landslide hazard zonation mapping in macro and meso scales.
Setting up of institutional mechanisms for generating awareness
and preparedness about landslide hazard among various
stakeholders.
Strengthening Post disaster management by respective DMAs
and it should be considered as an integral component of
mitigation effort.
Mitigation
7
Urban
Flooding
Management
Taking up pilot projects to carry out detailed studies and
monitoring of selected landslides to assess their stability status
and estimate risk and the output of these studies can be utilised
in planning process at all levels.
Development of model landuse / town planning byelaws and
revision of existing ones.
Strengthening of building / heritage structures and safety of
critical facilities against landslides and snow avalanches in
hazard prone areas.
Enforcing and monitoring the compliance of land use and town
planning byelaws, and other safety regulations in hilly areas.
Prevention and Preparedness
Contour Mapping will be prepared at 0.2 ‐ 0.5 m contour
interval.
Inventory of the existing storm water drainage system will be
prepared on a GIS platform.
Catchment will be the basis for planning and designing the
storm water drainage systems in all ULBs.
Storm water drainage systems for coastal cities have to be
designed taking into account the tidal variations.
Risk assessment will be carried out with a multi‐hazard concept
leading to fool proof land use planning.
Involvement of the Residents' Welfare Associations &
Community Based Organisations in monitoring this and in all
Urban Flood Disaster Management actions.
Mitigation
222
Future Storm water drainage systems will be designed with a
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Runoff Coefficient of up to 0.95 in using Rational Method taking
into account the approved Land‐use Plan.
Rainwater Harvesting as an integral component of the building.
Encroachments on Drains and in Floodplains will be removed by
providing alternative accommodation to the poor people.
Low‐lying areas should be reserved for parks and other low‐
impact human activities.
Storm water drainage concerns will be made a part of all
Environmental Impact Assessment norms.
Table 6.9: Salient Features of NDMA guidelines for Man‐made Hazards
S. No.
1
Types of Man
made Hazards
Salient Features on Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation of
respective Disasters
Chemical
Terrorism
Disasters(CTD)
Management
Prevention and Preparedness
Preparedness for an emergency response at the incident site requires
protection, detection, and decontamination. The Chief Medical Officer
will be the main coordinator for the management of CTD. Preparedness
for emergency medical response includes prompt establishment of
medical posts as part of the ICS.
The nodal ministry for CTD and for chemical accidents will organise
necessary activities to develop a common information platform for a
sufficiently robust networking system, as part of the DM plans. Nodal
and line ministries at the central level and departments of health,
SDMAs and DDMAs at the state or district level will identify the various
requirements of critical infrastructure to be developed with PPP
models to mitigate the impact of CTD.
Mitigation
2
Chemical
(industrial)
Disaster
Management
Counter‐terrorism strategies, risk and vulnerability assessment, chemo‐
surveillance, and environmental monitoring are required for the
mitigation of CTD by authorities recommended by NDMA.
A buffer zone to be defined to such industries, which are vulnerable for
CTD. Development in such zones should be restricted, which should be
covered in development planning.
Prevention and Preparedness
Strengthening of the present regulatory framework to meet the defined
national policies and aspirations; augmentation of technical support
functions, a supportive and technology neutral regulation framework.
Specific roles and responsibilities of MAH units, transporters, drivers,
authorities and aspects related to emergency communication systems
and training of various stakeholders.
Preparation of Crisis Management Plan by the hospitals, concept of
mobile hospital and mobile teams, planning for and regular testing of
emergency plan, establishing post‐disaster documentation procedures,
epidemiological surveys and minimum criteria for relief and
rehabilitation.
Mitigation
Legislation on land‐use policy (buffer zone around chemical industry),
Standardisation of national codes and practises, Preparation of On‐Site
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S. No.
Types of Man
made Hazards
Salient Features on Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation of
respective Disasters
and Off‐Site, Preparation of a highway DM plan for the transportation of
hazardous chemical, Establishing a risk management framework
criterion for chemical assessment.
3
Nuclear
&
Radiological
Disaster
Management
Hazard identification, risk assessment, incorporation of GIS technology,
risk mapping, and development and improvement of database.
Prevention and Preparedness
The plans for DM of nuclear/radiological emergencies / disasters from
all levels of administration must be mainstreamed, allocation of funds
from the Planning Commission as well as the concerned ministry.
Off‐site emergency preparedness and response plans to be prepared by
the collectors/ magistrates of the districts.
The SDMAs are required to identify and enlist officers with total
responsibility of issues related to nuclear/radiological disaster
management, the collector/magistrate of the district affected by nuclear
emergency from nuclear power plant/facility will be in‐charge of the
off‐site emergency programme and for radiological emergencies in the
metropolitans/large cities, wherein more than one district is involved.
The state authorities will nominate an incident commander; NDRF
personnel must always be made available on emergency basis by NDMA
at the affected site.
Mitigation
4
Source:
Fire Services
Management
Engineering safety features and accident management procedures that
should be in place in a nuclear plant as accident mitigation measures for
minimising the impact of a nuclear emergency by keeping the
radioactivity release in the environment to levels as low as possible.
Controlling the power, cooling the fuel and confining the radioactive
material should be used as three basic safety functions in Nuclear Plant.
The inbuilt safety measures, including biological shields, safety systems
and interlocks, safety audits, operations strictly following safety
procedures, etc., mitigate the consequences of accidents should be
adopted.
Prevention and Preparedness
Preparation of Fire Hazard Response Mitigation Plan (FHRMP)
The plan should incorporate activities for mass awareness and
inspection of fire‐fighting facilities and equipment especially in schools,
busy shopping malls, high‐rise buildings and residential clusters.
Integration of FHRMP with 13th Finance Commission report and state
five year plans for mobilisation of funds.
NDMA guidelines for each of the Man‐made Hazards.
Moreover, in addition to above points, there is a need to identify infrastructural
needs for preparing mitigation plans, Implementing a financial strategy for the
allocation of funds for different national and state/district level mitigation projects.
Capacity Building: In addition to above‐mentioned salient features, the capacity
development for managing the disaster is an important criterion, which should be
considered as a part of preparedness. There should be availability of skilled and
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adequately trained manpower like rescue and relief teams, Civil Defence, Home
Guards, and other emergency service providers having basic knowledge of relevant
disasters. In Disaster Management Plan, the role of NGOs, other voluntary
organisations, and the community is required to be defined. Capacity development
should be undertaken at the district, state, and national levels by the Ministries and
departments concerned as a part of their respective DM plans.
Response Mechanisms: A mechanism for coordinated approach and efforts is
required for effective response after the incident. Role of communities, NGO and
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)105should be considered while formulating
incident response strategy.
Response & Relief: To provide Psycho Social Support after the incident as a part of
relief is an important aspect. NDMA has also issued detailed guidelines which
describes the following features:
Implementation of Psycho‐Social Support and Mental Health Services (PSSMHS) in National
Mental Health Programme (NMHP) and in District Mental Health Programme (DMHP);
Integration of the PSSMHS in DMHP and General Health Programme as a part of hospital and
District health plan;
Formation of a National Sub‐Committee on PSSMHS;
Training of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Quick Reaction Teams (QRTs)
Disaster Management Teams (DMTs) in all basic psycho‐social support skills;
Integration of PSSMHS and NMHP with Disaster Management (DM) Plan and Health/Hospital DM
Plans.
In terms of medical preparedness106, the prevention measure and the preparedness measure is
separately highlighted by NDMA.
Preventive measure: Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP)
Preparedness for the management of mass causalities: Emergency Medical Response (EMR) at
the incident site and their quick and safe evacuation by ambulance, are two important steps.
6.7.3. State Disaster Management Plan
The Section 23 of Disaster Management (DM) Act 2005 states that there shall be a
DM plan for every state. The NDMA has also issued guidelines on preparation of
State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP), which outlines the broad coverage of the
plan as well as the requirements of consultation in its preparation. It also provides
provision for annual review and updating of the State DM Plan, and enjoins upon the
state governments to make provisions for financing the activities to be carried out
under the state plans. The SDMP shall be prepared in consultation with the State
Perspective Plans and/or State Urbanisation Policies.
The Act provides for the departments of the State Governments to draw up their
own plans in accordance with the state DM plan. The SDMP should be prepared by
the State Executive Committee (SEC) in conformity with the guidelines to be issued
105
A separate guideline has been issued by NDMA on Incident Response System and National Disaster Management
Information and Communication System, which is available at www.ndma.gov.in.
106
The NDMA guideline on Medical Preparedness available at www.ndma.gov.in can be referred.
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on related matters by the SDMA having regard to the NDMA guidelines. The SDMP
prepared by SEC should be approved by the SDMA. The approach to the preparation
of the SDMP should be holistic and address all the hazards the state is vulnerable to.
The SDMP may also adopt the generic categorisation of disasters with respect to
specific plans at the state level by various departments to handle different disasters.
These categories could be L0, L1, L2, and L3.
L0 denotes normal times, which are expected to be utilised for close monitoring, documentation,
prevention, mitigation and preparatory activities. This is the planning stage where plans at all
levels from community to the State should be put in place. Training on search and rescue,
rehearsals, evaluation and inventory updating for response activities should be carried out
during this time.
L1 specifies disasters that can be managed at the district level, however, the state and centre will
remain in readiness to provide assistance if needed.
L2 specifies disaster situations that may require assistance and active participation of the state,
and the mobilisation of resources at the state level.
L3 disaster situations arise from large‐scale disasters where districts and the state may not have
the capacity to respond adequately and require assistance from the central government for
reinstating the state and district machinery.
The following features should be considered while preparing the SDMP
Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Atlas (HRVA) assessment of different parts of the state to different
kinds of disasters.
The vulnerability of different parts of the state to different kinds of disasters.
The SDMP should be developed in line with DDMPs.
The measures to be adopted for prevention and mitigation of disasters.
The manner in which mitigation measures shall be integrated with development plans and
projects.
The capacity building and preparedness measures to be taken.
The roles and responsibilities of each department of the government of the state in relation to the
measures specified above.
The roles and responsibilities of different Departments of the government of the state in
responding to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
The state plan will be reviewed and updated annually.
The suggested framework for developing SDMP & DDMP is shown in the Figure 6.4.
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ability Guid
delines
Figu
ure 6.4: Sugg
gested Broaad Framewo
ork for develloping SDMP
P and DDMP
P
Sourcce:
National Disaster
D
Managem
ment Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster Management
M
Plan
ns.
6.7
7.4. District Dissaster Maanagemeent Plan (DDMP))107
Secttion 31 off the DM Act,
A 2005 makes
m
man
ndatory to
o formulatee District Disaster
D
Man
nagement Plan (DD
DMP) by District Authority
A
i consulttation with local
in
auth
horities. DDMP
D
shalll include Hazard
H
Rissk and Vullnerability Analysis (HRVA),
(
prevention, mitigation,
m
p
preparedne
ess measurres, respon
nse plan an
nd procedu
ures. An
indiicative list with possib
ble plan ob
bjectives is given below
w:
107
To identify th
T
he areas vuln
nerable to major types of the
t hazards in
n the district..
T adopt pro
To
oactive meassures at distrrict level by all the Goveernment departments to prevent/
k
know
disasteer and mitigate its effects.
T define an
To
nd assign thee different taasks and ressponsibilitiess to stakehollders during the pre‐
disaster and post‐disasterr phases.
T adopt dissaster resilien
To
nt construction mechanissm in the disttrict by way of using Info
ormation,
Education an
nd Communiccation for maaking the com
mmunity awaare of the neeed of disasterr resilient
f
future
develo
opment.
T enhance disaster
To
d
resiliience of the people
p
in the district by waay of capacityy building.
Reduce the loss
l
of public and privatte property, especially
e
crritical facilitiees and infrasstructure,
t
through
prop
per disaster management
m
planning
Manage futurre developmeent to mitigatte the effect of
o natural hazzards in the d
district.
T set up thee early warning system so
To
o as to preparre the commu
unity to deal with the disaaster and
r
responsive
co
ommunicatio
on system bassed upon fail‐proof proven
n technologyy.
T develop the
To
t standardiized mechaniism to respon
nd to disasteer situation to
o manage thee disaster
efficiently.
So
ource: Explanatory Notes for Preeparation of District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP),
(
NDMA
URD
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nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
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To set up an Emergency Operations Centre at the District level to function effectively in search,
rescue, response.
To prepare the response plan based upon the guidelines issued in the State Disaster Management
Plan so as to provide prompt relief, rescue and search support in the disaster affected areas.
To make the use of media in disaster management.
Rehabilitation plan of the affected people and reconstruction measures to be taken by different
govt. departments at district level and local authority.
Integration of DM initiatives into development plan and projects.
To coordinate with Centre & State agencies concerned for effective and efficient DM.
The District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP) is the guide for achieving the
objective mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It should be noted that
Development Plan for the District/City should also integrate with DDMPs and city
planning or town planning should be in compliance with the DDMPs and SDMP of
the concerned District.
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7.
Simplified Planning Techniques
Town planners use variety of techniques at different stages of the planning process.
These techniques may relate to surveys for collection of data, assessment of existing
conditions in a settlement, as well as analysis and projections of future requirements
in respect of various activities.
Substantial proportions of these techniques are highly elaborate and demand
intensive data inputs. Considerable time is lost in collecting the required data
causing delays occur in the plan preparation process. Further, with rapid
urbanisation, planners need simplified techniques for analysis and plan preparation.
The chapter describes some of the useful and simplified techniques for data
collection, survey, analysis, projections and mapping. Most of these exercises can be
take up as a separate research/ survey before plan preparation to provide processed
data inputs.
7.1.
Identifying Data Needs and Data Collection List
The basic presumption of simplified information gathering methodologies is that
there is always a certain amount of uncertainty attached to any set of data, and that
the available data may or may not be complete as compared to what is required for
ensuring perfectness in decision making. This presumption implies that decision‐
making most often involves an element of imperfect data and good decision maker
makes good use of extrapolation of the collected data though the application of
simplified survey techniques.
The methods of rapid information collection institutionalise existing good practices
and even common sense. They rely mostly on direct observation, seek several views
of any one “fact” (cross checking) and make use of checklists and semi‐structured
dialogues instead of lengthy and often costly questionnaire‐based surveys. Due to
difficulties of measuring much of socio‐economic information directly, rapid survey
techniques make liberal use of proxy indicators to trace ranking, trends and shifts.
These rapid methods must not be considered as substitutes to specialist
investigations and should be used for quick access to information for rapid decision‐
making.
7.1.1. Data Checklist
The data collection checklist is a precise and exhaustive listing of topics/issues and
sub‐topics/issues related to the information need. The process begins with the
preparation of an initial checklist. The next stage is to define the method of acquiring
information about each sub‐topic in the list. The checklist is flexible and allows the
surveyor to adapt and improvise in the field. The steps involved in the preparation
of the checklist are as follow:
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
229
Simpliified Plann
ning Techn
niques
List major
m
topics with its priorrity.
List of major info
ormation need
ds and how each
e
will be used for analy
ysis.
Breaak down each
h topic into su
ub‐topics.
Indiccate the likely
y information
n sources succh as
Document from Goveernment depaartments, orgganisations, private
p
agenciies, publicatio
ons etc.
Observation in the stu
udy area and
d inspection
Dialoguee, interviews
Self‐com
mpletion surveeys etc.
7.2.
Data Collectio
C
on Techn
niques
Information or daata can be divided intto two types, i.e. Prim
mary data aand Second
dary
data. Primary
P
daata is colleected first hand by investigatorr, thus thrrough Prim
mary
survey.. Secondarry data is second hand data, initially collected
c
b
by some other
investiggator for other
o
purpo
ose but lateer on used by an inveestigator fo
or his/her own
o
purposse.
7.2.1.. Primaary Data Collectio
on techn
niques
Primarry data are those, whicch are colleected for th
he first time and are aalways giveen in
the forrm of raw material and
a originaal in characcter. Before beginnin
ng the prim
mary
data co
ollection prrocess, the techniquee of data co
ollection, th
he questionnaire theereof
and thee survey saample selecction techniique is to be
b finalised. To processs, analysis and
interprret primary
y data, suitaable statistiical method
ds are need
ded.
Figure 7.1: Stages off conducting Primary Surv
vey
Source: Reeading Material on
o Planning Tech
hniques by JH An
nsari and Shri Mahavir.
M
230
URDP
PFI Guideline
es, 2014. Ministry of Urba
an Developm
ment
Simplified Planning Techniques
This section discusses four types of primary surveys, which are listed in the order of
passive to active respondents. Following are the broad categories of primary
surveys:
Visual survey / Reconnaissance survey: This survey does not require direct contact with
population of the study area. It is quick overview of the area.
Inspection: It involves direct inspection of area by surveyor for extracting information.
Personal Interview / Dialogue: This survey is more personal and could be either face‐to‐face or
telephonic. In such type of surveys some initial topics are investigated to gain insight in the area
of interest.
Selfsurvey: In this type of survey indirect contact is made with the respondent by sending
questionnaire through mail or handed out but the response is not collected on the spot.
7.2.1.1. Visual surveys / Reconnaissance survey
Visual surveys are direct inspection surveys, which are performed by survey teams
moving in a vehicle or walking. This type of survey can be used in the initial stages of
the investigation, often after preparing initial checklist. It performs variety of
functions, such as:
Familiarise with study area.
Give initial impressions of the physical and social state of an area.
Identify selected areas for further investigation.
Generate ideas for development of checklist.
7.2.1.2. Inspection
Direct Inspection: The direct inspection of conditions or activities is employed in
many kinds of surveys where human communication is not required to elicit the
information (Source: Reading Material on Planning Techniques by JH Ansari and Shri
Mahavir). It can be used for observing traffic counts, recreation area use surveys,
housing quality studies and proxy observations where required.
Indirect Inspection: The findings of the initial survey can be substantiated with the
help of Key Indicator Survey, which are specific to the objectives of the analysis.
Often, instead of getting direct information on the variable, surveyors rely on
observing approximations known as proxies. A proxy is used to inform about a
variable without direct investigation, instead investigating its key indicators. Such
as: instead of enquiring about the income range, the surveyor can observe the
housing condition, number of vehicles and other consumer goods. Table 7.1 lists
proxy indicators to be generated through checklist, relating to the sub‐topics, which
are identified as important.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
231
Simplified Planning Techniques
Table 7.1:
Possible Proxy Indicators
Topic
Possible Proxy
Add your own proxies
Economic growth
Housing construction& condition
Dwelling extensions
Electricity consumption
Sale of new vehicles
Prosperity
Number of Petrol pumps
Sale of Furnishings types
Types of commercial stores
Service levels
Number of standpipes
Private water carriers
Electricity supply
Use of public urinals
On‐street garbage
Wealth distribution
Differing new houses construction
Private car ownership
Imported goods consumption
Women’s participation
Hand portage of water
Ratio of girls in higher education
Municipal efficiency
Frequency of garbage removal
Condition of road
Street lights
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996
Such methods are to be adopted if the documentary statistics is aggregative or out‐
dated or both. Good proxies are those which can be easily investigated, however,
proxies can often be misleading and must be used with care. Therefore generating
proxies require knowledge about the relationship between the proxy and the
variable it is trying to asses and its relationship in the study area.
7.2.1.3. Personal Interview/Dialogue
A number of types of surveys are undertaken face to face or by telephonic
conversation. In case of quantitative survey, the structured dialogue is one‐way
where precise questioning takes place. Semi‐structured dialogue is a flexible two‐
way process where only some initial topics are investigated. These topics can be
revised as the practitioner gains insight in the area as information flows‐in from the
respondents. The semi‐structured dialogue is thus an informal process but it needs
to be managed expertly, particularly in the aspects listed below:
Behavioural factors of the surveyors and respondents
Questions not to be ambiguous or long
Managing the conversation &careful probing to seek answers
Judging responses without biases
Cross‐checking with other respondents
Recording the interview (audio/video)
Avoiding errors
232
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7.2.1.4. Focussed Group Discussion (FGD)
Focussed group discussion is a qualitative data collection and research technique.
Questions about opinions, perceptions, beliefs, attitude of people towards planning
aims, services are probed in these discussions.FGD can be used for learning about
stakeholders, their interrelationship and to know about a range of issues on the
topic. This method costs fairly low compared to surveys, as one can get results
relatively quickly and increase the sample size. FGDs can either be used to explore
meaning of survey findings that cannot be explained statically as well as before
designing questionnaires.
Homogenous group of people are selected for FGD so that they are comfortable and
have free flow of discussion. Main objective and key questions of the meeting should
be pre‐decided. Group of 10 to 12 people and questions should be selected for a
single FGD108. More than one, mostly three to four FGDs to be done before legitimate
results can be reached on an issue. FGD in rural settings can make use of interactive
diagrammatic data collection techniques such as mapping, Venn diagram etc.
7.2.1.5. Participatory Rapid Appraisal
PRA is an intensive, systematic but semi‐structured learning experience carried out
in a community by a multi‐disciplinary team, which includes community
members109 using various tools given below. Participatory appraisal methods and
tools can be used across all age groups and cultures and do not rely on literacy skills.
Methods of PRA are highly visual and comprise a myriad of activities to elicit and
triangulate the same information110. Tools used in participatory interviews or group
meetings include brainstorming, mapping, ranking and diagramming and can be
broadly put in four categories111:
Group dynamics, e.g. learning contracts, role reversals, feedback sessions
Sampling, e.g. transect walks, wealth ranking, social mapping
Interviewing, e.g. focus group discussions, semi‐structured interviews, triangulation
Visualization e.g. Venn diagrams, matrix scoring, timelines
Participation usually takes place in familiar surroundings in the street, public places
or through community‐based activities112.
7.2.1.6. Self‐Survey
These are often in the questionnaires sent to respondents through mail or survey
forms handed out or inserted in the newspapers and the filled questionnaires are
108
Source: Overseas Development Institute, UK; Wikipedia.
109
http://www.slideshare.net/ronelcana/participatory‐rapid‐appraisal.
110
http://shortwork.org.uk/?page_id=210.
111
112
Source: Wikipedia.
http://shortwork.org.uk/?page_id=210
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Simplified Planning Techniques
mailed back to the surveyor. It has various limitations, like; responses can be low
and unsatisfactory.
Primary data collection techniques can be costly and very time consuming thus
methods of rapid information collection, which rely mostly on direct observation, is
an alternative. This method seeks several views of any one “fact” (cross checking),
makes use of checklists and semi‐structured dialogue. However, rapid methods must
not be considered as substitutes to specialist investigations and should be used for
quick access to information for rapid decision making only.
7.2.2. Secondary Data Collection techniques
Secondary data are those, which have already been collected by someone other than
the investigator himself. These are usually compiled and processed information but
may be relatively less accurate than the primary data. However, the problems
associated with the primary data collection such as time consumption, skilled
manpower requirement do not arise here. Secondary data can be collected from a
number of sources, which can be broadly classified, into two categories.
7.2.2.1. Published Sources
Mostly secondary data is collected from published sources, which makes it reliable.
Some important sources of published sources and statistical data are as follow:
Published reports of Central and State Governments and local bodies.
Statistical abstracts, census reports and other reports published by different Ministries of the
Government.
Official publications of the foreign Governments.
Reports and Publications of trade associations, chambers of commerce, financial institutions etc.
Journals, Magazines and periodicals.
Periodic Publications of Government organizations like Central Statistical Organization (CSO),
National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO).
Reports submitted by Economists, Research Scholars, Bureaus,
Published works of research institutions and Universities
7.2.2.2. Unpublished Sources
Statistical and non‐statistical data can also be collected from various unpublished
sources. Some of the important unpublished sources from which secondary data can
be collected are:
The research works carried out by scholars, research associates and professionals.
The records maintained by private firms and business enterprises, which may not have been
published due to business discretion.
Records and statistics maintained by various departments and offices of the Central and State
Governments, Corporations, Undertakings among others.
For assisting planning and development efforts of local bodies, Central Statistical
Organisation (CSO) of Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MoSPI) has published a document ‘Basic Statistics for Local Level Development’ for
234
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Rural‐village schedule, Urban‐ ward schedule and Metropolitan city/ city/ town
schedule. At village level, the gram Panchayat will consolidate, maintain and own
village level data. It is suggested that District Statistical Office (DSO) will coordinate
with respective local body and different departments for getting the information
compiled at respective schedule.
7.3.
Types of Surveys
While planning regional or urban area, diverse studies are done which use various
sets of information to analyse existing situation and make future projections. Thus,
keeping in mind the range of data required in planning, following survey types have
been undertaken.
7.3.1. Socio‐Economic Survey
Demographic survey is concerned with collection of socio‐economic data regarding
characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and
vital statistics. This survey forms base for not only understanding current socio‐
demographic characteristics of specific area but also projections of future
population and related infrastructure. However this survey is to be done in rare
cases only as Census of India provides detailed information of demography.
7.3.2. Land use/utilisation Surveys
Land use survey is commonly undertaken with the purpose to identify developed
and undeveloped areas for analysis of physical distribution and condition of existing
development for future projections. In case of ground verification of the land use
map prepared by remote access or by various secondary sources, land use of a
defined land parcel can be observed by undertaking a well‐planned exercise.
The developed and undeveloped area can then be further classified into major
categories depending upon the use to which major portions of land are put to. The
categories are to be in line with Urban or Regional Plan (s) (as given in Table 4.4 and
Table 9.1). In case of multiple use of a land parcel, the dominating land use should be
marked, if mixed land use is not considered in the plan.
7.3.3. Density Surveys
Density surveys are done to understand the relationship between built‐up area and
population density. It is taken up for assessment of infrastructure requirements, to
reduce congestion, appropriate availability of land for specific activities and services
required by residents for good quality of life.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
235
Simplified Planning Techniques
7.3.3.1. Residential Density113
Residential density surveys are undertaken with the objective to understand the
accommodation density, built‐up area density (built‐up area per land area) and the
residing population density. Based on the analysis from this survey, the decisions on
the control and promotional measures can be taken.
There are two separate aspects of this objective, first is less congestion within
dwelling unit and second is low‐ high density in a neighbourhood or the study area.
Another reason for such surveys is to control number of people residing in an area
so as to provide appropriate/sustainable or decentralised services and utilities for
the area.
Residential density is normally expressed in terms of:
Houses per unit land (dwelling units/hectare),
Habitable rooms per unit land (rooms/hectare) (Accommodation density) and
Persons per unit land (persons/hectare) (Population Density).
For comparison at later stages and analysis of the residential areas, the study area
can be further divided into zones/sub‐divisions of similar housing types/conditions
and tentative observation of density or based on similar pattern for survey within
the study area.
As accommodation density and population density are calculated for same unit of
area, these can be compared to reach at number of persons (occupancy rate) per
habitable room. Thus it is used to determine whether particular area is under‐
utilized or over‐utilised. This information can be used in future planning to decide
which areas are to be decongested and in which areas density can be increased. The
following formulas are used for the calculation:
Number of habitable rooms in the study area/sub‐division
Accommodation density = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Net area of the study area/sub‐division
Total population of the study area
Population density = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Total area of the study area
Population density
Occupancy rates = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Accommodation density
7.3.3.2. Non‐Residential Density
Density in non‐residential areas is carried out for assessment and provision of
appropriate quantity and quality of services to the users of study area. Measurement
of density in non‐residential area in terms of room or occupant per acre does not
113
Source: Reading Material on Planning Techniques by Sh.JH Ansari and Sh. Mahavir; and Keeble Lewis, Principles and
Practices of Town & Country Planning, 1968.
236
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Simplified Planning Techniques
provide useful information, thus a method based upon the floor space index (FSI) is
used to calculate non‐residential density.
This survey seeks to obtain twofold information about study area; first, a statement
of the total area devoted to different classes of land use within the non‐residential
area, distinguishing only between quite distinct kinds of use, e.g. shop, office, place
of assembly. Second, the intensity of use of each street blocks in the non‐residential
area in terms of its overall FSI. The FSI survey gives some idea whether the amount
of land requires be increasing or reducing for different land uses.
Table 7.2:
Field sheet for non‐residential survey
Subdivision
No.
Floor area in square meters
Shop
Residence
Office
Total floor area
Total Size
F.S.I.
Industry
1
2
3
4
5
Source:
Reading Material on Planning Techniques by JH Ansari and Shri Mahavir.
7.3.4. Infrastructure Surveys
Infrastructure survey includes the survey of existing infrastructure within and
surrounding the study area in terms of its population. The result of infrastructure
survey is compared to benchmarks and parameters provided by
National/Government authorities. Such survey includes physical as well social
infrastructure. This survey is commonly integrated with the land use survey to
cohesively understand the use of land and to save on time and manpower.
Physical infrastructure indicators: transportation, water supply, wastewater, sewerage, and solid
waste management infrastructure.
Social infrastructure indicators: educational, civic and utilities, health care, recreation
infrastructure etcetera.
Key parameters to be assessed in the survey are capacity, utilisation, gap
assessment, issues associated as well as technology. The following table indicates
the various infrastructure indicators that can be used and the benchmark providing
agencies for the same.
Table 7.3:
Infrastructure indicators and benchmark providing agencies
Indicators
Benchmarks providing Authority
Transportation
Urban Road – Code of Practice
Water supply
CPHEEO, Service level benchmarking‐Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
Waste water management
CPHEEO, Service level benchmarking‐MoUD
Solid waste management
CPHEEO, Service level benchmarking‐MoUD
Storm water Drainage
CPHEEO, Service level benchmarking‐MoUD
Sewerage
CPHEEO, Service level benchmarking‐MoUD
Industrial Effluent
As per CPCB / SPCB norms
Sources: As given.
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237
Simplified Planning Techniques
Transportation infrastructure survey is undertaken to comprehend the transport
network and the movement of commuters in the city. It comprises survey of traffic
volume, commuter load of different forms of commutation, parking survey and
others. Table 7.4 covers this in detail.
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7.3.5. Transportation Surveys
Types of surveys, their objectives and methods, sampling size and expected output are given in the table below:
Table 7.4:
Comprehensive Table of Transportation Surveys (Transport Survey forms Refer Appendix F of Volume II B)
S. No.
Survey Name
Inventory of road network system
1.
Review of existing transport
infrastructure and facilities, including:
Flyovers/ underpasses,
Major intersections,
Parking facilities,
Traffic control facilities
Pedestrian facilities
NMV facilities,
Level Railway Crossings
Public Transport and Para transit
Facilities
Speed and delay studies
2.
Objectives
Classified traffic volume counts
3.
114
IRC:SP:19-2001.
115
Ibid.
To appreciate the physical characteristics of
the identified road network in terms of right‐
of‐way, carriage way, number of access points,
surface type, abutting land use, etc.
To identify physical constraints and
bottleneck points along the identified road
network.
To assess the capacity potential of the
identified road network
To appreciate traffic management measures
presently adopted along the identified road
network
To understand the existing transport situation
in order to develop a rational land use and
transport plan and mobility improvement
measures in a CMP
To elicit the journey and running speed along
the road network
To identify the bottleneck point
To obtain the travel time matrix for all the O‐D
pairs
To quantity delays and identify factors causing
delay
To appreciate traffic characteristics in terms
of size composition and variation – directional
and temporal.
To appreciate the spatial distribution of traffic
To establish the level of service on the road
network system
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Survey Methods
Sampling Size
Manual
Moving
Observer
method
Floating Car Method
Registration Number
Method
Elevated
observer
Method
Manual Method
Using automatic
devices like Sensors
Video Photography
Two sections for a
road section with
similar land uses
Two samples for a
road section with
similar land use
Samples
to
be
collected where ever
section has variation
Expected Output
Physical characteristics and
physical constraints of road
network
and
transport
infrastructure
The average of around six
runs114
Journey and running speed,
travel time, delay causing
factors
As even day count will
then give the Average
Daily Traffic (ADT)115
Traffic Characteristic of
the study area
Traffic volume
Spatial distribution of
traffic
Circulation of traffic
239
Simplified Planning Techniques
S. No.
Survey Name
Road Side Origin and destination
surveys at
Cordon and
Screen lines
4.
Objectives
Mobility survey (Household Survey)
5.
Parking Demand Characteristics
6.
116
Survey Methods
To appreciate the traffic characteristics
To appreciate the desired patterns of
passenger and goods traffic
To assess the intensity of through and
destined traffic
To use in model validation
Road Side Interview
Method
Registration Number
Plate survey
Tags on vehicles
To elicit socio‐economic characteristics of the
household
To elicit travel characteristics of the
household (total trips, purpose of trips, mode
used, trip length, trip origin and destination
etc.)
To appreciate desired pattern of traffic
To elicit opinion (of the residents of the study
area) regarding general transport problems of
the city and the probable areas of
improvement.
To assess the parking characteristics in terms
of parking duration and accumulation by
mode
To assess future levels of demand
Household interviews
Sampling Size
Expected Output
The
survey
should
normally be conducted for
three consecutive days, on
sample basis, if possible
during a representative
week in the year and must
encompass the weekly
market day and one
working day116
Population
<50,000
50,000‐
1,50,000
1,50,000 –
3,00,000
3,00,000‐
5,00,000
>10,00,000
Parking Space
Inventory
Parking usage Survey
by patrol
Sampling
rate
1 in 5
1 in 8
1 in 15
Travel pattern
O‐D matrix to calibrate
a transport demand
model
Socio‐economic profile of
the study area, number of
trips, purpose of trips, mode
used, trip length, trip origin
and destination, vehicle
ownership
1 in 20
1 in 25
Each typology to be
covered / representative
sample to be collected
Parking
duration,
load,
volume, index, turn‐over
Ibid.
240
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Simplified Planning Techniques
S. No.
Survey Name
Objectives
Survey Methods
To develop a parking policy
Cordon count
Questionnaire type
parking survey
Parking Space
Inventory
Sampling Size
Expected Output
Determine availability
existing parking
7.
Parking Supply
To assess the Parking Supply
8.
Activity place study
To appreciate the activity pattern in terms of
type and intensity
To appreciate the employment levels by type
of activity
To develop relationship between floor space
and employment
To appreciate the trip and other
characteristics of employees
To develop trip production and attraction
rates by type and intensity of activities.
To appreciate system and operational
characteristics
To appreciate the performance and economic
characteristics
To appreciate role and function of Para transit
To appreciate the system characteristics of
Para transit
To appreciate characteristics Para transit
users
To appreciate physical characteristics of the
terminal regarding size, space usage etc.
To appreciate the operational characteristics
in terms of flow of vehicles/good/people to
and from the terminal
To appreciate the user characteristics (in case
of passenger terminal) regarding their origin,
destination, mode used, trip length etc.
To appreciate the parking characteristics in
the terminal
To appreciate the problems, constraints and
potentials for expansion of the terminal
activity
Primary survey
Each typology to be
covered / representative
sample to be collected
100 % of land use survey
and Sample size of trip rate
to be decided based on the
size of study area.
Inventory
User surveys
Operator Surveys
Sample size to be decided
based on the size and
characteristic of study area
System and operational
characteristics
Inventory
User surveys
Operator Surveys
Sample size to be decided
based on the size and
characteristic of study area
System and
characteristics
Inventory
User surveys
Operator Surveys
Sample size to be decided
based on the size and
characteristics of study
area and availability of
users
Physical characteristics of
the terminal, operational
characteristics in terms of
flow
of
vehicles/good/people,
parking characteristics in
the terminal
9.
Public transport system study
10.
Para transit study
11.
Terminal studies
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Identify
rates
trip
of
generation
operational
241
Simplified Planning Techniques
S. No.
12.
Survey Name
Safety studies (accident studies,
including collision & traffic incidences)
Objectives
13.
Pedestrian Survey
Volume Counts
− Along
− Across
14.
Source:
Intersection Survey
a. Intersection Turning Movement
Survey
b. Queue length Survey
To appreciate the trends of accidents in the
study area
To appreciate the temporal and spatial
variation of accidents
To identify the accident prone areas
To identify planning and management
measures for improvement of traffic safety
To appreciate pedestrian characteristics in
terms of size composition and variation –
directional and temporal.
To appreciate the spatial distribution
To establish the level of service on the road
network system
Safety: Continuity of street lighting for
carriageway and pavements
Comfort: Continuity of shade, provision of
access ramps
Convenience: Presence of pedestrian path‐
finding signage, street furniture such as
garbage bins, seating, drinking water
Measures turning movements at key
intersections during the morning and evening
peak hours.
A queue length survey at major bottlenecks
can show the severity of traffic congestion
quantitatively.
Sampling Size
Expected Output
Secondary data
collection from police
stations
Survey Methods
Accident record for last 2
years
Identification
prone areas
Manual Counts
Video
Attitude
As even day count will
then give the Average
Daily Traffic (ADT)117
Level of service of the
pedestrian system and need
for additional pedestrian
facilities
Manual counts
Directional movement of
traffic in the peak hour
Counts for 2 hours each in
the morning and evening
peak periods unless there
exist
extended
peak
hours.
Performance characteristics
of an Intersection
of
accident
As given
Notes:
1) In ‘Inventory of Road Network System’ inclusion of ‘City, ward and neighbourhood level NMT routes’ & ‘NMT priority zones, public bicycle sharing schemes,
NMV parking facilities’ may be considered.
2) Special emphasis must be paid to understand the differences in travel between men and women (especially in ‘Mobility survey’ ‘Public Transport System
Study’, ‘Para transit Study’ and ‘Terminal Study’; assess their met and unmet requirements for incorporating the results to improve transport system towards
providing gender sensitive transport system.
117
Ibid.
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7.4.
Analytical Techniques
Analysis breaks down complex phenomena into simple elements by organising,
correlating, classifying, displaying and resolving. Based on the understanding of
existing conditions, analysis and trends of change, the planners propose short‐term
and long‐term scenarios of future and design schedules of inter connected
interventions to steer development towards a desired future state.
These analysis techniques shall be carefully chosen keeping in view the objective of
the study and the extent of data collected. The techniques with following
characterised shall be preferred:
Consideration of multiple parameters
Handling mass data base
Analysis output in visual form
Simplified Reporting: A report can be a summarized or detailed description of
studied phenomenon. It helps in performing the tasks of putting information in an
ordered format, identifying patterns, classifying, observing trends, correlating and
inferring with a view to arrive at insights, conclusions, policy guidelines or design
directions related to issues under investigation.
The report should introduce the contents at the very beginning, stating the objectives,
scope and limitation of the study, describing the methodology used in collecting
information and conducting analyses for arriving at alternatives, evaluating
alternatives and deriving conclusions and recommendations.
Trend Analysis: This is a simple technique to study changes in a system over a
period of time. Availability of time series data at least for three points of time is a
basic requirement for its application. The analysis can be displayed in the form of
tables, graphs, maps or diagrams. This technique is popularly used in study and
analysis of change in urban economy, demographic pattern and physical form.
Analytical tools for Trend Analysis may be used to predict the result of specific
measures in the context of Traffic and Transportation strategies as decision support
tools.
Data Compilation & Analysis Techniques: With advancement, data analysis can be
executed more exhaustively and extensively through various software platforms.
Complex analysis involving multiple variables and scenario building for various cases
require advanced analytical software. These are carefully chosen to meet the
requirement of the data compilation and analysis.
Software like Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Analysis
System (SAS), STATA, Microsoft Excel files and others assist in data analysis for
multiple variables, the output of which could be presented visually with graphs, trend
charts and diagrams. Various other software, which aid in decision making like Pan
Plus, which supports in preparation of participatory plans by enabling recording of
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
243
Simpliffied Planniing Techniiques
preferen
nces and prriorities of people and
d slotting th
hem into scchemes and program
mmes
that form
m part of the budgeet envelop
pe of plann
ning unit is useful aas an anallysis
techniqu
ue.
Innovattive data ana
alysis techniiques
Develop
pment radarss are pictoriaal depictions of performaance of plann
ning unit witth coordinatees
plotted around at 360 degreess, with each
h axis depiccting one paarameter of developmen
nt.
Develop
pment radarss can also be a report card
d, because it can be re‐drrawn over a time sequencce
and the difference in
n attainment measured. These
T
can be used in resp
pect of variou
us sectors succh
as health
h, education, poverty allev
viation, drink
king water, an
nd housing.
Figure 7.2:
7
Techniq
ques of Data Representatio
R
on: Developm
ment Radar
Source:
Integrated Disttrict Planning, Planning Commisssion
Figure 7.3
3: Tabular presentation of
o Smiley facee
Source:
In
ntegrated Districct Planning, Planning Commissio
on.
Data rep
presentation can add vallue to stock taking and visioning
v
exeercises throu
ugh interfacin
ng
numericcal data with spatial inform
mation and making
m
it morre communiccative – one o
of such metho
od
is smiley
y face which describes thee deviation frrom norm/av
verage througgh smileys, greater the gaap,
sadder the
t face.
Map Ana
alysis Tech
hniques: Map
M related
d software contains maps
m
from o
official sources
such as NRSC; NIC having loccations of infrastructu
i
ure and services and boundariees of
urban/ru
ural centrees plotted on them through GIS
G overlay
ys. They allso contain
n an
interfacee between numerical
n
p. Some inittiatives of such
s
data and display of daata on map
softwaree applicatio
ons are by
y Gram +++
+ (which converts nu
umerical data into viisual
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outputs) and Ridhisoft’s Whizmap (GIS platform for local planning)118. These and
other platforms of GIS can be used for the preparation of different plans. The method
of planning through GIS platform has been elaborated later in this chapter in the
section: GIS application in plan formulation.
The above mentioned data collection, analytical and mapping techniques are
comprehensive in nature and can be appropriately adopted during the course of the
project. Land availability for development is declining with accompanying
competition amid various activities. With this scenario land suitability analysis plays
important role wherein land for particular use is selected after considering range of
factors. Land selected thereupon is most suitable and tend to reduce wastage of this
limited resource.
With the expanding city areas, threshold analysis for limiting its boundaries is
evaluated on the basis of viability. These techniques have significant impact on
decision‐making.
7.4.1. Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity of an area can be defined as the maximum number of population
that can be supported by the environment of that area through optimum utilization of
the available resources. The pattern and extent of resource usage serves to be the
primary factor that affects the carrying capacity. This indeed depends highly on the:
Socio‐economic status of the people
Use of technology
If technology is used in a positive manner then the carrying capacity is measured to
increase manifold.
Planners usually define carrying capacity as the ability of the natural or artificial
system that can absorb the population growth or physical development without
considerable degradation or damage (Schneider et al., 1978).
(Source: Schneider, D.M., D.R. Godschalk, and N. Axler. 1978. The Carrying Capacity Concept as a Planning
Tool. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Service Report 338).
The techniques can be translated into policies, strategies and action plans at the local
level towards augmentation and sustenance of urban environment resources in terms
of their supportive and assimilative capacities on one hand and size, nature and
distribution of urban‐economic activities and their concomitant demands on
environment, on another.
(Source: Carrying Capacity based Regional Planning by National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi;
IHS, Rotterdam)
The evaluation of urban carrying capacity is a complex process as it is determined
from basic needs such as food requirements, various kinds of resources consumed
118
Source: Integrated District Planning Manual by Planning Commission
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Simplified Planning Techniques
and the many kinds of wastes generated, different kinds of landuse conversions
leading to ecological imbalance and the great variability in technology, institutions
and lifestyles created. There are 6 types of carrying capacities that can be evaluated ‐
Infrastructure capacity level,
Institutional capacity level,
Perceptual carrying capacity,
Environmental capacity level,
Sustainable capacity level and
Bio‐centric capacity level.
Among these six types, the profound ones are infrastructure capacity level,
environmental capacity level, and sustainable capacity level, which are more relevant
to urban planning.
Table 7.5:
Levels of evaluating carrying capacity for the urban areas
Level of
Evaluation
Infrastructure Capacity Level
Environmental Capacity Level
Sustainable Capacity
Level
Definition “The degree of human activity
that facilities and services within
an area can support without
causing serious degradation of
or damage to the maintenance of
quality of life.”
“The degree of human activity
that environment and ecosystems
within an area can support
without
causing
serious
degradation or damage to quality
of life.”
“Sustainable
carrying
capacity is the number of a
species
that
can
be
supported in a particular
area indefinitely, given that
area’s endowment of water,
food, and other necessities.”
Concept
At this capacity level, the major
factor of evaluation is the
infrastructure development.
This level basically reflects the
present
state
of
the
environment with respect to
productivity.
The basic resource flow
through the urban area
to its ultimate sink is
evaluated. These are long
term‐based factors.
Indicator
Here the intensity and pattern
of resource usage is estimated
for
the
development
of
infrastructure
like,
water
supply system, sewage system,
transportation system, waste
disposal system, etc.
The state of productivity of the
environment, e.g. agricultural
productivity by evaluating the
past data or the availability of
clean air & water, low pollution.
Indicators of particular
resource: how long it will
be available. If a resource
is getting scarce then
efficient steps could be
taken to sustain it for long
term.
Source: Urban Carrying Capacity: Concept and calculation; IIT Guwahati; 2011‐12, Determining Sustainable Development
Density using the Urban Carrying Capacity Assessment System Kyushik Oh, YeunwooJeong, Dongkun Lee, Wangkey
Lee; UCL, Working Paper Series, 2004 &The sustainable carrying capacity of New Zealand; The royal society of New
Zealand.
7.4.2. Applying Carrying Capacity for Urban and Regional
planning:
Carrying capacity based approach to planning is a concept as well as tool towards
sustainable development of cities and region. It is still in nascent stages in India.
Planning based on carrying capacity deals with the management of human activities,
supportive resources and assimilative capacities of the environment (Figure 7.4) and
general process of carrying capacity based planning is depicted (Figure 7.5).
Carrying Capacity analysis tool is useful to rationalise fixation of FAR including
increase in given FAR. Two major determining factors should be considered:
1. V/C (V= volume, C= capacity)
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hniques
V/C: optimum
V
m level is 0.8; it can be relaxed up‐to
o 0.9. Above 0.9 is dysfu
unctional and
d 1.0 is not
desirable.
2. LPCD of piped
2
p
water supply
Litres per capita per day (LPCD): the planned LPCD should be as per the m
minimum of norm is 135
LPCD set. Ho
owever, the density is to
o be capped
d by the Dev
velopment/ M
Master Plan as per the
t
threshold.
Figu
ure 7.4: Com
mponents of Carrying
C
Capaacity of Urban
n & Regional Areas119
Sourcce:
Project pap
per on Carrying Capacity based Regional Plannin
ng by NIUA.
Figu
ure 7.5: Plan
nning of Urbaan and Region
nal areas baseed on carryin
ng capacity
Sourcce:
119
Modified based
b
on Project paper on Carryiing Capacity bassed Regional Plan
nning by NIUA.
Sup
pportive capacitty means the caapacity of the environment
e
to support the lives of the peoplee and other liviing organism.
Assimilative capaccity is the capacity of the enviro
onment to absorrb/re‐cycle mattter, energy and//or other compo
onents, which
com
me into the enviironmenteither by
b themselves of through human
n intervention, for
f sustenance off environmentall quality.
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Simplified Planning Techniques
Case Study1: Urban Carrying Capacity, Guwahati
A new method of calculating carrying capacity was developed by IIT, Guwahati called Sustainable
Accommodation through Feedback Evaluation (SAFE). This method was developed for hilly urban
area to ensure hazard free sustainable urban development. The Steps is as follow:
Step 1: Delineation of the urban watershed.
Step 2: Demarcation of the developable & non‐
developable area.
Step 3: Determination of area required for
different infrastructure and facilities.
Step 4: Calculation of the available residential
area.
Step 5: Socio economic survey of the urban region
and calculation of the floor area
requirement of the people.
Step 6: Determination of the Floor Area Ratio.
Step 7: Calculation of population carrying
capacity.
Step 8: Check adequacy of other indicators not
analysed earlier.
Case Study 2: Tourism Carrying Capacity in European Tourism Destinations
The study was undertaken to elaborate comprehensive methodological framework to understand the
concept of Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) and applying this methodology for sustainable tourism
activities in the European tourist destinations.
The basic elements of the concept of carrying capacity from tourism point of view, i.e. the need for a
limit/ a threshold in the tourist activities, were charted. For measuring TCC different components and
subsequent indicator swere weighted based on the (a) characteristics of the locality, (b) the type of
tourism and environment interface and (c) the type of tourism. Sample of different type of tourism
destinations were studied for calculating TCC. Such as coastal areas, islands, protected areas, mountain
resorts etcetera. The methodology of measuring TCC has been shown in Figure 7.6.
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Figu
ure 7.6: Meth
hodology for measuring Tourism
T
Carry
ying Capacity
y
Sourcce:
Defining, Meaning
M
& Evalu
uating Carrying Capacity
C
in European Tourism Destinations
D
by U
University of Aeg
gean, Greece.
7.4
4.3. Thrreshold Analysis
A
s
Thee threshold
d theory is based on the
t observ
vation that any urban
n centre en
ncounters
limiitations to their expaansion duee to physio
ographic feeatures, exiisting land
d use and
tech
hnology off infrastruccture. An important inference from
f
this observatio
on is that
phy
ysical grow
wth of town is not smo
oothly contiinuous but proceeds iin stages marked
m
by
successive lim
mitations which haave been called dev
velopmentt threshold
d. These
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Simplified Planning Techniques
thresholds are not insurmountable and can be overcome but only at additional (often
very high) development investments known as threshold costs.
This technique is used to determine influence zones, urban extents and regions,
attempts to rationalize and control the process of urban growth and provides a
quantitative tool to help decision‐making. Thresholds based on physical limitations
are comparatively easy to determine using mapping techniques. Thresholds can be
tangible or intangible.
Tangible thresholds are those, which can be measured, quantified and represented.
These are physical, technological and structural limitations such as land available for
development, current technology of water treatment or electricity production.
Physical limitations or threshold are restrictions imposed by physiography and
topography and get physically identified in the form of natural features such as rivers
to be crossed, hilly areas and steep slopes etc. Technological thresholds are
limitations imposed on physical growth of city, by constraints in expansion of
infrastructure system. Some of these thresholds can be identified spatially and some
numerically for instance, watershed line is generally the limit of extension of
sewerage system, whereas, the capacity of a sewage treatment plant can be expressed
in terms of number of inhabitants that can be served (numerically) identified
threshold. Intangible thresholds can only be understood and indirectly measured
such as, socio economic limitations.
7.4.3.1. The Process of Threshold Analysis
Part One: Analysis
Stage I: Delineation of area to be surveyed by drawing the boundaries of area as closely as possible
to a homogenous pattern of settlement.
Stage II: Analysis of factors affecting town/urban development such as physiographic suitability of
land and possible extension of public utilities.
Stage III: Tracing the threshold lines, delimiting areas suitable for urban development and new
development areas from fundamental land development.
Stage IV: Synthesis – The information can now be correlated to form a synthesis of all factors
considered on basis of which, the lines of urban development thresholds can be defined. Physical
thresholds are shown spatially on base map and quantitative thresholds such as population figures,
investment, power or water supply requirement can be expressed.
Stage V: Land is subdivided for main functions of city within the successive physical threshold
areas. This is done generally for two main functions, suitable area for industry and suitable area for
other urban uses, priority being given based on vision of development.
Stage VI: The calculation of capacity of residential areas within the first and successive threshold
lines in relation to quantitative threshold figures in order to define the approximate number of
inhabitants, which may be accommodated.
Stage VII: The calculation of averages of industrial areas within the first and successive threshold
lines to define their potential for industrial location after considering the quantitative threshold
figures.
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Part Two: Outline of Economic Assessment
Stage VIII: Calculating the approximate capital investment costs necessary to overcome each
threshold within the examined area.
Stage IX: Calculating the following efficiency indices for each successive threshold area:
Cost of each new inhabitant
Cost per acre of land suitable for development
In regional planning indirect use of quantified results can be used in decision making
among alternative locations for some significant investment within the region, while
preparing a comprehensive regional policy for the distribution of the expected influx
of population.
7.4.3.2. Land Suitability Analysis
Land suitability refers to the ability of a particular type of land to support a specific
use. The process of land suitability classification involves; evaluation and grouping of
particular land areas based on their suitability for a defined use120. Land use
suitability analysis aims at identifying the most appropriate spatial pattern for future
land uses according to specific requirements, preferences, or predictors of some
activity121.
Applications of suitability analysis can be found in many fields, such as site selection
for cropland, agriculture suitability, graze suitability, forestry suitability (natural
resource management field), flooding control, sustainable development (environment
field), suitability for urban expansion, site selection for specific land use etcetera.
Land suitability can be used in planning process to finalise most appropriate land for
particular land use or activity by following the process presented in Figure 7.7.
120
Land suitability analysis for agriculture crops: a fuzzy multi‐criteria decision making approach; 2003; Prakash T N.
121
Hopkins, L., 1977. Methods for generating land suitability maps: a comparative evaluation. Journal for American Institute of
Planners 34 (1), 19–29.) (Collins, M.G., Steiner, F.R., Rushman, M.J., 2001. Land‐use suitability analysis in the United States:
historical development and promising technological achievements. Environmental Management 28 (5), 611–621.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Simpliffied Planniing Techniiques
Figure 7.7: Land suittability proccess in Plann
ning
Source:
Vaarious source on
n land suitability
y analysis.
Factors taken
t
into considerat
c
ion to bring out mostt suitable laand will varry accordin
ng to
the desirred land usse for which
h this techn
nique is undertaken. A few exam
mples of facctors
are giveen in the Figure7.8. However, list of th
he factors can be brroadly gau
uged
accordin
ng to the sco
ope of project and avaailability off data.
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Figu
ure 7.8: Facttors taken intto consideration to assess the most suitable land usse
Sourcce: Land suitability Analysis, Roh
htak, Land suitab
bility Analysis fo
or urban plannin
ng environmentaal assessment in an
ecologically sensitive costaal area of eastern
n china based up
pon multi‐criteriia mechanism; X
Xiang S, Dong Z X,
X Fan L Y, Li Z,
Yan Z; 2008.
7.4.3.3. Meethod
Suittability anaalysis is th
he processs to assign
n weightagge and oveerlay the faactors to
iden
ntify the land
l
parceels on the pre‐defineed scales. There aree various advanced
a
map
pping and statistical techniquess that can be used fo
or calculatiing land su
uitability.
Gre
ey tone method,
m
alsso known as map overlay me
ethod, mak
kes use off gradual
colo
ours to rep
present the suitability
y levels in the
t same sccale, and ovverlay all the
t factor
map
ps in a certtain order. GIS techniques are used
u
to traansfer the ssuitability level
l
into
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Simplified Planning Techniques
numerical value, and assign weightage to each factor according to their relative
importance. Three simplified steps for suitability analysis model include:
Selecting Suitability Factor: Each factor is represented by a thematic map in GIS,
Single Factor Analysis: According to single factor evaluation standard, score is given to the map
unit of each factor and then the single factor suitability is generated,
Multiple Factors Overlay: Weights are accorded to suitability factors according to their relative
importance. The weights are determined by statistic integration and hierarchic analysis in this
research from which the composite score is calculated.
Computer methods were developed to solve the inherent shortcomings of the
traditional land suitability methods.
In case, specific data is not available or indicative study is to be undertaken or in case
of cross checking, sieve mapping can be used. In this method, a series of ‘sieves’
(factors) are overlaid to exclude the areas, which are not suitable for the specific land
use, thereof, the left over area is considered as‐ suitable for some specific uses122.
Weighted overlay method of land suitability is presented in Figure7.9.
122
Mnalun Y, Suitability Analysis of Urban Green Space System Based on GIS, 2003.
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Figu
ure 7.9: Weigghted Overlaay of Land Suiitability
Sourcce:
http://ww
ww.urban.uiuc.ed
du/courses/up503/Lectures/3__UP503SuitabilittyAnalysis11.pdff.
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y: Hyderabad
d Metropolitaan Developmeent Region
Case Study
For calculaating land suitability of Hy
yderabad reggion two broaad categories of indicatorss were made:
Enviro
onment suitability (ten feeatures)
Land potential
p
analysis (twelve features)
Total twen
nty‐two featu
ures were stu
udied and land
d was divided
d into 5 classes after cond
ducting land
suitability
y / potential analysis.
a
Baseed on land suiitability study alternative concepts forr future
development of city weere proposed
d.
Features studied
s
for En
nvironment suitability:
s
River, Water bodiees
Forestt
Drainaage
Slope, Soil
Vegetaation
Agricu
ulture
Govt. Order
O
(GO)
Groun
nd water
Features studied
s
for Land
L
potential analysis
a
Airporrt and railway
y stations
Workp
place and ind
dustrial
locatio
ons
Urban
n area
Urban
n village 1,2 &3
&
Nation
nal Highway
State Highway
H
Ring road
r
Districct road
Proposed road
Hyderrabad City boundary
Five classees decided up
pon, through land suitabiliity
study:
Conservation area (as environm
mentally
sensitiive areas)
Least suitable
s
areaa
Moderrate suitable area
Highly
y suitable areea
Most suitable
s
area
7.5.
Projecttion Tech
hniques
In the process
p
of plan
p
formu
ulation, pro
ojection teechniques are
a used fo
or anticipaating
future, which
w
is a necessary
n
s
step.
Here, two types of projectio
on techniques, Simplee (1,
2 and 3)) and Analy
ytical (4, 5 and 6) aree available to plannerrs for makin
ng projectiions,
have beeen discusseed.
The disttinction bettween simp
ple projecttions and analytical
a
p
projections
is that sim
mple
projectio
ons operatte on limitted data directly
d
an
nd usually extrapolate a series of
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observations in a direct manner. Analytical projections depend on more detailed
information in which the projected value is often the dependent variable derived from
projections of independent variables. Generally speaking, analytical methods are to be
preferred over simple ones since it allows accounting for or assuming differing
patterns of change in the components of a situation; this usually leads to more
accurate results than is the case with simple projections.
7.5.1. Population Projection
Planners are concerned with population projections which form the basic framework
for setting targets expected to be achieved within a specified time‐frame, be it for land
use, services or facilities. Most of the important decisions about land uses and services
are derived from population estimates: the demand for water, power and waste
disposal facilities; housing, open spaces and schools; the supply of labour; spending
power available for the retail trade, the numbers of private cars to be expected,
possible recreational demands ‐all can be estimated from the projected population.
The section describes six methods of population projections viz.
1. Mathematical and Direct Methods: These are simple or direct methods of estimations based
on the past population records. Arithmetic progression is involved when, past data suggests
that, population is changing by a constant rate. The figures are plotted on plain paper
(conventionally with y = population and x = time), which results in a straight line. This straight
line is extrapolated for projecting the future population.
However, mostly population changes according to geometric progression, in such a case semi‐
logarithmic paper is to be used to yield a straight line for extrapolation. If the past data does not
follow a definite progression, then a ‘best fit’ equation can be derived by method of least square
and this may be extended to provide projection.
Graphical methods are most useful for short‐term projections, particularly when demographic
changes show stable trends. Hence, these methods should be used for projecting up to 10 years in
stable situations and 5 years where population change is more volatile.
2. Employment Method: This method assumes that there is a very strong inter‐relationship
between population and employment and indicators such as worker’s population can be
correlated with total population to yield extrapolated information.
This method’s reliability is low and should not be used for long range population forecasting.
3. Ratio Methods: These methods rests on the assumption that changes in any geographical area
is a function of those experienced in wider area. Thus population of a city is held to be a function
of the region and region itself is a result of the function of that nation.
In ratio methods the population of the second largest area (e.g. the region) is plotted against that of
the parent area (the nation). A curve is obtained by fitting it on the two points. Thereafter it is
extrapolated, by least square/ graphical/other method, to estimate the projected value for the
parent area for the target year.
4. The requirements of such projections are time–series of populations for the areas to be used in
the analysis and a forecast or sets of forecast for the larger area. These methods are weaker for
longer periods and smaller areas, but are useful for quick and cheap forecasting for middle
range (10‐15 years) for areas not less than a whole metropolitan area or a city region.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Migration and Natural increase Method: As the name implies, this method enables natural and
migratory changes to be handled separately. By examining past data on net migration rates and by
attempting to relate these to economic conditions, particularly to the demand for employment in
the study area, it is possible to adopt varying assumptions about the pattern of future migration.
Next, a set of programmes of future natural change would be developed either by subjective
projection of past maximum and minimum migration rates or by using migration data from
projections produced nationally or regionally. The essence of the method is to begin with the
starting date population, add the estimated migratory population figure to produce the next figure
(A).Natural change in population is then added to the projected figure (A), thus completing one
cycle of the projection giving a figure (B). The process is then repeated until the end of the
projection period giving a figure (C). Cycle of projection could be any convenient period e.g. 5
years, 10 years or more.
This projection method uses total population, but age & sex structure is not considered. Thus
changes in death and birth rates, which might result from changing age/sex structure cannot be
seen and acted upon. Neither future estimates of school‐age population and numbers of women of
working age can be made. Still migration and natural increase method does reveal the possible
sequence and the main elements of change.
5. The CohortSurvival Methods: The Cohort‐Survival projection is a method for forecasting
what the future population will be, based upon the survival of the existing population and the
births that will occur123. This method can be applied for any period of time but typically it
involves five‐year steps.
Cohort‐component models are so‐called because they divide the population into cohorts and model
on the demographic components of change such as fertility, mortality and migration – affecting
each of the cohorts. Cohort indicates the generational group e.g. 0‐ 9, 10‐19 and so forth124.
The cohort component method is used when population projections by age and sex are needed for
5 years, 10 years or longer periods of time. This projection tool allows planners to examine the
future needs of different segments of the population including the needs of children, women in
their reproductive years, persons in the labour force and the elderly. It also allows planners to
project the total size of the population. The results can be used in all aspects of local and regional
development plans125.
6. Matrix Methods: These methods follow the logic of the cohort‐survival technique. The initial
age and sex distribution is similarly represented as a column sector but the incidence of births
and deaths is handled by means of a ‘survivor‐ship matrix’ which operates on the original
population to age the population through successive time periods, simultaneously performing
the calculations of births and deaths.
7.5.2. Economic Projection
The likely demands of land development rest on various types of economic activities,
its scale, its possible location within a city or a city region and broad relationships
between these activities. The key concerns are addressed by economic projections,
which are ultimately relevant for calculating demand for housing, hospitals, schools
and other social facilities. Seven methods of economic projections are described, viz.
123
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cohort.htm.
124
Tom Wilson, A Review of Sub‐Regional Population Projection Methods, 2011.
125
https://training.measureevaluation.org/non‐certficate‐courses/pap/lesson‐8.
258
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Planning Techniques
Simple Extrapolation: Measures of economic activity such as employment, volume or value of
production, value added by manufacturer etc. may be arranged in time series and extrapolated in a
variety of ways.
These methods have advantage of simplicity, relying on readily available data and do not require
high level of skills. But since these do not attempt to examine the factors of the phenomenon(e.g.
employment) to reveal the possible reasons of its occurrence or influences upon it, these are likely
to be unreliable and are only referred as a general guide. Also, simple extrapolation method is
suitable for small planning areas only.
Productivity Method: The variables of ‘production’ or ‘output’ on one hand and ‘employment’ on
the other are linked by the variable ‘productivity’. This is simply measured as ‘output per worker’.
This simple form is suitable for planners for whom employment is the most useful measure. The
projection is accomplished by obtaining estimate of future production or output and productivity
from some reliable source. Hence,
Output
Output / ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ = Workers
Workers
Or, in other words, output divided by productivity yields an estimate of workers.
This method has advantages over the simple manipulations of employment data since it enables
user to examine the projected employment with the trends of production, separately and therefore
more clearly.
Projections by Sectors of Economy: It is more valuable to have estimates of the future levels of
output or employment in the various sectors of the economy separately. For example, to estimate
the possible amount of secondary activity, the land requirement for different kinds of
manufacturing is estimated (such as the floor‐space needed by wholesaling and retailing and office‐
type employment).
In the simplest case, the forecaster simply extrapolates the past trend in each sector of the
economy e.g. through productivity method. The estimates from different sector forecasts then have
to be summed. Such figure arrived should be cross‐checked with a forecast of total employment
derived from some other source or calculation.
Economic Base Method: This method is based on the postulate that growth in an area’s economy
comes from the expansion of economic base which is defined as all those ‘basic’ activities which are
produced for export beyond boundaries of local area and which increases its wealth and ability to
pay for imports. The remaining activities, which do not produce for 'export' but which exist to
satisfy local needs are referred to as the 'service' or 'non‐basic' activities.
The projection of basic activities (produce for export only) of the economy is made by using ratio
method of comparing local to national trends (for each sector of economy separately). Once the
projection of basic activities of each sector of economy has been made in the basic/non‐basic
ratios, the forecasts of basic employment are projected in comparison to total employment
estimate.
The problems associated with the method are, definition of the 'local area' and identification of the
basic sector of the economy itself. The shortcomings of the economic base method are: reliance on
employment as the measure ignores the possible effects of changes in productivity; and the
basic/non‐basic ratio is a suspect measure at any given point of time.
Ratio Method: The method makes use of a similar rational as described in the population
projection studies i.e. local levels of economic activity (either in total or sector wise) bear
proportional relationships to levels of economic activity in successively larger geographical areas.
The ratio method also implies that these relationships may be studied as they change over time
and are extrapolated so that, estimates for the local area may be derived based on the given set of
forecasts for the larger geographical unit (e.g. the nation).
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
259
Simplified Planning Techniques
InputOutput Methods: This method is based on the assumption that if the total output of
particular industry is distributed among all other sectors of economy (including consumers and
export) in a known proportion, it should be possible to calculate a ‘table of co‐efficiency’ which
would show effects of a given increase of output of one industry on the purchase of all others. This
kind of definable relationship spelled out in input‐output grid can be helpful for economic
projections for a particular region/city.
The results are valid for short‐term projections only, as it cannot be assumed that relationships
between sectors will be stable through time. But to use this method, first, the relationship between
different sectors of economy for a given date has to be obtained by some reliable source.
Social or Regional Accounts Method: These methods employ the same logic as input‐output
method but by using money (rather than production or employment) as the measure. It can be fully
comprehensive in its analysis of the inter‐relations within an economic system by inclusion of
capital formation, investment and trade as well as industrial production. In this way the matrix is a
record of the income‐and‐expenditure relationships between all sectors of the economy. This
matrix may be used to obtain projections of the expected income of each sector for the future. To
do so, it is necessary that the coefficients expressing the inter‐sector relationships (each cell in the
matrix) isset. Then, the level of employment and income per worker of different sectors of
economy is estimated126.
7.5.2.1. Estimation of City level GDP
National product is a measure in monetary terms of the volume of all goods and
services produced by an economy during a given period of time, accounted without
duplication. It is measured by three approaches, namely the production, income, and
expenditure. In India Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is calculated through production
and expenditure approach127.
Production approach (of GDP calculation) = the sum of value added of all economic activities within
the country’s territory (sum of output minus intermediate consumption) + indirect taxes ‐ subsidies on
products128.
Expenditure approach (GDP at market price) = Household final consumption expenditure + Non‐
profit Institutions’ final consumption expenditure + Government final consumption expenditure +
Gross fixed capital formation + Acquisition less disposals of valuables + Changes in inventories +
Exports – Imports.
GDP ‐ Depreciation = Net Domestic Product (NDP) of the country.
The state accounts statistics are an extension of the system of national accounts at the regional level.
The most important aggregate of the state & district accounts is the State Domestic Product (SDP)
and District Domestic Product (District DP) respectively, compiled by State Directorates of
Economics and Statistics. For estimating the Domestic Product, the economy is divided into various
economic activities like agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity,
transport, communication, trade etc.
The Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) estimates Rural and Urban share of the GDP at
National level for few years129. From the National Urban GDP, the following method could be
considered for estimating urban share of District GDP130:
126
127
128
Urban & Regional Planning‐A systems Approach by J.BrrianMcLoughlin.
Quarterly Estimates of Gross Domestic Product for the Third Quarter (October‐December) of 2013‐14.
National Accounts Statistics: Manual on Estimation of State and District Income, 2008.
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Simplified Planning Techniques
Fundamental equation estimated at all India level for urban GDP calculated by CSO.
Simplify the fundamental equation by making urban share of GDP a function of urbanization rate
and non‐agriculture share of GDP to estimate State’s Share of Urban GDP.
Apply the estimated coefficients on district level urbanization rate and non‐agriculture GDP to
estimate District share of Urban GDP.
Once the urban share of District GDP is derived, City GDP could be calculated by
following steps:
The approach and methodology for estimating the Rural and Urban income sector
wise, is discussed in the National Accounts Statistics Sources and Methods, 2007.
For calculating city level GDP, CSO may develop a city level inventory. The following
table provides sector wise tentative items, the monetary value of which can be
considered in the inventory, to calculate city GDP.
Table 7.6:
Items for consideration in the inventory for City GDP calculation
S. No. Sector
Items
1
Manufacturing
Index of Industrial Production (Manufacturing)
Manufacturing registered (unorganised sector)
Production and income
2
Financing,
Banking
Insurance, Real
Insurance
estate and
Real estate
business services
Ownership of dwellings
Legal services
Accounting
Computer related services
Renting of machinery
Research and development
3
Electricity, Gas
and Water
supply
Electricity: Index of Industrial Production (Electricity)
4
Railways
Goods (Net tonne Kms.) and Passenger (Net passenger Kms.)
5
Transport by
other means
Gas
Water Supply: public and private
The two indicators are combined using the weights of respective earnings
Public: road, water transport, air transport,
Private: road transport, water transport, air transport
Service incidental to transport
Warehousing
Storage Cold storage
6
Communication
Public services and infrastructure cost
Private‐courier services, cable operators, other communication
129
http://planningcommission.nic.in/hackathon/Urban_Development.pdf.
130
McKinsey & Company’s note to MoUD, 17 April 2014.
th
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
261
Simplified Planning Techniques
S. No. Sector
7
Construction
8
Trade, Hotels
and Restaurants
Items
Pucca construction: House hold sector, Public sector, Private corporate sector
Kutcha construction
Trade: public sector dealing in wholesale and retail trade; private organised trade, private
unorganised trade,
Hotel and restaurants: public, private
9
10
Public
administration
Public administration
Mining and
Quarrying
Coal and crude petroleum
Quasi‐government bodies
Other major minerals
Other minor minerals
11
Agriculture
Major and Minor crops
Commercial crops
Miscellaneous crops
By‐products
12
Livestock
Milk & milk products
Egg, Meat
Other products (wool)
13
Forestry
Fuel wood
Industrial wood
Minor forest products, if any
14
Fishing
Inland and marine fish, prawns
Subsistence fish
15
Other services
Public: education, medical, coaching centres etc.
Private: coaching centres, medical and health, sewage and refuse disposal, recreational
activities, washing and cleaning, hair dressing, funeral related services, tailoring services etc.
Sources: National Accounts Statistics Sources and Methods, 2007. Respective source of data collection of the above mentioned
items could be referred from National Accounts Statistics: Manual on Estimation of State and District income, 2008.
7.5.3. Assessment of Requirement of Housing
Based on the projection of population and economic activities, town planners’ major
pre‐occupation is to determine the demand for housing and other facilities in a town.
While dealing with housing, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between housing
need and its demand. ‘Need’ refers to inadequacy of existing provisions when
compared with socially acceptable norms, while ‘demand’ is an economic concept
wherein standard and amount of housing demand is related to household’s income
and ability to pay. Both housing need and demand are affected by factors such as
housing shortage and rate of obsolescence, whereas demand would be additionally
affected by affordability and future housing needs.
Present housing need: By subtracting the number of unsuitable dwellings from the
existing housing stock the present housing need can be estimated.
Future housing need: Further, the future housing need can be estimated from the
projected number of additional households in the city. A simple way of doing this is to
estimate the future population of the city and divide it by the expected household size.
The household size is to be referred from National average family size.
Demand estimation requires careful analysis of the affordability criterion. For this
initial capital cost of the housing units, total annual household income and annual
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Planning Techniques
economic rent131 have to be looked into simultaneously. The annual economic rent
can be further analysed based on the information on amortisation rates, interest
rates, and cost of maintenance, repair and management.
7.6.
Mapping
A map can be defined as representation of earth’s pattern as a whole or part of it on a
plane surface with conventional signs, drawn to a scale and projection so that each
and every point on it corresponds to the actual terrestrial position.
No matter how large or small a community is; a planner has to deal with spatial
information required for planning such as land parcels, zoning, land use,
transportation networks, housing stock among others. As well, to monitor multiple
urban and regional indicators, forecast community needs, and plan accordingly to
improve quality of life of the community; mapping activities are valuable in
understanding and communicating planning issues.
7.6.1. Scale of Map
The scale of map used depends upon the size of the planning area and the coverage
and extent of the information to be shown. The scale of maps for different types of
planning exercises at various levels may be selected out of the range indicated in the
following table.
Table 7.7:
Scale of Maps for Planning
Sr. No.
Type of map/Planning Exercise
Size of Planning Area
1
Perspective Plan
1:2,50,000 ‐ 1:1,00,000 (for larger regions)
1:1,00,000 ‐ 1:50,000 (for smaller regions)
2
Regional Plan
1:50,000‐ 1:25,000 (District Development Plan)
1:25,000 ‐ 1:10,000 (Metropolitan Region Plan)
3
Development Plan
1:10,000 – 1:8,000 (as per State Provision)
4
Local Area Plan/ Special Purpose Plan
1:5,000‐1:1,000 (as per the requirement of the project)
Source: Based on scale of SoI Toposheet, Bhuvan data availability and UDPFI Guidelines, 1996, NUIS 2006, Scale of various
Plans as per State provisions.
7.6.2. Map Information Checklist
Maps contain lots of spatial data for the planning of urban and regional areas.
Depending upon the requirement of study and availability of data, features can be
selected and presented through map.
This data is collected from various sources and in diverse fields to make a
comprehensive and working plan. A map information checklist with sources of
information is given below to save time and expedite planning process. This data is
broadly divided into 17 categories and these categories are further divided into
detailed data list.
131
Considering the fast rising land prices in almost all towns and cities, it is necessary to promote rental housing. This requires
augmenting access to reasonable housing by the low income and fresher in the employment. Requiring higher residential
density over and above the owned housing stock.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
263
Simplified Planning Techniques
Table 7.8:
Map Data Checklist
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
1
Physical
Physiography
Sources
Undulating plain with mounds
SoI Toposheets,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(Resolution 30m
Height accuracy 8m),
Aerial Photographs
Plains
Flood plain,
SoI Toposheets,
Alluvial plain,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(1:50,000),
Coastal plain,
Valleys
Water bodies/ Drainage
Ground water
Lithology
264
Lacustrine plain,
Aerial Photographs
‘U’ shape,
‘V’ shape,
Hill valley,
River valley,
Plateau valley
SoI Toposheets,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan (joint
project of NRSC/ISRO and GSI),
Aerial Photographs
River,
Canal,
Lakes/ Ponds,
Reservoirs,
Tanks,
Cooling ponds / cooling reservoir,
Abandoned quarries with water,
Hot springs
SoI Toposheets,
Aquifers,
Depth of water table,
Fluctuation of water table
SoI Toposheets,
Un‐consolidated sediments,
Residual Capping,
Volcanic Flows and Inter‐trapeans,
Semi‐Consolidated Sediments,
Consolidated sediments,
Intrusive Rocks,
Crystalline / Metamorphic rocks,
Fault and sheer zones,
Geological Survey of India,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(1:50,000; for 2005, 2012),
Aerial Photographs
Bhuvan Ground water prospects maps (1:50,000),
Centre Ground Water Commission
Bhuvan Under Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission
(RGDW)
Joint project of NRSC/ISRO and Ministry of Rural
development (1:50,000),
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
Geological Structure
Soil
Soil depth
Sources
Lineament,
Fracture / Fault line valley,
Folds,
Geomorphology,
Fault lines,
Fractures,
Folds
Types of Soils
SoI Toposheets,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(1:50,000),
Geological Survey of India
Red Soil,
Black Soil,
Mixed Red and Black Soil,
Laterite and Lateritic Soils,
Alluvial Soil
(river/deltaic/costal),
Peaty and Marshy Soils,
Desert Soils,
Saline and Alkaline Soil,
Forest and Hill Soil
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan,
District census handbook
Very deep (>150 cms),
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan,
Deep (100‐150 cms),
Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan,
Deep to moderately deep (50‐100
cms),
Shallow (25‐50 cms),
Very shallow (<25 cms)
2
Planning and
Administrative
Administrative
Boundaries
State Boundary*,
District Boundary*,
Taluka / Tehsil Boundary*,
Mandal / block Boundaries*,
Village Boundary*
UDA Boundary,
Municipal Boundary,
Cantonment Boundary,
Zone Boundary,
Block Boundary,
Locality Boundary,
Municipal / Census wards,
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
SoI Toposheets,
Census Atlas Maps,
Maps / Drawings from ULB,
Revenue records,
Municipal maps,
State Remote Sensing Application Centre (SRSAC),
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan*
(1:50,000),
265
Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
Sources
Survey no. Boundary,
City survey no. Boundary
3
Locational and
regional settings
SoI Toposheets,
Location of town in
regional setting,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan (Cities
and Towns locations),
Urban/rural settlements
Census Atlas maps,
National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation
(NATMO),
State Remote Sensing Application Centre (SRSAC)
4
History of
development
Settlement morphology
Municipal maps
Climate
Temperature,
Bhuvan (Point information
Rainfall,
Can be registered and data can be downloaded,
SAC/ISRO web site provides these parameters by AWF
station
Maps and Drawings from ULBs
Departmental maps
5
Humidity,
Wind direction
6
Land use
assessment
Existing land use / cover,
Proposed land use / cover
Residential,
Industrial,
Mixed land use,
Recreational,
Public and semi‐public,
Communications,
Public utilities and facility,
Commercial,
Transportation,
Reclaimed land
Vacant land,
Vegetated area
Agricultural land
SoI Toposheets
Maps and Drawings from ULBs
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC &
Bhuvan(1:50,000; 2005‐06, 2011‐12),
Aerial Photographs
State Remote Sensing Application Centre (SRSAC),
NUIS maps
Cropland,
SoI Toposheets
Fallow land,
Departmental maps
Plantation,
Revenue records
Double cropped area,
Satellite Imageries
Irrigated land:
Aerial Photographs, Satellite Image Photo mosaic from
NRSC & Bhuvan (1:50,000; 2005‐06, 2011‐12),
Canal irrigated,
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Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
Sources
Well irrigated,
Tank irrigated
Waste land
Salt affected
SoI Toposheets
Gullied / ravenous
Land with / without scrub,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(1:50,000; 2005‐06, 2011‐12),
Barren / rocky /
unculturable land,
Aerial Photographs
Revenue maps
Culturable waste land,
Sandy area
Grazing land
Permanent pastures,
SoI Toposheets
Other grazing land,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(1:50,000; 2005‐06, 2011‐12),
Miscellaneous tree crops
and groves
Revenue maps
Aerial Photographs
7
Environmentally
and ecologically
sensitive area
Air, water and noise
pollution,
Departmental Maps
Location of pollution
generating industries,
Aerial Photographs
Maps and Drawings from ULBs
CPCB (Zoning Atlas of Industries)
Map depicting the location
of slums, squatters and
other blighted area
8
Conservation of
environment
Hazards zone
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
Geological Survey of India
Polluting activities
Environmentally sensitive
/ Conservation area
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution
Control Board (SPCB), Major project EIA reports
Forest boundary
Notified / Reserved /
Protected Forest Boundary,
National Park Boundary,
SoIToposheets,
Ministry of Environment and Forest, State PCCF
(Principal Chief Conservator of Forests)
Sanctuary Boundary
World heritage sites
Cultural and Natural
heritage
UNESCO
Salt pans,
SoI Toposheets
Marshy / swampy
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan,
RAMSAR sites
Other Wetlands
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267
Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
Sources
Mudflats,
Waterlogged
9
Heritage site,
building and
areas
ASI sites,
Location of heritage site,
building and areas
SoI Toposheets,
Archaeological Survey of India
10
Tourism
Tourism development
Map
Ministry of Tourism,
State Tourism Departments
11
Hazard prone
Earthquake prone,
Flood Prone,
Cyclone Prone,
Deforestation Prone,
Desertification Prone
Building Material and Technology Promotion Council,
12
Demography
Distribution of existing
and proposed population,
Migration trends,
Population growth,
Population Density,
Sex ratio,
Child sex ratio,
Gender gap in Literacy,
Workforce
Slum population
13
Economic and
social
development
City ward/ district map,
Location of informal
sector’s area
Type of street vendors
Nature of street vendors
268
CWC (Flood Atlas of India),
Bhuvan(1:50,000; only Bihar and Assam)
`
Census Atlas maps,
National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation
(NATMO)
Main workers,
Marginal workers,
Non‐workers,
Cultivation,
Agricultural labourers,
Household industry workers,
Other workers
Departmental Maps,
Maps and Drawings from ULBs,
Stationary,
Mobile,
Perishable, Non‐perishable goods.
Census Maps
Ground survey
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
14
Features
Subcategories
Sources
Housing and
shelter
Built‐up area
Revenue department of the local authority
Distribution of residential
land use,
Departmental Maps,
Maps and Drawings from ULBs
Base map containing
building / property
boundaries,
Building material map,
Building age map,
Land value map
15
Transportation
Road network,
National highway,
SoI Toposheets,
Existing and Proposed
road network map
State highway,
NHAI,
District roads,
Departmental Maps,
Village roads,
Maps and Drawings from ULBs,
City roads,
Detailed Project Reports,
Ward and neighbourhood level non‐
motorized routes Existing,
Road and Building Department,
Proposed non‐motorized transport
priority zones,
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan
(110,000; existing road network),
Bus Transport Chowkies or Resting
areas,
Public Work Department,
Ground survey
Existing street lighting,
Ring road,
Bye‐pass,
Expressway,
Bus terminus,
Truck terminal
Railway network,
Broad gauge,
SoI Toposheets,
Existing and Proposed rail
network map
Narrow gauge,
Minister of Railways
Railway stations,
Railway terminals,
Airports
International airports,
SoI Toposheets,
Location of airports and
airdromes,
Domestic airports,
Airport Authority of India,
Customs airports
Satellite Image Photo mosaic from NRSC & Bhuvan,
Air funnel maps
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Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
Sources
Water ways,
Major ports,
SoI Toposheets,
Sea Ports,
Minor ports
Departmental Maps
Water treatment plants,
SoI Toposheets,
Water pumping stations,
Departmental Maps,
Land use maps of jetties
and ports
16
Infrastructure
Water supply network,
Maps and Drawings from ULBs,
Drainage Network,
City Guide Maps,
Aerial Photographs,
Sewerage and solid waste
management,
Public toilets for men and women.
Sewerage treatment plants,
Detailed Project Reports,
Sewerage pumping stations,
Ground survey.
Outlets in water bodies / low lying
areas,
Public Work Department
Community garbage bins,
Waste treatment site,
Waste dumping site,
Power supply line
network,
Electricity line,
Electricity sub stations,
Power stations,
Telecommunication
network,
Mobile Towers,
Health centres,
Including day‐care centres, health
posts, de‐addiction centres,
Educational institutes,
Including street schools and balwadis,
Fire station,
Post office,
Police stations,
Police field offices.
Banks / ATMs,
Community centres,
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Simplified Planning Techniques
S.No.
Features
Subcategories
Sources
Socio‐cultural and
religious centres
All social infrastructures
within informal
settlements.
17
Review, Revise
Updated base map,
Maps and Drawings from ULBs
Existing land use map,
Proposed plan of various
sectors
Source: As given.
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Simplified Planning Techniques
7.6.3. Procedure of Collecting Data
Procedure to retrieve data by permissions, which is not available in the public forum
are given below:
7.6.3.1. Topo sheets
Unrestricted topographical/ city guide maps published by Survey of India are
available for sale. The standard topographical maps on scale 1:25000, 1:50000 and 1:
250,000 and city guide maps published for selected towns/cities are useful for urban
development plan purpose.
All the topographical maps along the external boundary/coastline of India, as
indicated in the Topo Index map of Survey of India are categorised as restricted maps.
The restricted category maps can be procured by State and Central Governments /
Private Individuals / Organisations/commercial firms by filling a separate form.
Private individuals and organizations / commercial firms can also obtain restricted
maps with prior approval from Ministry of Defence through the State Government to
whom they should apply.
7.6.3.2. Aerial photography
Information regarding area of interest for aerial photography, its scale and cost rates
can be obtained from Surveyor General’s Office, Dehradun or the Directorate of
Survey (Air), New Delhi. Survey of India (SoI) has a dedicated web portal for
presenting the meta‐data information available with SoI from various aerial
photography tasks commenced. Web Aerial Photography Transaction Registry
(APTR) provides transparent indenting process based on instructions issued by
Ministry of Defence.
Indentor can obtain the existing photography by marking the area of interest on
1:250,000 scale topographical map, indicating purpose, identifying the type (B&W,
colour, colour infrared), scale and the photographic product required (contact prints,
enlargements, mosaic, etc.).If the existing photography does not cater to the
requirements of indentor, process for fresh aerial photography can be initiated. The
National Government agencies, which provide fresh aerial photography, are:
Indian Air Force (through Survey of India)
National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad
Air Survey Company, Calcutta.
For indenting fresh aerial photography the indentor may approach any of the flying
agencies with specific information. The indentor may mark the limit of the area to be
photographed on 1:250,000 scale top sheet if photography is required on scale
smaller than 1:20,000 and 1:50,000 scale top sheet if photography is required on
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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scale 1:20,000 and larger and apply with the specific requirements mentioned for the
procurement of the existing aerial photography.
7.6.3.3. Satellite Images
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is the important segment of Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO) with the mandate of providing Earth Observation (EO)
data from space and aerial platforms to users, develop technologies for the
management of natural resources, support disaster monitoring and management and
capacity building for utilization of EO data. It is vested with the authority to acquire
and disseminate all satellite remote sensing data in India, both from Indian and
foreign satellites.
Table 7.9:
IRS Satellite Data Products relevant for Urban Applications
S.No
Satellite /
Sensor
Spatial
Resolution
Spectral
Resolution
Scale of Base &
Thematic mapping
(Possible)
1
Cartosat‐2
1m
PAN
1:5,000
Merging PAN+ LISS‐IV
Images can generate 1m
multi‐spectral images.
2
Cartosat‐1
2.5m Stereo
PAN
1:10,000
2.5m multi‐spectral image
can generated by merging
PAN+ LISS‐IV Images
LISS‐IV (5.8m)
Multi‐spectral
1:25,000
LISS‐III (23.5m)
Multi‐spectral
1:50,000
Awifs (56m)
Multi‐spectral
1:25,000
Capable of imaging
50m to 3 m in
different modes
Microwave sensor
3
4
Resourcesat‐1/2
5
6
7
RISAT
Near Future
Satellite
Proposed sensors
Cartosat‐3
1M Multi‐spectral
25 cm PAN
1:2,000 or better
Remarks
Capable of imaging in cloud
conditions, hence Useful in
especially during monsoon
24cmmulti‐spectral image
can be generated by
merging PAN+ LISS‐IV
Images.
Source: National Remote Sensing Centre132
In addition to the IRS satellite data products, very High Resolution foreign satellite
data may procure through NRSC, as per the Remote Sensing Data Policy 2011.
1. All data of resolutions up to 1 m shall be distributed on a non‐discriminatory basis and on “as
requested basis”
2. With a view to protect national security interests, all data of better than 1 m resolution shall be
screened and cleared by the appropriate agency prior to distribution.
Apart from the responsibilities stated above, NRSC proactively disseminates the
information derived from its various national level projects through its Bhuvan
Geoportal. The free satellite data download facility is also available for registered
users to facilitate research, formulate projects and plan development activities.
132
Details on data products, price and necessary data order forms are available www.nrsc.gov.in. Apart from the responsibilities
stated above, NRSC proactively disseminates the information derived from its various national level projects through its
Bhuvan Geoportal. The free satellite data download facility is also available for registered users to facilitate research,
formulate projects and plan development activities.
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7.6.3.4. Geological Survey of India
To assess the meta‐database of Geo‐environmental studies for various cities in India,
with interpretation of geomorphology, hydrology, geological structures and tectonic
data from Geological Survey of India, Urban Local Bodies and its representatives can
approach Ministry of Mines and GSI with their specific requirements.
7.7.
Base Map & Development Plan Preparation
7.7.1. Base map features
Before taking up any urban development plan exercise the first task, both from
planning point of view and as statutory requirement, is to prepare or obtain reliable,
accurate and up‐to‐date base map for the respective town or city for which the plan is
being prepared. The amount of information to be represented on the map varies from
map to map because information depiction depends on:
Purpose of map
Scale
Projection
Method of map‐making
Draughting skill
Uniformity of base map with regard to presentation of features, scale, size and
notations, facilitates the readability of these maps and comparison of one map with
another. Mapping software of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System
are capable of generating maps with uniformity as well as processing data from
different platform. The standard layout of map is given in Appendix G of Volume IIB.
7.7.2. Plan formulation through Remote Sensing & Geographic
Information System
Geographical Information System (GIS) in planning is increasingly being applied for
plan formulation, analysis as well as for proposal. As a powerful tool, GIS helps the
planners to view different scenarios and their outcome so that an optimal strategy can
be chosen for planning and development. Besides this Plan formulation using
Remote Sensing and in GIS platform have the following advantages:
Benefits of Analytical techniques in GIS platform
Ground points and geo‐referenced data base for proposals preparation
Dynamic features can be incorporated from RS data
Regular Database updating and Plan Revision without hassle
Provide decision making support
Promote collaboration among public agencies.
Automated tasks ‐reduce human errors
Long Term Investment
In addition, for Bhuvan ‐ Enhance public participation
In addition, for Bhuvan‐ Increase access to government & efficient approval procedures
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Once the spatial and attribute data are generated in GIS frame, their applications are
wide and varied. These include resource inventory and management, planning and
monitoring, land records for taxation and ownership controls, facilities and services
management, environment impact assessment. GIS is being used for planning of
various cities in India lately. Development Plan is a level of plan for which GIS could
be used very successfully. Preparation of Development Plan using RS & GIS can be
classified under following parts for easier understanding and implementation.
Base map preparation process
Preparation of existing land use map
Analysis of the study area
Proposed land use plan
Revision of the plan
7.7.2.1. Base Map preparation process
Preparation of Master Plan starts with base map preparation before which relevant
data of all the necessary information, which is to be presented via base, map is
collected. For base map preparation, National Urban Information System (NUIS)
Scheme has prepared maps on 1:10,000 scale and made available on NRSC/ISRO
Geoportal Bhuvan (www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in) for Urban Local Bodies for 152 towns.
Bhuvan NUIS GIS database comprises Base layers: Road, Rail, Canal, Transportation
nodes, Drainage, Surface water Bodies and Thematic layers: Urban Land use / Cover,
Geomorphology*,
Lithology,
Geological
structures*,
Physiography*
and
Administrative Layers: State, District, Village, City/Town boundaries and Ward
Boundaries (*outside core area also). Attribute data has spatial layers as,
administrative boundaries, forest boundary, settlement and village locations / names
and city / town boundaries and non‐spatial data. Other sources of licenced/authentic
versions of interpreted satellite imageries can also be used for preparation of base
map.
Alternatively, for detailed base map preparation high spatial resolution panchromatic
image and medium resolution multi‐spectral image can be merged to provide a high‐
resolution multispectral image at appropriate large‐scale urban information. For
preparing thematic maps, under NUIS, Cartosat‐1 (panchromatic) with 2.5m spatial
resolution and Resourcesat‐1 (LISS‐IV/ multispectral data) 5.8m spatial resolution
satellite imageries were fused, to produce colour images at 2.5m spatial resolution for
analysis, mapping and product generation.
At this stage, scale of the map should be decided. The Thematic GIS databases
available on Bhuvan range from 1:10,000, to 1:250,000. The important Satellite data
and thematic GIS data resources available for utilization for various planning and
development are listed below.
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Simplified Planning Techniques
Table 7.10: Bhuvan Satellite data and thematic GIS data resources available
S.No
Description
Scale of data
Coverage
Satellite Data Resources
1
High Resolution satellite image
2.5m spatial resolution Natural
Colour Composite (NCC)
Entire India
2
Very High Resolution satellite
Image
1 m spatial resolution Natural
Colour Composite (NCC)
Major Cities/Towns
Base and Thematic GIS data services
1
NUIS Scheme Base and Urban
Thematic GIS database
1:10,000
152 Towns
2
SIS‐DP Base and Land Use/Cover
GIS data
1:10,000
Entire India‐ State wise
3
Land use / Cover GIS data
1:50,000
Entire Indian
2005 ‐2006
2011‐2012
4
Geomorphology GIS data
1:50,000
Entire India (Collaboration with
GSI)
5
Geological structures GIS data
1:50,000
Entire India (Collaboration with
GSI)
6
Wasteland GIS data
1:50,000
Entire India
7
Ground Water Prospects GIS data
1:50,000
Entire India
8
Land use / Cover Raster data
1:250,000
Entire India
9 Cycles of data from 2004 to 2013
Source: National Remote Sensing Centre. This list of satellite data and Thematic GIS data availability gets updated, regularly as
per the ISRO/DOS policies.
Once the base and thematic layers from the Satellite Imagery are prepared, other
city/town specific information such as, cadastral maps, revenue records, and plans of
government agencies and attribute information from Industrial Development
Corporations, Public Work Department, Railways, National Highway Authority could
be integrated for preparation comprehensive GIS database as required for
Development Plan/ Master Plan preparation.
The process to overlay Satellite images over cadastral maps for preparing base map is
explained in the Manual: Space based Information System for Decentralised
Planning, ISRO133. The satellite imageries, Resourcesat LISS‐4 and Cartosat PAN, can
be overlaid on cadastral maps to prepare base map. These satellite images depict field
bunds, cart tracks, small nullahs, settlements, tanks and other cultural features like
roads, railway network and canals. These features facilitate identification of Ground
Control Points (GCP) for tie down satellite image and cadastral map.
For overlaying cadastral map with satellite image it is required that cadastral map be
generated in vector mode. In this process the main tasks are acquisition of cadastral
maps, scanning and digitisation of cadastral maps and generation of vector data. Once
the cadastral maps in vector mode are available, the geo‐referencing of these maps
133
Appendix G of Volume II B and Manual also available at: http://www.bhuvan‐panchayat.nrsc.gov.in/assets/Manual‐Part2.pdf
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nning Techniques
can be done. The geo‐referencingg of digitaal cadastraal maps an
nd overlay
ying with
sateellite imagee consists of
o the follow
wing steps:
Acquisition of
A
o GCP’s
ion model deevelopment and assessment
T
Transformat
Geo‐referenccing of cadasttral maps
V
Validation
off Geo‐referenced map, in Isolation
V
Validation
off Geo‐referenced map, witth neighbourh
hood
Mosaic generration at reveenue inspecto
or (RI), taluka
a and districtt level
Theese steps arre detailed in Appendix H of Volu
ume II B.
Furrther, the prrocess of preparation
n of Existingg land use plan
p
can bee initiated as
a the
logiical step of data prepaaration.
7.7.2.2. Preeparation
n of Existin
ng Land Use
U Map
Thee draft of th
he existingg land use map,
m
incorrporating th
he land use features from the
sateellite interp
pretation and
a revenue records are
a taken up
u for ground verificaation. The
amo
ount of infformation or area veerified und
der this staage varies from settleement to
setttlement. In rural areas 15‐20% of
o ground verification
v
n should bee appropriaate, given
the predominaance of agrriculture, wasteland
w
or
o forestlan
nd cover. W
While, in urb
ban areas
ground verificcation could
d be 20‐50%
% or even up to 100%
%, if settlem
ment is very
y dense.
Oncce ground verification
v
n is over an
nd incorporated in th
he existing draft land use map,
finaal land use map is pro
oduced. In the final existing
e
lan
nd use map
p, the date on
o which
map
p was apprroved should be menttioned.
Figu
ure 7.10: Proccess of Develo
opment Plan Preparation through GIS (A)
Sourcce:
Consultatio
ons with NRSC, NUIS,
N
HMDA and
d various sourcees.
URD
DPFI Guidelin
nes, 2014. Miinistry of Urb
ban Development
277
Simplified Planning Techniques
7.7.2.3. Analysis of Existing Land Use Map
Base data, such as population, transportation, infrastructure, area under
conservation/preservation, ecologically sensitive area, developable area etc., can be
taken. Thematic layers from Bhuvan series providing data of geomorphology, geology,
lineaments, DEM, land transformation Atlas etc., can be selected. After giving
weightage to the chosen indicators, these layers can be superimposed to generate
maps showing land suitability or its potential for development or conservation. Here
the parameters for selection are to be carefully chosen to suit the planning
requirements of the region. Through the weightage given for analysis, the resulted
map can be categorised into suitability layers, such as:
Land most suitable for development
Land suitable for development
Land moderately suitable for development
Land non‐suitable for development
Figure 7.11: Process of Development Plan Preparation through GIS (B)
Source:
Consultations with NRSC, NUIS, HMDA and various sources.
7.7.2.4. Proposed Land use Plan
Developement strategy can be prepared from the analysis of the situation after
superimposing it on the existing land use map. Development strategy could be
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focussed on urban nodes, key infrastructure, transport links or industrial
development. The development strategy and land suitability analysis is to suggest the
land use zoning and the proposed plan. However, these zones and specifications of the
existing land use map are overlaid and refined for bringing out details on the
proposed plan. Analysis on GIS also allows planners to integrate inputs from Disaster
Management Plan into the Proposed Draft Land Use Plan.
Through efforts of the State and Local Government, Master Plan formulation using
web based GIS software application onBhuvan can be utilised for public partispation
on Geospatial platform. The approved proposed land use plan could be uploaded on
Bhuvan Geoportal. Feedback can be given on such plans on Bhuvan Geoportal by the
public or by State officials. Based on the objections and suggestions received in earlier
stage, the proposed land use plan can be modified and uploaded on Bhuvan Geoportal
again as a new version. The process of objections & suggestions and approvals and
uploading of the Plan can be repeated for a number of times as per the State’s
statutory provisions until the Final Plan version is not approved.
Figure 7.12: Process of Development Plan Preparation through GIS (C)
Source:
Consultations with NRSC, NUIS, HMDA and various sources.
7.7.2.5. Use of GIS in Plan Revision
For monitoring and revision of the Development Plan, deviation from the proposed
land use can be determined in GIS. The ULB and the State governments having utilised
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
279
Simplified Planning Techniques
the Bhuvan portal can create new data layers for the non‐conforming land uses to
assess the deviation between the previous approved Proposed Land use plan and the
existing situation. And since the mapping has been done on GIS, temporal variation
from the latest remote sensing imagery can also be earmarked. This deviation can be
addressed in the revision of the plan.
7.7.3. Bhuvan GeoPortal for Planning
Bhuvan is a geoportal of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which is for
Indian Earth Observation data products and services. Bhuvan provides interpretated
satellite imageries, thematic data and other services to all, apart from base for urban
and regional planning for the authorised Government agencies. Some of its salient
features are:
Provide access to all Bhuvan GIS databases as well as any other relevant data from other websites
like Survey of India (SOI), Forest Survey of India, National Highways Authority of India, Indian
Railways etc., Can used through the WMS service for effective utilization of available data. This
helps in avoiding the duplication and redundancy.
Respective ULB can upload the town specific spatial data like cadastral maps and attribute data to
Bhuvan and comprehensive database required can be organised and used for formulation of
Master Plan.
Open source freely available WebGIS software package for example QGIS
Use Bhuvan WMS service for data creation.
7.7.3.1. Bhuvan GeoPortal User Access
Bhuvan provides access to ULBs 134 , development authorities for government
administration for urban and regional planning, to work on the available information,
create new database as layers; prepare, approve and upload plan. At ULB, the three
tier system of Bhuvan data mangement provides login to draughtman, Town Planning
Officer and Commissioner level officers.
Each level has different powers to access Bhuvan database, which is described below
(and can be customized as per ULBs procedures/methods being followed):
Draughtsman can work on Town database and have rights to read and control write in the portal
database. Draughtsman have access control for all database for ready, edit, process and write to
temporary folder. At this level personnel can create new spatial files or edit the existing files and
upload data for approval.
Town planning officer (TPO) can work on Town database and have rights to read and write. TPO
have full control on the database. The maps, analysis on existing data, uploaded data and reports by
draughtsmen are posted in temporary folder and requires TPO approval to move these files to the
database.
Commissioner level officer can work on Town database and have rights to self‐controlled read and
write access.
State level authorities (Director’s office of State town & Country Planning Department) have rights
for accessing respective sate all towns.
134
ULBs can access Bhuvan through MoUD and State Town & Country Planning Department for authorisation and facilitation of
Bhuvan username and password.
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National level authorities (Ministry of Urban Development, TCPO, Delhi) have the rights of all
accessing state wise all towns status of India.
7.7.3.2. Portal User Interface
After Planning activity is over, such data can be uploaded on Bhuvan portal for public
viewing. Bhuvan portal has user interface in three levels such as:
Viewing: Citizens and governemnt departments can view the spatial plan that is uploaded on
Bhuvan portal
Data creation: Bhuvan accessed town level Urban Planning authorities can create and upload data
on the Portal.
Feedback on the uploaded Plans: Citizens, Government departments and Bhuvan accessed Town
level Urban Planning authorities can give feedback on uploaded data/plans.
7.7.3.3. Bhuvan Mobile applications
Bhuvan provides varieties of solutions on Mobile and Smart‐phone platform in
addition to field data collection and upload, which can be used for urban and regional
planning exercise. ‘BhuvanApp’ can be downloaded on compatible mobile software.
Both attribute data and pictorial data can be collection from the field through the app,
and uploaded on Bhuvan to develop a centralized database and thereafter can be
viewed by all for decision‐making.
Other applications are also available as a part of Bhuvan mobile app, such as
emergency services/responses at the event of hazard. Such applications can be used
for Smart city concepts and can be modified or customized for the need to the
ULBs/DA. For the State of Uttarakhand, a post distaer initiative was taken using
Bhuvan. Bhuvan has developed customized applications called, Mapping the
Neighbourhood in Uttarakhand (MANU), for collecting information from the field on
mobile by assigned team and updating it on the Bhuvan for enabling reconstructs and
rehabilitation exercise that could be used by local Govt. effectively.
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Infrastructure Planning
8
Infrastructure Planning
Millennium Development Goals (MDG), directly or indirectly, are linked to status
physical infrastructure. MDGs were adopted by UN in 2000 keeping in mind to raise
the quality of life of vulnerable population of the world. India is falling behind the
goals and time frame to achieve goal will get over in 2015. In this scenario it is
prudent that local bodies focus on improving physical infrastructure. Many policies
and schemes of Central government are also providing for improvement of physical
infrastructure in India.
The planning of infrastructure shall be based on the hierarchy of urban
development. This chapter of URDPFI guidelines suggest the infrastructure planning
norms for an Urban/ Regional space; the norms are suggested under five categories,
namely:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Transportation Planning
Physical Infrastructure
Social Infrastructure
Commercial Infrastructure
Miscellaneous Infrastructure
8.1.
Hierarchy of Urban Development
A planned city for an environment of convenience should have a hierarchical
structure; with each unit planned for basic self‐sufficiency. The smallest planning
unit is conceived as Housing Area for 5000 population with convenience shopping,
open area, Anganwadi and milk booth as minimum infrastructure provision. The
higher level of additional facilities is to be provided at Neighbourhood, Community,
District, Zonal, Sub‐city and Regional levels. The hierarchy of development on the
basis of population is given in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1:
Hierarchy of Infrastructure Development
Sr.No.
Planning Unit
Population
1
Housing Cluster/ Neighbourhood
5000
2
Neighbourhood
5000‐15,000
3
Community
Up to 100,000
4
District*
5 Lakh
5
Zonal
10 lakh
6
Sub city centre
25 Lakh – 50 Lakh
7
City
50 Lakh +
Source: UDPFI Guidelines, 1996; MPD, 2021, Jaipur Master Plan. * Ward at 3‐lakhpopulation.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Infrastructure Planning
8.2.
Transportation Planning
Besides the National Urban Transport Policy (2006), the National Transport
Development Policy Committee (NTDPC)135 was constituted by the Government of
India in 2010 to formulate a long‐term transport policy having an aim to set up the
conditions for a coherent transport strategy for India in the long term for the
horizon year 2032, with a vision to arrive well‐developed and competent
institutional system for planning, management and execution of transport projects.
Indian cities are expanding and therefore urban transport has gained regional
importance. The public transport needs to improve by an integrated road and rail
base transport, expansion of BRTS/MRTS, etc through formulation of
Master/Development/Mobility Plan which may help to integrate transport and
urban development. Similarly, bus priority ways, connectivity of MRTS with CBD and
residential areas, improvement of intermediate public transport and priority in
planning for NMT, etc should be developed along with other facilities such as
parking, street furniture, etc.
The report recommends that State Governments should also enact “Comprehensive
Urban Transport Law” to define the roles and responsibilities of the city authorities
and State level entities related to public transport, landuse and transport
integration, multi‐modal integration, transport infrastructure for pedestrians,
bicycle, cycle rickshaws, etc. Further, priority in planning for various modes should
focus on improving mobility through NMT, Public Transport, Para‐Transit and
Personal vehicles in order. There is a need to set up Metropolitan Urban Transport
Authorities as holistic and integrated decision making and coordinating bodies. The
dedicated non‐lapsable and non‐fungible urban transport funds should be set‐up at
the National, State and City levels.
Each Municipality and Development Authority could have a Transportation and
Traffic cell/division to comprehensively prepare CMP in lines with the Development
Plan, implement the transportation plan and coordinate with Traffic Police. The role
of such a cell/division is also to include application of smart technologies to improve
transportation in the city. It is necessary for Transportation and Traffic cell/
division to employ transport planners and urban planners for technical inputs.
8.2.1. Classification of Urban road
1. Urban Expressway: Expressways are divided highways for through traffic
with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at
major crossroads.136
2. Arterial road137: They are the primary roads for ensuring mobility function.
They carry the largest volumes of traffic and longest trips in a city. These
135
136
NTDPC India Transport Report‐ Moving Indian to 2032, Jan 2014.
Highway Design Manual, Department of Transportation, New York State (USA).
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3.
4.
5.
6.
roads are characterized by mobility and cater to through traffic with restricted
access from carriageway to the side. In such cases, special provisions should
be introduced to reduce conflict with the through traffic.
Sub Arterial Road: This category of road follows all the functions of an
Arterial Urban road and is characterized by mobility, and caters to through
traffic with restricted access from carriageway to the side. It carries same
traffic volumes as the arterial roads. Due to its overlapping nature, Sub arterial
roads can act as arterials. This is context specific and is based on the function
and the land use development it passes through.
Distributor/Collector Roads: As the name suggests, these are connector
roads, which distribute the traffic from access streets to arterial and sub
arterial roads. They are characterized by mobility and access equally. It carries
moderate traffic volumes compared to the arterial roads. Due to its
overlapping nature, distributor roads can act as sub arterial and as access
streets, depending upon the function and the land use of the surroundings.
Local Street138: These are intended for neighbourhood (or local) use on which
through traffic is to be discouraged. These roads should be made pedestrian
and bicycle friendly by using modern traffic calming designs to keep the
speeds within limits as per design.
Access Street: These are used for access functions to adjoining properties and
areas. A majority of trips in urban areas usually originate or terminate on
these streets.
8.2.2. Design Consideration of Urban Roads
8.2.2.1. Design Speed and Space Standard
The design speed and carriageway width for different types of road, as
recommended recently by MoUD may be seen in Table 8.2 & 8.3:
Table 8.2:
Design consideration of urban roads
S.No.
Road Types
Design Speed (kmph)
Space Standards (m)
1
Urban Expressway139
80
50‐60
2
Arterial Road
50
50‐80
3
Sub Arterial Road
50
30‐50
4
Distributor/Collector Roads
30
12‐30
10‐20
12‐20
15
6‐15
Street140
5
Local
6
Access Street
Source: Urban Road, Code of Practice Part‐1, MoUD.
137
Urban Road Code of Practice, MoUD.
Urban Street Design Guidelines, UTTIPEC.
The Urban expressway design standards have not been developed in India, However for urban context, it is assumed as Main
Arterial road and IRC: 86‐1983 recommends design speed of such road is 80 KPH and Space standard of 50‐60m width.
140 Urban Street Design Guidelines, UTTIPEC.
138
139
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Infrastructure Planning
8.2.2.2. Carriageway Width
Table 8.3:
Carriageway Width for each type of road
S.No.
Types of Roads
Characteristics
Width of each car
lane (m)
Width of each Bus
lane (m)
1
Urban Expressway141
Minimum 6 lanes divided (using a
median)
3.0 to 3.5m width
each
3.5m ‐(segregated )
2
Arterial Road
Minimum 6 lanes divided (using a
median)
3.0 to 3.5m width
each
3.5m ‐(segregated )
3
Sub Arterial Road
Minimum 4 lanes divided (using a
median)
3.0 to 3.5m width
each
3.5m (segregated )
or Painted lane
4
Distributor/Collector
Roads
Maximum 4 lanes of 3.0m width
each (excluding marking) or 2 lanes
of 3.0 to 3.3m width each (excluding
marking) with or without an
intermittent median
2 lanes of 3.0 to
3.5m width each
Mixed traffic
5
Local Street142
1 to 2 lanes, (undivided);traffic
calming is required
2.75 to 3.0m width
each
Not required
6
Access Street
1 to 2 lanes, (undivided); of 2.75 to
3.0m width each,
2.75 to 3.0m width
each
Not required
Source: Code of Practice Part‐1, MoUD, (refer Appendix I of Volume II B for the Cross Sections).
Notes:
1. Footpath, NMT provisions and Right of Use (RoU) of the various infrastructure shall also be
assigned in the RoW at the stage of finalisation of road network and hierarchy.
2. RoW shall also include a well‐planned utility corridor.
3. Road levels to be defined at the Local Area Plan level to ensure integrated road levels with
drainage system and slope.
4. No roads to have two different road levels without a proper median or a separator.
8.2.3. Footpath
Footpath should be normally designed for a pedestrian Level of Service (LOS) B,
thereby providing wide pedestrian facilities for pleasant and comfortable walking.
Under resource constraint LOS C can be adopted for deciding the width of footpath
mentioned in Table 8.4. The width of footpaths depends upon the expected
pedestrian traffic and may be fixed with the help of the following norms subject to
not being less than 1.8m
The Urban expressway design standards have not been developed in India, However for urban context, it is assumed as
Main Arterial road, and hence the lane of width is assumed to be the same as arterial road which is referred from Code of
Practice Part‐1, MoUD.
142 Urban Street Design Guidelines, UTTIPEC.
141
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Table 8.4:
Capacity of Footpath& Design
Design Flow in Number of Persons per hour
Width of sidewalk
(m)
In Both Directions
All in one direction
LOS B
LOS C
LOS B
LOS C
1.8
1350
1890
2025
2835
2
1800
2520
2700
3780
2.5
2250
3150
3375
4725
3
2700
3780
4050
5670
3.5
3150
4410
4725
6615
4
3600
5040
5400
7560
Source: IRC 103‐2012.
The land use adjacent to road significantly influences generation of pedestrian traffic
Recommended width of footpath along various landuses are given in Table 8.5
Table 8.5:
Required width of footpath as per adjacent land use
S.No.
Description
Width
1
Minimum free walkway width and residential/mixed use areas
1.8
2
Commercial/Mixed Use Areas
2.5
3
Shopping Frontages
3.5 to 4.5
4
Bus Stops
3
5
High Intensity Commercial Areas
4
Source: IRC 103‐2012.
8.2.4. Cycle Tracks
Cycle infrastructure width requirements are based on vehicle dimensions, volume
and clearance requirements of moving vehicles (cycle rickshaw, freight rickshaw).
These requirements vary for straight riding cyclists and those manoeuvring a bend
at a cruising speed.
Exclusive lanes for slow moving vehicles‐bicycles and rickshaws and pedestrians
along with spaces for street vendors are also essential. Hawkers and roadside
vendors provide services to bus commuters and pedestrians therefore designed
spaces would discourage them from occupying the carriageway. This improves the
capacity of the lanes designed for motorized vehicles and increases safety of
bicyclists and pedestrians.
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Table 8.6:
Cycle / NMT track
Sl No.
Arterial Roads
Sub Arterial Roads
Distributary Roads
Access Roads
Non‐
Motorised
Vehicle
Segregated Cycle Track
Segregated Cycle Track
Cycle Lane
Mixed \traffic
Location
Between Carriageway or
street parking and footpath
on either edge of the
carriageway
Between Carriageway or
street parking and footpath
on either edge of the
carriageway
On the edge of the
Not Applicable
carriageway, adjacent
to the footpath or
parking.
Gradient
1:12 – 1:20
1:12 – 1:20
1:12 – 1:20
1:12 – 1:20
Lane width
2.2 to 5.0m
2.2 to 5.0m
1.5 to 2.5m
Mixed with
motorized
vehicular traffic
Minimum
Width
2.5 for a two lane cycle track
and 1.9m for a common cycle
track and footpath
2.0 for a two lane cycle track
and 1.7m for a common cycle
track and footpath
1.5m
1m (painted)
Source: Code of Practice Part‐1, MoUD, 2012.
8.2.5. For Hilly Areas
Width of roads in hilly areas is given below which can be adopted as per
requirement and adjoining land uses.
Table 8.7:
Carriageway width in Hilly areas
S.No.
Description
Width(metre)
1.
Single lane without kerbs
05.00
2.
2‐lane without kerbs
08.80
3.
2‐lane with kerbs
10.00
4.
3‐lane with /without kerbs
13.00 / 11.80
Source: TCPO, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
8.2.6. Passenger Car Units (PCU)
The PCU standards as per the vehicle type for planning the area requirement are given in Table 8.8
below:
Table 8.8: PCU standards
S.No.
Vehicle Type
Equivalency factor
1
Passenger car, tempo, auto, jeep, vans, or agricultural tractor
1.0
2
Truck, bus, agricultural tractor‐trailer
3.0
3
Motor‐cycle, scooter and cycle
0.5
4
Cycle‐rickshaw
1.5
5
Horse drawn vehicle
4.0
6
Bullock cart
5.0
7
Hand‐cart
6.0
Source: JnNURM ‐ Rapid Training Programme, Preparation of DPRs, UDPFI guidelines and in IRC 106‐1990.
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8.2.7. Design Service Volume
The Design Service Volume standards as given in IRC Code 106‐1990, which
recommends LOS C while designing road capacity, are given in Table 8.9 below:
Table 8.9:
Design Service Volume Standards
Total Design Service Volume for different road category
S.No.
Type of Carriageway
1.
2‐Lane (one way)
2400
1900
1400
2.
2‐lane (two way)
1500
1200
900
3.
3‐lane (one way)
3600
2900
2200
4.
4‐lane undivided (two way)
3000
2400
1800
5.
4‐lane divided (two way)
3600
2900
‐‐
6.
6‐lane undivided (two way)
4800
3800
‐‐
7.
6‐lane divided (two way)
5400
4300
‐‐
8.
8‐lane divided (two way)
7200
‐‐
‐‐
Arterial
SubArterial
Collector
Source: IRC Code 106‐1990.
8.2.8. Parking
8.2.8.1. Equivalent Car Space (ECS) for different vehicles
The recommended ECS required for different type of vehicles are given in Table 8.10
Table 8.10: Recommended ECS for various types of vehicles
S.No.
Vehicle Type
ECS
1
Car/taxi
1.00
2
Two Wheeler
0.25
3
Auto Rickshaw
0.50
4
Bicycle
0.10
5
Trucks/Buses*
2.5
6
Emergency Vehicles*
2.5
7
Rickshaw*
0.8
*Source: Volume V‐D1: DPR for Multi‐level Parking Facility at Ghaziabad Main Report, NCRPB and ADB, 2010.
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8.2.8.2. Recommended ECS based on land use type
The recommended ECS required for different type of land use, as recommended by
the NBC, are given in Table 8.11.
Table 8.11: Parking Standards
S.No. Land use
1
2
Parking Standards
Remark
Residential Plot‐Plotted Housing
2 Equivalent Car Space (ECS) in
plots of size 250‐300 sqm and
1ECS for every 100 sqm. built up
area, in plots exceeding 300 sqm.
‐‐
Residential Plot ‐ Group Housing
2.0 ECS/100 sqm built up area
‐‐
Cluster Court Housing
2.0 ECS/100 sqm built up area
‐‐
Guest House / Lodging & Boarding House /
Dharamshala
2 ECS per 100 sqm. of built up
area
‐‐
Convenience Shopping Centre/Local Shopping
Centre / Local Level Commercial areas
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Service Market
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Community Centre / Non‐ hierarchical
Commercial Centre
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
District Centre/ Sub‐Central Business
District/Sub‐City Level Commercial areas
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Commercial Plot: Retail & Commerce
Metropolitan City Centre
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Hotel
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
For Population
between 2‐ 10 lakh – 1
car parking space for
every 4 guest room.
Residential
Commercial Centres
For Population
between 10‐50 lakh –
1 car parking space for
every 3 guest room.
For Population more
than 50 lakh – 1 car
parking space for
every 2 guest room143.
143
Service Apartments
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Any other commercial centre including
commercial component along with Railway/MRTS
and ISBT
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Integrated Freight Complex/ Wholesale Market
3 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
In case of plots up to
300 sqm. common
parking is to be
provided
National Building Code, 2005.
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S.No. Land use
3
4
Parking Standards
Remark
Community Hall
Parking standard @ 3.0 ECS / 100
sqm
‐‐
Recreational Club
Parking standard @ 2 ECS / 100
sqm of floor area
‐‐
Socio‐cultural activities such as auditorium,
music, dance & drama, centre / meditation,
spiritual centre etc.
Parking standard @ 2 ECS / 100
sqm of floor area
‐‐
Science Centre
Parking standard @ 2 ECS
‐‐
International Convention centre
Parking standard @2 ECS
‐‐
Old Age Home / Care Centre for Physically /
Mentally challenged / Working women / men
hostel /Adult Education Centre / Orphanage /
Children's Centre / Night Shelter
Parking standard @ 1.8 ECS of
floor area.
‐‐
Sport facility for international sports event
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area.
‐‐
Integrated Office Complex
1.8 ECS / 100 sq m of floor area
The norms for Local
Government offices /
Public Sector
Undertakings under
Government Land use
shall be as per
Integrated office
complex
District Court
1.8 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
SocioCultural Facilities
PublicSemi Public
‐‐
Head Post Office with Administrative office & with
/ without delivery office
1.33 ECS per 100 sqm. of floor
area
Amusement Park
3 ECS / 100 sqm. of floor area
‐‐
‐‐
ISBT/Metro
2 ECS per 100 sqm. of floor area
‐‐
Hospitals
2 ECS per 100 sqm. of floor area
‐‐
Veterinary Hospital
Veterinary Dispensary
Nursing and Paramedic institute
1.33 ECS per 100 sqm. of floor
area
‐‐
1.33 ECS per 100 sqm. of floor
area
‐‐
2 ECS per 100 sqm. of floor area
‐‐
Medical College
5
As per norms of Medical Council
of India / Regulatory Body
‐‐
Industrial Plot up to 50 sqm area
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Industrial Plot 51sqm ‐400 sqm area
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Industrial Plot 401 sqm and above
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Flatted group Industry (Min Plot size 400 sqm)
2 ECS / 100 sqm of floor area
‐‐
Industry
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S.No. Land use
Parking Standards
Remark
6
Parking @ 2.0 ECS per 100 sqm
built up area shall be provided
within the premises.
Where this is not
available, cost of
development of
parking, shall be
payable by the plot
allottee / owner to the
local body concerned
or Multi‐level parking
to be provided as an
option. This condition
shall apply even if
residential premises
are used only for
professional activity.
Mixed Land use
Source: Master Plan of Delhi (MPD) 2021.
Parking standards are prescribed in above table, however, where it is not
prescribed; it could be followed as given in Table 8.12.
Table 8.12: Permissible ECS for different land uses
Permissible Equivalent Car Spaces (ECS) Per 100
sqm. of floor area
S.No.
Use Premises
1
Residential
2.0
2
Commercial
3.0
3
Manufacturing
2.0
4
Government
1.8
5
Public and Semi‐Public Facilities
2.0
Source: MPD 2021.
8.2.8.3. Space Standards for Parking
For the provision of car parking space, the space standards shall be given as per the
Table 8.13.
Table 8.13: Space standards for Parking
S.No.
Type of Parking
Area in sqm per ECS
1
Open
23
2
Ground Floor covered
28
3
Basement
32
4
Multi‐Level with Ramps
30
5
Automated Multilevel with lifts
16
Source: MPD 2021.
8.2.8.4. Parking for Hilly Areas144
Apart from the above given parking norms, one car parking space / garage for each
dwelling unit should be provided in residential buildings. For institutional buildings,
one floor exclusively for parking of vehicles should be compulsory.
144
TCPD, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
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8.2.9. Bus Terminals
8.2.9.1. Functions
The functions of bus terminal primarily includes processing of vehicles, passengers
etc. with provision of necessary facilities for their smooth flow. The terminal serves
as a point and unit where necessary information to user is made available for
processing. To create seamless multimodal connectivity, the bus terminal should be
integrated with other modes of transport (train, metro, bicycle, pedestrian, private
car)
A bus terminal also functions as the centre of a neighbourhood with high density
mixed use activities in its vicinity. To provide a safe and attractive place at all times,
the presence of residential housing, shopping complexes, offices and other
commercial activities are to be encouraged around the terminal.
A passenger bus terminal broadly needs to perform the functions to meet
requirements of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Passengers and Vehicles
Passengers only
Vehicles only
Crew
Management
The functions related to both passengers and vehicles include:
Concentration
Loading
Dispersal
Unloading
Passenger only oriented functions of the terminal include provision of:
Passenger platforms to board and alight (with ramps for disabled & elderly)
Ticketing facilities
Waiting lounges
Rest houses/ rooms
Baggage Storage Facilities
Commercial: Basic Shopping and retail facilities
Utilities, Services and Amenities (including public toilets, ATM, drinking water etc.)
Information System
Shelter from weather
Communication and postal facilities
Eating places
8.2.9.2. Components
The components related to vehicles (bus) only include provision of:
Bays for loading and unloading
Idle bus parking spaces
Facilities related to maintenance
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Information system for movement with terminal
The terminal components to meet the needs of crew are:
Rest rooms
Information system
Communication facilities
Eating places
The terminal facilities for the management in terms of:
Demand management on account of concentration
Incurring minimum expenditure
Development of centralised information
Ensuring better control
8.2.9.3. Design Criteria
The design criteria of terminal studies determining the size of terminal and factors
to be taken into consideration in planning the facilities and activities is primarily
governed by the following factors:
Traffic Demand
Traffic Characteristics
Function of Terminal
Type and Sophistication of Facilities
The other factors to be considered in terminal design by appreciating activity and
facility inter‐relationship are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Segregation of terminal and non‐terminal traffic
Segregation of vehicular and pedestrians traffic and movement
Segregation of traffic by type, function and direction
Coordination of different activities in terms of functional and spatial inter‐relationship
Provision of good user and vehicular information
Provision of necessary and identified facilities to meet requirement of all user groups achieving
minimum passenger and vehicular processing time
g. Achieving overall functional and spatial efficiency
h. Achieving smooth flow of all types of traffic to and from terminal.
8.2.9.4. Planning Norms and Space Standards
Norms
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Capacity of an intra‐city bus terminal
One bus bay for 5000 passengers per day
One bus bay for 10,000 passengers per day
Peak hour load
Occupancy/bus:
Time taken for loading
Time taken for unloading
: 1.5 lakh passengers/day
: Loading
: Unloading
: 10% of daily passenger load
: 50 ideal
: 6 min; 12 min
: 3 min; 6 min
Space standards for Parking Facilities
The parking standards for bus bays, as mooted by UDPFI Guidelines 1996, continue
to remain valid and are given in Table 8.14 below:
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Table 8.14: Bus Bays – Parking Standards
Type of parking
Area/vehicle
Idle Parking
145 sqm
Angular
76 sqm
Parallel
104 sqm
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
8.2.10. Truck Terminal
A truck terminal is highly specialised facility, designed for a specific function and
operating plan in terms of service standards it must meet, the area it serves and the
volumes to be handled. It provides interface between intercity and local
transportation facilities and which handle the distribution and collection of goods
within the city.
The major objectives of a truck terminal are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
To reorganise office and go‐down space of transport companies
To provide for expansion of companies
To reduce parking, loading/unloading instances in CBD (Central Business District)
To locate the facilities for vehicle repairs, servicing, rest places, shops etc.
To cater to intercity movements destined to operator’s godown and provide for idle parking for
trucks waiting for return load.
To function as a rest and halting place for through traffic.
8.2.10.1. Facilities in Transport Nagar
The main facilities for which area allocation needs to be made in Transport Nagar
are:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.
Transport Agencies
Circulation
Parking
Open Space
Petrol Pump
Service Centre
Toilets
Police Station
Restaurant
Shops
Godowns
Weigh Bridge
Stalls/Dhabas
Administrative Office
Fire Station, Post Office, Dispensary
Bank, Bus Station, Electric Sub station
Cold Storage
Spare Parts Shops
Body Building Shops
Cinema
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8.2.10.2. Locational Factors
The following factors are generally considered while locating a truck terminal/
Transport Nagar:
a.
b.
c.
d.
They should be located on main corridor of goods movement.
Multimodal connectivity with train corridors and waterways
They are generally located on fringe of developed lands
They should have proper linkage with other freight generating activities as well as developed
areas.
Consideration for intra city goods movement pattern in terms of desire of movement, modes
used and distances over which movement is made should also be kept in view.
e.
8.2.10.3. Broad Land Use Break Up
The broad land use breakup in a truck terminal (Transport Nagar) is as follows:
Table 8.15: Broad Land Use break‐up
S.No.
Use
Percentage Area
1
Transport operators ‐ Office, Godown, Loading/Unloading
30.0
2
Service Industry ‐ Petrol Pump, Service Area, Weigh Bridge, etc.
6.0
3
Public/Semi Public ‐ Police Post, Post office, Telephone, First Aid etc.
3.0
4
Commercial
3.0
5
Parking ‐ Idle, Transit, Other Vehicles
18.0
Source: UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
8.2.11. Integrated Freight Complex145
8.2.11.1. Functions
The basic functions of an integrated freight complex are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
To provide facilities for regional and intra – urban freight movement.
To provide facilities for freight in transit as well as interchange of mode.
To provide warehousing and storage facilities and link‐link these sites with specialised
markets.
To provide servicing, loading and boarding, idle parking, restaurants and other related
functions in the complex.
8.2.11.2. Objectives
The functional objectives of wholesale complex‐cum‐truck terminal should be:
a.
145
To provide adequate facilities for wholesale trade activities, these include:
i. Auction areas
ii. Wholesale shops and subsidiary storage capacity
iii. Parking facilities
iv. Wholesales godowns, cold storage, etc. together with handling facilities and equipment, etc.
These norms may be modified to be used for Dry Ports, Container Freight Station (CFS), Logistics Hub.
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b.
c.
To provide adequate parking space and facilities for trucks expected to utilise the terminal.
These facilities include:
i. Service/repair facilities
ii. Rest/recreation for drivers
iii. Weighing of trucks etc.
To provide adequate facilities for office/storage activities of trucks operating at terminal. These
include :
i. Godown space
ii. Office space
iii. Loading/unloading facilities
iv. Weighing of goods vehicle etc.
Apart from the above mentioned objectives, the complex must provide for a number
of associated/ancillary facilities and services, some of which are:
d.
e.
Provision for goods movement within the complex in terms of truck movement and loading
unloading / stacking of goods.
Building and amenities for administration and security measures necessary for complex.
i. Facilities like banking, postal truckers, etc. required for business transactions
ii. Amenities for wholesales, truckers and their employees
iii. Areas for shops, eating houses and other service establishment
iv. Provision of lighting, water supply and garbage, sewerage disposal.
8.2.11.3. Space Norms
The Space norms in terms of quantum handled (kilograms) per square meter area
for selected commodities as per Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) is given
below:
Table 8.16: Space Norms
Commodity
Wt./Area (Kg./s q.m.)
Food grains
1054
Fruits and Vegetables
721
Hardware and Building Material
1054
Iron and Steel
904
Timber
968
Machinery
968
Auto Parts
968
Textile
968
Chemicals and fertilisers
968
Source: Central Warehousing Corporation.
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8.2.11.4. Broad Land Use Break‐up
The broad land use break–up of an integrated freight complex recommended in
UDPFI Guidelines 1996 continue to be relevant and are as follows:
Table 8.17: Broad Land Use Break Up
Use Type
Percentage of Area
1.
Wholesale Market
35.0
2.
Warehousing
8.0
3.
Booking Agencies
2.0
4.
Commercial & Public/Semi‐Public
5.0
5.
Utilities and Services
3.0
6.
Service Industry
4.0
7.
Parking
12.0
8.
Circulation
25.0
9.
Others
6.0
Total
100.0
Source: UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
8.2.11.5. Area Requirements
As a general guideline, the area required for a truck terminal (Transport Nagar)
should be reserved at the rate of one hectare per 300 tonnes of daily goods inflow
into the complex. In case of integrated freight complex, the area necessary would be
one hectare per 400 tonnes of daily goods inflow into the complex.
8.2.12. Travel Demand Modelling Process146
A travel model is a simplified representation of travel behaviour through the use of
mathematical equations and data analysis. Models are based on the theory that an
individual's travel choices are a function of his or her socioeconomic characteristics
(household size, income, and vehicle ownership), geographic location (distance to
work, shops, etc.) and modal choices (road, rail, bus, NMT) available to them.
Modelling is an attempt to replicate this behaviour using statistical analysis. The
process is complex and requires large amount of data.
The accuracy of a travel model depends on many factors: land use and demographic
data, quality of travel survey data, technical expertise of the developer, and
assumptions used. Therefore, a model should be evaluated as a whole and never as a
function of the forecasts produced. A model should always be calibrated well so that
it can replicate current year conditions within reason before using it to produce
forecasts. Model calibration and validation should be done at every step of the
process to ensure quality of forecasts.
146
Development of Training Material under Sustainable Urban Transport Project, Reference Guide Volume 2 Demand
Assessment, MoUD.
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Models are a simplified simulation of travel behaviour producing rational travel
choices based on the controlled variables within a model. In the real world, variables
are constantly changing and individuals don't always make the most rational
decisions. Therefore model forecasts should only be used as one element in
transport planning.
The most commonly used method of forecasting is 4 step Aggregate Model; this
model includes trip generation, distribution, modal split, and assignment.
An individual decides whether to make a trip, where and when to go, which mode to
select, and which route to take based on his needs, income, occupation, vehicle
ownership, etc. and the choices available to them. The choices could be different
modes of transportation (car, 2 wheeler, public transport, bicycle etc.), different
times of day travel (peak, off‐peak) or competing destinations (shopping mall,
downtown). As mentioned above, this method involves 4 major components, which
are detailed in Appendix J of Volume II B.
8.2.12.1. Recommended Modal Split by Public Transport Modes
The recommended share of public transport modes based on city size, which is
mentioned in Table 8.18.
Table 8.18: Recommended derived Modal Split
City Size
Recommended Modal Spilt
Below 1 Million
30%
Around 1 Million
35%
1.5 Million
40% plus
3.0 Million
50% plus
6.0 Million
70% plus
9.0 Million
75% plus (85% with a mass transit system)
Source: UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
8.2.13. MRT options for the City
Every city is different and requires its own study of the potentially realistic options.
The guidelines shown in Table 8.19 and Table 8.20 are to assist decision makers in
narrowing down the applicable options. As can be seen in the table, population
density is an important criterion. City shape/form (linear or circular) also influences
the concentration of demand; therefore, this factor may be incorporated when
selecting appropriate MRT options.
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Table 8.19: MRT options for the City
MRTS
S.No. Options
City Requirements
1
•
When more than about 100 buses per hour per direction (bphpd) use the busway147
•
Cities with a medium‐ to high‐density urban area
•
BRT should be one of the first considerations in MRT system development in any city.
•
BRT system can be developed as trunk systems as well as feeders to an existing (or planned)
MRT system
•
Suitable for cities where an MRT system needs to be developed quickly and incrementally as
conditions and funding allow
•
A well‐developed traffic planning/management capability should be available (this may be
brought in initially)
•
Existing bus and paratransit operations can be regulated/restructured
Road space is available for BRT development (2‐4 lanes from existing roads)
•
Bus Only Lane (BOL) can be recommended in the following two cases:
•
One lane busway (4 meters for a single lane) is available and the passenger demand is below
6,000 bphpd; and
•
Multiple lane busways (7 meters for two lanes, or 10.5 meters for three lanes) are available
and the passenger demand exceeds 6,000, but is below 12,500 bphpd
•
Cities with a medium‐ to high‐density urban area
•
Cities where environmental issues are critical and there is a need to attract car users to use
public transport systems; however, if the core requirements are operational effectiveness,
•
LRT system should be developed that is more flexible and costs less
•
Appropriate for cities with an existing tram operation, which may be cost‐effectively
enhanced.
•
A well‐developed traffic planning/management capability should be available
•
Existing bus and para‐transit operations can be regulated/restructured
•
Road space is available for LRT development (2‐3 lanes from existing road) or existing tram
track can be converted to an LRT route
•
Existing public transport flows on the main corridor of the order of 10,000‐15,000 passengers
per hour per direction with more than 15km trip length
•
City incomes that are not low (typically at least US$1,800 per person)
•
Prospects for sustained economic growth and an expanding centre ( in case of metropolitan
regions)
•
Existence of a low‐cost metro alignment
•
Fares policy – a fares policy on metro and bus systems to encourage ridership yet limit the
need for financial support
•
A well‐developed traffic planning/management capability should be available
•
Existing bus and para‐transit operations can be regulated/restructured
•
Strong and largely autonomous management of metropolitan region, with clear objectives
2
Bus Rapid
Transit
(BRT)
Light Rail
Transport
(LRT)
including
monorail,
tramways
3
Metro Rail
Source: Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development Module 1 Comprehensive Mobility Plan.
Personal rapid transit system is also emerging as an alternative mode of
transportation in many Nations. This system is capital intensive and has long
payback period, besides, the system is feasible where passenger flow in the main
corridor is higher than the demand for the metro rail and the paying capacity is
higher.
147
Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development in Medium Sized Cities in India Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit
(BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies, MoUD.
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Table 8.20: Technical Parameters of Public Transport Options
Metro Rail
LRT
Tramways
HCBRT
BRT
Bus Priority Lanes
City Bus
40,000‐75,000
15,000‐45,000
5,000‐15,000
20,000‐35,000
7,500‐15,000
5,000‐7,500
Below 1,000
Very high
High
Medium/high
Medium/high
Medium
Low
Very Low, only bus
stops and
maintenance stop
required
Alignment
Double‐track railway
Double‐track railway,
elevated, at grade or
in tunnels
Double‐track
tramway, at‐grade
4 Bus Lanes (2 per
direction)
2 to 3 Bus Lanes
2 Bus Lanes
Use public roads
Segregation
100% segregated in
tunnels, elevated or
at‐grade
High degree of
segregation preferred,
but sections with
shared right of way
possible
Uses public roads, but
may have reserved
right of way on
sections with higher
demand
All Bus Lanes must be
segregated to achieve
high capacity
Bus Lanes must be in
general segregated,
exceptions possible,
reduce capacity and
speed
Bus Priority Lanes
must be exclusively
for buses
None
Road space required
None
None in case of
elevated and tunnel
alignment, 2 lanes at‐
grade, additional
space required for
stations and terminals
2 Lanes, additional
space may be
required for stations
and terminals, tracks
can be shared with
public roads or
pedestrian roads
4 Lanes; more linear
space for
Interchanges and
Terminals
2 Lanes, possibly 3 or 4
at Stations and
Interchanges, space for
major Interchanges
and Terminals
2 to 3 Lanes (3 to 4
Lanes at Bus Stops)
Shared with cars and
pedestrian
Vehicles
High capacity EMU
Medium to high
capacity EMU’s
(upgraded trams as
an option)
Trams, articulated
and/or with wagons
as an option
Special articulated
bus with at‐floor
boarding and wide
doors
Articulated buses; pre‐
paid boarding required
Standard City Bus,
articulated as option
Standard City Bus
Passengers per
Vehicle/Train
1,200‐2,500
250‐1,500
Depends on length
180‐240
150‐180
75‐100
75
Traction
Electric
Electric
Electric
Diesel
Diesel (Electric as an
option)
Diesel
Diesel
Feeder System
Necessary
Necessary
Not necessary
Necessary
Desired
Not necessary
Not necessary
Flexibility of route
changes
Very low
Low
Low
Very low
Medium
Medium
Very high
Ticketing System
Closed
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed or open
Open
Open
Line Capacity
(PAX/hr/dir.)
Cost per km
(Infrastructure, vehicles,
OCC, Maintenance)
Source: Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development Module 1 Comprehensive Mobility Plan.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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302
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8.2.14. Urban Buses and characteristics
MoUD148 has established different types of buses for urban services. The following
table defines the characteristics and floor height of different urban buses.
Table 8.21: Types of urban buses and their characteristics
S.No.
Bus Types
Bus Characteristics
Low floor definition
1
Standard size urban bus
(AC/Non‐AC)
Maximum floor height:
400/650/900 mm
Low floor area shall not be less than 50%
of the total saloon area (excluding front
wheel boxes and driver’s cab) and shall
not be ramped in the longitudinal plane.
2
Mini and Midi urban buses
(AC/Non‐AC)
Maximum floor height 900 mm
with inclusion of variants of
having floor height of 400 mm
and 650mm
Low floor area shall not be less than 50%
of the total saloon area (excluding front
wheel boxes and driver’s cab) and shall
not be ramped in the longitudinal plane.
3
Standard BRTS bus
(AC/Non‐AC)
Maximum floor
height:400/650/900 mm
Floor height of 400, 650 or 900 mm shall
be uniform inside the vehicle.
4
Mini BRT Bus
Floor height of 400, 650 or 900
mm shall be uniform inside the
vehicle
Low floor area shall not be less than 50%
of the total saloon area (excluding front
wheel boxes and driver’s cab) and shall
not be ramped in the longitudinal plane.
5
Midi BRT Bus
Floor height of 400, 650 and
900 mm shall be uniform inside
the vehicle
Low floor area shall not be less than 50%
of the total saloon area (excluding front
wheel boxes and driver’s cab) and shall
not be ramped in the longitudinal plane.
6
Standard Bus of Premium
Segment (Air conditioned)
Maximum floor height:900 mm
Low floor area shall not be less than 50%
of the total saloon area (excluding front
wheel boxes and driver’s cab) and shall
not be ramped in the longitudinal plane.
7
Midi Bus of Premium
Segment (Air conditioned)
Maximum floor height:900 mm
Low floor area shall not be less than 50%
of the total saloon area (excluding front
wheel boxes and driver’s cab) and shall
not be ramped in the longitudinal plane.
8
Articulated BRTS Bus (AC
/Non ‐AC)
Maximum floor height: 900 mm
Floor height shall be uniform inside the
vehicle
9
Bi‐articulated BRTS Bus
(AC/Non ‐AC)
Maximum floor height:900 mm
Floor height shall be uniform inside the
vehicle
8.2.15. TOD Norms
Transit Oriented Development is a development, macro or micro that is focused
around a transit node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit facility
thereby inducing people to prefer to walk and use public transportation over
personal modes of transport149.
148
149
Recommendatory Urban Bus Specifications, MoUD 2013.
As per Draft UTTIPEC Guidelines of DDA.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
303
Infrastructure Planning
Figure 8.1: Proposed Karkardooma TOD Project
Source:
http://uttipec.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/6080492270.pdf
Region and Transit‐Oriented Development arises from investment in infrastructure
that guides the urban growth of the city and is suggested as one of the approaches in
the regional &urban planning approach Chapter 4 and 5 respectively of the
guidelines. Typically, TOD involves implementing or strengthening a mass transit
system with development focused on major transport nodes (which can be planned
at regional level or city level). This strategy supports the objective of achieving a
desirable modal split of 50‐70% as advised150.
Mass transit can be strengthened by:
Enhancing the public transport network by careful and robust selection of an optimum mass
transit system, including bus service improvements, bus rapid transit (BRT), and/or rail‐based
solutions; and
Developing an integrated public transport system that combines modes and services through
interchanges and feeder services, rationalises existing services, and improves passenger
dispersal at terminals
Cities with strong Central Business Districts (CBDs) are generally good candidates
for transit‐oriented development. Trips can take place along radial axes between the
CBD and suburban communities, with concentrated mixed use development around
the suburban nodes. TOD can be facilitated by identifying major corridors and
investing in them as primary mass transit corridors. This can be undertaken with
reference to analysis of travel demand and desire line patterns from the modelling
exercise.
150
“Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India”, 1998, MoUD, GoI.
304
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
8.2.15.1. Demarcation of the TOD Influence Zone151
TOD is a new concept introduced in India. Currently UTTIPEC (a subdivision of Delhi
Development Authority DDA) has developed draft policy norms and guidelines for
TOD. Some of the key aspects related to demarcate TOD zone is given below:
1. A maximum up to 2000 m. wide belt on both sides of centre line of the MRTS Corridor is
designated as TOD Influence Zone, which should also be identified in Development Plan of a
city.
2. The entire influence zone shall be considered as “white zone”. Application of Development
Control Norms in the White Zone shall be compliant with TOD norms as stated in TOD
guidelines (approved by competent Authority). Final boundaries of Influence Zones shall be
demarcated as per the Influence Zone Plans.
3. The overall Influence Zone further consists of three sub zones – Zone 1: Intense TOD Zone,
Zone 2: Standard TOD Zone, and Zone 3: TOD Transition Zone.
4. Development Control Norms as per UTTIPEC TOD norms apply to all three TOD zones.
5. Development Control Norms of High Density Mixed Income Development shall not be
applicable to the TOD Transition Zone.
6. All properties public or private shall be able to avail the norms and benefits of TOD while
complying to an approved Influence Zone Plan, However exception can be identified where:
Height restriction has already made.
Flight funnel zones shall follow the height restrictions as per regulations of Airport Authority of India.
Environmentally sensitive zones for protection (Environment Protection Zones)
Seismic Zones such as fault lines.
Table 8.22: TOD Influence Zones
Zone 1: Intense TOD Zone
Zone 2: Standard TOD Zone
Zone 3: TOD Transition Zone
300m influence zone of all
800m* (10‐min
walking)influence zone of all
MRTS Stations.
2000m** (10‐minute cycling distance)
influence zone of all MRTS Stations.
MRTS Stations
800m* (10‐min walking)influence
zone of Regional Interchange
Station (i.e. Rail‐MRTS, or two
MRTS lines.)
Source:
300m influence zone of BRT corridors.
Zones within Intense (zone 1) or Standard
TOD Zones which are not permitted for
redevelopment but need enhancements in
public realm and network connectivity.
Draft Transit Orient Development – Policy, Norms, Guidelines, UTTIPEC
8.2.15.2. Development Types within Influence Zones152
Broadly the types of planned and unplanned development which may fall within the
Zone 1: Intense TOD influence zones and Zone 2: Standard TOD may be categorized
into three broad categories:
Redevelopment/ Infill – Sites within the Intense/ Standard TOD Zones are those within Existing
Urban Area and suitable for development/ redevelopment.
7. Infill Sites are empty sites within Existing Urban Area, which may have opened up for
development.
8. Redevelopment sites could be any of the following:
i.
Low density areas
ii.
Shopping/ Commercial centres
iii.
Industrial areas/ clusters
151
Draft Transit Orient Development – Policy, Norms , Guidelines, UTTIPEC.
152
Ibid.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
305
Infrastructure Planning
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Resettlement Colonies
Unauthorized colonies
Urban Villages
JJ clusters
Greenfield – Sites within the Intense/ Standard TOD Zones which are in the Urban Extension Area
where provision of road networks, services and social facilities has not yet taken place.
Retrofit – In addition to TOD Transition Zones, sites within Intense/ Standard Zones which have
existing gross density higher than 250 du/ha may not be suitable for redevelopment, but may need
retrofitting to meet TOD Zone requirements. The following criteria may be used as benchmarks for
selecting such dense sites for need for retrofitting:
1. Lack of street network and connectivity
2. Lack of fire access to buildings.
3. Lack of adequate physical and social infrastructure facilities.
Hence, depending upon the requirement of the area, to which TOD is applied, the
influence zone plan is to be prepared.
8.2.15.3. Influence Zone Plan
A Detailed Influence Zone Plan is a document that provides a framework and vision
for future TOD development for MRTS. Any public or private development within
the Influence Zone Plan Areas must adhere to the overall strategies, framework and
benchmarks provided by the Plan. The Plan shall be prepared or be approved by the
competent Planning Authority for each influence zone area in a phased manner,
customized to site characteristics and context. The plan shall include the following
components:
1. Urban Design Framework – This would include:
Street Network Plan indicating street hierarchy and character
Landscape and Open Space Structure indicating type of open spaces and distribution of play areas. To
include planting strategy for all street trees.
Net FAR and residential densities for each block within the Influence Zone
Vertical mix of uses for each TOD parcel indicating location of civic amenities within mixed –use
blocks (refer Chapter 9 for mixed zone use). To include location of ‘unbundled’ parking sites for
shared use.
Three‐dimensional site briefs for each block within the Influence Zone indicating recommended
massing and organisation of uses.
Location and numbers of short and long term parking spaces
2. Transport Impact Assessment& Mitigation Strategies – This would include strategies for:
Achieving the desired modal shift, in particular mode shift for short trips
Street network improvement through assessment of existing capacity and augmentation of network
as required through new linkages, alternate routes, junction designs etc. for all modes with priority
for intermediate public transport, pedestrians, cyclists / NMT.
Integrated strategy for Public transport, Pedestrian and Cycle access
Determining the optimum mix of uses to mitigate negative impact on surrounding land uses and
transport networks
Parking Strategy as a Demand Management Tool
Mitigation strategies for traffic noise and vibration
306
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Infrastructure Planning
The Draft TOD Guidelines and Norms of UTTIPEC are under finalization. In the
context of MPD‐2021 provisions which spell out that a 500 m wide belt from the
centreline of MRTS corridors/major transport axis shall be designated as the
“influence zone”. The Guidelines and Norms have been included under the Chapter
on Transportation, which is under revision as part of MPD‐2021 review exercise.
It is important to appreciate that TOD is a value‐addition over and above mixed‐
use streets and the Land‐Pooling policy in the sense that provides for multiple
uses within the same building along with higher FAR provisions so as to promote
intensive development along MRTS corridors/major transport axis which will
induce people to use Public Transport and do away with personalized vehicular
modes. However, TOD has to be designed case‐to‐case basis and cannot be a
default function.
Figure 8.2: Proposed Karkardooma TOD Project
Source:
http://uttipec.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/6080492270.pdf
3. Decentralized Infrastructure and Sustainability Plan – This would include:
Water and Waste Water management strategy including recycling and re‐use of waste water. To
include strategy for both potable and non‐potable water.
Rain water strategy, to be integrated with the Landscape and Public Open Space Strategy
Solid Waste Management Strategy
Energy Strategy maximising use of renewable sources
Integrated Infrastructure and Services Systems Plan indicating space requirements for all
infrastructure
4. Economic Viability and Implementation Model – This would include:
Determining a financially profitable mix of uses based on the current demand and supply, coupled
with the projected land values for the TOD zone. To include cost delivering of Social and Physical
infrastructure
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
307
Infrastructure Planning
Determining a financial model and delivery mechanism for affordable housing, public infrastructure
and public transport facilities through mechanisms of cross subsidy, FAR benefits or any other
possible benefit that the TOD authority can give.
Strategy for revenue collection from the TOD zone based on the benefits enjoyed by a piece of land
lying within the TOD zone. To determine total profit generated from the TOD Zone in a phased
manner for individual owners, consortiums and TOD administration.
Determining appropriate mechanisms for land‐pooling by individual plot holders to avail the benefits
of TOD based on the specific characteristics of the site.
Determining the structure of the administrative body of the TOD zone and the cost of operation of the
body.
Strategy for implementing the TOD policy in the TOD zone through the principle of award and
penalty.
Note: After preparation of Influence Zone Plans for Urban Extension areas, the TOD
Zones shall accommodate substantially greater proportion of the population
of planned areas of Zonal Plans, which may therefore require subsequent
modification.
8.2.15.4. Redevelopment Criteria and Minimum Project Size Criteria153
Policy:
Redevelopment within developed areas of the city would be permitted only when an overall
Influence Zone Plan has been prepared for the Station. This is to ensure that local street
networks, physical and social infrastructure and shared parking facilities have been planned for
the area, before densification commences.
For achieving higher FAR it would be desirable to incentivize amalgamation of plots as well as
make appropriate amendments in the bye laws, as per TOD norms. However, though
amalgamation is desirable but it may not be a pre‐requisite. Densification should be allowed in all
plot sizes subject to the project complying with the approved Influence Zone Plan, so that
incremental development and densification can start taking place.
It is highly inappropriate to allow land banking in TOD zones. Penalties such as vacant land tax,
etc. on underutilized land and/or underutilized FAR could be levied, in order to ensure time
bound densification along with MRTS corridor. Such penalties should apply to all developers as
well as Govt. bodies, to even inefficient use of valuable land.
Norms:
1. If Influence Zone layout plan for the station area does not exist, no individual developments
with TOD norms shall be permitted.
2. If Influence Zone Plan for the station area exists:
i.
Any projects size of equal or more than 50 Ha may be taken up for development/ infill or
redevelopment, if in adherence to the influence zone plan prepared by the Planning
Authority.
ii.
Individual buildings shall be given sanction by the concerned authority within the
framework of the overall influence zone plan.
iii.
For projects accommodating more than 5000 residential population, the residents/
cooperative societies/private developers should get the detailed layout and services plan
prepared in consultation with the concerned authority for final approval.
153
Draft Transit Orient Development – Policy, Norms & Guidelines, UTTIPEC.
308
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8.2.15.5. TOD Development Control Norms154
The TOD mainly has 6 components for which the DCR is to be developed by development authorities.
These components are as following:
1. Pedestrian & Cycle/ Cycle‐Rickshaw Friendly Environment
2. Connectivity: Create dense networks of streets and paths for all modes.
3. Multi‐modal Interchange: Mass transportation modes servicing the area should be well
integrated to afford rapid and comfortable modal transfers.
4. Modal Shift Measures: Shift to Sustainable Modes by using Design, Technology, Road Use
Regulation, Mixed‐Use, Parking Policy and Fiscal Measures
5. Placemaking and Safety: Urban places should be designed for enjoyment, relaxation and
equity.
6. High Density, Mixed‐Income Development: Compact Neighbourhoods for Shorter Commutes
and equity for all sections of society.
Policy details and development norms for each of the above components are
provided in Draft Transit Orient Development – Policy, Norms, Guidelines issued by
UTTIPEC155, which is the only guideline available in India at present and can be
referred for TOD projects. In addition, ITDP mentions principal and objectives of
TOD in its version 2.0 of ‘TOD Standards’ and provides project eligibility criteria and
its scoring. However, any latest and more comprehensive document and case studies
can also be referred for this exercise.
8.2.16. Non‐Motorised Vehicles (NMV)
As per Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development in Medium Sized
Cities in India prepared by MoUD and ADB, Non‐Motorised Transport (NMT)
measures proposed by an Indian city should conform to existing policy at National,
State and City level. National Urban Transport Policy has also encouraged using
NMVs by offering Central financial assistance for this purpose. As per MoUD
guidelines, NMVs can be promoted through the following initiatives:
154
155
Providing better facilities to accommodate existing NMV use and encourage more NMVs through
visible infrastructure;
Developing a strategic NMV plan including a network of routes available to NMVs throughout the
city;
Segregating NMVs/MVs to improve safety and smooth passage of NMVs;
Promoting freight NMVs for the transport and delivery of small goods to markets and shopping
areas;
Identifying sub‐projects which make positive, pro‐active provision for NMVs as part of a balanced
approach to traffic planning;
Giving NMVs priority over MVs on selected routes and in selected areas;
Strengthening Road User Education (RUE) programmes for NMV users to improve behaviour and
road safety;
Rationalising and improving NMV registration, licensing for use as a Public Transport or freight
vehicle, regulation and enforcement
Encourage NMV by improving women’s access.
Ibid.
The document is available at www.uttipec.nic.in.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
309
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Various initiates and programmes taken‐up by Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways in this direction.
It has also been suggested by MoUD that NMV measures can be implemented either
as mandatory or advisory. Mandatory measures are ‘formal’ and require to be
backed up by appropriate traffic regulations. For example, part of the highway may
be designated for NMVs only. Advisory measures are usually designed to encourage
NMV use, or where mandatory measures are difficult to implement due to the
requirement of traffic regulations or the practicalities of accommodating motorized
vehicles within limited road space. For example, part of the highway may be
allocated for NMVs, but MVs would be allowed to encroach for side accesses or when
traffic volume is high. Even advisory measures can incur costs such improved road
surfacing or removal of physical obstructions to ensure that NMV passage is smooth
and comfortable.
MoUD has also recommended that segregation of NMVs and Motor Vehicles (MVs) is
well suited for Indian scenario. Segregated NMV measures can take the form of
dedicated lanes within the highway (with physical dividers or simple line
demarcation) either with‐flow or contra‐flow, and streets that prohibit motor
vehicles. Mixed flow measures allow all types of traffic to mix within the highway
and are typically a do‐nothing or minimum case, though some treatments can be
implemented to improve the comfort level of NMVs or provide priority, e.g. at
intersections. It also offers safe and efficient network for NMVs.
8.2.17. Road Safety
Road safety is to include design strategies for elements that make up the urban
environment at various scales must be clearly articulated, and must be integrated
with relevant development regulations (Development Plan, Local Area Plans, Urban
Design Guidelines, etc.)156. A checklist of road safety indicators is provided in
Appendix K of Volume II B for ready reference. The principle of road safety to be
included at Regional planning level (Mobility 1), Development Plan Preparation level
with CMP (Mobility 2) and local area plan level to create safe infrastructure.
8.2.18. Special Requirements for Barrier Free Built
Environment for Differently abled and Elderly
Persons157
Barrier free environment is one, which enables people with disabilities to move
about safely and freely and to use the facilities within the built environment. The
goal of barrier free design is to provide an environment that supports independent
functioning of individuals so that they can get to and participate without assistance
156
Working Paper on ‘Urban Development and Road Safety’, Embarq, India.
157
Guidelines, NBC, pg 47-48.
310
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in everyday activities such as procurement of goods and services, community living,
employment and leisure.
Public walks should be minimum 1.2 m wide with a maximum gradient of 1 in 20
Parking spaces for individuals with physical disabilities when placed between two conventional
diagonal or head on parking spaces should be 3.6 m to 3.8 m wide and the length of the aisle
should 7.3m, 6.3m and 6.5 m for head on, 90° and 60° parking respectively.
Buildings‐ Ramps with gradients: A ramp should have a maximum slope of 1 in 20 or maximum of
1 in 12 for short distance up to 9 m. Other details of ramp shall be referred from NBC 2005.
Use of Tactile paving and ensuring continuous pavement
For designing elements within the building premises, the norms as given in the
Guidelines for Barrier Free Built Environment shall be applicable.
8.2.19. Inland Water Transportation
Water based transport is effective as operating costs of fuel are lower and
environmental pollution is lower than for corresponding volumes of movement by
road, rail or air. A major advantage is that the main infrastructure, i.e. the waterway
is often naturally available158.
In India, a number of central and state agencies play crucial role in the regulation,
operation and sustenance of Inland Water Transport (IWT). Their smooth
functioning is required for IWT to be viable. Some of the actors in this sector are
given below.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC)
State governments
Port authorities
Transport development agencies
Customers
As per constitutional provisions, only those waterways, which are declared as
National Waterways, come under the purview of Central Government while rest of
waterways remain in the purview of respective State Government. Since formation
of IWAI, waterways namely:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ganga
Brahmaputra
West Coast Canal with Udyogmandal and Champakara Canals
Kakinada‐Puducherry Canals system along with Godavari and Krishna rivers
East Coast Canal with Brahmani River and Mahanadi delta
Barak river
The National Transport Policy Committee (1980) recommended the following
principles for declaration of a National Waterway.
158
It should possess capability of navigation by mechanically propelled vessels of a reasonable size.
Rangaraj N and Raghuram G, Viability of Inland Water Transport in India,
http://www.ieor.iitb.ac.in/files/faculty/narayan/transport/iwt‐tec‐rep‐oct‐05.pdf.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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It should have about 45 m wide channel and minimum 1.5m depth.
It should be a continuous stretch of 50 km. The only exception to be made to waterway length is
for urban conglomerations and intra‐port traffic.
It should pass through and serve the interest of more than one State (or).
It should connect a vast and prosperous hinterland and Major Ports (or).
It should pass through a strategic region where development of navigation is considered
necessary to provide logistic support for national security (or).
It should connect places not served by any other modes of transport.
As per IWAI, the waterways shall be classified in the following categories for safe
plying of self‐propelled vessels up to 2000 Tonnes dead weight tonnage and tug
barge formation in push‐type units of carrying capacity up to 8000 tonnes.
Table 8.23: Waterways Classification
S.No.
Class
River
Canal
1
Class‐I
Minimum 1.2 metre depth,
Minimum of 1.5 metre depth,
30 metre bottom width,
20 metre bottom width,
300 metre bend radius,
300 metre bend radius,
4 metre vertical clearance and
4 metre vertical clearance and
30 metre horizontal clearance between piers
20 metre horizontal clearance between piers
Minimum 1.4 metre depth,
Minimum of 1.8 metre depth,
40 metre bottom width,
30 metre bottom width,
500 metre bend radius,
500 metre bend radius,
5 metre vertical clearance and
5 metre vertical clearance and
40 metre horizontal clearance between piers
30 metre horizontal clearance between piers
Minimum 1.7 metre depth,
Minimum of 2.2 metre depth,
50 metre bottom width,
40 metre bottom width,
700 metre bend radius,
700 metre bend radius,
7 metre vertical clearance and
7 metre vertical clearance and
30 metre horizontal clearance between piers
40 metre horizontal clearance between piers
Minimum 2.0 metre depth,
Minimum of 2.5 metre depth,
50 metre bottom width,
50 metre bottom width,
800 metre bend radius,
800 metre bend radius,
10 metre vertical clearance and
10 metre vertical clearance and
50 metre horizontal clearance between piers
50 metre horizontal clearance between piers
Minimum 2.0 metre depth,
NA
2
3
4
5
Class‐II
Class‐III
Class‐IV
Class‐V
50 metre bottom width,
800 metre bend radius,
10 metre vertical clearance and
80 metre horizontal clearance between piers
in case of rivers only.
6
7
Class‐VI
Class‐VII
Minimum 2.75 metre depth,
Minimum of 3.5 metre depth,
80 metre bottom width,
60 metre bottom width,
900 metre bend radius,
900 metre bend radius,
10 metre vertical clearance and
10 metre vertical clearance and
80 metre horizontal clearance between piers
60 metre horizontal clearance between piers
Minimum 2.75 metre and above depth, 100
metre and above bottom width,
NA
900 metre bend radius,
10 metre vertical clearance and
100 metre horizontal clearance between piers
in case of rivers only
Source: The Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985.
312
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There are only few states, which have undertaken the initiatives to develop
waterways as transport medium. Such states are Assam, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra
(Mumbai), West Bengal, and some other coastal areas (where it has natural
advantage and no developmental intervention is needed).
8.2.20. Airport Planning
Airport planning is a systematic process used to establish guidelines for the efficient
development of airports that is consistent with local, state and national goals. A key
objective of airport planning is to assure the effective use of airport resources in
order to satisfy aviation demand in a financially feasible manner. An airport has
different elements, which required space; however it may vary (depending on the
passenger traffic which is the essential parameter to determine the size of airport).
Such overall required space should be integrated with development plan in order to
minimise the effect at later stages of planning. Airport consist of different elements,
such elements are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Runway
Taxiway
Terminal Building
Ancillary buildings which include Cargo Terminal, Fire fighting Station, Fuel farm
Aprons
Hanger
Air Traffic Control Tower etc.
Road infrastructure which includes Airside road and land side road, and
Other Infrastructural facilities such STPs, WTPs.
8.2.20.1. Airport Land Requirement
The following table assembled by International Air Transport Association (IATA)159
provides the approximate land requirement based on passenger movement, number
of runways, cargo movement etc. in order for airport planners and airport
authorities (could be used for development planning as well) to understand the
scale of the site required for airport infrastructure development. These cover the
above mentioned elements and should be used for rough estimation purposes only.
However these figures may vary depending upon the local topography, type of
aircraft for which airfield is to be designed etc.
Table 8.24: Approximate Land Requirement for Airport infrastructure
No. of
Runways
Total Annual
Mvts.
Total Annual
Passengers
(mppa)
Total Annual
Cargo.
Land Area
(ha)
Sydney (SYD)
3
307,058
25.7
573,880
887
Hong Kong (HKG)
2
193,895
32.7
2,240,585
1,255
Singapore Changi Airport (SIN)
2
184,533
28.6
1,680,000
1,300
Narita International Airport (NRT)
2
133,396
27.3
1,932,694
1,084
Kansai International Airport (KIX)
1
122,916
19.4
999,692
510
Airport
(Asia & Pacific)
Source: Airport Development Reference Manual, 9 th edition, IATA.
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Airport Development Reference Manual, IATA.
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8.2.20.2. Unit area norms for Airport Terminal160
Overall space/area norm should be such as to provide a reasonable level of service
for all components required in a Terminal Building. Commercial or Retail area
providing amenities like food & beverages, book shops, counters for car rental,
vending machines, public rest rooms etc., normally require 8‐12 per cent of the
overall area, and should be planned and provided accordingly. This shall be
considered as the built‐up area by the planners while providing indoor
infrastructure facilities and trunk infrastructure capacity.
In bigger airports, i.e., with annual passenger traffic exceeding 10 million,
commercial area could be up to 20 per cent of overall area.
Table 8.25: Norms for Airport Terminals
Sl. No.
Nature of Terminal
1
Domestic Terminals
Area Norm – Sqm/
peak hour
passenger (php)
Traffic up to 100 php
12
Traffic between 100‐150 php
15
Traffic between 150‐1000 php
18
Traffic above 1000 php
20
2
Integrated terminal for handling both domestic and international
3
International Terminals
8.3.
Physical Infrastructure
25
27.5
8.3.1. Water Supply
The objective of a public protected water supply system is to supply safe and clean
water in adequate quantity, conveniently and as economically as possible. Rising
demand of water due to rapid urbanisation is putting enormous stress. While
planning the water supply system for an area, it is evident to consider water
conservation aspects, which may be possible through optimal use of available water
resources, prevention and control of wastage of water and effective demand
management.
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8.3.1.1. Water Supply Standards
The water supply standards as indicated by the CPHEEO are detailed in Table 8.26.
Table 8.26: Water Supply Standards
Recommended maximum
water supply levels (lpcd)
S.No.
Classification of town/cities
1
Towns provided with piped water supply but without sewerage system
70
2
Cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage system is
existing / contemplated
135
3
Metropolitan and Mega cities provided with piped water supply where
sewerage system is existing/contemplated
150
Source: CPHEEO Manual, 1999.
Notes:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
In urban areas, where water is provided through public stand posts, 40 lpcd should be
considered
Unaccounted‐for Water (UFW) is the difference between the quantity of water supplied
to a city's network and the metered quantity of water used by the customers. UFW has
two components: (a) physical losses due to leakage from pipes, and (b) administrative
losses due to illegal connections and under registration of water meters. The above
figures exclude UFW, which should be limited to 15% for new proposed systems.
Water requirement for the town/city will be 135 to 150 lpcd. However, water
requirement for institutional buildings should be as specified in Table 8.27.
The water needs of the town will be partially met by making provision of Rain Harvesting
Structures in all the buildings.
Figures include requirements of water for commercial, institutional and minor
industries. However the bulk supply to each establishment should be assessed separately
with proper justification.
Piped water supplies should be designed on continuous 24 hours basis to distribute
water to consumers at adequate pressure at all points (using grid supply system of a
Smart city).
For towns where one storeyed building is common and for supply to the ground level
storage tanks in multi‐storeyed buildings, the minimum residual pressure at ferrule
point should be 7m for direct supply. Where two storeyed buildings are common, it may
be 12m and where three storeyed buildings are prevalent 17m or as stipulated by local
byelaws.
The consumption of water when supply is metred is less compared to that when the
water charges on flat rate basis. Hence in order to achieve optimal utilisation of water,
metering is recommended.
CPHEEO manual specifies design period for various components, broadly 30 years for
civil works and 15 years for electro‐mechanical works. In fixing a design period, the
useful life of structures and equipment employed, taking into account obsolescence as
well as wear and tear, design constraints, rate of population growth etc. should be
incorporated and integrated with overall planning of the city.
PPP should be encouraged and could be introduced in phases, either on Build, Operate
and Own (BOO) or Build, Operate, Own and Transfer (BOOT) basis. Primarily, it is
possible in two ways i.e. privatization of the existing water supply systems and secondly,
privatization of systems in newly developed townships, housing colonies, business and
commercial complexes, etc.
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8.3.1.2. Fire fighting
The CPHEEO Manual recommends fire‐fighting water demand as a function of
population, i.e. water demand for fire‐fighting purpose = 100√P, where P stands for
forecasted population may be adopted for communities larger than 50,000. It is
desirable that one‐third of fire‐fighting requirements from part of the service
storage. The balance requirement may be distributed in several static tanks at
strategic points. These static tanks may be filled from nearby ponds, streams or
canals by water tankers wherever feasible. The pressure required for fire‐fighting
would have to be boosted by fire engines.
8.3.1.3. Institutional Buildings
Table 8.27: Water requirements for Institutional Buildings – CPHEEO, 1999
S. No. Institutions
Litres per head per day
1
Hospital (including laundry)
a. no of beds exceeding 100
b. no. of beds not exceeding 100
a. 450 (per bed)
b. 340 (per bed)
2
Hotels
180 (per bed)
3
Hostels
135
4
Nurses homes and medical quarters
135
5
Boarding schools/colleges
135
6
Restaurants
7
Airport and seaports
70
8
Junction stations and intermediate station where mail or
express stoppage (both railway and bus stations) is provided
70
9
Terminal stations
45
10
Intermediate stations (excluding mail and express stops)
11
Day Schools/colleges
45
12
Offices
45
13
Factories
14
Cinema, concert halls and theatres
70 (per seat)
45 (could be reduced to 25 where bathing
facilities are not provided)
45(could be reduced to 30 where no bathing
rooms are required to be provided)
15
Source: CPHEEO Manual, 1999.
8.3.1.4. Industrial Units
Table 8.28: Water requirement for Industrial Units
Industry
Unit of Production
Automobile
Vehicle
Distillery
Kilolitre (proof alcohol)
122‐170
Fertilisers
Tonne
80‐200
Leather
100 kg (tanned)
Paper
Tonne
200‐400
Special Quality paper
Tonne
400‐1000
Straw board
Tonne
75‐100
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Water Requirement in Kilolitres per unit
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Industry
Unit of Production
Water Requirement in Kilolitres per unit
Petroleum refinery
Tonne (crude)
Steel
Tonne
200‐250
Sugar
Tonne
1‐2
Textile
100 kg (goods)
8‐14
1‐2
Source: CPHEEO Manual, 1999.
8.3.1.5. Station water requirements
Water requirement for the Station for various uses (per day):
15 litres per passengers (Metcalf Eddy)
455 litres per employee (ref: CPHEEO Manuals)
Apron washing – 10 litres per sq meters as per Indian Railways Work Manual (IRWM)
Cleaning/ mopping of platform and floor – 5 litres per sqm.
Meters and greeters – 5 litres per visitor
Catering – 45 litres per passengers
Gardening/ Horticulture – 22500 litres per hectares (IRWM)
Cleaning of trains on platform – 500 litres per coach (IRWM)
Cleaning of trains in washing lanes – 3600 litres per coach (IRWM)
Watering of trains – 1800 litres/ coach (IRWM)
Fire‐fighting (CPHEEO Norms)
Commercial ‐45000 litres per hectares per day (IRWM)
UFW – 15% of total demand for new system (CPHEEO)
75% of total capacity shall be filled at the station for long haul trains (passing trains)
Water requirement for metro station could be calculated based on the type of station
(underground or elevated). In absence of any specific norms to calculate water
demand for metro station, the water estimations can be calculated from the above
mentioned information for stations. Parameters such as staff requirement, HVAC
requirement if station is underground, toilet requirement and passenger
requirement to be considered based on the facilities provided at metro stations.
8.3.1.6. District Meter Area Planning (Bulk metering)
The term ‘district metering’ is used to describe the method whereby flow meters are
installed on all major supply lines and strategic points within the distribution
system. The meters should be used to monitor the overall performance of the system
establishing average daily flows into various districts. District meter areas ideally
consist of 2000 to 5000 properties.
Size of the district meter should be such that it is capable of recording night flow
without loss of accuracy and also must be capable of supplying peak flow without
introducing serious head loss.
The District Meters should be read at weekly intervals at the same time of day as
previous readings of the meter.
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8.3.1.7. Billing and Collection
Revenue management system is an important aspect of any Water supply System as
it governs the financial aspect. Besides fixing a tariff structure, billing and collection
of revenue play an important part.
The water charges to be fixed taking into account the ability of the system to meet
the expenditure on the following heads.
Operating Cost (excluding establishment cost),
Establishment Cost,
Depreciation,
Debt Services & Doubtful Charges,
Asset replacement fund.
Tariff structure should be fixed and revised periodically. Automatic increase of tariff
periodically on index basis can also be adopted. Where the same authority also
provides sewerage system, charges for this can also supply through Public stand
post, may be charged and also be included as a percentage of the water charges.
There are various methods by which Water Billing can be done. The user is advised
to refer ‘Manual on Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Systems’ of
CPHEEO while fixing the tariff, billing process and collection system.
8.3.1.8. Leakage Control
The overall objective of leakage control is to diagnose how water loss is caused and
to formulate and implement action to reduce it, to technically and economically
acceptable minimal.
The water losses can be termed into two categories i.e. Physical losses and Non‐
Physical Losses. The Physical Losses is mainly due to leakage of water in the
network and comprises of physical losses from pipes, joints & fittings, reservoirs &
overflows of reservoirs & sumps. The Non‐Physical Losses is due to theft of water
through illegal, already disconnected connections, under‐billing either deliberately
or through defective meters, water wasted by consumer through open or leaky taps,
errors in estimating flat rate consumption, public stand posts and hydrants.
The major activities which should be taken up for efficient monitoring and leakage
control are:
Preliminary data collection and planning – The water distribution drawings are to be studied
and updated. The number of service connections is to be obtained and in the drawings of the
roads the exact locations of service connections marked. The district and sub‐district boundaries
are suitably fixed taking into consideration the number of service connections, length of mains,
and pressure points in the main. The exact locations of valves, hydrants with their sizes should be
noted on the drawings.
Pipe location and survey – Electronic pipe locators can be used during survey. These
instruments work on the principle of Electromagnetic signal propagation. It consists of a battery
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operated transmitter and a cordless receiver unit to pick up the signals of pre‐set frequency.
There are various models to choose from.
Assessment of pressure and flows – Data loggers are used to record the pressure and flows. It
is an instrument which stores the raw data electronically so as to be able to transfer it to the
computer with a data cable link. Two types of portable data loggers are used either with a single
channel or dual channel. In the absence of electronic equipment, the pressures can be ascertained
by tapping and providing a pressure gauge. Flows can be assessed by using meters on a bypass
line.
Locating the leaks – Walking and sounding are the two general methods or their combination
can be used to detect possible location of leakages. Leakage can be detected by walking over the
main looking for tell‐tale signs of presence of water. Whereas sounding is the cheapest and an
effective method of detecting leaks in a medium ‐ sized water supply system. The equipment used
for detecting leakages is described in in ‘Manual on Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply
Systems’ of CPHEEO.
Assessment of leakage – To conduct tests for assessment of leak the following equipment are
needed :
Road measurer
Pipe locator
Valve locator
Listening sticks or sounding rods
Electronic sounding rods
Each method mentioned above is described in ‘Manual on Operation and
Maintenance of Water Supply Systems’ of CPHEEO and can be referred during
formulation of the strategy.
8.3.1.9. Water Quality Standards
The water quality standards as prescribed by the Indian Standard Organisation are
tabulated below:
Table 8.29: Organoleptic and Physical Parameters of Drinking Water
Requirement
(Acceptable limit)
Permissible limit
in the absence of
alternate source
Method of
Test, ref. to
part of IS 3025
Colour, Hazen
units, Max
5
15
Part 4
Extended to 15 only, if toxic
substances are not suspected
in absence of alternate
sources
Odour
Agreeable
Agreeable
Part 5
Test cold and when heated
S. No.
Characteristics
1
2
Remarks
Test at several dilutions
3
pH Value
6.5‐8.5
No relaxation
Part II
‐
4
Taste
Agreeable
Agreeable
Parts 7 and 8
Test to be conducted only
after safety has been
established
5
Turbidity, NTU,
Max
1
5
Part 10
‐
6
Total dissolved
solids, mg/l,
Max
500
2000
Part 16
‐
Source: IS 10500: 2012.
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Note:
It is recommended that the acceptable limit is to be implemented. Values in excess of those mentioned under
`acceptable’ render the water not suitable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of an alternative source but up to
the limits indicated under `permissible limit in the absence of alternate source’ in col.4, above which the sources will
have to be rejected.
Table 8.30: General parameters concerning substances undesirable in excessive amounts in drinking
water
Requirement Permissible limit
(Acceptable in the absence of
limit)
alternate source
Method of test,
Ref. No.
Remarks
Aluminium (as A1),
mg/l, Max
0.03
0.2
IS 3025 (Part 55)
‐
2
Ammonia (as total
ammonia‐N),mg/l,
Max.
0.5
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 34)
‐
3
Anionic, detergents
(as MBAS) mg/l,
Max.
0.2
1.0
Annex K of IS
13428
‐
4
Barium (as Ba),
mg/l, Max.
0.7
No relaxation
Annex F of IS
13428 or IS
15302
‐
5
Boron (as B), mg/l,
Max
0.5
1.0
IS 3025 (Part 57)
‐
6
Calcium (as Ca),
mg/l, Max.
75
200
IS 3025 (Part 40)
‐
7
Chloramines (as
Cl2), mg/l, Max.
4.0
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 26)
or APHA 4500‐
Cl.G
‐
8
Chloride as
(Cl)/mg/1, Max.
250
1000
IS 3025 (Part 32)
‐
9
Copper (As Cu),
mg/l, Max
0.05
1.5
IS 3025 (Part 42)
‐
10
Fluoride (as F) mg/l,
Max
1.0
1.5
IS 3025 (Part 60)
‐
11
Free residual
chlorine, mg/l, Min
0.2
1
IS 3025 (Part 26)
To be applicable only when water
is chlorinated. Tested at
consumer end. When protection
against viral infection is required,
it should be minimum 0.5 mg/l.
12
Iron (as Fe), mg/l,
Max
0.3
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 53)
Total concentration of
manganese (as Mn) and iron (as
Fe) shall not exceed 0.3 mg/l)
13
Magnesium (as Mg.),
mg/l, Max
30
100
IS 3025 (Part 46)
‐
14
Manganese (as Ms),
mg/l, Max
0.1
0.3
IS 3025 (Part 59)
Total concentration of Manganese
(as Mn) and iron (as Fe) shall not
exceed 0.3 mg/l
15
Mineral Oil, Mg/l,
Max
0.5
No relaxation
Clause 6 of IS
3025 (Part 39)
Inframed
partition method
‐
16
Nitrate (as NO2),
mg/l, Max
45
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 34)
‐
S No.
Characteristics
1
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Requirement Permissible limit
(Acceptable in the absence of
limit)
alternate source
Method of test,
Ref. No.
Remarks
0.002
IS 3025 (Part 43)
‐
0.01
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 56)
or IS 15303
‐
Silver (as Ag), mg/l,
Max.
0.1
No relaxation
Annex J of IS
13428
‐
20
Sulphate (as SO4),
mg/l, Max
200
400
IS 3025 (Part 24)
May be extended to 400 provided
that Magnesium dos not exceed
30
21
Sulphide (as H2S),
mg/l, Max
0.05
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 29)
‐
22
Total alkalinity as
Calcium, Carbonate,
mg/l, Max.
200
600
IS 3025 (Part 21)
‐
23
Total hardness (as
CaCO3), mg/l, Max
200
600
IS 3025 (Part 21)
‐
24
Zinc (as Zn), mg/lr,
Max
5
15
IS 3025 (Part 49)
‐
S No.
Characteristics
17
Phenolic compounds 0.001
(as C6H3OH)
18
Selenium (as Se),
mg/l, Max
19
Source: IS 10500: 2012.
Table 8.31: Permissible limits of Toxic Substances
S No. Characteristics
Requirement
(Acceptable
limit)
Permissible
limit in the
absence of
alternate
source
Method of test, Ref.
No.
Remarks
1
Calcium (as Ca) mg/l,
Max
0.003
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 41)
‐
2
Cyanide (as CN), mg/l,
Max.
0.05
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 27)
‐
3
Lead (as Pb), mg/l, Max
0.01
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 47)
‐
4
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l,
Max.
0.001
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 47)
‐
5
Molybdenum (as Mo),
mg/l, Max
0.02
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 2)
‐
6
Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, Max 0.07
No relaxation
IS 3025 (Part 54)
‐
7
Pesticides, mg/l, Max.
As given above
No relaxation
As given above
‐
8
Polychlorinated
biphenyls, mg/l, Max
0.0005
No relaxation
ASTM 5175
‐
9
Polynuclear aromatic
0.0001
hydro‐carbons (as PAH),
mg/l, Max
No relaxation
APHA 6440
‐
10
Total arsenic (as As),
mg/l, Max.
0.01
0.05
IS 3025 (Part 37)
‐
11
Tribalomethane:
(a)
Bromoform, mg/l Max
0.1
No relaxation
ASTM D 3973.85 or
APHA 6232
‐
Mercury analyser
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S No. Characteristics
Permissible
limit in the
absence of
alternate
source
Requirement
(Acceptable
limit)
Method of test, Ref.
No.
Remarks
(b)
Dibromochloromethane,
mg/l Max
(c)
Bromodichloron ethane, 0.06
mg/l, Max
No relaxation
ASTM D 3973‐85 or
APHA 6232
‐
(d)
Chloroform, mg/l, Max.
No relaxation
ASTM D 3973‐85 or
APHA 6232
‐
0.2
Source: IS 10500: 2012.
Table 8.32: Permissible Limits of Radioactive Substances
S.
No.
Characteristics
Requirement
(Acceptable
limit)
Permissible
limit in the
absence of
alternate
source
Method of test, Ref.
No.
Remarks
1
Alpha emitters Bq/l,
Max
0.1
No relaxation
Part 2
‐
2
Beta emitters Bq/l,
Max
1.0
No relaxation
Part 1
‐
Source: IS 10500: 2012.
Table 8.33: Pesticide Residues Limits of Drinking Water
S. No.
Pesticide
Limit ug/l
USEPA
AOAC/ISO
1
Alachlor
20
525.2.507
‐
2
Atrazine
2
525.1.8141 A
‐
3
Aldrin / Dieldrin
0.03
508
‐
4
Alpha HCH
0.01
508
‐
5
Beta HCH
0.04
508
‐
6
Butachlor
125
525.1.8141 A
‐
7
Chlorpyriphos
30
525.2.8141 A
‐
8
Delta HCH
0.04
508
‐
9
24‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
30
515.1
‐
10
DDT (o,p and pp – Isomers of DDT, DDE and
DDD)
1
508
AOAC 990.06
11
Endosulfan (alpha, beta and sulphate)
0.4
508
AOAC 990.06
12
Ethion
3
1657 A
‐
13
Gamma – HCH (Lindane)
2
508
AOAC 900.06
14
Isoproturon
2
508
‐
15
Malathion
190
532
‐
16
Methyl parathion
0.3
8141 A
‐
17
Monocrotophos
1
8141 A
‐
18
Phorate
2
‐
Source: IS 10500: 2012.
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Table 8.34: Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water
S. No.
Organisms
Requirements
1
All water intended for drinking:
(a)
E. Coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria
2
Treated water entering the distribution system
(a)
E‐Coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria
Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml. sample
(b)
Total coliform bacteria
Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml. sample
3
Treated water in the distribution system
(a)
E‐Coli or thermotolerant coliform bacteria
Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml. sample
(b)
Total Coliform bacteria
Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml. sample
Shall not be detectable in any 100 ml. sample
Source: IS 10500: 2012.
8.3.1.10. Land requirement for Water Supply System
Identification of land for water infrastructure is an essential parameter. It is
necessary to earmark land for Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in Development Plans.
Also land for overhead reservoirs, pumping stations should be marked at the zonal
level or local area plan level. However land requirement may vary based on the
capacity of WTPs and up‐gradation of technology. Below is the table, which
recommends land requirement based on different capacity.
Table 8.35: Recommended land Requirement based on capacities
S.No.
Identified Capacities
Land Requirement (Hectares)
1
5 MLD
0.10
2
10 MLD
0.19
3
50 MLD
0.93
4
100 MLD
1.87
5
200 MLD
3.73
6
500 MLD
9.34
Source:
CPHEEO.
Note: Additional 0.63 ha of land can also be considered for staff quarters
8.3.1.11. Design Period for Water Supply Components
Table 8.36: Design Period for Water Supply Components
S.No.
Components
Design period (in years)
1
Storage by Dams
50
2
Infiltration works
30
3
Pumping
i
Pump house (civil works)
30
ii
Electric motors and pumps
15
4
Water treatment units
15
5
Pipe connection to several treatment units and other small appurtenances
30
6
Raw water and clear water conveying mains
30
7
Clear water reservoirs at the head works, balancing tanks and service
reservoirs (overhead or ground level)
15
8
Distribution system
30
Source:
Manuals on Water Supply and Treatment, 1999, CPHEEO.
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National Water Policy, 2012 by Ministry of Water Resources was formulated to
govern the water resource’s planning and development along with its optimum
utilisation. The Policy provides following recommendations regarding urban
settlements:
Urban water supply and sewage treatment must be integrated along with its billing,
Least water intensive sanitation and sewerage systems with decentralized sewage treatment
plants should be incentivized.
Water reuse must be encouraged in urban settlements,
Urban domestic water systems need to collect and publish water accounts and water audit
reports indicating leakages and pilferages, which should be reduced.
In urban and industrial areas, rain water harvesting and desalinisation where techno‐
economically feasible, should be encouraged to increase availability of utilizable water.
State Governments shall draft State Water Policy for decentralised or micro level
water management to yield better results.
8.3.2. Sewerage& Sanitation
8.3.2.1. National Urban Sanitation Policy
The aim of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), 2008 is to transform Urban
India into community‐driven, totally sanitized, healthy, and liveable cities and
towns.
Basic features laid down in NUSP given below should be adhered for planning of the
cities
Cities must be open defecation free
Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel protection
equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers
Municipal sewage and storm water drainage must be safely managed
Recycle and reuse of treated sewage for non‐potable applications should be implemented
wherever possible
Solid waste collected and disposed‐off fully and safely
Services to the poor and systems for sustaining results
Improved public health outcomes and environmental standards.
The objective of public waste water collection and disposal system is to ensure that
sewage or excreta and sullage discharged from community is properly discharged,
collected, transported, treated to the required level of degree and finally disposed‐
off without causing any health or environmental problems161.
As per CPHEEO manual, 80% of water supply may be expected to reach the sewers
however it recommends designing the system by considering minimum wastewater
flow of 100 litres per capita per day.
161
Further details area also available in National Mission on sustainable Habitat, Adaptation & Mitigation Measures in the felid
of Water supply & Sanitation, CPHEEO, MoUD
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Table 8.37: Recommended Design Period for Sewerage Systems Components
S.No
Component
Recommended
Design Period
(Years)
Clarification
1
Collection system i.e.
Sewer Network
30
The system should be designed for the prospective population
of 30 years, as its replacement is not possible during its use.
2
Pumping Stations
(Civil Works)
30
Duplicating machinery within pumping station would be
easier/cost of civil works will be economical for full design
period.
3
Pumping Machinery
15
Life of pumping machinery generally 15 years
4
Sewerage Treatment
Plant
30
The construction may be in a phased manner as initially the
flows may not reach the designed levels and it will be
uneconomical to build the full capacity plant initially.
5
Effluent Disposal and
Utilisation
30
Provision of design capacities in the initial stages itself is
economical.
Source: Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, CPHEEO.
8.3.2.2. Decentralised Wastewater Management System (DWMS)
DWWM has emerged over the period of time, which reduces the load of centralised
wastewater treatment unit. As per MoUD162, Decentralized wastewater management
may be defined as “the collection, treatment, and disposal/reuse of wastewater from
individual homes, clusters of homes, isolated communities, industries, or
institutional facilities, as well as from portions of existing communities at or near the
point of waste generation”. In case of decentralized systems, both solid and liquid
fractions of the wastewater are utilized near the point of its origin, except in some
cases when a portion of liquid and residual solids may be transported to a
centralized point for further treatment and reuse.
MoUD (Guidelines for Decentralised Waste Water Management, MoUD 2012) in
association with Indian Institution of Technology (IIT)Madras has developed
guidelines on DWWM, which recommends 15 years of design period for DWWM, if
possible. Another way to design a DWWM is to estimate the present day capacity
and plan the system for an additional 20% capacity. Further, the detailed guidelines
as mentioned in Draft Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment of CPHEEO
(December 2013) can be referred while developing DWWM units in a city which
elaborates siting criteria, components and other design consideration including
wastewater characteristics and waste water treatment.
8.3.2.3. Centralized vis‐a‐vis Decentralized Sewage Treatment Systems
While the conventional sewerage may be a comprehensive system for sewage
collection and transport, it also remains as a highly resource‐intensive technology.
Consequently, high capital cost, and significant O&M cost of this system inhibits its
162
Guidelines for Decentralized Wastewater Management.
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325
Infrastructure Planning
widespread adoption in all sizes of urban areas. The implementation of Centralized
Wastewater Management System (CWMS) should not be considered as the only
option available for collection, transportation and treatment of sewage. There are
certain factors, which govern the selection of options between CWMS and DWMS.
Recognizing the many applications and benefits of sewage reuse, some important
points may be kept in view such as;
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Review of the impact of the population growth rate
Review of potential water reuse applications and water quality requirements
Review of appropriate technologies for sewage treatment and reuse
Considering the type of management structure that will be required in the future and
Identification of issues that must be solved to bring about water reuse for sustainable
development on a broad scale.
It has been emphasized that if sewage from the urban and semi urban areas
were reused for a variety of nonpotable uses, the demand on the potable water
supply would be reduced.
The choice of appropriate technology also depends on several factors such as
composition of sewage, availability of land, funds and expertise. Different operation
and maintenance options have to be considered with respect to sustainable plant
operation, the use of local resources, knowledge and manpower. A flow diagram
showing the decision making steps is given in figure 8.3.
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Figure 8.3: Decision Tree: Selecting the wastewater management system (Onsite, Decentralized or
Conventional)
Source: Guidelines for Decentralized Wastewater Management, MoUD.
8.3.2.4. Effluent Standards
As per MoEF, the general effluent standards for discharging the waste water are
given in table below:
Table 8.38: General Effluent Standards for Discharge
Standards
S No.
Parameter
1
Colour and Odour
Inland
surface
water
Public
Sewers
Land for
Irrigation
Marine Coastal areas
All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odour as far as
practicable
2
Suspended Solids
mg/g, Max.
100
600
200
For process waste water 100
For cooling water effluent 10 per
cent above total suspended matter
of influent.
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Infrastructure Planning
Standards
S No.
Parameter
3
Particulate size of
suspended solids
Inland
surface
water
Public
Sewers
Shall pass 850
micron IS
Sieve
‐
Land for
Irrigation
‐
Marine Coastal areas
(a) Floatable solids, max. 3 mm
(b) Settle‐ablesolids, max. 850
microns
4
pH Value
5.5 to 9.0
5.5 to 9.0
5.5 to 9.0
5.5 to 9.0
5
Temperature
Shall not
exceed 50C
above the
receiving
water
temperature
‐
‐
Shall not exceed 50C above the
receiving water temperature.
6
Oil and grease mg/l,
Max.
10
20
10
20
7
Total residual
chlorine mg/m, Max
1.0
‐
‐
1.0
8
Ammonical nitrogen
(as N), mg/l, Max.
50
50
‐
50
9
Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen (as NH3),
mg/l, Max
100
‐
‐
100
10
Free Ammonia (as
NH3), mg/l, Max.
5.0
‐
‐
5.0
11
Biochemical Oxygen
demand (3 days at
270C), mg/l, Max.
30
350
100
100
12
Chemical Oxygen
Demand, mg/l, Max.
250
‐
‐
250
13
Arsenic (as As),
mg/l, Max.
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
14
Mercury (as Hg),
mg/l, Max.
0.01
0.01
‐
0.01
15
Lead (as Pb), mg/l,
Max
0.1
1.0
‐
2.0
16
Cadmium (as Cd),
mg/l, Max
2.0
10
‐
2.0
17
Hexavalent
Chromium (as Cr+6),
mg/l, Max.
0.1
2.0
‐
1.0
18
Total Chromium (as
Cr.), mg/l, Max.
2.0
2.0
‐
2.0
19
Copper (as Cu), mg/l,
Max.
3.0
3.0
‐
3.0
20
Zinc (as Zn.), mg/l,
Max
5.0
15
‐
15
21
Selenium (as Se)
mg/l, Max
0.05
0.05
‐
0.05
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Infrastructure Planning
Standards
Inland
surface
water
S No.
Parameter
22
Nickel (as Ni), mg/l,
Max
3.0
3.0
‐
5.0
23
Cyanide (as CN),
mg/l, Max
0/2
2.0
0.2
0.2
24
Fluoride (as F), mg/l,
Max
2.0
15
‐
15
25
Dissolved
Phosphates (as P),
mg/l, Max
5.0
‐
‐
‐
26
Sulphide (as S),
mg/l, Max
2.0
‐
‐
5.0
27
Phenolic compounds
(as CSHS OH, mg/l,
Max
1.0
5.0
‐
5.0
28
Radioactive
materials:
a
Alpha emitter micro
curie/ml
10‐7
10‐7
10‐8
10‐7
b
Beta emitter micro
curie/ml
10‐6
10‐6
10‐7
10‐6
29
Bio‐assay test
90% survival
of fish after
96 hours in
100% effluent
90%
survival of
fish after
96 hours in
100%
effluent
90%
survival of
fish after
96 hours in
100%
effluent
90% survival of fish after 96 hours
in 100% effluent
30
Manganese (as Mn)
2 mg/l
2 mg/l
‐
2 mg/l
31
Iron (as Fe)
3 mg/l
3 mg/l
‐
3 mg/l
32
Vanadium (as V)
0.2 mg/l
0.2 mg/l
‐
0.2 mg/l
33
Nitrate Nitrogen
10 mg/l
‐
‐
20 mg/l
Source:
Public
Sewers
Land for
Irrigation
Marine Coastal areas
Environment Protection Act, 1986.
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Infrastructure Planning
8.3.2.5. Recommended norms for Sewage and its uses
The recommended treated sewage quality is proposed to be achieved for the stated
reuse as given in the table below:
Table 8.39: Recommended upper limits of treated Sewage quality for specified activities at point of
use
S.No. Parameter
Toilet
flushing
Fire
Protection
Vehicle
Exterior
washing
Non
contact
impound
ments
Landscaping, Horticulture & Agriculture
Crops which are eaten
Horticulture, Non edible
Golf Course crops
Raw
Cooked
1
Turbidity
(NTU)
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
AA
<2
AA
2
SS
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
30
3
TDS
2100
4
pH
6.5 to 8.3
5
Temperature
0C
Ambient
6
Oil & Grease
10
Nil
Nil
Nil
10
10
Nil
Nil
7
Minimum
Residual
Chlorine
1
1
1
0.5
1
Nil
Nil
Nil
8
Total Kjeldahl 10
Nitrogen as N
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
BOD
10
10
10
10
10
20
10
20
10
COD
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
30
11
Dissolved
Phosphorous
as P
1
1
1
1
2
5
2
5
12
Nitrate
Nitrogen as N
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
13
Faecal
Coliform in
100 ml
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
230
Nil
230
14
Helminthic
Eggs/litre
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
<1
<1
<1
15
Colour
Colourle
ss
Colourless
Colourless
Colourless
Colourless
AA
Colour
less
Colour
less
16
Odour
Aseptic which means not septic and no foul odour
Source:
Draft Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems, CPHEEO 2013.
In order to achieve desired water quality, excess chlorination, granular activated
carbon adsorption / Ozonation and/ or various kind of filtration including
membrane are recommended. For recreational impoundments for non‐human
contact, residual chlorine is not required so as to protect aquatic species of flora and
fauna.
As per the Manual of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, the following provisions are
to be followed for usage of treated sewage, sludge and biogas utilization:
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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a.
Reuse of treated sewage should be taken up after discussions between ULB, water boards,
PHEDs / Jal Nigams and the public, as the case may be. Various possible reuse methods such as
farm forestry, greenbelt development and lawns in road medians.
Utilization of sludge in public areas is not possible due to issues of public acceptance and hence
it is best to focus on farm forestry.
Utilization of alternative energy, like in plant energy to be harnessed from bio‐methanation and
to evaluate the ambient temperature suitability or hearing of sludge vs economics.
Reuse of treated sewage to a minimum extent of 20% by volume shall be mandatorily explored
and the proposed use for achieving this 20% target shall mandatorily form part of the CSP.
Utilization of sludge as a construction material (as porous pavement, bricks etc.)
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.3.2.6. Recycling of Waste Water
Various sewage treatment technologies, given below, are adopted in sewerage
system to treat wastewater up to secondary level, as per the effluent standards in
India as well as in other parts of the world. These technologies are:
1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
2. Waste Stabilisation Pond Systems (WSPS)
3. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Process (UASB)
4. Duckweed Pond System (DPS)
5. Facultative Aerate Lagoon (FAL)
6. Trickling Filter (TF)
7. Biological Filtration and Oxygenated reactor (BIOFOR) Technology
8. High rate Activated Sludge Biofor–F Technology
9. Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB)
10. Submerged Aeration Fixed Film (SAFF) Technology
11. Cyclic Activated Sludge Process (CASP)
The salient features and comparison of these technologies in terms of their
applicability, land requirement, capital cost and operation and maintenance (O&M)
cost are given in table below.
Table 8.40: Fact Sheet for Various Treatment Process
S.No.
Recycling Technique
1
Activated Sludge
Process (ASP)
2
3
4
Applicability
The most widely used option
for treatment of domestic
wastewater for medium to
large towns where land is
scarce.
In warm conditions
Waste Stabilisation
Easy land availability
Pond Systems (WSPS)
Where power supply is
expensive, low or unreliable.
Where social preference for
aquaculture
The suitability of this
Upflow Anaerobic
technology may be doubtful as
Sludge Blanket Process
a standalone secondary
(UASB)
treatment option
Duckweed Pond System Low strength domestic
wastewater after
(DPS)
sedimentation with influent
BOD < 80 mg/L
Land
Requirement
(Per MLD in
Hectares)
Capital Cost
O&M Cost
(per MLD in
(Million/Year/MLD)
INR)
0.15‐0.25
2–4
0.3 – 0.5
0.8‐2.3
1.5 – 4.5
0.06 – 0.1
0.2‐0.3
2.5 – 3.6
0.08 – 0.17
2‐6
1.5 – 4.5
0.18
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331
Infrastructure Planning
S.No.
Recycling Technique
Land
Requirement
(Per MLD in
Hectares)
Applicability
In combination with existing
WSP
Easy land availability
As a polishing pond for an
existing activated sludge plant
or other technology based
STPs.
Standalone system
Facultative Aerate
As a pre‐treatment unit for
Lagoon (FAL)
WSP
As an upgradation option for
overloaded WSPs.
Standalone system if operated
Trickling Filter (TF)
at slow rates
As a high rate roughing filter
for high BOD waste water
In combination with ASP
Biological Filtration and ‐
Oxygenated reactor
(BIOFOR) Technology
5
6
7
8
High rate Activated
Sludge Biofor –F
Technology
‐
Capital Cost
O&M Cost
(per MLD in
(Million/Year/MLD)
INR)
0.27‐0.4
2.2 – 2.9
0.15 – 0.2
0.25‐0.65
Not available,
but slightly
lower than
ASP
0.04
6.5 – 8.1
0.86
0.08
5.2
0.18
Small to medium flows in
0.06
3–5
0.6 – 0.75
congested locations
Sensitive locations
Decentralised approach
Reliving existing overloaded
STPs.
Small
to medium flows in
10
Submerged Aeration
0.05
7
1.14
congested locations
Fixed Film (SAFF)
Sensitive locations
Technology
Decentralised approach
Reliving existing overloaded
trickling filters
11
Cyclic Activated Sludge Small to medium flows in
0.1‐0.15
Not Available Expected to be higher
congested locations
Process (CASP)
than ASP
Sensitive locations
Decentralised approach
Reliving existing overloaded
trickling filters
Source: Compendium of Sewage Treatment Technologies, National River Conservation Directorate, MOEF, 2009.
9
Fluidized Aerated Bed
(FAB)
Land availability plays an important role in providing such facilities. Land
requirement may vary based on the technology adopted for sewage treatment.
However, it is evident to mark the required land on development plan. It is
recommended to decide the most suitable technology in advance based on the
various parameters as given in Appendix L of Volume II B.
8.3.2.7. Septage Management – Planning and Implementation163
For effective septage management plan, robust data on septage arrangements, their
quantity and locations of its generation etc. are required. The ULBs would need to
make arrangements to collect baseline data, like type of latrine disposal, effluent
disposal arrangement, size, age, when it was last cleaned, access to the on‐site
163
Advisory Note – Septage Management in Urban India, 2013, MoUD.
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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system, arrangement for disposal of effluent, if any of existing installations, to plan
for workable de‐sludging schedules. It is advisable to divide the city into different
sanitary zones (if not already done) and carry out the baseline survey in one or a few
of these zones, pilot de‐sludging area wise schedules to learn operational issues and
devise solutions, before up‐scaling to the entire ULB can be taken up. The selection
of zone could be based on availability of septage disposal sites – existing STPs could
be potential septage disposal/application sites or trenches provided in solid waste
landfill sites or suitable urban forestry sites where the septage trenches would serve
to fertilize the plants. In order to be economical and financially competitive, it is
suggested that households in demarcated septage management zone should be
within 20 to 30 km travel distance from the identified treatment and disposal sites.
Further a two‐step process is to be followed for selection of the treatment system:
1. To determine the appropriate treatment option on the basis of size of town, land availability,
proximity/availability of sewage treatment plants and proximity to residential areas; and
2. To conduct a techno‐economic feasibility to choose the most appropriate technology on the
basis of capital, operations and maintenance costs.
The steps in planning and implementing septage management are given below:
3. Collect data on the households and other properties with on‐site arrangements in the city.
4. List out the municipal, private and other septic tank/pit cleaning services active in the city
5. Identify catchment‐wise land for septage treatment facility such as use existing STP where
available; or acquire land if not available for construction of septage treatment facility
6. Formulate draft regulations for septage management
7. Choose technology for septage treatment: prepare design of Septage Treatment and Disposal
Facility (STDF) along with operations and maintenance costs
8. Conduct techno‐economic feasibility of the STDF
9. Implement construction of septage management and disposal facility
10. Purchase vehicles and vacuum trucks etc.
11. Launch awareness campaign
12. Initiate training and capacity building
13. Provide cleaning services incrementally in areas completing surveys of tanks and pits.
Further, the guidelines for selection of Septage management disposal system are
summarized in Table 8.41.
Table 8.41: Guidelines for the selection of Septage disposal system
Town /
Category
Conditions
Recommended
Technologies
Capital
Cost
Unsewered Class‐
III, IV and V
towns and rural
communities
Remote land area
available with
suitable site and
soil condition
Sludge drying
beds and waste
stabilization pond
Land available but
close to
settlements
Lime
stabilization,
sludge drying
beds and waste
stabilization pond
O&M Cost
Management
Low
Low. User
fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through a
management contract)
Low to
medium
Low to
medium.
User fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through a
management contract)
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Infrastructure Planning
Town /
Category
Partially sewered
medium size
(Class‐II Towns)
Class‐I and metro
cities
Recommended
Technologies
Capital
Cost
Inadequate land
area with
unsuitable site and
soil condition, but
available STP
capacity within 20‐
30 km distance
Disposal at STP
Land area available
with suitable site
and soil condition
but close to
settlements
Conditions
O&M Cost
Management
Low to
medium
Low to
medium.
User fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality
Lime,
stabilization,
sludge drying
beds and waste
stabilization pond
Low to
medium
Low to
medium.
User fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through a
management contract)
Inadequate land
area, but available
STP capacity
Disposal at STP
Medium
Medium.
User fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through
contract)
Inadequate land
area; no available
STP capacity
Disposal at
independent
mechanical
treatment facility
High
High. User
fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through a
management contract)
Available STP
capacity
Disposal at STP
Medium
Medium.
User fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through a
management contract).
No available STP
capacity
Disposal at
independent
mechanical
treatment facility
High
High. User
fees to
recover
O&M costs
Municipality or private
(if implemented by
private sector through a
management contract).
Source: Advisory Note – Septage Management in Urban India, MoUD 2013.
8.3.2.8. Recommended Norms for Public Toilets in Public Area
The general standard/guidelines for public toilets in public area and modified norms
for public toilets in public places and roads recommended in the draft CPHEEO
manual are given below.
Table 8.42: Norms for Public Toilets in Public Area
TYPE
Norms for Toilets
Public Toilet
On roads and for open areas: @ every 1 Km, including in parks, plaza, open air theatre,
swimming area, car parks, and fuel stations. Toilets shall be disabled‐friendly and in 50‐50
ratio (M/F). Provision may be made as for Public Rooms.
Signage
Signboards on main streets shall give directions and mention the distance to reach the nearest
public convenience of visitors. Helpline number shall be pasted on all toilets for
complaints/queries.
Modes
Pay and use or free. In pay and use toilets entry is allowed on payment to the attendant or by
inserting coin and user gets 15‐20 minutes.
Maintenance/Cleaning
The toilet should have both men and women attendants. Alternatively automatic cleaning cycle
covering flush, toilet bowl, seat, hand wash basin, disinfecting of floor and complete drying
after each use can be adopted, which takes 40 seconds. Public toilets shall be open 24 hours.
Source: Draft Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems, CPHEEO 2013.
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8.3.3. Drainage
As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment System, sanitary
sewers are not expected to receive storm water. Strict inspection, vigilance, proper
design and construction of sewers and manholes should eliminate this flow or bring
it down to a very insignificant quantity. Therefore, it is evident to plan a separate
system to carry storm water.
8.3.3.1. Estimation of Storm water runoff
During rainfall periods there can be a considerable amount of storm water that does
not infiltrate into the ground surface and most of this becomes the excess overland
flow or direct surface runoff. There are many contributing factors for analysing the
quantity and temporal variations of this flow; these include geology of the land,
topography, geography, rainfall intensity and pattern and the land use type.
Estimation of such runoff reaching the storm sewers, is dependent on the intensity
and duration of precipitation, characteristics of the tributary area and the time
required for such flow to reach the sewer. There are various methods available to
calculate the runoff, the two of the below mentioned methods can be adopted to
calculate runoff:
1.
2.
Rational Method
Kirpich Equation Method
Rational Method
It is based on the assumption that the entire precipitation over the drainage district
does not reach the sewer. The characteristics of the drainage district, such as,
imperviousness, topography including depressions and water pockets, shape of the
drainage basin and duration of the precipitation determine the fraction of the total
precipitation which will reach the sewer. This fraction known as the coefficient of
runoff needs to be determined for each drainage district.
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines on urban flood
management has prescribed that “all future storm water drainage systems for peak
flow for any city should be designed after taking into consideration a runoff
Coefficient of up to 0.95164 using the rational method. The runoff reaching the sewer
is given by the expression,
Q= 10 C i A
•
•
•
•
164
Where Q is the runoff in m3/hr;
C is the coefficient of runoff
i is the intensity of in mm/hr and
A is the area drainage district in hectares.
Source: National Disaster Management Guidelines‐ Urban Flood management, 2010.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
335
Infrastructure Planning
It may be reiterated that Q represents only the maximum discharge caused by a
particular storm.
The portion of rainfall, which finds its way to the sewer is dependent on the
imperviousness and the shape of the drainage area apart from the duration of storm.
The percentage of imperviousness of the drainage area can be obtained from the
records of a particular district. In the absence of such data, the table below may
serve as a guide.
Table 8.43: Runoff coefficients for stated surfaces
S. No.
Type of Area
1
Commercial and Industrial Area
2
Residential Area
3
Source:
Percentage of Imperviousness
70‐90
‐ High Density
61‐75
‐ Low Density
35‐60
Parks and undeveloped areas
10‐20
NDMA.
When several different surface types or land use which comprise the drainage area, a composite or
weighted average value of the imperviousness runoff coefficient can be computed, such as:
I = 1/A x (A1 x I1+A2 x I2+A3 x I3+………+An x In)
Where, the subscripts refer to respective sub‐drainage area types, and ‘A’ is the total drainage area.
Kirpich Equation Method165
The time of concentration is defined as the time it takes for a drop of water in the remotest point in a
drainage basin to travel to the outlet. As calculation methods go, the Kirpich formula is one of the
most widely used methods.
Tc= 0.01947 X L0.77 S-0.385
Where:
• Tc = Time of concentration (hours)
• L = Maximum length of water travel (m)
• S = surface slope, given by H/L (m/m)
• H = difference in elevation between the remotest point in the drainage basin and the outlet (m)
The Kirpich equation is normally used for natural basins with well‐defined channels. If there are
many undefined channels that are grassed or vegetated throughout, the Kirpich formula will likely
underestimate the time of concentration, and so a factor of 1.3 – 1.5 should be added. If most of the
drainage basins are non‐natural (in urban system) with concrete or other smooth channels, the result
should be decreased about 40 – 60%.
8.3.4. Rain Water Harvesting
Rain water harvesting and conservation is the activity of direct collection of rain
water. The conservation of rain water so collected can be stored for direct use or can
be recharged into the ground water. The main goal is to minimise flow of rain water
165
K Subramanyapg 247,45.
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through drains / nallahs to the rivers. It is a known fact that the ground water level
is depleting and has gone down in the last decades. Thus the rain water harvesting
and conservation aims at optimum utilisation of the natural resource i.e. rain
water166. Many states such as Tamil Nadu167, Kerala168, and Delhi169 etc. have made
mandatory the adoption of rainwater harvesting in new constructions. It is suggested
to all the other States to mandate rainwater harvesting in all their new construction
works. Also, continuous monitoring of the performance of the rainwater harvesting
structures is also recommended.
8.3.4.1. Basic requirement of artificial recharge 170
A. Availability of noncommitted runoff in space and time;
B. Identification of suitable hydrogeological environment and sites for augmenting
subsurface reservoir through cost effective artificial recharge techniques.
If the above mentioned criteria are satisfied, the following criteria need to be
evaluated for planning the artificial recharge scheme:
C. Identification of Area
Areas where ground water levels are declining on regular basis.
Areas where substantial amount of aquifer has already been desaturated.
Areas where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months.
Areas where salinity ingress is taking place.
Urban Area where decline in water level is observed.
D. Hydrometerological studies
Rainfall pattern in the area.
Evaporation losses from the area.
Climatological features that effect the planning of artificial recharge.
E. Hydrological studies
In‐situ precipitation on the watershed.
Surface (canal) supplies from large reservoirs located within basin.
Surface supplies through trans‐basin water transfer.
Treated municipal and industrial wastewaters.
Hydrological investigations are to be carried out in the Watershed/Sub‐basin/basin
for determining the source water availability.
F. Soil infiltration studies
Control the rate of infiltration.
Prerequisite study in cases of artificial recharge through water spreading methods.
Infiltration rates can be estimated by soils infiltration tests using Cylinder or flood
infiltro‐meters instruments.
G. Hydrogeological studies
Firstly, to synthesize all the available data on hydrogeology from different agencies.
Study of satellite imagery for identification of geomorphic units.
Regional Hydrogeological maps indicating hydrogeological units, both at shallow
and deeper levels.
Water table contours to determine the form of the water table and the hydraulic
connection of ground water with rivers, canals etc.
166
Manual on Rain Water harvesting and Conservation, CPWD.
167
Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws Ordinance, 2003.
168
The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999.
169
Central Ground Water Board.
170
Guide on Artificial Recharge to Ground Water, CGWB.
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Depths to the water table (DTW) for the periods of the maximum, minimum and
mean annual position of water table.
Ground water potential of different hydrogeological units and the level of ground
water development.
H. Aquifer Geometry
Data on the sub‐surface hydrogeological units, their thickness and depth of
occurrence
Disposition and hydraulic properties of unconfined, semi‐confined and confined
aquifers in the area
I. Chemical Quality of Source Water
Quality of raw waters available for recharge is determine
Treatment before being used for recharge
Relation to the changes in the soil structure and the biological phenomena which
take place when infiltration begins
Changes expected to the environmental conditions.
8.3.4.2. Artificial Recharge Techniques171
A variety of methods have been developed to recharge ground water. Most of the
artificial recharge techniques are briefly described below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Direct surface techniques, by ‐
Flooding
Basins or percolation tanks
Stream augmentation
Ditch and furrow system
Over irrigation
Direct sub surface techniques, by ‐
Injection wells or recharge wells
Recharge pits and shafts
Dug well recharge
Bore hole flooding
Natural openings, cavity fillings.
Combination surface – sub‐surface techniques, by ‐
Basin or percolation tanks with pit shaft or wells.
Indirect Techniques, by ‐
Induced recharge from surface water source.
Aquifer modification
Although no two projects are identical, most use variation or combination of direct
method, direct sub‐surface, or indirect techniques. A schematic diagram of the
artificial recharge methods used is given as flowchart below.
171
Select Case Studies Rain Water Harvesting and Artificial Recharge, Central Ground Water Board
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Figure 8.4: Flowchart showing the various Artificial Recharge Practices
Source:
Manual on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, Ministry of Water Resources, CGWB.
The brief on artificial recharge methods has been given below. These methods and
detailed methodology has been explained in ‘Manual on Artificial Recharge of
Groundwater’172, prepared by Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water
Board (CGWB).
1. Ditch and Furrow Method
2. Lateral Ditch Pattern
3. Dendritic Pattern
4. Contour Pattern
5. Spreading Basin or Percolation Tanks
6. Gully Plug / Check Dam / Nala Bund / Gabbion Structures
7. Dug Well Recharge
8. Recharge Shafts / Pits / Trenches
9. Artificial Recharge through Injection Well
10. Induced Recharge from Surface Water Sources
11. Subsurface Dykes / Underground Bandharas
172
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Figure 8.5: Ditch and Furrow Method
Figure 8.6: Recharge Pit:
Source: Manual on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water
Source: Manual on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water
Figure 8.7: Contour Pattern
Figure 8.8: Injection well:
Source:
Source:
Manual on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water
Manual on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water
8.3.5. Electricity
Based on the estimated requirements of power supply as per the National Electricity
Policy published in 2005, the recommended consumption is 1000 units per Capita
per year or 2.74 kWh per capita per day demand which included domestic,
commercial, industrial and other requirements.
The actual estimation of power can be made based on the industrial development
(type and extent), commercial development, domestic and other requirements. The
provision of one electric substation of 11KV for a population of 15,000 can be
considered as general standard for electricity distribution.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has come out with strategic plan for new
and renewable energy sector for the period 2011‐17. Ministry has identified local
bodies as one of the main users who can be encouraged to utilise energy from
biomass and urban waste etc. A National Rating System ‐ GRIHA has been developed,
to promote green buildings, which is suitable for all types of buildings in different
climatic zones of the country. A green building designed through solar passive
concepts and including active renewable energy systems can save substantial
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conventional energy apart from generating energy for meeting various
requirements in different seasons.
8.3.6. Solid Waste Management
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the trash or garbage that is discarded day to day in
a human settlement. According to MSW Rules 2000 MSW includes commercial and
residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi‐
solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio‐medical
wastes. Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as
no longer being of value (being in the present form) and are either thrown away or
gathered together for disposal. The following table indicates the waste generation
per capita per day for estimation and forecast of waste generation for future for
planning purposes:
Table 8.44: Waste Generation Per Capita per Day
S.No.
Land use type
Estimated waste generation
1
Residential refuse
0.3 to 0.6 kg/cap/day
2
Commercial refuse
0.1 to 0.2 kg/cap/day
3
Street sweepings
0.05 to 0.2 kg/cap/day
4
Institutional refuse
0.05 to 0.2 kg/cap/day
Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, CPHEEO – 2000
8.3.6.1. Systematic process
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that
comprises of waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary
storage, transportation, secondary segregation, resource recovery, processing,
treatment, and final disposal of solid waste. For effective MSWM following steps
should be followed, hence appropriate considerations should be made at planning
stage. To meet zero waste / landfill site, the complete SWM systematic process could
be followed to reduce waste disposal at landfill site or no disposal at all. Some of the
best practices of solid waste management are given in Appendix M of Volume II B for
reference. GIS/GPS/ICT techniques for Solid Waste Management need to be used for
Landfill site selection, site assessment of illegal dump‐sites, routing efficiency for
solid waste collection and monitoring waste collection performance.
8.3.6.2. Storage of waste
Storage of waste at source is the first essential step of Solid Waste Management.
Every household, shop and establishment generates solid waste on day‐to‐day basis.
The waste should normally be stored at the source of waste generation till collected
for its disposal.
Biodegradable waste and non‐bio‐degradable waste should be collected in separate
bins from the source.
Green coloured bins – Waste bins for biodegradable waste
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White coloured bins – storage of recyclable wastes
Black coloured bins – storage of other wastes
8.3.6.3. Primary collection of waste
Primary collection of waste is the second essential step of Solid Waste Management
activity. Primary collection system is necessary to ensure that waste stored at source
is collected regularly and it is not disposed of on the streets, drains, water bodies,
etc.
Local bodies should arrange for the primary collection of waste stored at various
sources of waste generation by any of the following methods or combination of more
than one method:
Doorstep collection of waste through non‐motorised and motorised vehicles with active
community participation.
Collection through community bins
Doorstep or lane‐wise collection of waste from authorised/unauthorised slums or collection from
the community bins to be provided in the slums by local bodies
8.3.6.4. Waste Storage Depots
This is the third essential step for an appropriate Solid Waste Management System.
All the waste collected through Primary Collection System, from the households,
shops and establishments has to be taken to the processing or disposal site either
directly necessitating a large fleet of vehicles and manpower or through cost
effective systems which are designed to ensure that all the waste collected from the
sources of waste generation is temporarily stored at a common place called "Waste
Storage Depots" and then transported in bulk to the processing or disposal sites.
Such temporary arrangement for storage of waste is popularly known as dust bin,
dhalavs, etc. This facility has to be so designed that the system synchronizes with the
system of primary collection as well as transportation of waste. Locations for
bins/depots of appropriate size should be identified at planning stage.
8.3.6.5. Transportation of the waste
Transportation of the waste stored at waste storage depots at regular intervals is
essential to ensure that no garbage bins/containers overflow and waste does not
litter on the streets. Hygienic conditions can be maintained in cities/towns only if
regular clearance of waste from temporary waste storage depots (bins) is ensured.
Transportation system has to be so designed that it is efficient, yet cost effective. The
system should synchronize with the system of waste storage depot and should be
easily maintainable.
The schematic diagram of SWM process is shown in Figure 8.9. The detailed
description of above mentioned stages are given in Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management, CPHEEO.
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Figure 8.9: Schematic Solid Waste Management Process
Source:
Modified from the Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD.
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8.3.6.6. Solid Waste Treatment173 Technologies
There are various technologies available for treatment and processing of waste in an
environmentally sound manner. However, a technology suitable for one may not be
appropriate for others. The comparison of these technologies is shown in table below:
Table 8.45: Comparison of Different Solid Waste Treatment Technologies
Element
Composting
Refuse
derived fuel
Technically and
economically
feasible size of
operation per
day fresh waste
50 TPD and
above
100 TPD and
above
1 TPD at small scale
and above 50 TPD at
larger scales of pure
organic waste
500 TPD and
above. Due to
high moisture
in our waste,
suitable only
for
segregated
dry waste.
500 TPD and above
due to high moisture
in our waste. Suitable
only for segregated
waste. However, sizes
as small as 10‐50 TPD
of waste are available
for commercial sale
but not advisable due
to high running costs.
Adopted
Capacity for
study
500 TPD
500 TPD
500 TPD
500 TPD
Plant
500 TPD
Land required
for adopted
capacities
6 Ha
3 Ha
4 Ha
10 Ha
4 Ha
Waste
Characteristics
Moisture
Content >50%
Moisture
Content <45%
Moisture Content
>50%
Moisture
content <45%
Moisture Content
<45%
Organic Matter
>40%
Volatile Matter
>40%
Organic Matter >40%
Net Calorific
Value >1200
Kcal/Kg
Net Calorific Value
>1200 Kcal/kg
Biomethanation
C/N Ratio between
25‐30
C/N Ratio
between 25‐30
Gasification
/ Pyrolysis
Incineration
Waste
Suitability
Suitable for
MSW
Characteristics
of India
Not suitable for
MSW
characteristics
in India but
workable with
use of Auxiliary
Fuel
Suitable for MSW
characteristics of
organic waste in
India
Not suitable
for MSW
characteristic
in India but
workable
with use of
Auxiliary Fuel
Not suitable, due to
high moisture in our
waste.
Typical
investment for
assumed
capacities
(excluding cost
of land)
INR 17‐20 Cr.
For a 500 TPD
Plant
INR 17‐20 Cr.
For a 500 TPD
Plant
Approximately INR
75‐80 Cr for a 500
TPD Plant
INR 80‐90 Cr.
For 500 TPD
Plant
NA
Recurring cost
INR 300 per
ton of input
waste
INR 290 per
ton of input
waste
INR 100 per ton
input waste
NA
‐
Recoverable
250 Kgs of
compost per
ton of waste
200 Kgs pellets
per ton of
waste
80 cum of bio gas /
ton of waste plus 200
Kgs of manure / ton
NA
‐
173
Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD.
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Element
Composting
Refuse
derived fuel
Biomethanation
Gasification
/ Pyrolysis
Incineration
Volume
reduction
45‐55%
55‐65%
55‐65%
>80%
>80%
Environmental
issue
Impurities in
compose due
to mixed
waste, traces of
heavy metals,
leachate runoff
Problems in
burning
exhaust
Problems if mixed
feed stock
Ash handling
and Air
Pollution
Ash handling and Air
Pollution (emission of
particular matter,
chlorinated
compounds dioxins /
furans)
Technology
Reliability
Running
successfully in
India
Running
successfully in
integrated
facilities
Small scale organic
treatment plant
operational but
mixed waste large
scale plants failed in
India
Insufficient
operational
experience
for MSW
Only Plant in India
failed due to mismatch
in waste quality. MSW
2000 has
recommended for
incineration of waste
only after doing a
waste suitability
analysis and providing
adequate flue gas
management methods.
Limitation
Large Land
Requirement,
Non
acceptance of
compost as soil
enrichener in
some areas of
the Country
Process
depends highly
on factors such
as waste
quality &
climatic
conditions
Fluff / Pellets
can be used a
fuel in large
industries, e.g.
In cement kilns
with necessary
permissions
from the PCBs
and required
pollution
control
measures.
The technology
requires pre‐
segregated
homogenous
biodegradable waste
as mixed waste
retards efficiency of
the process. Hence
applicability is
limited to highly
organic and
homogenous waste
streams like market
wastes.
Requires
waste with
high calorific
value.
Expensive
flue gas
remediation
methods to
attain
achievable
outputs.
Expensive technology,
waste criteria must
have low moisture
content and high
calorific value, which
is not found in Indian
Waste. Costly flue gas
remediation methods
to attain achievable
outputs.
Source:
Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD.
8.3.6.7. Disposal of Waste174
Waste after treatment must be disposed in a manner that does not create any instance
of environmental pollution and public nuisance. The MSW Rule 2000 defines waste
disposal as an activity, which involves “final disposal of municipal solid wastes in
terms of the specified measures to prevent contamination of ground‐water, surface
water and ambient air quality”.
The landfill design shall be aimed to minimize the following:
The ingress of water into the landfill,
The production of leachate, its subsequent outflow and uncontrolled dispersions into surrounding
aquatic environment,
The accumulation, migration and uncontrolled release of landfill gas into the atmosphere.
174
Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD.
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The detailed description of disposal of waste can be referred from Toolkit for Solid
Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD.
8.3.6.8. Landfill Gas Extraction (LFG)175,176
The waste deposited in a landfill gets subjected, over a period of time, to anaerobic
conditions177. This leads to landfill gas production containing about 45‐55% methane.
This methane can be recovered through a network of pipes and utilised as a source of
energy. Landfill gas extraction systems adds to efforts to reduce Climate Change
initiatives as it helps reduce Green House Gas emissions through avoidance of landfill
gas (mainly comprising of methane) into the atmosphere.
Waste composition is the most important factor in assessing the LFG generation
potential and total yield at a site. Inorganic and inert wastes will produce little or no
LFG; more organic wastes will produce greater amounts of LFG on a per unit mass
basis. Similarly moisture content in waste also impacts the LFG generation from
waste. For e.g. highly organic wastes such as food wastes are able to produce LFG, but
comprises of large water, which inherently does not produce LFG but will aid the rate
of LFG evolution.
While planning for LFG, pH and Nutrient content of the waste should also be
considered. The generation of methane in landfills is greatest when neutral pH
conditions exist. Numerous toxic materials, such as heavy metals, can retard bacterial
growth in portions of a site and consequently slow gas generation. Another parameter
that influences the LFG generation rate is the particle size and density, which may
affect the transport of nutrients and moisture throughout the landfill.
8.3.6.9. Regional Solid Waste Management178
A ‘Regional MSW Project’ means a project to either:
1. Develop and/or construct and/or operate, maintain and/or manage any type of new Regional
MSW Facility; or
2. Convert and/or redevelop an existing MSW facility or system from being a facility used by a
single Authority into a Regional MSW Facility. A Regional MSW Project can cover, within its
scope, any existing MSW management facilities or systems within the jurisdiction of an
Authority.
Thus, Regional MSW Facilities or Regional MSW Projects would help the Authorities
to share technical expertise, costs of development and management of infrastructure.
For the implementation of the Regional MSW Projects, state governments may
incorporate a public limited company or state‐level utility (which may be called the
175
176
177
178
Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, MoUD
Landfill Gas Management Facilities Design Guidelines, Ministry of Environment, British Colombia
Organic Compounds are transformed into methane (CH4), CO2, and Water in an atmosphere devoid of oxygen.
Guidance Note on Municipal Solid Waste Management on a Regional Basis, MoUD
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State MSW Management Company Limited/Utility—the ‘Company/Utility’) for the
purposes of identifying and enabling the development of Regional MSW Projects
within the state. The Company/Utility may create a body of expertise in the
development, implementation and financing of Regional MSW Projects for the benefit
of the state. The utility may be backed by appropriate legislation.
The Company/Utility would have to be supported by the state government through
issuance of adequate administrative instructions/ directions/policies. The state
government may facilitate the process where Authorities are unable to provide for
adequate services in a consultative manner.
In order to ensure a balanced framework for the implementation of a Regional MSW
Project through such a Company/Utility, a framework should be established whereby
a Project Coordination Committee for each project is constituted which comprises
representatives of each participating Authority and the Company/ Utility; and
important project decisions during the project development, implementation and
operational stages are taken through this committee.
In the event that the Regional MSW Project is implemented through the PPP route, the
Board of the Project Company (SPV) so constituted with a private sector participant,
will have nominees of the participating Authorities, state government as well as the
Company/Utility. The Project Coordination Committee, overseeing project
implementation, would also have a nominee of the selected private sector participant.
8.3.6.10. Special provisions for hilly areas179
Cities and towns located on hills shall have location‐specific methods evolved for final
disposal of solid wastes by the municipal authority with the approval of the
concerned State Board or the Committee.
The municipal authority shall set up processing facilities for utilization of biodegradable organic
wastes.
The inert and non‐biodegradable waste shall be used for building roads or filling‐up of appropriate
areas on hills.
Because of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable for road laying or
filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed landfills.
179
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Case study Solid Waste Management in Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BBMP)180
The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike has area of 800 sq. km, which accommodates the population
of 78 Lakh. Estimated MSW generation projection for 2009, from all the BBMP zones is 3000 tpd. BBMP
aims to adopt zero waste management or reducing the quantity of inerts that goes to landfills by less
than 10% by recycling wherever possible.
Waste Collection System
About 70% of the MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) activity starting from primary collection to disposal
has been outsourced & 30% is managed by BBMP. A combination of alternatives is adopted, such as:
There are about 4300 Pourakarmikas (Sweepers) of BBMP & 10000 Pourakarmikas (Sweepers)
from contractor who performs Door‐to‐Door collection & sweeping activities.
In some of the new zones the Door‐to‐Door collection activity is entrusted to Self Help Groups
(SHG’s), which are basically below poverty women’s groups.
In some of the residential areas the Residential Welfare Associations (RWA’s) are involved in Door‐
to‐Door collection & decentralization of composting the waste.
Decentralized Processing Plants
Some of the areas where RWA’s are performing Door to Door collection, the waste is segregated at
source & the organic waste is composted in the community in a small scale.
BBMP has setup a 15 ton capacity decentralized plant to process organic waste as well as recycle
the plastic, metal etc.
BBMP has established a decentralised one‐ton capacity aerobic composting unit at Malleshwaram
market (West Zone) using organic waste convertor.
Dry waste collection centres has been set up for recycling the dry materials like plastic, paper,
glass, metals etc.
180
www.bbmp.gov.in
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Figure 8.10: BBMP model of SWM
Source:
www.bbmp.gov.in.
Processing & Disposal sites
In order to comply with MSW rules, BBMP has setup processing & disposal facilities on PPP model.
Following are the processing & disposing facilities:
Table 8.46: Disposal and Processing Site
S.no.
Name of the project
Capacity of the plant
Technology adopted
1
M/s Ramky
600 MTPD
Aerobic Composting & scientific land fill
2
M/s S.G.R.R.L
1000 MTPD
Waste to energy (Presently composting & land filling
the inert & combustible. material are stored for
RDF)
3
M/s Terrafirma
1000 MTPD
Integrated system where
composting, vermi composting, biomethanization is
followed
4
Source:
350
M/s Organic Waste India
pvt ltd (yet to start)
1000 MTPD
Integrated system
(yet to commission)
BBMP.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Construction Waste181
As per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India’s construction industry generates around 14
million tonnes of waste every year. A recycling unit makes imminent sense as it could solve two
problems: dispose tons of debris dumped illegally every day and will make a sound replacement to
river sand, which causes ecological degradation.
The Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has directed the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara
Palike (BBMP) to set up a unit at a site in Mallasandra (on Hessarghatta road), which is already
designated as a municipality dump yard for construction waste. A unit is developed to crush and
process 50 lorry‐loads of debris every day. Some of the salient features of this effort are shown in
picture below:
Figure 8.11: Processing of Construction Waste at Mallasandra, Bangalore
Source:
The Hindu, Bangalore edition, Date: 19‐Jan‐2014
Approach adopted & actions taken:
The combination of technologies for processing of MSW attempted for sustenance & viability.
Generally around 30 to 40 per cent of inert rejects, which includes recyclables, are going to the
scientific landfill.
Attempt is being made to utilize all the recyclables.
Small quantity of Waste Plastic are segregated and used in the construction of pavement roads.
About 8% of Poly blend is mixed in the asphalt
There is an exposure of converting the plastics into diesel by following de‐polymerisation
technology, which is yet to be implemented in large scale.
To bring in accountability for the distance travelled by the vehicles GPS/GPRS Based Tracking
system is implemented.
CCTV cameras have been installed at all the processing sites at the entry and exit points to view the
vehicles reached.
Also a ticketing system using Hand Held Device, which collect the data and send it to the central
server for monitoring and analysis is in place,
The entire truck numbers and operation schedule is automatically downloaded to the Hand Held
device through GPRS.
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8.3.6.11. Construction & Demolition (C&D) Waste
As per the (draft) Construction and Demolition Waste Rules, large waste generators of
500 MT are to process (recycle and reuse) construction and demolition waste at the
site‐ minimum 20% of process waste at the site for reconstruction purposes meeting
structural requirements. Recent initiatives of MoUD at the Redevelopment of East
Kidwai Nagar (Delhi) Government Residential Complex have shown that it is possible
to provide for 100 per cent recycling and reuse of C&D Waste at the construction/
demolition site itself in a decentralised mode. Such models obviate the need for
transporting the C&D waste to a centralised unit and also for transporting the reuse
material such as bricks, to the construction sites. This would be cost‐effective, besides
environment friendly and would also avoid movement of the waste related transport
vehicles through the city.
8.3.6.12. Municipal Solid Waste (Household)
While regional and centralised waste processing has been tried out over the years, the
availability of landfill sites is becoming a growing problem, as residents do not like a
land fill site in their vicinity. Many cities had set up landfill sites and plants on the
outskirts, but such outskirts have gradually become part of the city, owing to natural
outgrowth, and the residents have started agitating for removal of the landfill. A
viable solution has been tried out in the New Moti Bagh Government Residential
Complex in Delhi, wherein a small plant of 3 to 5 tonne capacity set up in less than a
quarter of lad recycles the household and green waste into fuel cake and manure.
Small plants make sorting easy and avoid the need for any collection point. Carefully
planned, the recycling process can do away with the need for land fill altogether. The
financial viability of any waste recycling system would depend on (a) reuse of the
recycled material and (b) levy of some user fee on those who generate the waste.
8.3.6.13. Nuclear or Radioactive Waste
Nuclear or radioactive waste means any waste material containing radio‐nuclides in
quantities or concentrations. The disposal of such waste include the release of
radioactive material to the environment in a manner leading to loss of control over
the future disposition of the radio‐nuclides contained therein and includes
emplacement of waste materials in a repository beings or animals or in research
activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biological waste. Such waste
must be managed through “Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes)
Rules, 1987”.
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8.3.6.14. E‐Waste
E‐waste or electronic waste means waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE),
whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are
intended to be discarded. “The E‐waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011”
should be followed for disposal of E Waste.
8.3.6.15. Bio Medical Waste
Hospital waste/Bio‐medical waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in
the production or testing of biological waste. Hospital/Bio‐medical waste must be
handled and disposed‐off as per guidelines laid in “Bio‐Medical Waste (Management
and Handling) Rules, 1998”.
8.3.7. Domestic Gas Supply Pipelines
8.3.7.1. Criteria for Technically Feasible Domestic PNG Connection182
A technically feasible area/locality/ society / building shall have provision to lay
Medium‐Density Polythylene (MDPE) pipelines and its lanes shall have free
accessibility for fire tender in case of any emergency. The under‐developed slum
areas, water‐logging areas, places with soak pits, narrow lanes that do not have room
for excavation and/or the narrow and/ or crowded lanes which prevent accessing the
area in case of emergency and structurally unstable buildings shall be considered
technically not feasible.
A technically feasible domestic PNG connection shall have provision for connecting
the customer’s premises with the service MDPE pipeline with the riser for the
customers building. The connectivity service pipeline to customers building from the
mainline should be possible without posing any hindrance or safety hazard.
8.3.7.2. Provisions
The provision of the domestic and trans‐country pipelines shall be as per the PNGRB
Technical & Quality Standards and specifications, which ensures overall safety,
quality, and convenience. The last updated PNGRB rules and regulations shall be
followed for:
Design, Layout, Construction, & Maintenance of City Gas Distribution Infrastructure
Pressure Standards & Maintenance
Material of Construction
Selection of Location for City Gate Stations (CGS)
The municipalities and development authorities to make provisions for:
182
Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL)
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Right of Usage (RoU) to be pre‐defined in the Right of Way (RoW) of the city roads, as per the
norms of PNGRB to be compatible with the other utilities,
The safety norms prescribed by PNGRB to be included in the Development Control Regulations by
the development authorities,
Land for City gas stations to be provisioned in the urban extensions, avoiding congested areas.
Land requirement for the CGS of an area of minimum 2000 sq. mtrs.
8.3.8. Telecom Services
Utility corridor: The telecom services including broadband are to be integrated with
the utility corridor and Right of Way (RoW) permission should be made available to
telecom services, similar to tower installation with buffers and distances prescribed
by the State Governments (refer table number 6.7).
Building regulations: modifications in the building regulation of the dense cities may
be allowed for accessing telecom and broadband services to the end users.
Large facility installation: municipalities and local authorities to provide large
facility installation of telecom and broadband services in the peri‐urban areas.
8.3.9. Service Level Benchmarking for Infrastructure
In recent development, MoUD has initiated an exercise to define Service Level
Benchmarking (SLBs). Measuring service levels of civic agencies implies measuring
outcomes, and indirectly reflects on institutional capacity, financial performance and
other parameters. The Handbook of Service level benchmarking prepared by MoUD
can be referred while providing basic infrastructure facility such as water supply,
sewerage, drainage and solid waste management for efficient functioning.
Considering the importance of SLBs to measure the performance of above mentioned
infrastructure facilities it is suggested that SLB should be considered as benchmark
for measuring, reporting and monitoring the performance and comparing inter and
intra city level infrastructure. The MoUD (Advisory note on Improving Urban Water
Supply and Sanitation Services, MoUD, 2012) has suggested SLBs for different utility
services in an urban area, which are mentioned in table below:
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Table 8.47: Service Level Benchmarks
Sr. No.
Indicators
Benchmark Levels
Water Supply
1
Coverage of WS connections (Population)
100%
2
Per capita availability of WS at consumer end
3
Extent of metering of WS connections
100%
4
Extent of Non‐Revenue Water
20%
5
Continuity of Water Supply
24x7
6
Efficiency of redress of Customer Complaints
80%
7
Quality of Water Supplied
100%
8
Cost recovery of in Water Supply Service
100%
9
Efficiency in collection of Water Supply Charge
90%
135 Lpcd
Sewerage
1
Coverage of Wastewater network service
100%
2
Collection efficiency of Wastewater network
100%
3
Adequacy of Wastewater treatment capacity
100%
4
Quality of Wastewater treatment
100%
5
Extent of reuse & recycling of treated Wastewater
20%
6
Extent of cost recovery in Wastewater management
100%
7
Efficiency of redress of Customer Complaints
80%
8
Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges
90%
9
Coverage of toilets
100%
Storm Water Drainage
1
Coverage of storm Water Drainage network
2
Incidence of water logging / flooding
100%
0
Solid Waste Management
1
Household level Coverage of Solid Waste Management service
100%
2
Efficiency of Collection of Municipal Solid Waste
100%
3
Extent of segregation of Municipal Solid Waste
100%
4
Extent of Municipal Solid Waste recovered / recycled
80%
5
Extent of scientific disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
100%
6
Extent of cost recovery in Solid Waste management service
100%
7
Efficiency of redress of Customer Complaints
80%
8
Efficiency in collection of user charges
90%
Source: Advisory note on Improving Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Services, MoUD, 2012.
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8.4.
Social Infrastructure
The quality of life in any urban centre depends upon the availability of and
accessibility to quality social infrastructure. These include the following
infrastructure:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Education facilities
Healthcare facilities
Socio Cultural facilities
Recreational facilities
Sports Facilities
Distribution Services
Police Safety
8.4.1. Provision of Infrastructure
Hierarchy: The provision of social amenities in any urban area shall consider the
regional bearings; as small towns cater to the requirements (especially of higher level
facilities) of surrounding villages, medium size towns cater to small towns and
villages and so on. However, in case of large and metro cities, certain apex level
facilities significantly cater to regional requirements in addition to the city demand. In
order to efficiently plan for cities & regions, alternatives, which could be considered,
may be to provide:
a) Amenities for 25% additional population overall as a cushion, or
b) Exclude such apex level facilities from the total estimated needs provision.
In distribution of infrastructure, population plays the guiding role and therefore,
indication of population served by a facility or service is given. In some cases
depending upon the regional requirements, a higher order facility becomes necessary
in a lower order settlement. A comprehensive list of facilities at each hierarchy is
given in Appendix N of Volume II B.
Location of social infrastructure should be decided by local authority taking into
account walkable distances. Maintenance of such micro‐level facilities should be, as
far as possible, handed over to RWA / housing co‐operative societies with the
provisions of direct involvement of women.
Proximity: The local community participation shall be encouraged, especially
women, in management of the local level facility units to promote efficient utilization
and upkeep of the facilities. These local level facilities shall be provided at a
preferable 300 m to 800 m walkable distance (located within 5‐15 minutes) to
promote pedestrianisation and reduction in vehicular use.
It is observed that a number of lower level social amenities particularly in regard to
education and health infrastructure operate in private residential premises due to
their proximity to the area of demand. The potential of such practices shall be
assessed to find out the actual needs, which shall be reliable input for arriving at
realistic norms as well as for providing adequate number of sites for such facilities.
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Multiple uses: The possibilities for multiple uses of social amenities may be
considered depending upon the compatibility of the activities and acceptance of the
society, such as the school auditoriums can be utilised for public seminars in off
working hours. The multiple uses can be for private and public owned
land/properties. The possibility of multiple activities in public facilities may also be
considered such as in case of bus terminal, the above floors can be provided for use of
staff residential, post office, courier services, ticket booking offices, retail markets etc.
Utilisation threshold: It is observed that the built up facilities for social amenities
are often underutilised and lie vacant. A consideration of 80% utilization of existing
facilities can be made mandatory before approving plan of new facility for similar use
in a particular area.
In case of vacated properties, for efficient utilisation of the built up spaces; change in
use permission can be considered.
Selfsufficiency: In planning of social infrastructure the provisions given in ‘National
Mission on Sustainable Habitat’ shall be considered such as utilisation of renewable
sources of energy like solar roof top panels, rain water harvesting etc. The facilities
can be designed for self‐sufficiency and can also generate revenue by selling of
surplus resources.
The planning norms for social infrastructure as suggested below are based on the
provisions given in National Building Code 2005 and the current guidelines from
respective departments. It is suggested that the latest guidelines shall be referred at
the time of urban and regional plan preparation. The plot area requirement given
herein is suggestive and may vary depending upon the size, geography and land
availability of an urban centre.
8.4.2. Education Facilities
8.4.2.1. Pre‐primary to Secondary Education
Table 8.48: Norms for Pre Primary to Secondary Education
Student
Strength
Population
Served per
unit
Area Requirement
Other Controls
Pre Primary,
Nursery School
‐‐
2500
0.08 ha
To be located near a park
Primary School
(class I to V)
500
5000
Area per School = 0.40 Ha
(NBC, 2005)
a) School building area = 0.20 Ha
Playfield area with a
minimum of 18 m x 36 m to
be ensured for effective
play
Sr. No.
Category
1.
2.
b) Playfield Area = 0.20 Ha
3.
Senior Secondary
School (VI to XII)
1000
7500
Area per School = 1.80 Ha (NBC,
2005)
a) School building area = 0.60 Ha
b) Playfield Area = 1.00 Ha
Playfield area with a
minimum of 68 m x 126 m
to be ensured for effective
play
c) Parking Area = 0.20 Ha
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Infrastructure Planning
Sr. No.
Category
4.
Integrated School
without hostel
facility (Class I‐
XII)
5.
Population
Served per
unit
Student
Strength
1500
90,000 – 1
lakh
Area Requirement
Other Controls
Area per School = 3.50 Ha
To be located near a sport
facility
a) School building area = 0.70 Ha
b) Playfield Area = 2.50 Ha
c) Parking Area = 0.30 Ha
Integrated School 1500
with hostel facility (NBC,
(Class I‐XII)
2005)
90,000 – 1
lakh
Area per School = 3.90 Ha
a) School building area = 0.70 Ha
To be located near a sport
facility
b) Playfield Area = 2.50 Ha
c) Residential Hostel Area = 0.40
Ha
d) Parking Area = 0.30 Ha
6.
School for
Physically
Challenged
400
45,000
Area per School = 0.70 Ha
a) School Building Area = 0.20 Ha
To be located near a park or
sport facilities
b) Playfield Area = 0.30 Ha
c) Parking Area = 0.20 Ha (NBC,
2005)
7.
School for
Mentally
Challenged
10 lakh
0.20 Ha
To be located near a park
and non‐noise polluting
zone
(MPD, pg 137)
Other Controls: The schools should preferably face service roads and roads with less traffic intensity.
Source:
NBC, 2005 Part 3 and MPD 2021.
8.4.2.2. Higher Education
Table 8.49: Norms for Higher Education Facilities
Sr. No.
Category
Student Strength
Population
Served per unit
1000 ‐ 1500
1.25 lakh
Area Requirement
General
1.
College
Area per college = 5.00 Ha
a) College Building Area = 1.80 Ha
b) Playfield Area = 2.50 Ha
c) Residential including Hostel Area = 0.30 Ha
d) Parking Area = 0.30 Ha
2.
University Campus
‐‐
‐‐
10.00 to 60.00 Ha area
a) Residential (if included) = 25% of total land
area
b) Sports and Cultural Activities = 15% of total
land area
c) Parks and landscape including green belt=
15% of total land area. (MPD)
Technical Education
3.
4.
358
Technical Education
Centre (A) – To
include 1 Industrial
Training Institute
(ITI) and 1
Polytechnic
ITI = 400
Technical Education
Centre (B) – To
include 1 ITI, 1
‐‐
10 lakh
Polytechnic = 500
Area per Technical Education Centre = 4.00 Ha
a) Area for ITI = 1.60 Ha
b) Area for Polytechnic = 2.40 Ha
10 lakh
Area per Technical Education Centre = 4.00 Ha
a) Area for ITI = 1.40 Ha
b) Area for Technical Centre = 2.10 Ha
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
Sr. No.
Category
Student Strength
Population
Served per unit
Technical Centre and
1 Coaching Centre
Area Requirement
c) Area for Coaching Centre = 0.30 Ha
Professional Education
5.
Engineering College
1500
10 lakh
Area per College = 6.00 Ha
6.
Medical College
‐‐
10 Lakh
Area per College = 15.00 Ha
Area of site including space for general
hospital
7.
Other Professional
Colleges
250 to 1500
10 Lakh
a) Area of site for student strength up to 250
students = 2.00 Ha
b) Additional area of site for every additional
100 students or part thereof up to total
strength of 1000 students = 0.50 Ha
c) Area of site for strength of college from
1000 to 1500 students = 6.00 Ha
8.
Nursing and
Paramedical Institute
(MPD, pg 135)
‐‐
10 lakh
Institute Plot area = 2000 sqm (subject to
Nursing Council of India/ Ministry of Health
Norms)
9.
Veterinary Institute
(MPD, pg 135)
‐‐
‐
As per Veterinary Council of India/ Ministry
Norms (subject to availability of land)
Source:
NBC, 2005 MPD 2021.
Threshold population of each of education facilities should not only to depend on the
number of population, but also on the characteristics of the population. Considering
that there is a wide variation in the levels of literacy and increasing rate of entry into
the school, the variations based on the areas are to be respected. Further to the table
above, it is recommended that the threshold population shall be determined based on
the characters of the population, along with the number of population in order to
determine social infrastructure provision at varying regions.
8.4.3. Healthcare Facilities
The size of a hospital depends upon the hospital bed requirement, which in turn is a
function of the size of the population it serves. As per the Indian Public Health
Standards (IPHS), 2012, the calculation of number of beds is based on‐
annual rate of admission as 1 per 50 population
average length of stay in a hospital as 5 days
For example: In India the population size of a district varies from 50,000 to 15,00,000.
For the purpose of convenience the average size of the district is taken as one million
population. Based on the assumptions the number of beds required for 10,00,000
population is :
No. of bed days per year
No. of beds required with 100% occupancy
No. of beds required with 80% occupancy
: (10,00,000 x 1/50) x 5 = 1,00,000
: 1,00,000 / 365 = 275
: (1,00,000 / 365) x 80% = 220
The classification of health care facilities is given in Table 8.50.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
359
Infrastructure Planning
Table 8.50: Health Care Facilities
Sr. No. Category
No. of beds
Area requirement
1.
Dispensary
2.
Nursing home, child welfare 25 to 30 beds
and maternity centre
3.
Polyclinic
Some observation beds 1 lakh
0.20 to 0.30 Ha
4.
Intermediate Hospital
(Category B)
80 beds
Total Area = 1.00 Ha
5.
6.
7.
Intermediate Hospital
(Category A)
Multi‐Speciality Hospital
(NBC)
Speciality Hospital (NBC)
‐‐
Population
served per unit
15000
0.08 to 0.12 Ha
45000 to 1 lakh
0.20 to 0.30 Ha
1 lakh
Initially maybe for 50
beds including 20
maternity beds
200 beds
a) Area for Hospital = 0.60 Ha
b) Area for residential
Accommodation = 0.40 Ha
1 lakh
Initially the provision
maybe for 100 beds
200 beds
b) Area for residential
Accommodation = 1.00 Ha
1 Lakh
Initially the provision
may be for 100 beds
200 beds
General Hospital (NBC)
b) Area for residential
accommodation = 3.00 Ha
1 Lakh
500
Total Area = 9.00 Ha
a) Area for hospital = 6.00 Ha
Initially the provision
may be for 100 beds
8.
Total Area = 3.70 Ha
a) Area for hospital = 2.70 Ha
Total Area = 3.70 Ha
a) Area for hospital = 2.70 Ha
b) Area for residential
accommodation = 1.00 Ha
2.5 lakh
Initially the provision
maybe for 300 beds
Total Area = 6.00 Ha
a) Area for hospital = 4.00 Ha
b) Area for residential
Accommodation = 2.00 Ha
9.
Family Welfare Centre
(MPD, pg 134)
As per requirement
50,000
Total area = 500 sqm 800 sqm
10.
Diagnostic centre
‐‐
50,000
Total area = 500 sqm to 800 sqm
(MPD, pg 134)
11.
Veterinary Hospital for pets ‐‐
and animals (MPD, pg 134)
5 lakh
Total area = 2000 sqm
12.
Dispensary for pet animals
and birds (MPD, pg 134)
1 lakh
Total area = 300 sqm
13
Rehabilitation centres
Source:
‐‐
As per requirement
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996, NBC, 2005 Part 3 and MPD, 2021.
The Department of Health and Family welfare suggests incorporation of Trauma
Centres in the highways cutting across urban local authority jurisdiction. The trauma
care centres should be suitably positioned along the highways with doctors trained in
emergency medicine and trauma care, with adequate emergency management
technicians, supported by efficient and efficient ambulance system.
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Infrastructure Planning
8.4.4. Socio‐cultural
The provision of socio cultural facilities shall correspond to the changing urban
demography and work lifestyle.
Table 8.51: Norms for Socio – Cultural Facilities
Sr. No.
Category
Population Served per unit
Land Area Requirement
1.
Anganwadi ‐ Housing area/
cluster
5000
200‐300 sqm
2.
Community Room
5000
750 sqm (NBC)
3.
Community hall,
mangalkaryayala, barat ghar/
library
15000
2000 sqm
4.
Music, dance and drama centre
1 lakh
1000 sqm
5.
Meditation and spiritual Centre
1 lakh
5000 sqm
6.
Recreational Club
1 lakh
10,000 sqm
7.
Old age home
5 lakh
Max. 1000 sqm, subject to availability of
land
8.
Religious Facilities (MPD, pg
149)
8a.
At neighbourhood / housing
cluster level
5000
400 sqm
8b.
At sub city level in urban
extension
10 lakh
4.00 Ha
9.
Other Facilities (MPD)
9a.
Orphanage/ Children’s Centre
(One each)
10 lakh
Max. 1000 sqm, subject to availability of
land
9b.
Care centre for physically
/mentally challenged
10 lakh
Max.1000 sqm, subject to availability of
land
9c.
Working women – men hostel
10 lakh
Max. 1000 sqm, subject to availability of
land
9d.
Adult education centre
10 lakh
Max.1000 sqm, subject to availability of
land
9e.
Night Shelter
10 lakh
Max. 1000 sqm, subject to availability of
land
10.
Socio – Cultural centre/
Exhibition cum fair ground
10 lakh
15 Ha (NBC)
11.
Science Centre (MPD, pg 148)
10 Lakh
As per requirement
12.
International Convention
Centre (MPD, pg 148)
City level
As per requirement
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 and MPD 2021.
Notes:
1. For lower income group population, the maintenance and management of formal community
buildings is a challenging task. Thus to ensure optimum utilisation and maintenance and
management of formal community buildings, the use of such facilities shall be planned and
designated for multipurpose activities. Activities such as adult education, training programmes
for economic generation activities, child and family welfare programmes etc. can be organised
in such spaces.
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Infrastructure Planning
2.
3.
Orphanage and Old age homes can be co‐developed with appropriate green spaces to promote
social relations between the two dependent age groups. The facility could include the
following apart from living space:
a) Common recreational facilities such as sports facilities, walking tracks, reading rooms
etc.
b) Opportunity for part time work for old people. This shall promote their active
involvement with other social groups.
c) Adequate barriers in living spaces between the two groups to address social security
of orphanages.
It has generally been observed that the religious buildings come up on encroached sites and
especially those meant for open spaces. Effort should be made by the development agencies
with the assistance of NGO’s in the area to ensure that the places of worship come up as
planned with the participation and preferences of the community itself. As a general basis,
separate religious sites (2 for 15,000 populations) may be provided so that places of worship
do not get established on encroached sites.
8.4.5. Open Spaces
The open spaces can include the following three categories, namely:
a) Recreational space
b) Organised green
c) Other common open spaces (such as vacant lands/ open spaces including flood plains, forest
cover etc. in plain areas.
Considering open spaces, including all the above‐mentioned categories, provision be
10‐12 sqm per person may be desirable. However, in hilly areas the protected zones
and ecological conservation areas shall be considered to be over and above this open
space requirement. In the built up area (excluding recreational space, vacant land,
flood plain, forest) the NBC suggests 3 sqm/ person as minimum norm.
The hierarchy for organised green such as parks, play fields and other open spaces
like specified park, amusement park, maidan, a multipurpose open space, botanical
garden and zoological parks, traffic parks etc. are as under:
Table 8.52: Hierarchy of Organised Green
S. No.
Planning Unit
Number of Organised green spaces
1
Housing Cluster
3 ‐ 4 local parks and playgrounds
2
Neighbourhood
3 ‐ 4 local parks and playgrounds
3
Community
2‐3 community level park and open space
4
District/ Zone
1 district level park and sports centre, maidan
5
Sub city centre
1 city level park, sports complex, botanical / zoological garden, maidan
Source:
362
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
8.4.5.1. Organised Green for Plain Areas
Table 8.53: Norms for Organised Green for Plain Areas
S. No.
Category
Population served per unit
Area Requirement (Ha)
1.
Housing Area Park
5000
0.50
2.
Neighbourhood park
15000
1.00
3.
Community park
1 lakh
5.00
4.
District park
5 lakh
25.00
5.
Sub city park
10 lakh
100.00
Source:
MPD, 2021.
8.4.5.2. Other Controls (NBC):
1) Open spaces/ maidans should be spatially distributed and multiple function in time to be
promoted
2) In any layout or sub‐division of land measuring 0.3 Ha or more in residential and commercial
zones, the community open space shall be reserved for recreational purposes which shall as
far as possible be provided in one place.
a) The minimum recreational space provided shall be 450 sqm.
b) The minimum average dimension of the recreational space shall not be less than 7.5 m and
the length shall not exceed 2.5 times the average width.
3) Each recreational area and the structure on it shall have an independent means of access.
4) Any building line to be at least 3 m away from the boundary of recreational open space.
5) Zoological garden to be as per Central Zoo Authority provisions
Notes:
Green areas and other associated non‐economic activities to be preferably proposed on Government
reserved land. In case the open/green spaces which do not generate income are proposed on privately
owned land, the local authority preparing the plan shall part with a fair compensation as per ‘The Right
to Fair Compensation and Transparency in LARR Act, 2013’ to the land owner.
8.4.5.3. Organised Green for Hilly Areas
Table 8.54: Norms for Organised Green for Hilly Areas
S. No.
Category
Population served per unit
Area Requirement (Ha)
1.
Housing Area Park
5000
0.50 to 1.00
2.
Neighbourhood park
10000
1.20 to 2.00
3.
City Parks/ playgrounds/ maidan/
exhibition grounds/ cultural gathering
grounds
For entire town at one or more
sites, depending upon design
and space availability
‐‐
4.
Botanical Garden
1 for every town
10.00 to 20.00
5.
Recreational complex including zoo
1 for every settlement with
tourist potential
10.00 to 12.00
Source:
NBC, 2005.
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8.4.5.4. Norms for Multipurpose Grounds
Table 8.55: Norms for Multipurpose grounds
S.No
Category
Population served per unit
Area Requirement (Ha)
1
Sub city level multipurpose ground
10 lakh
8
2
District level multipurpose ground
5 lakh
4
3
Community level Multipurpose
ground
1 lakh
2
Source:
MPD, 2021.
Variation by size of settlement
A. Small Towns
1) In light of the standards recommended by various bodies, it is suggested to provide 1.0 to 1.2
ha per 1000 persons for town level open spaces (excluding the open spaces in residential
pockets), which can be distributed for different residential pockets uniformly for a population
of 8000 to 10,000. (Calculation based on the 10‐12 mts / person for the entire planned areas).
2) As already mentioned, the open spaces are to be developed with other socio cultural and
commercial facilities so that they can serve multiple purposes.
B. Medium Towns
1) The open spaces shall be provided at the rate of 1.4 to 1.6 ha per 1000 persons. The lower
income areas shall be provided with more open spaces and the area under facilities like
community halls etc. can be merged with the open spaces to suit their social requirements.
C. Large City, Metropolitan and Megapolis
1) The suggested standards for open spaces in large and metropolitan cities are 1.2 to 1.4 ha per
1000 persons, depending upon the land availability.
2) The older parts of the large cities have normally been found highly deficient with respect to the
availability of open spaces, thus additional provisions in the new development may also take
care of the existing deficiencies. For large and metro cities, provisions shall also be made for
city level special parks such as botanical and zoological parks, picnic huts, children parks,
amusement parks, etc.
8.4.6. Sports Facilities
Table 8.56: Norms for Sports Facilities
Sr. No.
Category
Population Served per unit
Land Area Requirement
1.
Residential unit play area
5,000
5000 sqm
2.
Neighbourhood Play area
15,000
1.50 ha
3.
District Sports Centre
1 lakh
8.00 ha
4.
Divisional Sports Centre
10 lakh
20.00 ha
Source:
364
NBC, 2005, part 3.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
8.4.7. Distribution services
Table 8.57: Norms for Distribution Services
Sr.
No.
Category
Populati
on
served
per unit
Land Area Requirement
Type of Facility
1.
Other Controls
Area
requirement
Petrol/ Diesel filling and
Service Centre
Permitted in:
a) Central District
b) Sub central District
c) District Centres
d) Community Centres (Only
Filling Station)
i.
Only filing station
ii.
Filling cum
service station
iii.
Filling cum
service station
cum workshop
iv.
e) Residential & Industrial
Use Zone in Urban Areas
Filling station
only for two and
three wheelers
30 m x 17 m
•
Shall not be
located on road
having Right of
Way less than
30m.
•
Special cases in old
city areas may be
considered based
on the approval by
statutory
authorities.
•
Shall be approved
by the explosive/
fire department.
•
Shall not be
located on road
having Right of
Way less than
30m.
•
Shall be approved
by the explosive/
fire department.
36 m x 30 m
45 m x 36m
18m x 15m
f) Along National and State
Highways
g) Villages identified as
growth centres
h) Freight Complex
2.
i)
Proposed major roads
j)
Police/ security force
services (for captive use
only) (MPD, pg 125)
Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG)/ filling centre
Permitted in:
a) All use zones (except in
Regional Parks and
Developed District Parks)
b) Along National and State
Highways
CNG mother station
1080 sqm
(Including building
component – control
room/ office/
dispensing room/
store, pantry and W.C.)
(36m x 30m)
Capacity = 500
cylinders or 8000 kg of
LPG
520 sqm
c) Villages identified as
growth centres
d) Freight Complex
e) Proposed major roads
3.
LPG Godown/ Gas godown
40,000
to
50,000
(26m x 20m)
Area (inclusive of guard
room)
4.
Source:
Milk Distribution
5000
Area inclusive of service
area
150 sqm
The major concern for its
storage and distribution
is the location, which
shall be away from the
residential areas and
shall have open spaces
all around as per the
Explosive Rules.
‐‐
NBC, 2005.
Notes:
1) Super Kerosene Oil/ Light Diesel Oil for industrial activity shall be given separately.
2) Large petrol/diesel storage centres to be located outside city jurisdiction.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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Infrastructure Planning
8.4.8. Police, Civil Defence and Home Guards
Table 8.58: Norms for Police Facilities
Sr. No.
Category
Population Served per unit
Land Area Requirement
1.
Police Post
40,000 – 50,000
0.16 Ha (Area inclusive of residential
accommodation)
(Area not served by Police
Station)
2.
Police Station
90,000
1.50 Ha (Area inclusive of essential
residential accommodation)
0.05 Ha additional to be provided for civil
defence and home guards.
3.
Traffic and Police Control Room
(MPD, pg 143)
‐‐
As per requirement
4.
District office and battalion
10 lakh
Total area = 4.80 Ha
a) Area for district office = 0.80 Ha
b) Area for battalion = 4.00 Ha
5.
Police line
20 lakh
4.00 to 6.00 Ha
6.
District Jail
10 lakh
10.00 Ha
7.
Civil defence and home guards
10 lakh
2.00 Ha
8.
Police Training Institute/
College (MPD, pg 143)
City level (to be located in
fringe areas)
5 Ha
9.
Police Firing Range (MPD, pg
143)
City level (to be located in
fringe areas)
Up to 10 Ha
10.
Police camp including Central
Police Organisation/ Security
Forces (Including Central
Security Forces) (MPD, pg 143)
11.
Police Booth (at major road
intersections)
Source:
Up to 10 Ha
‐‐
10‐12 sqm (to be provided by transport
planners)
NBC 2005 and MPD 2021.
8.4.9. Safety Management
Table 8.59: Norms for Safety Facilities
Sr. No.
Category
Distribution or Population
Served per unit
1.
Sub fire station/ Fire Post
Within 3‐4 km radius
0.6 Ha (with essential residential
accommodation)
2.
Fire Station
2 lakh population or
1 Ha with residential
accommodation
5‐7 km radius
3.
Disaster Management Centre
One in each administrative zone
Area Requirement
1 Ha along with suitable open
area
2 Ha if soft parking, temporary
shelter, parade ground etc.
included
4.
Source:
366
Fire Training Institute/ College
City level (one site in Urban
extension)
3 Ha
MPD 2021.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
Guidelines for locating fire stations and other fire fighting facilities (As per MPD)
Fire stations should be located so that the fire tenders are able to reach any
disaster site within 3‐5 minutes
Fire stations should be located on corner plots as far as possible and on main
roads with minimum two entries.
In the new layouts, concept of underground pipelines for fire hydrants on the
periphery exclusively for fire fighting services should be considered.
Necessary provisions for laying underground/ over ground fire fighting measures,
water lines, hydrants etc. may be kept wherever provision of fire station is not
possible.
The concerned agencies shall take approval from Fire Department for fire fighting
measures while laying the services for an area.
8.4.10. Special Requirements for Gender Sensitive Planning183
Women’s travel is characterized by trip chaining i.e. combining multiple destinations
within one trip. Given women’s higher domestic and caretaking responsibilities, they
tend to seek employment opportunities closer to home with more flexible hours than
their male counterparts. This translates into a higher sensitivity to distance.184
At the regional and city levels, decentralized economic opportunities should be considered to
reduce travel distances.
At the neighbourhood or planning sector levels, single land use zones should be discouraged, as
they tend to be “dead” or inactive as with business districts in the night or residential areas. Mixed
land uses (such as mixed residential and mixed commercial uses) should be encouraged which will
generate street activity throughout the day and also reduce walking distances.
Women are disproportionately affected by poor quality pedestrian infrastructure and increased
walking distances. Walkable blocks should be promoted by limiting block sizes, providing direct,
shortest non‐motorized transport routes or pedestrian public right of ways.
The height of compound walls can restrict street visibility. Therefore porous or semi‐porous
compound walls are recommended to allow street visibility.
Figure 8.12: Compound walls Restricting Street Visibility
Source:
183
Working Paper on ‘Incorporating a Gender Perspective in Urban Planning and Regulations’, Embarq, India.
Working Paper on ‘Incorporating a Gender Perspective in Urban Planning and Regulations’, Embarq, India.
184Camstra,
1996.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
367
Infrastructure Planning
8.4.10.1. Housing
Any project, which involves relocation of households, economic links or networks,
should be preserved by considering relocation within the same ward or local area.
The design of housing schemes for poor women should consider their lower
incomes, work in the informal sector185 and that the house and the open space
adjoining it is also used for economic activity.186
8.4.10.2. Amenities
Where land is not reserved for amenities like police stations, public toilets, reading
areas, community bins, they are constructed on pavements or informally provided
thereby obstructing pedestrian movement.
Due to women’s higher domestic and care‐taking facilities, amenities like day care
centres, pre‐primary and primary schools, primary health facilities, local markets
are recommended to be provided within 5‐15 minutes walking distance (300‐
800m).
Similarly adequate space and access should be provided for women in these public
amenities, considering their needs. For example, it is recommended that public
toilets should be provided within 15 minutes walking distance with special
emphasis on areas with high volumes of people i.e. railway stations, markets, bus
terminals, public buildings, public open spaces etc. Public toilets should ensure
sufficient seats for women, space for childcare and include toilet seats for
dependents.
8.4.10.3. Street Design
There needs to be an effort to increase cycling modal shares of women by
improving women and girls’ access to cycles, especially load carrying cycles.
Crowded streets, station entrances or exits are perceived as unsafe for women.
Therefore a level of service approach should be used to plan pedestrian
infrastructure. As per IRC Guidelines 103‐2012: Guidelines for Pedestrian
Facilities, a level of service B or C is recommended. All footpaths should include
and specify a dead zone, an uninterrupted walking zone and a multi‐utility zone
for street furniture etc.
Streets, including carriageway and pavements should be consistently and
continuously lit.
The role of street vendors in creating street eyes is acknowledged187 and therefore
must be planned for in neighbourhood layout or local area plans and in street
design.
185
Khosla, Renu. Addressing Gender Concerns in India’s Urban Renewal Mission. UNDP.
186
SPARC and KRVIA. 2010. Re‐Dharavi. http://www.sdinet.org/media/upload/documents/ReDharavi.pdf (Accessed on 25th
February 2014).
187
Cross, John and Morales, Alfonso (Ed). 2007. Street Entrepreneurs: People, Place and Politics in Local and Global Perspective,
Routledge.
368
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
8.4.10.4. Public Transport
Such provision include ‐ Prioritizing safe access to transit, rethinking transit fare
structures to minimize cost for multi‐stop journeys and in off‐peak hours, introducing
flexible services – such as halting buses in‐between stops to drop women closer to
their destination in the night, women only buses/trains/coaches or reserved seats for
women in buses, ensuring sufficient toilet seats for women at stations and terminals,
ensuring bus shelters and train stations have safety and comfort features (lighting,
benches, emergency call options) etc.
8.5.
Commercial Activities
8.5.1. Hierarchy of Commercial Centres
Hierarchy of commercial centres is a function of the hierarchy of planning units in an
urban centre. Normally an urban centre shall have some or all of the following,
depending upon its size:
Table 8.60: Hierarchy of Commercial Centres (NBC)
Sr. No.
Planning Unit
Population
served
Class of Settlement
S
M
L
Hierarchy of Commercial Centre
1
Housing Cluster
9
9
9
5000
Convenience Shopping
2
Neighbourhood
9
9
9
15000
Local shopping centre
3
Community
9
9
9
100000
Community Centre
4
District
‐
9
9
500000
District Centre
5
Sub city
‐
‐
9
25 lakh ‐ 50 lakh
Sub city Centre
6
City
‐
‐
9
50 lakh +
City Centre
S: Small Town
M: Medium Town
L: Large City, Metropolitan City and Megapolis
8.5.2. Norms for Commercial Centres
The norms for planning of commercial centres are as given in table below:
Table 8.61: Norms for Commercial Centres
Sr. No.
Category
Population Served per unit
Land Area Requirement
1.
Convenience Shopping
5,000
1,500 sqm
2.
Local shopping including service centre
15,000
4,600 sqm
3.
Community Centre with service centre
1,00,000
5 Ha
4.
District Centre
1 at District level / 5,00,000
population
40 Ha
5.
Sub‐city Centre (UDPFI)
25 lakh to 50 lakh
As per requirement
6.
City Centre (UDPFI)
50 lakh +
As per requirement
7.
Local Wholesale Market/ Mandi
10 lakh
10.00 Ha
8.
Weekly Markets
1 to 2 locations for every 1 lakh
Area per location = 0.40 Ha
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
369
Infrastructure Planning
Sr. No.
Category
Population Served per unit
1) Parking and other open spaces within
population with 300 to 400
units per location
Organised Informal eating spaces
1 lakh
the commercial centres could be so
designed that weekly markets can
operate in these areas during non‐
working hours.
2) The area of informal sector should have
suitable public conveniences and solid
waste disposal arrangements.
10.
Source:
Land Area Requirement
2000 sqm
NBC, 2005.
Note:
Small and medium towns to give emphasis on the weekly markets from promoting local economic
activities,
Mandis and wholesale markets to be given emphasis in regional planning. Integration of the rural
and small and medium towns to be developed through the provision of Mandis.
The area of commercial centres and the number of shops is given below:
Table 8.62: Area of Commercial Centres
Sr. No.
Category
Area per 1000 persons (sqm)
Number of shops
1.
Convenience Shopping
220
1 for 110 persons
2.
Local shopping including service centre
300
1 for 200 persons
3.
Community Centre with service centre
500
1 for 200 persons
4.
District Centre
880
1 for 300 persons
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 updated.
8.5.3. Distribution of Activities
The following activities allowed in the hierarchy of Commercial Centres.
Table 8.63: Distribution on Activities
Hierarchy of Commercial Centres
Sr. No. Activities
City an Sub
city centre
District
centre
Community
centre
Neighbourhood
Centre
Cluster Centre
1.
Shopping (retail
services, repair)
9
9
2.
Limited wholesale
&Mandi
9
9
3.
Informal shopping
9
9
9
9
4.
Commercial Offices
9
9
9
9
5.
Cinema
9
9
9
‐
‐
6.
Hotel
9
9
9
‐
‐
7.
Guest House
9
9
9
‐
‐
8.
Bank/ ATM
9
9
9
9.
Nursing Home
9
9
9
10.
Service Industries
9
9
9
11.
Auditorium
9
9
9
12.
Museum
9
9
370
9
‐
‐
9
‐
9
‐
9
‐
9
‐
9
‐
9
9
‐
‐
‐
‐
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
Hierarchy of Commercial Centres
Sr. No. Activities
City an Sub
city centre
District
centre
Community
centre
13.
Library
9
9
9
14.
Reading room
9
9
9
15.
Science Centres, Art/
Craft/ Music/ Dance
School
9
9
16.
Weekly markets
9
9
9
9
‐
Neighbourhood
Centre
Cluster Centre
‐
‐
9
‐
‐
‐
9
‐
(on close days)
17.
Local Government
Offices
9
9
‐
‐
18.
Bus Terminal
9
9
‐
‐
‐
19.
Fire Station
9
9
‐
‐
‐
20.
Police post/ station
9
9
‐
‐
‐
21.
Telephone Exchange
9
9
‐
‐
‐
22.
Electric sub station
9
9
9
23.
Post office
9
9
9
‐
‐
24.
Petrol pump
9
9
9
‐
‐
25.
Conveniences
shopping centre
9
9
9
26.
Essential Residential
9
9
Source:
‐
9
9
9
‐
9
‐
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 updated.
8.5.4. Urban Street Vendors
Street vendors188 form a very important segment of the unorganised sector in the
country and it is estimated that in several cities street vendors account for about 2%
of the population. The planning of the urban street vending zones shall be so done so
as to provide for and promote a supportive environment for the vast mass of urban
street vendors to carry out their vocation while at the same time ensuring that their
vending activities do not lead to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in public
spaces and streets.
The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act,
2014 has come into force since March 2014. The Act provides for Town Vending
Committee (TVC), which shall conduct a survey of all existing street vendors every
five years. According to the Act every local authority shall prepare a plan to promote
the vocation of street vendors in consultation with the planning authority and on the
188
The National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2009 defines Street Vendors as ‘a person who offers goods or services for sale to
the public in a street without having a permanent built up structure’. The three basic categories of street vendors are a)
Stationary, b) Peripatetic and c) Mobile.
Street Vending Act, 2014: “Street Vendor” means a person engaged in vending of articles, goods, wares, food items or
merchandise of everyday use or offering services to the general public, in a street, lane, side walk, footpath, pavement, public
park or any other public place or private area, from a temporary built up structure or by moving from place to lace and
includes hawker, peddler, squatter and all other synonyms terms which may be local or region specific; and the words “ street
vending” with their grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall be construed accordingly.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
371
Infrastructure Planning
recommendations of the Town Vending Committee once in every five years. Local
authority can also make byelaws, under the Act, to provide vending zones, regulation
of civic services in the vending zones and other matters.
8.5.4.1. Planning norms for Urban Street Vendors
Master/ Zonal/ Local/ Layout development plans to be ‘inclusive’ and address the
requirements of space for street vending through reservation of space. With the
growth of cities/ towns in response to urbanisation, the statutory plans of every new
area should have adequate provision for Vending 189/ Hawking zones and ‘Vendor
Markets’.
The provision for number of informal units for urban street vendors for different
types of land use categories is given below. It is observed that the informal eating
places mushroom at a faster rate. It is suggested to make provision for 1 informal
eating‐place per 1 lakh population with a space allocation of 2000 sqm (NBC, 2005
part 3)
Table 8.64: Norms for Informal Units for Urban Street Vendors
Sr. No.
Category
No. of Informal Units
1.
Retail Trade
3 to 4 units per 10 formal shops as specified in the norms
1a
Central Business District
1b
Sub central Business District
1c
District Centre
1d
Community Centre
1e
Convenience Shopping Centre
2.
Government and Commercial Offices
5 to 6 units per 1000 employees
3.
Wholesale Trade and Freight Complexes
3‐4 units per 10 formal shops
4.
Hospital
3‐4 units per 100 beds
5.
Bus Terminal
1 unit per 2 bus bays
6.
Schools
6a.
Primary
3‐4 units
6b
Secondary/ Senior Secondary/ Integrated
5‐6 units
7.
Parks
7a.
Regional/ District Parks
8‐10 units at each major entry
7b.
Neighbourhood Parks
2‐3 units
8.
Residential
1 unit/ 1000 population
9.
Industrial
5‐6 units per 1000 employees
10.
Railway terminal
To be based on surveys at the time of preparation of the project
Source:
189
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
“Vending zone” means an area or a place or a location designated as such by the local authority, on the recommendations of
the town vending committee, for the specific use by street vending and includes footpaths, side walk, pavement, embankment,
portions of a street, waiting area for public or any such place considered suitable for vending activities and providing services
to the general public.
372
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
Quantitative Space Norms: Every land use has a carrying capacity ceiling and the
same is true of vendors operating in a clearly demarcated area. Overuse can cause
congestion and reduction of public hygiene. Every city/ town shall evolve its own
quantitative norms after conducting proper surveys and evaluating actual needs. The
principle of ‘Natural markets’ should be followed in designating areas as Vending
Zones and their maximum holding capacity should be determined based on this
principle.
8.5.4.2. Demarcation of Vending Zones
City/ Town Development Plan shall demarcate the zones as ‘Restriction free vending
zones’, ‘Restricted Vending Zones’ and ‘No‐vending zones’. Guidelines for locating
zones:
a) Spatial planning should take into account the natural prosperity of street vendors by providing
locations in response to the patterns of demand for their goods/ services. For this, competent
institutions recommend photographic digitised surveys of street vendors and their locations.
b) A policy for regulating entry of street vendors into the identified street vending zones on time‐
sharing basis shall be formulated by Municipal Authorities.
c) The ‘vendor markets’ may be established at suitable locations keeping in view demand for the
wares/ services of street vendors. Time restrictions on vending should be in accordance with the
need for ensuring non‐congestion of public spaces/ maintaining public hygiene without being ad
hoc, arbitrary or discriminatory. Attempts should be made to provide ample parking areas for
mobile vendors for security of their vehicles and wares at night on payment of suitable fees.
d) Mobile vending should be permitted in all areas even outside the ‘Vendors Markets’, unless
designated as ‘No‐ vending zone’ in the zonal, local area or layout plans. ‘Restricted Vending
zones’ may be notified in terms of both location and time. Locations designated as ‘No vending
zones’ shall be fully justified.
8.5.4.3. Provision of Civic facilities
The following basic civic facilities shall be provided in Vending Zones/ Vendor’s
markets:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Solid waste disposal
Public toilets to maintain cleanliness
Aesthetic design of mobile stalls/ push carts
Electricity
Drinking water
Protective covers to protect wares of street vendors as well as themselves from heat, rain, dust
etc.
g) Storage facilities including cold storage for specific goods like fish, meat and poultry, and
h) Parking areas
The vendor markets should to the extent possible, also provide for crèches, toilets and
restrooms for female and male members.
For other aspects of the street vending norms such as organisation and participative
processes, promotional measures, action plan for stakeholders, monitoring and
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
373
Infrastructure Planning
review etc., the provisions of the policy shall be referred to as updated from time to
time.
8.5.4.4. Small Towns
1) For the general retail shopping requirements, the concept of street/ road side commercial
activity shall be accepted as a policy with certain specific controls such as:
a) No commercial activity along the NH/ SH or any major district road
b) The minimum width of the street to be 12 m, where vehicular movement is permitted to a
limited extent (i.e. only up to 2 wheelers or rickshaw) and the streets with a minimum
width of 4.5 m without vehicular movement may be permitted for road/ street side
commercial activity.
2) It has been generally observed that the service and retail shops emerge along the major roads
and the activities are extended up to the roads in most cases, thereby affecting the smooth flow
of traffic and increasing probability accidents. Thus us, it is suggested that the service centres
shall be provided as a planned component and the sites near the petrol pumps shall be
considered. The exact requirement of the area for service centre will be guided by the
following factors:
a) Vehicular population
b) Villages falling in the influence zone of the towns or, in other words, the service
requirements of the villages in the surrounding areas.
3) The function based commercial requirements such as mandi (vegetables/ grains/ fruits), cattle
markets or any other such specialised markets are to be planned as per the case specific
requirements based on the study of the area.
4) The quantum of commercial activities to be proposed shall be restricted based on locational
attributes and the local need based emergence in its natural growth be permitted.
5) For the newly planned schemes in small towns also, the policy of mixed land use can be
adopted suiting the behaviour pattern of the society.
6) As already dealt in the previous section, the area requirements for commercial activities in
small sized towns works out to be about 0.2 to 0.25 Ha/ 1000 persons on an average, based on
the proposed land use which is governed by the functional character of the town.
8.5.4.5. Medium Town
1) The growth of towns from small to medium sized town through transition phases (50,000 to
100,000) changes the requirements for commercial activities gradually and for a town
exceeding a population of 1 lakh, the extensions start developing in pockets of well‐defined
economic strata of the people and thus it is suggested that the areas predominantly planned
for upper middle groups shall be provided with the planned commercial centres (with
adequate inbuilt provision for informal commercial activities with the commercial centres) at
the rate of 4‐5 formal shops and 2‐3 informal shops per 1000 persons.
2) The requirements for the wholesale trade will be governed by the following factors:
a) Location of the town with respect to large/ metro cities
b) Small towns and villages falling in the direct influence zone of the town for which it has to
act as a distribution centre.
3) As already dealt in the previous section on land use, the area requirements for commercial
activities in medium sized towns works out to be about 0.24 to 0.32 Ha/ 1000 persons on an
average, based on the proposed land use which is governed by the functional character of the
town and the regional imperatives mentioned above.
374
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
8.5.4.6. Large City, Metropolitan City and Megapolis
The average land requirements for commercial activities work out to be 0.4 Ha
per 1000 persons in a range of 0.2 to 0.6 Ha/ 1000 persons depending on the
location of these large cities with respect to metropolitan. Similar
requirements have also been observed in case of metropolitan which are
located in the influence zone of Megapolis; the average land requirement for
commercial activities under this category works out to be about 0.3 Ha/ 1000
persons.
8.5.4.7. Variations for Hill Towns
1) The requirements of commercial activities in hilly areas are mainly limited to
retail activities that are mainly catered by small shops in the residence in non‐
tourist centres. The provision of commercial facilities in tourist centres is to be
reviewed for two major aspects. First, the boarding and lodging requirements
of the tourists and second the informal activities near tourist spots.
2) The requirements for hotels and restaurants can be worked out on the basis of
data on tourist and their growth trends. The informal activities at the tourist
spots are mainly informal eating‐places and other general shops selling local
specialities.
8.6.
Miscellaneous Facilities
8.6.1. Cremation/Burial Ground
Table 8.65: Norms for Cremation/ Burial Ground
Sr. No.
Category
Population served per unit
Min. Land Area Requirement
1.
Electric Crematorium
1 for large size towns
2.00 Ha
2.
Cremation Ground
5 lakh
2.50 Ha
3.
Burial Ground
5 lakh
4.00 Ha
Source:
NBC, 2005.
Other Controls:
1) The site not to be in proximity to residential areas and preferably in urban extension.
8.6.2. Dhobi Ghat
Table 8.66: Norms for Dhobi Ghat
Sr. No.
Category
1.
Dhobi Ghat with appropriate arrangements
for water and drainage facilities.
Population served per
unit
Min. Land Area Requirement
1 Lakh
5000 sqm
It may be ensured that the water bodies are
not polluted as a result of such activities.
Source:
NBC, 2005.
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375
Infrastructure Planning
8.6.3. Mandis and whole‐sale agricultural produce markets
According to the recommendations by National Farmers Commission (2004)190,
availability of regulated Markets should be within 5 km radius (area served approx.
80 sq km) The agricultural produce can be categorised under two heads (a)
Perishable produce consisting of fruits, vegetables and flowers and (b) Non‐
perishable produce consisting of grains and pulses. The planning for the mandisshall
depend upon the following parameters:
Number of food items
Perishability of food items
Volume to be handled
Type of storage/ cool chain facilities.
The mandis shall be preferably adjacent to arterial roads.
The government initiatives for promoting regulated markets are:
3. Direct marketing by promoting farmers’ markets in various forms, such as Apni Mandis in
Punjab, Rythu Bazaars in Andhra Pradesh, UzhavarSanthaiin Tamil Nadu, and Shetkari Bazaar in
Maharashtra, promoted by state agencies.
4. etrading: Various states have adopted the Model APMC Act, which provides for e‐trading. (Pg
16)
5. Terminal market complex: proposed to be implemented through Public Private Partnership
(PPP) mode by establishing the Hub (Main Market) and Spokes (Collection Centres) in the
States who have amended their APMC Act.
8.6.4. Provisions for Livestock
Management Centre
Management/
Animal
In order to ensure primary economic activities and food security, in urban areas and
region, sustainable development of agricultural sector and associated activities is
interdependent. Livestock management and addressing the urban problem of street
animals calls for a dedicated space for its management.
The National Livestock Policy, 2013 provides a policy framework for improving
productivity of the livestock sector in a sustainable manner, taking into account the
provisions of the National Policy of Farmers, 2007 and the recommendations of the
stakeholders, including the States.
The policy recommends the following with respect to urban and regional planning:
1. Inclusive planning of livestock management services such as veterinary institutions, vaccine
and diagnostic production units, semen stations and artificial insemination breeding farms, feed
and fodder production units etc. at regional and community level for generation and delivery of
these services in rural and urban areas.
2. Integrated land use planning with livestock as a component should be encouraged through
Panchayati Raj Institutions to ensure production potential of pastures and grazing community
lands
190
Working group on Agriculture Marketing Infrastructure, Planning Commission, 12th Five Year Plan, pg 8.
376
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
Along with the livestock management, adequate provisions for street animals shall
also be planned for by provision of animal management centres in urban and regional
areas. The other facilities to be provided here are:
Veterinary facilities & hospitals as mentioned before
Gaushala with primary milk packaging facilities
Bio‐degradable solid waste disposal and decomposition facilities
Bio‐gas plants
Open green spaces and nurseries
Essential residential spaces
8.6.5. Norms for Telephone, Postal and Banking facilities
Table 8.67: Norms for Communication facilities
Sr. No
Category
1.
Telephone & communications
Population served per unit
Area Requirement
1a
Telephone exchange of 40,000 lines
4 Lakh
4 Ha
1b
Radio/ TV Station
5 ‐8 lakh
1,700 sqm
1c
Remote subscriber unit (MPD, pg 142)
1 for 3 km radius
300 sqm
2.
Postal
2a.
Post office counter without delivery
(Floor area to be provided in local
shopping centre)
15,000
85 sqm
2b.
Head post office with delivery office
2.5 Lakh
750 sqm
2c.
Head post office and administrative
office
5 Lakh
2500 sqm
3.
Banking
3a.
Bank with extension counters with
ATM facility
15000
i)
Floor area for counters
75 sqm
ii)
Floor area for ATM
6 sqm
3b.
Bank with locker, ATM and other
banking facilities
1 lakh
Source:
NBC, 2005 & Study on Zoning Regulations, TCPO, 2004.
8.7.
Provisions for Hilly Areas
2500 sqm
The provision of Social infrastructure; Police, Civil defence and home guards; Safety;
Commercial Activity and other Miscellaneous Activities for hilly areas shall be general
as given above. However, the following minimum norms shall also be ensured:
Table 8.68: Norms for Hilly Areas
Sr. No.
Category
1.
Education Facilities
Population served
per unit
Distance between
two facilities (km)
Area Range (Ha)
1a
Primary School
4000
1 to 2
0.20 to 0.30
1b
Secondary School (10+2)
15,000
5 to 7
0.30 to 0.50
1c
Industrial Training Centre
‐‐
8 to 12
0.30 to 0.60
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Infrastructure Planning
Category
Population served
per unit
Distance between
two facilities (km)
Area Range (Ha)
1d
College
30,000
8 to 12
2.00 to 3.00
1e
Professional College
30,000
8 to 12
1.00 to 1.50
1f
University
50,000
8 to 12
2.00 to 3.00
Sr. No.
2.
Healthcare Facilities
2a
Dispensary
2500
2 to 4
0.015 to 0.020
2b
Health sub centre
3000
2 to 4
0.025 to 0.067
2c
Family Welfare Centre
5,000
5 to 10
0.025 to 0.050
2d
Maternity Home
15,000
5 to 10
0.025 to 0.050
2e
Nursing Home
15,000
5 to 10
0.050 to 0.075
2f
Primary Health Centre (25 to 50
beds)
20,000
16 to 20
0.105 to 0.210
2g
Hospital (200 to 250 beds)
80,000
16 to 20
0.840 to 2.100
2h
Veterinary Centre
1000
16 to 20
0.050 to 0.100
3.
Other Facilities
3a
Local Convenience Shopping
10,000
2 to 4
0.50 to 0.10
3b
Milk Booth
10,000
2 to 4
0.04
3c
Banquet Hall
10,000
5 to 10
0.10
3d
Religious Buildings
10,000
5 to 10
0.10
3e
Cremation Ground
10,000
5 to 10
0.20
3f
Informal Bazaar
15,000
5 to 10
0.10 to 0.20
3g
Community Welfare Centre
16,000
5 to 7
0.10 to 0.15
4.
Services
4a
Rural post office
1000
1 to 2
‐‐
4b
Rural post office
2000
2 to 4
0.025 to 0.050
4c
Post Office
10,000
5 to 7
0.10 to 0.15
4d
General Post Office
50,000
10 to 15
0.20 to 0.40
4e
Telephone exchange
50,000
10 to 15
0.20 to 0.40
4f
Bank (tribal areas)
10000
16 to 20
0.100 to 0.150
4g
Police Chowki
5000
2 to 4
0.10
4h
Police Station
15000
5 to 10
0.50
4i
Fire Station
50,000
‐‐
0.30 to 0.80
4j
Disaster Management Centre
20,000
5 to 10
1.00
4k
Electric substation (66 kv)
‐‐
‐‐
1.00
4l
Electric substation (11 kv)
‐‐
‐‐
0.05
LPG godown
As per requirement
‐‐
0.15
4m
Source:
378
NBC 2005, TCPO Draft Indian Standard for Development Planning in Hilly Areas.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Infrastructure Planning
8.8.
Access Provisions for the “Differently abled”
The minimum access provisions shall be provided as per ‘Guidelines and Space
Standards for barrier free built environment for disabled and elderly persons’, 1998.
The following provisions shall be provided in various types of buildings:
Table 8.69: Minimum Access provisions for Barrier Free Built Environment
Sr. No.
Type of Building
Minimum Provisions
1.
Single detached, single dwelling
units
A minimum of 2% of the total number of units to be constructed with
barrier free features (adoptable units)
2.
Staff housing, multiple dwelling and
high rise residential units and
tenements
Minimum of 1 unit for every 25 units to be designed for barrier free
built environment
Plus 1 additional unit for every 100 units thereafter.
Entrances and exits to be designed for barrier free accessibility.
3.
Tenement houses, row houses,
apartments and town houses
A minimum of 1 unit for up to 150 units
Plus minimum of 1 additional unit for every 100 units thereafter
Entrances and exits to be designed for barrier free accessibility
4.
Post offices, banks and financial
service institutions
a) A minimum of 1 lowered service counter on the premises.
5.
Shop houses and single storey
shops
Barrier free access to/within shopping area.
6.
Places of worship
Entrances and exits and main area of the worship to be accessible.
7.
Food centres
a) A minimum of 1 table without stools or seats attached to the floor
for every 10 tables.
b) A minimum of 1 lowered ATM/ cash dispersal point on the
premises.
b) A minimum of 2 tables without stools or seats attached to the floor
for the whole premises.
c) Accessible entrance.
8.
Community centres, village halls,
auditoria, concert halls, assembly
halls, cinemas, theatres and other
places of public assembly
a) Accessible entrances, exits, aisles and main community or public
gathering areas.
b) Accessible toilet facilities should be nearby
c) Seating for persons with disabilities to be accessible from main
entrances and lobbies.
d) Various seating/ viewing choice to be provided for persons in
wheelchairs throughout the main seating area.
e) A minimum of 2 wheelchair spaces for seating capacity up to 100
seats.
f) A minimum of 4 wheelchair spaces for seating capacity from over
100 to 400 seats.
Source:
Guidelines and Space Standards for barrier free built environment for disabled and elderly persons, Central Public
Works Department, Ministry of Urban Affairs & Employment, India, 1998.
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Infrastructure Planning
380
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Simplified Development Control Regulations
9
Simplified Development Promotion Regulations
The purpose of the Simplified Development Promotion Regulations is to guide the
formation of zonal and building regulations by State Departments and by Local Urban
Bodies. These regulations, besides prescribing the various provisions, also allow
freedom to adopt appropriate practices in lines with the approach to the human
settlement, both urban and regional. These can be:
Development plans for its zonal planning and building design,
Fire safety provisions,
Environmental and geographical variation,
Protection and improvement of local environment,
Socio‐economic considerations,
Towards the creation of sustainable human settlements.
As per the National Building Codes, 2005, ‘Technological and socio‐economic
developments in recent times have led to remarkable increase in demand for more
and more sophistication in buildings resulting in ever increasing complexities. These
perforce demand high levels of inputs from professionals of different disciplines such
as architecture, civil engineering, structural engineering, functional and life safety
services including special aspects relating to utilities, landscaping, etc in
conceptualization, spatial planning, design and construction of buildings of various
material and technology streams, with due regard to various services including
operation, maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation aspects throughout the service life
of the building.
Apart from the given general regulations, energy efficiency in the building bye‐laws to
be adopted as per Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) was launched by
Ministry of Power in May 2007. It sets minimum performance standards for buildings
to promote energy efficiency. The National Building Code – 2005 focuses on energy
efficiency in the following:
Use of Pozzolona in concrete production
Daylight integration (indoor lighting levels to be met via day lighting)
Artificial lighting requirements for indoor spaces
Ventilation standards (natural and mechanical) for optimal human health and well‐being.
Electrical standards (minimum power factor, allowances for diversity etc)
Select HVAC design norms.
India being a large country with variations from region to region, these regulations
may be followed for the regulating development in the settlement which under no
jurisdiction or in case of absence of any statutory plan to meet the requirements of
different regions of the country.
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Simplified Development Control Regulations
9.1.
Simplified Urban Land use Classification
Table 9.1:
Simplified Urban Land use Classification
Level I
N
AN
1.
R
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
382
C
I
PS
M
P
T
Level II
Use Category
N
AN
Use Zone
Residential
11
R‐1
Primary Residential Zone
12
R‐2
Unplanned/ Informal Residential Zone
21
C‐1
Retail Shopping Zone
22
C‐2
General Business and Commercial District/ Centres
23
C‐3
Wholesale, Godowns, Warehousing/ Regulated
Markets
24
C‐4
Service Sector
25
C‐5
Regulated/ Informal/ Weekly Markets (TCPO Study
on Zoning Regulations)
31
I‐1
Service and Light Industry
32
I‐2
Extensive and Heavy Industry
33
I‐3
Special Industrial Zone ‐ Hazardous, Noxious and
Chemical
41
PS‐1
Govt./ Semi Govt./ Public Offices
42
PS‐2
Govt. Land (use undetermined)
43
PS‐3
Police Headquarter/ Station, Police Line
44
PS‐4
Educational and Research
45
PS‐5
Medical and Health
46
PS‐6
Social Cultural and Religious (inc. Cremation and
Burial Grounds)
47
PS‐7
Utilities and Services
51
M‐1
Mixed Industrial use Zone
52
M‐2
Mixed Residential Zone
53
M‐3
Mixed Commercial Zone
61
P‐1
Playgrounds/ Stadium/ Sports Complex
62
P‐2
Parks & Gardens – Public open spaces
63
P‐3
Multi‐open space (Maidan)
71
T‐1
Roads/ BRTS
72
T‐2
Railways/ MRTS/
73
T‐3
Airport
74
T‐4
Seaports and Dockyards
Commercial
Industry
Public and
Semi‐Public
Mixed Use
Recreational
Transportation
and
Communication
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Development Control Regulations
Level I
N
AN
8.
A
9.
E
10.
S
Level II
Use Category
Primary
Activity
Protective and
Undevelopable Use
Zone
Special Area
N
AN
Use Zone
75
T‐5
Bus Depots/ Truck Terminals and freight Complexes
76
T‐6
Transmission and Communication
81
PA‐1
Agriculture
82
PA‐2
Forest& Horticulture
83
PA‐3
Poultry and Dairy Farming
84
PA‐4
Rural Settlements
85
PA‐5
Brick Kiln and Extractive Areas
86
PA‐6
Others (fishing, pottery etc.)
91
E‐1
Water Bodies
92
E‐2
Special Recreation Zone / Protective Areas such as
sanctuaries/ reserve forests and Eco‐sensitive zone
93
E‐3
Undevelopable Use Zone
101
S‐1
Old Built‐up (Core) Area
102
S‐2
Heritage and Conservation Areas
103
S‐3
Scenic Value Areas
104
S‐4
Government Restricted Area (such as Defence)
105
S‐5
Other Uses/ Spot Zone*
N: Numeric Code
A‐N: Alpha Numeric Code
Source: UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 & various sources including Study on Zoning Regulation, TCPO, 2004.
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Overall, there could be 43 use zones at the Development Plan level within 10 land use
categories at the Perspective Plan level as given in the above table.
Areas of informal activities may be identified in the above land use categories at Level II for 1
to 7 Level I Use Zones only.
Mixed use zone shall be identified at the Development Plan level, having dominant use and
mixed use.
Use permissions for different activities, as specified in the next section on Simplified Use Zone
Regulations can be provided at the project/action plan level or with the approval of the
Statutory Authority as the case may be.
*The process of changing/relaxing/modifying land use of part or “Spot” of a “zone” in a
particular land use is termed as “Spot Zoning”. Spot Zoning can be done for comparatively
smaller area in a particular land use zone in such a way that it does not affect the overall
Development Plan.
Use zone regulations for the use permissibility (from the suggestive list) could be decided by
the town planner depending upon the requirement/ feasibility.
Appropriate code in terms of both numerical and alphabetic (letter) are provided to facilitate
the reference and to have a simplified procedure to follow.
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Simplified Development Control Regulations
9.2.
Simplified Urban Land use Zoning Regulations
Buildings and premises listed below are ‘Permitted’ normally on specific
sites/locations forming part of the Regional Plan, Development plan, LAPs, Annual
plan and Projects. However, this is a suggested list which could be further enhanced
or reduced, as the case may be, depending on the size of the city/town, characteristics
and other relevant factors. The list also contains the buildings/premises which could
be allowed on an application to the Competent Authority if such sites do not form part
of the Regional Plan, Development plan, LAPs, Annual plan and Projects. Such
use/activity is termed as ‘Restricted’. The uses/activities which are otherwise not
allowed in a particular use zone are termed as ‘Prohibited’. The activities shall be
proposed in the land use based on its compatibility with surrounding land uses and
width of the approach road as the case may be.
1) RESIDENTIAL (R)
The Residential Use Zone can be subdivided into
1. Primary Residential Zone: R1
2. Unplanned/ Informal residential Zone: R2
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Residential land use zone shall
be as given below:
Residence – plotted, (detached, semi‐detached and row housing) group housing
houses, residential flat, residential‐cum‐work, hostels, boarding and lodging
(accommodation for transit employees of Govt./ Local Bodies) houses, barat ghar/
marriage hall, community hall, old age home, police post, guest houses, crèches, day
care centre, convenience shopping centres, local (retail shopping), medical clinic,
dispensaries, nursing home and health centres (20 bed), dispensary for pets and
animals, professional offices, educational buildings: (nursery, primary, high school,
college), school for mentally/ physically challenged, research institutes, community
centres, religious premises , library, gymnasium, park/tot‐lots, plant nursery,
technical training centre, yoga centres/health clinics, exhibition and art gallery, clubs,
banks/ ATM, police stations, taxi stand/three wheeler stands, bus stops, electrical
distribution depot, water pumping station, post offices, hostels of non‐commercial
nature, kindergartens, public utilities and buildings except service and storage yards.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Dharamshala, foreign missions, night shelters, petrol pumps, motor vehicle repairing
workshop/garages, household industry, bakeries and confectionaries, storage of LPG
gas cylinders, burial‐grounds, restaurants and hotels, printing press, go‐
downs/warehousing, bus depots without workshop, cinema hall, auditoriums,
markets for retail goods, weekly markets (if not obstructing traffic circulation and
open during non‐working hours), informal markets, multipurpose or junior technical
shops, transient visitors camp, municipal, state and central government offices.
384
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Uses/Activities Prohibited
Heavy, large and extensive industries : noxious, obnoxious and hazardous industries,
warehousing, storage go‐downs of perishables, hazardous, inflammable goods,
workshops for buses etc., slaughter‐housing wholesale mandis, hospitals treating
contagious diseases, sewage treatment plant/disposal work, water treatment plant,
solid waste dumping yards, outdoor games stadium, indoor games stadium, shooting
range, zoological garden, botanical garden, bird sanctuary, picnic hut, international
conference centre, courts, sports training centre, reformatory, district battalion office,
forensic science laboratory.
2) COMMERCIAL USE (C)
The Commercial zone can be subdivided into
1. Retail Shopping Zone: C1
2. General Business and Commercial District/ Centres: C2
3. Wholesale, Go‐downs, Warehousing/ Regulated markets: C3
4. Service Sector: C4 and
5. Regulated/ Informal/ Weekly markets: C5
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Commercial land use zone shall
be as given below:
Permitted Use/Activity
Shops, convenience/neighbourhood shopping centre, local shopping centres,
professional offices, work places/offices, banks, stock exchange/financial institution,
bakeries and confectionaries, cinema hall/theatre, malls, banquet halls, guest houses,
restaurants, hotels, weekly market, petrol pumps, go‐downs and warehousing,
general business, wholesale, residential plot‐group housing, hostel/boarding housing,
hostel, banks/ ATM, restaurants, auditoriums, colleges, nursing homes/medical
clinics, pet clinics, religious places, offices/work places, commercial centres,
research/training institute, commercial service centres/garages/workshop,
baratghar/night shelter, weekly/formal markets, library, parks/open space, museum,
police stations/post, taxi stand/three wheeler stands, parking site, post offices,
government/ institutional offices, telephone exchange/centres, warehousing and
covered storage, research institutions.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Non‐pollution, non‐obnoxious light industries, warehousing/storage go‐downs of
perishable, inflammable goods, coal, wood, timber yards, bus and truck depots, gas
installation and gas works, poly‐techniques and higher technical institutes, junk
yards, water treatment plant, railway yards/stations, sports/stadium and public
utility installation, hotel and transient visitor’s homes, religious buildings, hospitals
and nursing homes.
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Simplified Development Control Regulations
Uses/Activities Prohibited
Dwellings except those of service apartment, essential operational, watch and ward
personnel, heavy, extensive, noxious, obnoxious, hazardous and extractive industrial
units, hospitals/research laboratories treating contagious diseases, poultry
farms/dairy farms, slaughter‐houses, sewage treatment/disposal sites, agricultural
uses, storage of perishable and inflammable commodities, quarrying of gravel, sand,
clay and stone, zoological garden, botanical garden, bird sanctuary, picnic hut,
international conference centre, courts, sports training centre, reformatory, district
battalion office, forensic science laboratory and all other activities which may cause
nuisance and are noxious and obnoxious in nature.
3) INDUSTRIAL USE ZONE
The Industrial Use Zone can be subdivided into
1. Service and Light Industry: I 1
2. Extensive and Heavy Industry: I 2
3. Special Industrial Zone – Hazardous, Noxious and Chemical: I 3
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Industrial land use zone shall be
as given below:
Permitted Use/Activity
Residential building for essential staff and for watch and ward personnel, all kind of
industries, public utilities, parking, loading, unloading spaces, warehousing, storage
and depot of non‐perishable and non‐inflammable commodities and incidental use,
cold storage and ice factory, gas go‐downs, cinema, bus terminal, bus depot and
workshop, wholesale business establishments, petrol filling stations with garage and
service stations, parks and playgrounds, medical centres, restaurants.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Noxious, obnoxious and hazardous industries except storage of perishable and
inflammable goods, junkyards, sports/stadium/playgrounds, sewage disposal works,
electric power plants, service stations, cemeteries, government/semi‐
government/private business offices, bank and financial institutions, helipads,
hospitals/medical centres, religious buildings, taxi stands, gas installations and gas
works, animal racing or riding stables, workshops/garages, dairy and farming,
quarrying of gravel, sand, clay or stone.
Prohibited Uses/Activities
Residential dwellings other than those essential operational, service and watch and
ward staff, schools and colleges, hotels, motels and caravan parks, recreational sports
or centres, other non‐industrial related activities, religious buildings, irrigated and
sewage farms, major oil depot and LPG refilling plants, commercial office, educational
institutions, social buildings.
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4) PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC USE ZONE (PS)
The Public and Semi Public use zone can be sub divided into
1. Govt./ Semi Govt. / Public Offices: PS 1
2. Govt. land use: PS 2
3. Police Headquarter/ Station. Police line: PS 3
4. Educational and Research: PS 4
5. Medical and Health: PS 5
6. Socio Cultural and Religious (incl. Cremation and Burial Grounds: PS 6 and
7. Utilities and Services: PS 7
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Public and Semi Public use zone
shall be as given below:
Permitted Uses/Activities
Government offices, central, state, local and semi government, public undertaking
offices, defence court, universities and specialised educational institute, polytechnic,
colleges, schools, nursery and kindergarten (not to be located near hospital or health
care facility), research and development centres, social and welfare centres, libraries,
social and cultural institutes, religious buildings/centres, conference halls,
community halls, barat ghar, dharamshala, guest house, museum/art galleries,
exhibition centres, auditoriums, open air theatre, recreational club, playground,
banks, police station/police posts, police lines, police headquarters, jails, fire
stations/fire posts, post and telegraph, public utilities and buildings, solid waste
dumping grounds/sites, post offices, local state and central government offices and
use for defence purposes, bus and railway passenger terminals, public utility and
buildings, local municipal facilities, uses incidental to government offices and for their
use, monuments, radio transmitter and wireless stations, telecommunication centre,
telephone exchange, hospitals, health centres, nursing homes, dispensaries and clinic.
Restricted Activities/Uses
Residential flat and residential plot for group housing for staff employees, hostels,
water supply installations, sewage disposal works, service stations, railway
stations/yards, bus/truck terminals, burial grounds, cremation grounds and
cemeteries/graveyards, warehouse/storage godowns, helipads, commercial
uses/centres, other uses/ activities.
5) Prohibited Uses/Activities
Heavy, extensive and other obnoxious, hazardous industries, slaughter‐houses, junk
yards, wholesale mandis, dairy and poultry farms, farm‐houses, workshop for
servicing and repairs, processing and sale of farm product and uses not specifically
permitted herein.
6) MIXED USE ZONE (M)
The Mixed‐use Zone can be subdivided into
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Simplified Development Control Regulations
1. Mixed Industrial use: M1
2. Mixed Residential use: M2
3. Mixed Commercial use: M3
The activities permissible, restricted and prohibited shall as given below.
Permitted Uses/Activities
In M1 Zone activities falling within non‐ polluting industry/ service industry
(dominant landuse) categories can coexist with maximum up to 20‐30% of
commercial, institutional, recreational and residential land use.
In M2 Zone all activities falling within permitted residential land use (dominant
landuse) shall be minimum 60% and to coexist with commercial, institutional,
recreational.
In M3 Zone all activities falling within permitted commercial, institutional land use
(dominant landuse) shall be minimum 60% and to coexist with residential,
recreational and non‐ polluting and household industry.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Activities related to commercial, institutional and residential landuse in M1 Zone and
non‐polluting industrial landuse in M2 Zone can be increased to between 20‐50%
depending on the contextual and locational feasibility of the area.
Prohibited Uses/Activities
All other activities especially industrial which are polluting in nature and which will
have an adverse impact on the overall activities of this zone
Note: Mixed landuse to be well defined by the Development control body by
prescribing the limits on the use of activity based on the abutting road width,
compatible uses, plots size, ground coverage, FAR/FSI, density, any other urban
design guideline.
7) RECREATIONAL USE ZONE (P)
The Recreational Use Zone can be subdivided into
1. Playgrounds/ Stadium/ Sports Complex: P1
2. Parks and Gardens – Public open spaces: P2 and
3. Multi‐open space (Maidan): P3
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Recreational Use Zone shall be
as given below:
Permitted Uses/Activities
Regional parks, district parks, playgrounds, children traffic parks,
botanical/zoological garden, bird sanctuary, clubs, stadiums (indoor), outdoor
stadiums with/ without health centre for players and staff, picnic huts, holiday
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resorts, shooting range, sports training centres, specialized parks/maidans for
multiuse, swimming pool, special recreation and special educational areas, , library,
public utilities.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Building and structures ancillary to use permitted in open spaces and parks such as
stand for vehicles on hire, taxis and scooters, bus and railway passenger terminals,
facilities such as police post, fire post, post and telegraph office, commercial use of
transit nature like cinema, circus and other shows, public assembly halls, restaurants
and caravan parks, sports stadium, open air cinemas.
Prohibited Uses/Activities
Any building or structure which is not required for open air recreation, dwelling unit
except for watch and ward personnel and uses not specifically permitted therein.
8) TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION USE ZONE (T)
The transport and communication use zone can be sub divided into
1. Roads/ BRTS: T 1
2.Railway/ MRTS: T 2
3.Airport: T 3
4.Seaports/ Dockyard: T4
5.Bus depots/ truck terminals and freight complexes: T5
6.Transmission and Communication T 6
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Transport and Communication
use zone shall be as given below:
Permitted Uses/Activities
Road transport terminals (bus terminals and depots), goods terminals, parking areas,
circulations, airports‐building and infrastructure, truck terminal, motor garage,
workshop, repair and repair shop and facilities such as night shelter, boarding house,
banks, restaurants, booking offices, transmission centre, wireless station, radio and
television station, observatory and weather office.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Any other use/activity incidental to transport and communication, residential
dwelling units for essential staff and watch and ward personnel.
Prohibited Uses/Activities
Use/activity not specifically permitted herein. In vicinity of airports: butcheries,
tanneries and solid waste disposal sites shall be prohibited within 10 km from the
Aerodrome Reference Point (ARP)
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9) PRIMARY ACTIVITY USE ZONE
Primary Activity can be sub divided into
1. Agriculture: PA 1
2.Forest: PA 2
3.Poultry and dairy farming: PA 3
4.Rural settlements: PA 4
5.Brick kiln and extractive areas: PA 5
6.Others (fishing, pottery etc.): PA 6
The activities Permitted, Restricted and Prohibited in Primary Activity zone shall be
as given below:
Permitted Uses/Activities
Dwelling for the people engaged in the farm (rural settlement), farm‐houses and
accessory buildings, agriculture, horticulture and forestry, poultry, piggeries and
dairy farm, cottage industries, storage, processing and sale of farm produce, petrol
and other fuel filling stations, fishing, public utility and facility buildings.
Restricted Uses/Activities
Farm houses, extensive industry, brick kilns, sewage disposal works, electric power
plant, quarrying of gravel, sand, clay or stone, service industries accessory to
obnoxious and hazardous industries, school and library, temple, churches, mosques
and other religious buildings, milk chilling stations and pasteurisation plants.
Prohibited Uses/Activities
Residential use except those ancillary uses permitted in agricultural use zone, heavy
extensive, noxious, obnoxious and hazardous industries, any activity which is creating
nuisance and is obnoxious in nature.
10)
PROTECTED AND UNDEVELOPABLE USE ZONE
The protective and undevelopable use zone shall be sub divided into
1. Water bodies: E1
2. Special Recreation Zone / Protective Areas such as sanctuaries/ reserve forests and Eco‐
sensitive zone: E2
3. Undevelopable use zone: E3
Undevelopable use zone shall be identified as all earthquake/landslide prone, cliffs
and environmentally hazardous area, areas adjacent to fault lines, areas with slope
higher than 45 degree (NBC), flood plain and areas adjacent to major drainage lines191
for general guidance, other areas identified by State Disaster Management Authority
and all the environmentally sensitive areas.
191
Aizawl Master Plan
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URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
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EcoSensitive Zones: Guidelines for declaration of Eco‐sensitive zones around
National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, has provided the extent of eco‐sensitive
zones as following:
Many of the existing protected areas have already undergone tremendous
development in close vicinity to their boundaries. Some of the protected areas
actually lying in the urban setup (Eg. Guindy National Park, Tamil Naidu, Sanjay
Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra, etc.). Therefore, defining the extent of the eco‐
sensitive zones around protected areas will have to be kept flexible and protected
area specific. The width of the eco‐sensitive zone and type of regulations will differ
from protected area to protected area. However, as a general principle the width
of the eco‐sensitive zone could go up‐to 10 Kms around a protected area as
provided in the Wildlife Conservation Strategy‐2002.
In case where sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important patches,
crucial for landscape linkages, are even beyond 10 Kms width, these should be
included in the eco‐sensitive zone.
Further, even in context of a particular protected area, the distribution of an area
of eco‐sensitive zone and the extant of regulation may not be uniform all around
and it could be of variable width and extent.
11)
SPECIAL AREAS (S)
In addition to the various uses/activities, permitted, restricted on application to the
Competent Authority and prohibited, listed under various use zones, zone may also be
specified keeping in view the special characteristic of such areas/pockets. This may
comprise of old built‐up areas having mixed land use: S1, areas of historical or
archaeological importance having historical monuments and architecturally
important buildings: S2, areas of scenic value: S3, which need to be preserved without
spoiling the character by putting up various kinds of structures, the area restricted for
development by Government: S4, or it may be area under other uses/ spot zones: S5.
Therefore, it is necessary that use/activity permissibility in special areas should be
carefully thought of in the development plan while formulated, keeping in view the
predominant and compatible activities of a specific use, of which such a special area is
a part of.
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9.3.
Plot Requirement Regulations in Land use zones
9.3.1. Means of Access192
Every building/plot shall abut on a public/private means of access like streets /roads.
A. Residential Buildings
Plots which do not abut on street /road shall be provided with minimum width corresponding
to the length of the means of access as given in table below:
Table 9.2: Width and Length of Means of Access for Residential Plots
Width of Means of
Access (m)
Length of Means of
Access (m)
1.
6.0
75
2.
7.5
150
3.
9.0
250
4.
12.0
400
5.
18.0
1000
6.
24.0
Above 1000
Sr. No.
Source:
Other Controls
¾ Development on plot shall not be permitted
without a minimum 6m width of access road.
¾ If development is only on one side of the means of
access, the prescribed widths may be reduced by
1m in each case.
NBC, 2005.
B. Other Buildings
For plot development of uses other than residential, the following minimum width
corresponding to the length of the means of access shall be followed:
Table 9.3: Width and Length of Means of Access for plots other than residential
Width of Means of
Access (m)
Length of Means of
Access (m)
1.
12.0
200
2.
15.0
400
3.
18.0
600
4.
24.0
above 600
Sr. No.
Source:
Other Controls
¾ The width of the means of access shall not be less
than the internal access ways in layouts and
subdivision.
NBC, 2005.
Other Controls:
1) Pathway: Approach to a building from Public Street/ road/ means of access shall be through a
paved pathway of minimum width 1.5 m, provided its length is not more than 30 m.
2) No premises other than highway amenities like petrol pumps, motels etc. shall have direct
access from highways and other roads minimum width of 52 m.
3) For high rise buildings and buildings other than residential, the following additional
provisions shall be ensured:
a) The width of the abutting main street shall not be less than 12 m and one end of this street
shall join another street not less than 12 m in width.
b) The approach to the building and open spaces on all sides upto 6 m width and the layout
shall be done in consultation with Chief Fire Officer of the city.
c) The main entrance to the plot shall be of minimum 6 m width to allow easy access to fire
engine.
192
NBC 2005 Part 3, Pg 13.
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9.3.2. Area and Height Limitations193
The limitation of area and height of buildings shall be specified in terms of Floor Area
Ratio (FAR). The FAR shall take into account the following aspects:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Population Density
Occupancy Class
Types of construction
Width of street fronting the building and the traffic load
Locality where the building is proposed and the density
Parking facilities
Local firefighting facilities
Water supply and drainage facilities
Earth prone zone
Land use zone
Carrying capacity (estimated population on above based inputs)
9.3.2.1. Model for Flexible FAR194
Normally maximum permissible FAR’s are specified for various use premises in the
Master Plan. No construction beyond permissible FAR is allowed except additional
5% which may be compounded i.e. permitted with penalties generally to
accommodate construction deficiency. Since the allotment is based on FAR’s and it is
generally revised upwards over a period of time as part of extensive modification to
the Master Plan, the concept of “additional FAR charges” is provided for (for the
difference between the FAR at the time of allotment and the permissible FAR) with a
view to recover part of the cost for augmentation of essential services.
With a view to provide flexibility and also to utilize the scarce urban land optimally
additional FAR, as provided in the Master Plan may also be examined on a site based
upon its Additional FAR Factor which is a product of ‘creativity’ and ‘context’.
Creativity can be defined by design parameters such as urban form, parking
provision, pedestrian safety, concern for the poor through induced informal
activities, and provisions for evacuation during an emergency due to disaster
(for example, Delhi falls in the Zone 5). It also includes the impact of the design on
essential services and environment. As a principle, the additional FAR should not
result in a negative impact on the essential services and environment.
Locational attributes, of the site being assigned additional FAR, refer to its location
with respect to land use as given in the approved Master/Zonal/Layout Plan (as the
case may be), accessibility, level of congestion on the approach road, and nearness to
a heritage building (if any).
193
NBC 2005 part 3 Pg 26.
194
Source: An Innovative Approach to Structured Spatial Transformation: Case‐ Delhi, Dr. S.P. Bansal, Journal Spatio‐economic
Development Record (SDR) Volume‐19, No. 1, Jan‐Feb., 2012.
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Taking into account the creativity and context the Additional FAR Factor of a site can
be expressed as:
Additional FAR Factor
=
Creativity x context
=
design parameters x locational attributes
=
a+b+c+d+e m.n.o.p. ……………………… (1)
x+y
Where:
a = Parking provision value
b = Disaster emergency provision value
c = Urban Form value
d = Pedestrian Safety value
e = Induced informal activities value
x = Impact on essential services value
y = Impact on environment value
m = Land Use value
n = Accessibility (Right of way of the approach road) value
o = Congestion (Mobility index in terms of travel speed) value
p = Heritage Value
Assignment of Values
For finding the Additional FAR Factor, the various values are assigned in the Equation
(1) on the following basis:
a = Parking provision: Based on design efficiency of parking provisions made. If
parking provisions are made over and above the norms then it could be 0.2; if as per
norms 0.1 & if less than norms it would be 0.
b = Disaster emergency provision value: For disaster emergency evacuation
arrangements made in the design. The value may be given as 0.2 if all the
considerations for safety & disaster management in terms of fire, seismic, cyclone etc.
incorporated. If partially incorporated than value could be 0.1 & if not incorporated it
would be 0.
c = Urban Form value: Based on height and urban form. The value depending upon
the location & expenditure on work of art @ at least 2% of the project cost and
fulfillment of all the social corporate responsibility it could be 0.2, if partially fulfilled
it could be 0.1 & if not addressed it may be 0.
d = Pedestrian Safety value: Depending on the pedestrian safety considerations
made in the design. If the design has made all the provisions for conflict free
pedestrian movement as well as barrier free movement for physically challenged the
value could be 0.2; if partial provisions are made 0.1 and if no provisions made it
could be 0.
e = Induced informal activities value: Depending on the induced informal activity
and design considerations made. If spaces for various informal sector activities e.g.
taxi stand, petty trades, servicing etc. are provided the value could be 0.2; if partial
provisions are made it could be 0.1 & if no provisions are made it would be 0.
x = Impact on essential services value: (e.g. water, waste water, power, waste
management etc.): If the design offers positive impacts the value could be between
0.4 to 0.5; if there are no impacts (i.e. business as usual) the value be 0.5’ and if the
impacts are negative the value would be between 0.5 to 0.6.
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y = Impact on environment value: (In terms of carbon credits and green building
design concepts): If the impacts are positive the value could be between 0.4 to 0.5; if
there are no impacts (i.e. business as usual) the value be 0.5; and if there are negative
impacts it would be between 0.5 to 0.6.
m = Land Use value: For ‘river bed’, ‘regional park/ridge’ & ‘LBZ area’ the value may
be 0, for other conforming land uses it could be 1; and in case of ‘redevelopment’,
‘facility corridor’ and ‘TOD area’ with conforming land use the value could be 1.5.
n = Accessibility (Right of way of the approach road) value: For roads less than
18 mts. the value could be considered at 0, for roads between 18 to 30 mtr. it is to be
0.5; and for roads above 30 mtr. the value could be as 1.
o = Congestion (Mobility index in terms of travel speed on the approach road)
value: If it is less than 10 km/h. it may be taken as 0, if the speed is between 10 to 15
km/h it may be 0.5 and if it is 25 km/h or more it may be considered as 1.
p = Heritage Value: If the distance between the location and the protected
monument is less than 100 mtr. the value is 0, if the distance between plot and
protected monument is between 100‐300 mtr. it is 0.5 and if it more than 300 mtr.
the value is 1.
Example
As per MPD‐2021 for ‘hospital – B (201500 bed)’ Master Plan provides coverage of 30% +
additional 5% for multi level parking (not to be included in FAR), FAR 200 and height of 37 mtr.,
parking standard @ 2 ECS/ sqmt. of floor area. In view of repeated request of hospital industry for
grant of higher FAR to cope up with the rising cost of providing specialized health care and to make
the construction and operation of hospitals viable; location specific request for additional FAR could be
examined using the above formula. If the hospital plot is located in River Bed, Regional Park or LBZ
area or it faces road less than 18 mtr. in any other area, where the travel speed is less than 10 km/h
and the plot is at a distance less than 100 mtr. from notified protected monument; the request for
additional FAR can be rejected as the value of m, n, o and p would be zero and the net additional FAR
factor would be zero too. However, in other circumstances based on the location where the value of is
not zero and the design parameters are worked out in such a way that the maximum permissible value
of m, n, o and p are scored i.e. a, b, c, d and e each has a value of 0.2 and the value of x and y are 0.4
each, the additional FAR factor could be maximum i.e. and the value of x & y are 0.4 each could be 1.25
(1÷0.8) at any location or 1.87 (1.25×1.5) at location forming part of ‘redevelopment’, ‘TOD’ & facility
corridor’, thereby with the permissible FAR could be raised to 250 or 374, instead of 200 as assigned
in the Master Plan. This, however, would be subject to seeking all mandatory clearances from the
concerned statutory bodies, NOC from local service providing agencies and depositing an additional
FAR charge as per rules.
Source: Dr. S.P. Bansal
9.3.2.2.
Model for Purchaseable FAR195
Provision of purchasable FAR in Group Housing, Commercial, Institutional, Industrial,
Sport and amusement complex, recreational greens and Low Density Sports plot may
be considered, where:
(i)
The Plots exist on ‘24mtrs. and above’ wide road.
(ii) The construction has not started, or
(iii) The allottee wants to construct a new additional building within the limits of
permissible ground coverage, or
(iv) The allottee wants to construct new building on the vacant plot, or
195
Source: The Greater NOIDA Industrial Area Development Regulations, 2010
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(v)
The allottee has already constructed building within purchasable F.A.R limits,
or
(vi) Purchaseable F.A.R may be allowed on minimum 18.0mtrs. road width and
above road width for institutional and industrial use.
Explanation: The Purchasable FAR shall be allowed up to the maximum limit of the
applicable FAR in the Building Regulations.
Purchasable FAR shall be allowed with the following provision/ conditions:
(i) No construction shall be allowed beyond the limit of maximum permissible ground Coverage.
(ii) Parking facilities shall be provided within the plot as per the provisions of the building bylaws.
(iii) No objection certificate from the Airport Authority of India/ Competent Authority shall be
obtained for the height of the building.
(iv) Structure design duly checked and verified by the I.I.T/ N.I.T./ Government Engineering College
shall be submitted along with the proposal in case where additional floors are being proposed.
(v) No objection certificate from Fire Safety and Environmental Clearance shall be obtained from the
Competent Authorities.
(vi) Purchasable FAR shall be applicable only on the basis of assessment of planned and available
physical infrastructure.
(vii) Use of purchaseable FAR shall be governed by the terms and conditions of lease deed.
(viii) In case where purchasable FAR is allowed, the Authority shall permit increase in the height of
building as per requirement.
(ix) Additional Proportionate residential units shall be allowed on the purchaseable FAR for Group
Housing.
Note:‐
(i) Purchasable FAR is an enabling provision. It shall not be allowed to any Allottee as a matter of right.
(ii) With the consideration of Traffic density, conditions of approach road, availability of physical
infrastructure, distance from the protected area and heritage sites or in the light of planning the
Authority may identify the zones/ areas where purchasable FAR shall not be allowed.
(iii) In case of mixed land use permitted in any pocket/plot:
(a) Permissible FAR for various uses shall be as applicable for respective use including the
purchasable FAR
(b) The total FAR in the pocket/plot shall be subject to the overall permissible FAR for the
pocket/plot.
(c) Purchasable FAR shall be calculated on the basis of the FAR of the individual uses within that
pocket/plot.
Calculation Method for the rate of charges of Purchasable FAR:
Rate assessment for purchasable FAR shall be calculated in proportion to the land requirement for
additional built up area. The Fraction of land value shall be charged from the allottee on the basis of
following formula:‐
C=Le x Rc x P
C=Charge
Le=Proportionate Land required against purchasable FAR , i.e. Fp x 100/FAR
Fp = Allowed Additional covered area (sq.mt.) as per purchasable FAR.
FAR=Permissible Floor Area Ratio as per Building Regulations.
Rc= Prevailing sector rate or allotment rate of related plot (on the basis of auction/sealed bid)
whichever is higher.
P=Value of purchasable Factor is as follows:‐
Group Housing =0.40
Commercial =0.60
Institutional /Institutional green* =0.30
Industrial =0.30
Green/sport/recreational Areas =0.20
Note:‐
*(i) The purchasable FAR in institutional green plot shall only be permissible for the institutional use in
the plot.
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(ii) The purchaseable FAR shall be allowed to a maximum permissible FAR allowed for the particular
use above the constructed building. If the allottee has done the construction before sanctioning, the
compounding charges of un‐sanctioned area shall be payable at the rate of Rs. 200/‐per sqmts. These
compounding charges shall be over and above the fee charged for purchaseable FAR. In case of the
construction is beyond the limit of purchasable F.A.R the allottee will have to first remove the extra
construction beyond permitted F.A.R., then allottee may be allowed the extra purchasable F.A.R.
(iii) The Authority may also allow additional ground coverage with purchaseable F.A.R upto the
maximum limit of 40% in commercial plots of more than 5000 sq. mtr. area on the basis of additional
charges.
Additional Charges for Purchasable Ground Coverage shall be calculated as follows:
C= L x 0.30 x R
C= Cost of additional purchasable ground coverage
L= Land required under ground cover for additional ground coverage
R= Rate of land per sq.mt.( current reserve price or auction/ bid/allotment rate whichever is higher)
0.30 is a constant factor for purchasable ground coverage.
However, additional coverage will not considered in the setback area
9.3.2.3.
Model for Floating FAR:
The state of Andhra Pradesh has adopted floating FAR concept. The method is to allow development by
restricting/ regulating height of the building width of abutting road and plot sizes. This method is
based on the carrying capacity analysis of the infrastructure planned. In keeping with the norm in the
provision of infrastructure adjusted to the percentage, plot owners are permitted to use the additional
FAR on payment basis.
Basis for increasing FAR: Carrying Capacity analysis tool is useful to rationalise fixation of FAR
including increase in given FAR. Two major determining factors should be considered:
4. V/C (V= volume, C= capacity)
V/C: optimum level is 0.8; it can be relaxed up‐to 0.9. Above 0.9 is dysfunctional and 1.0 is not
desirable.
5. LPCD of piped water supply
Litres per capita per day (LPCD): the planned LPCD should be as per the minimum of norm is 135 LPCD
set. However, the density to be capped by the Development/ Master Plan as per the threshold.
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9.3.3. Minimum Setbacks
The setbacks in a building layout are provided subject to requirements of building
height, the ventilation and fire safety requirements. Setbacks can be provided in two
ways, i.e;
1) Based on plot sizes
2) Based on abutting road widths.
These two methods as described below may be adopted for providing setbacks. However, the
provisions shall also confirm to the local building bye-laws.
9.3.3.1. Setbacks based on Plot Sizes
The following table may be referred for deciding the minimum setbacks for different
size plots in various use zones. The size of plots should be decided after taking into
account the provisions of National Housing Policy and Urban Land (Ceiling and
regulation) Act. The setbacks, if necessary, may be changed depending upon the local
situations and specified in the Development Plans and Building byelaws. Details
indicated in UDPFI Guidelines 1996 continue to be valid and are presented in the
table below.
Table 9.4:
Minimum Setbacks
Sr. No. Plot Size (in sqm)
Front (m)
Rear (m)
Side (m)
Side (m)
Plains
Hill Towns
Plains
Hill Towns
1.
Upto 60
0
0
2
0
1.5
2.
Above 60 and upto 150
3
0
2
0
1.5
3.
Above 150 & upto 300
3
3
3
0
1.5
4.
Above 300 & upto 500
3
3
3
3
3
5.
Above 500 & upto 1000
6
3
3
3
3
6.
Above 1000 & upto 2000
9
3
3
3
3
7.
Above 2000 & upto 4000
9
6
6
6
6
8.
Above 4000 & upto 10000
9
6
6
6
6
9.
Above 10000
15
9
9
9
9
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines 1996.
Notes:
1) In case the permitted coverage is not achieved with setbacks, the setbacks of the preceding
category may be followed.
2) In case a layout is sanctioned with more than the minimum prescribed setbacks, the same shall
be followed in the sanction of the building plans.
3) The building plan sanctioning authority may relax setbacks in special circumstances.
4) In case of Compact city planning, the margins to be altered upto at least 50%.
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9.3.3.2. Setbacks with respect to Abutting Road Width196
The norms for setback, as per National Building Code, are indicated in the following
tables:
A. Front Setback
Table 9.5: Front Setbacks with respect to Abutting Road Width
Sr. No.
Front Setback (m)
Width of street fronting the plot (m)
Remarks
1.
1.5
Upto 7.5
For buildings upto a maximum height of 7 m
2.
3.0
7.5 to 18
3.
4.5
18 to 30
4.
6.0
Above 30
Source:
NBC 2005.
Note: For streets less than 7.5 m in width, the distance of the building (building line) shall be at least
5m from the centre line of the street.
B. Rear and Side setback for building height upto 10 m
Rear setback: the rear setback shall be minimum 1.8 m
Side setback: the side setback shall be as follows:
For detached buildings: Minimum 3m on both sides,
For semi‐detached buildings: Minimum 3 m on one side,
For row type buildings: No side setback is required.
C. Rear and Side setback for building heights above 10 m
Table 9.6:
Rear and side setback with respect to abutting road width
Sr. No.
Height of Buildings (m)
Side and rear setbacks (m)
1.
10
3
2.
15
5
3.
18
6
4.
21
7
5.
24
8
6.
27
9
7.
30
8.
Other Controls
¾
For buildings above 24 m in height, the
minimum front setback shall be 6 m.
¾
Where rooms do not derive light and
ventilation from the exterior open space,
the width of such space shall be reduced
by 1 m subject to a minimum of 3 m and
maximum of 8m.
¾
10
Alternative setbacks for tower like
structures
35
11
o
9.
40
12
Upto height of 24 m with one setback:
Minimum 6m
10.
45
13
o
Between 24 m and 37.5 m with one
setback: Minimum 9 m
11.
50
14
o
12.
55 and above
16
Above 37.5 m with two setbacks:
Minimum 12 m
Source:
NBC, 2005.
Note: The building plan sanctioning authority may relax setbacks in special circumstances and
increase in case of compact city and TOD development.
196
NBC 2005 part 3 Pg 23.
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9.3.4. Activities permissible in open area197
The open areas provided in the buildings can be used for the following permissible
activities:
a.
Garden, rockery, water well and well structures, plant nursery, water pool, swimming pool (if
uncovered), platform around a tree, landscaping, tank, fountain, bench, chabutra with open top
and unenclosed on sides by walls and the like.
Drainage culvert, conduit, catch pit, gully pit, chamber, gutter and the like.
Compound wall, gate, un‐storeyed porch and potico, canopy, slide, swing, uncovered staircase,
ramps areas covered by chhajja and the like.
Watchmen’s booth, suction tank and pump‐house, garbage shaft, sanitary block, parking lock up
garages, electric cabin or substations and such other utility structures meant for the services of
the building under consideration.
b.
c.
d.
9.3.5. Distance from Electric Lines198
Following clearances shall be maintained between the building and overhead electric
supply line in accordance with the current Indian Electricity Rules as amended from
time to time:
Table 9.7:
Distances from Electric Lines
Sr. No.
Description
Vertical Distance (m)
Horizontal Distance (m)
1.
Low and medium voltage lines and service
lines
2.5
1.2
2.
High voltage lines upto and including 11 kV
3.7
1.2
3.
High voltage lines above 11 kV and upto
and including 33 kV
3.7
2.0
4.
Extra high voltage line beyond 33 kV
3.7 (plus 0.3 m for every
additional 33 kV or part thereof)
2.0 (plus 0.3 m for every
additional 33 kV or part
thereof)
Source:
NBC, 2005.
197
NBC 2005.
198
NBC 2005, Part 3 Pg 22.
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9.4.
Simplified Development Promotion Regulations for
Specific land Use Zones
9.4.1. Residential Use Zone
9.4.1.1. Indicative Dwelling unit Sizes
The minimum dwelling units size could vary from State to State and region to regions,
owing to various factors, including the terrain and sol type etc. However, a thumb rule
could be noted from the following table.
Table 9.8:
Indicative Minimum Dwelling Unit Sizes
Number of rooms
Source:
Dwelling unit size (sqm)
1 BHK
60‐80
2 BHK
80‐120
3 BHK
120‐160
4 BHK
160‐200
5 BHK
200‐260
Naya Raipur Master Plan.
The residential areas are developed either as (a) plotted development or (b) group
housing/ flatted development. The density pattern i.e. (high density, high medium
density, low medium density or low density) are followed for working out the pattern
of development with respect to the size of plot to number of dwelling units on each
plot, setbacks, FAR and the number of storeys/ height of the building.
9.4.1.2. Plotted Development
The layout plans for residential scheme are formulated keeping in view the following:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
That there would be sufficient light and air in the buildings when constructed
That there would be protection against noise, dust and local hazards
That there would be sufficient open space for various family needs
That the circulation and access is easy and is safe from accident point of view
That, as far as possible, the plots are of regular shape and size and
These are logically arranged in a systematic manner so as to give a regular pattern of
development in the form of row houses, detached and semidetached houses and if necessary
the regular bungalow type sites.
The size of the plot would depend upon the number of dwelling units to be permitted
on each plot and the type of the housing needed for a particular city based on general
affordability of the people. The following table is suggested for different size of plots
applicable, ground coverage, FAR, height and number of dwelling units for a
residential area:
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Table 9.9:
S. No.
Plotted Housing
Plot Area (Sqm)
Maximum Ground Coverage (%)
FAR
Maximum Height (m)
1.
30
75
150 (350, MPD)
8 (15, NBC)
2.
Above 30 upto 50
75
150
8 (15, NBC)
3.
Above 50 upto 100
65
180
12
4.
Above 100 to 250
65
180
12
5.
Above 250 to 500
55
165
15
6.
Above 500 to 1000
45
120
15
7.
Above 1000 to 1500
40
100
15
8.
Above 1500 to 3000
33 1/3
100 (120, MPD)
15
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
Note:
1) In the already approved/developed plots the pattern of development should confirm to the
existing regulations.
2) Basement, if constructed, may be used for incidental use such as parking, servicing and
household storage. It is not to be used as a dwelling unit.
3) The area of the basement should not be more than the ground coverage.
4) Parking as per the prescribed norms should be provided with the plot or provision should be
made in the layout plan without affecting the circulation pattern.
5) 50% of the open area of the plot should be used for proper landscaping and for plantation.
A. Low Income Housing 199
For low income housing, the minimum plot size should not be less than 30 sqm.
The guidelines as given below shall be adopted for low income group housing:
1) It is recommended to provide cluster housing instead of single room dwelling.
2) The minimum plot size with ground coverage not exceeding 75%, shall be minimum 40
sqm in small and medium towns and minimum 30 sqm in metropolitan cities.
3) Plot sizes below 30 sqm and not less than 15 sqm may be permitted in case of cluster
planning. In such a case the ground coverage and FAR can be 100 and 200 respectively.
4) Size of room: Every dwelling unit should have at least two habitable rooms, first room of
minimum 9 sqm and width of 2.5 m. Other room shall be min 6.5 sqm with minimum
width of 2.1 m provided the total area of both the rooms shall not be less than 15.5 sqm.
5) In case of single room tenements, the single multipurpose room shall be minimum 12.5
sqm carpet area.
6) The recommended density of dwelling units for low income housing may be as given
below:
Table 9.10: Density norms for low income housing
S. No.
Type of Development
1.
Plotted Development
2.
Mixed Development
Range of Densities
65‐120 plots per Ha
Population Density (PPH)*
‐‐
‐‐
2a)
Small Towns
75‐100 DUs per Ha
335 ‐ 450
2b)
Cities
100‐125 DUs per Ha
450 – 560
2c)
Metropolitan Cities
125‐150 DUs per Ha
560 ‐ 675
Source: NBC: Special Requirement for Low Income Housing in Urban Areas.
* calculated @ 4.5 persons per dwelling
199
Annexure C, NBC 2005, pg 43.
402
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Development Control Regulations
The above dwelling unit and population density as suggested can be modified in view
of development of Greenfield cities which should be based on compactness. The range
of density may be applicable with slight modification to suit the local condition in
brownfield cities, especially in case of redevelopment.
9.4.1.3. Group Housing
The number of dwelling units is calculated on the basis of the density pattern given in
the development plan, taking into consideration a population of 4.5 persons per
dwelling unit, as in the table below:
Table 9.11: Group Housing
S. No.
Minimum plot Maximum Ground
size (sq.m)
Coverage (%)
Maximum
Height (m)
FAR
No. of DUs
25 to 35
50‐175/ (Higher FAR
may be given depending
on the pattern of
development.
DUAC
study, 2013 suggest FAR
400 in order to meet the
requirements)
To be calculated on the basis of 15 for plot
the net plot area of a particular sizes upto
neighbourhood. This may vary 4000 sqm
between 25 DUs to 175 DUs per 26 m for plot
Ha (if the FAR is raised beyond sizes above
175 the number of DUs will
4000 sqm
vary accordingly).
25 to 35
50 (Higher FAR may be
given depending on the
pattern of development
and should not exceed
175)
To be calculated on the basis of 15 (for all
the net plot area of a particular plot sizes)
neighbourhood. This may vary
between 25 DUs to 175 DUs per
Ha.
Plains
1.
3000
Hill Towns
1.
5000
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996.
Note:
1) Basement, if constructed, is to be used for parking, servicing and for essential household
storage and for providing facilities without counting in FAR.
2) The quantum of basement may vary between 33% to 50% of the plot area.
FAR and Ground Coverage for Group Housing based on density in DU’s / Ha:
Table 9.12: FAR and Ground Coverage for Group Housing
Sr. No.
Net Residential Density
Average (in DU’s / Ha)
Maximum Ground Coverage (%)
FAR
1.
25
25
0.50
2.
50
30
0.75
3.
75
33
0.90
4.
100
35
1.00
5.
125
35
1.25
6.
150
35
1.50
7.
175
35
1.75
Source:
NBC, 2005.
Other Controls200:
a) The size of the habitable room should be minimum of 9.5 sqm, where there is only one room
with a minimum width of 2.4m. Where there are two rooms, one of these shall be minimum of
9.5 sqm and other 7.5 sqm, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.
200
NBC 2005 Part 3 page 30.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
403
Simplified Development Control Regulations
9.4.2. Commercial
Table 9.13: Norms for Commercial Centres
Sr. No.
Hierarchy of
Commercial
Centre
Maximum
Ground
Coverage (%)
Maximum
FAR
Maximum
Height (m)
Plains
Hills
Plains
Hills
Plains
Hills
Other Controls
1.
Cluster Centre
Convenience
Shopping
40
40
60
60
15
6
2.
Neighbourhood
Centre
30
35
100
100
15
9
3.
Community
Centre
25
30
100
100
26
15
4.
District Centre
25
25
125
125
37
15
Some of the buildings in Plains
could be permitted upto 50 m
height with the approval of the
Government for achieving an
urban form.
5.
Sub city centre
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Controls to be as per requirement
6.
City Centre
25 (MPD, ‐‐
pg 59)
150
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Other controls to be as per
requirement
225
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Other controls to be as per
requirement
7.
Hotel
8.
Service
Apartment
30
‐‐
150
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Other controls to be as per
requirement
9.
Any other
commercial
centre
25%
‐‐
100
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
Other controls to be as per
requirement
Source:
40 (MPD, ‐‐
pg 59)
(MPD,
pg 59)
UDPFI Guidelines 1996, MPD.
9.4.3. Public and Semi‐public
The norms for public and semi public uses as indicated in the UDPFI Guidelines 1996
have been compared with those proposed for MPD‐2021 by the DDA and are
suggested in the Tables 9.14, 9.15& 9.16 below.
Table 9.14: Norms for Public and Semi Public uses
Sr. No. Uses
Maximum
Ground
Coverage (%)
Plains
1.
2.
404
General (in cases 30
where specific
(MPD)
regulations are
not given)
Government
Offices
30
(MPD)
Hills
25
Other Controls
Maximum FAR
Maximum Height (m)
Plains
Hills
Plains
Hills
120
100
26
15
(MPD,
pg 150)
25
200
(MPD,
pg 87)
¾ 15% of the total floor
shall be allowed for
residential purpose.
¾ Basement upto
envelope line and to
the maximum extent
of 50% of the plot
area shall be allowed
and if used for
parking and services
should not be
counted in FAR.
100
37
15
¾ The integrated office
complex shall include
Central Government
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Development Control Regulations
Maximum
Ground
Coverage (%)
Sr. No. Uses
Plains
Hills
Other Controls
Maximum FAR
Maximum Height (m)
Plains
Plains
Hills
Hills
office, local
government office,
public undertaking
offices and courts.
¾ Basement upto
envelope line and to
the maximum extent
of plot area shall be
allowed and if used
for parking and
services should not
be counted in FAR.
3.
Nursery School
33 1/3
33 1/3
100
66 2/3
8
6
¾ Basement below the
ground floor and to
the maximum extent
of ground coverage,
and if constructed
shall be counted in
FAR.
100
15
15
¾ School for
handicapped shall
have same norms as
the Primary School.
100
15
15
75
15
15
(MPD,
pg 137)
4.
Primary School
33
33
120
( MPD)
5.
6.
Higher
Secondary
School
35
College
35
30
(MPD)
150
(MPD)
25
(MPD)
150
(MPD,
pg 139)
The total area of the plot
shall be divided in:
a) School/ college
building area
b) Play field area
c) Parking area
d) Residential and
hostel area
7.
Education and Research Centres (Large campus i.e above 8 Ha)
Large campuses of universities, medical and engineering colleges and other
education and research institutes shall be covered under these regulations. The
campus will be divided into three parts and the regulations shall apply, as given
below:
7a) Academic,
including
administration
30
20
(30,
MPD)
120
80
(MPD,
pg 139)
37
15
(MPD)
45% of the total
land area
7b) Residential
This will be developed at
a density of 400 pph
gross. The land shall be
reserved for residential
facilities @ 9.2 sq.m per
person. Sub division
regulations as given for
group housing shall
apply.
25% of the total
land area
7c) Sports and
Cultural activities
Basement below the
ground floor and to the
maximum extent of
ground coverage shall be
allowed and if used for
parking and services
should not be counted in
FAR.
10
10
15
15
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
‐‐
‐‐
405
Simplified Development Control Regulations
Maximum
Ground
Coverage (%)
Sr. No. Uses
Other Controls
Maximum FAR
Maximum Height (m)
Hills
Plains
Hills
Plains
Hills
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
‐‐
33 1/3
66 2/3
Plains
15% of the total
land area
7d) Parks and
Landscapes
‐‐
Suitable landscape plan
to be prepared for this
area.
15% of the total
land area
8.
Source:
33 1/3
Religious
Premises
66 2/3 11
11
(excluding (excluding
minarets,
minarets,
shikhars and shikhars and
domes
domes
Basement below the
ground floor and to the
maximum extnt of
ground coverage, if
constructed, shall be
counted in FAR.
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 and MPD, 2021.
Table 9.15: Socio Cultural Use Zone
Ground Coverage
(%)
FAR
Maximum Height (m)
Multipurpose Community hall, Banquet hall
30
120
26
2.
Recreational Club
25
100
26
3.
Socio cultural facilities such as auditorium, music,
dance and drama centre/ meditation centre etc.
35
120
26
4.
Exhibition cum fair ground
20
20
‐‐
5.
Science centre
30
120
26
6.
International Convention centre
30
120
‐‐
7.
Old age home/ care centre for physically /
mentally challenged/ working women/ men
hostel/ adult education centre/ orphanage/
children’s centre/ night shelter
30
120
26
8.
Aanganwari
30
60
15
9.
Sports Facilities
20
40
‐‐
Sr. No.
Category
1.
Source:
MPD, 2021.
Norms for socio cultural use zone & security and safety facilities use zone is given for
application in plains and hilly areas both.
Table 9.16: Security and Safety Facilities Use Zone
Sr. No.
Category
Ground
Coverage (%)
FAR
Maximum Height
(m)
Security Facilities
1.
Police Post
35
150
15
2.
Police Station
30
150
26
3.
District office and Batallion
30
120
26
4.
Police Lines
-
Administration
20
-
Residential
30
-
Sports and Facilities
10
-
Open Spaces
40
5.
District Jail
30
120
26
6.
Police Training Institute/ College
30
120
26
7.
Police Firing Range
12.5
25
9
8.
Police camp including Central Police
12.5
25
9
406
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Development Control Regulations
Sr. No.
Category
Ground
Coverage (%)
FAR
Maximum Height
(m)
30
120
26
Organisation/ Security Forces
Fire Facilities
1.
Source:
Fire Post/ Fire Station/ Disaster Management
Centre/ Fire Training Institute
MPD, 2021
9.4.4. Industrial use Zone
Table 9.17: Industrial Use Zone
Sr.
No.
Plot Size (sq m)
Maximum
Ground
Coverage (%)
Plains
1.
Hills
Maximum FAR
Maximum Height
(m)
Plains
Plains
Hills
15
15
Basement upto the building
envelope line to the maximum
extent of 50% of plot area shall
be allowed and if used for
parking and services should not
be counted in FAR.
¾ Maximum floors allowed shall
be basement, ground floor and
first floor. Basement should be
below ground floor and to the
maximum extent of ground
coverage shall be counted in
FAR. In case the basement is
not constructed, the
permissible FAR can be
achieved on the second floor.
Hills
Other Controls
Flattened Group Industry
Minimum 2000
2.
30
30
120
100
Light and Service Industry
2a)
Less than 400
60
60
125
100
12
9
2b)
Above 400 upto
4000
50
50
125
100
12
12
2c)
Above 4000 upto
12000
45
45
125
100
12
12
2d)
Above 12000
40
40
100
75
12
9
¾ In case of roof truss, height of
buildings should be adjusted/
relaxed.
3.
Extensive Industry
3a)
400 to 4000
50
50
100
75
9
9
3b)
Above 4000 upto
12000
45
45
90
60
9
9
3c)
Above 12000 upto
28000
40
40
80
50
9
9
3d)
Above 28000
30
30
60
45
9
9
Source:
¾ Single storey building with
basement is allowed. Basement
shall be below the ground floor
and the maximum extent of
ground coverage and shall be
counted in FAR.
¾ In case of roof truss, height of
buildings should be adjusted/
relaxed.
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996
Note:
1) A new planned industrial area to have minimum 100‐ 300 sqm size of plot and its width shall
not be less than 15 m.
2) For industrial plots upto 1000 sq.m, 5% of the total area shall be reserved as amenity open
space which shall also serve as general parking space. When such amenity open space exceeds
1500 sq.m, the excess area could be utilised for construction of buildings for banks, canteen,
welfare centre and such other common purposes.
3) For industrial plots more than 1000 sq m, 10% of the total area shall be reserved as amenity
open space to a maximum of 25 sq m.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
407
Simplified Development Control Regulations
9.4.5. Transportation & Communication Use Zone
For transportation use zone the following norms may be applicable:
Table 9.18: Norms for Transportation Zone
Sr. No. Category
Area under
Area under building
operation (%)
(%)
FAR
Floor area that can be utilised for
passenger accommodation (%)
1.
Rail Terminal
70
30
100
15
2.
Bus Terminal
50
50
100
25
3.
ISBT
25
Max 50
100
as per requirement
100
15
(as per requirement)
4.
Metro Yards
Source:
80
20
MPD, 2021.
Other Controls:
1) The space on first and second floor shall be essentially used for public services like post office,
police‐post and other essential services.
1) Bus queue shelters are not to be included in the coverage and FAR.
2) In order to integrate the supporting commercial uses around the transportation zone, FAR can
be more for promoting mixed use.
9.4.5.1. Aerodromes
The following restrictions in vicinity of aerodromes shall be applicable201:
2) The buildings or structures which rise to 30 m or more in height and are to be located within
20 km of the aerodrome reference point shall require No Objection Certificate from the
Directorate General of Civil Aviation.
3) In case of buildings to be located in the vicinity of defence aerodromes, the maximum height of
such buildings shall be decided by the Defence Authority.
4) No new chimneys or smoke producing factories shall be constructed within a radius of 8 km
from the Aerodrome Reference Point (ARP).
5) Overhead high voltage/ medium voltage lines or telephone& other communication lines shall
not be permitted in the approach/ take off climb areas (funnel zone) within 3000 m of the
inner edge of these areas.
6) A 3 m margin shall be allowed in new constructions for wireless/ TV antennas, cooling towers
and mumties.
7) For height Restrictions with respect to Approach Funnels and Transitional areas NBC 2005 or
the latest revised version shall be followed.
201
NBC, 2005, part 3, pg 27.
408
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Simplified Development Control Regulations
9.4.6. Primary Activity
Table 9.19: Norms for Farm Houses
Sr. No. Size of Farm
Maximum FAR
Maximum Height
Other Controls
1.
Above 1.0 Ha and
upto 2.0 Ha
100 (including
mezzanine floor)
Single storeyed
maximum height 6m
2.
2.0 Ha and above
150 (including
mezzanine floor)
Single storeyed
maximum height 6m
¾ Setback in dwelling house should be 15 m
away from any boundary line of the
property.
¾ Where the property abuts an urban road,
the dwelling house building should be
setback from the centre line of that road
by 60m. Where the property abuts a
village road, the building setback from
the centre line of that road should be by
30 m.
¾ No dwelling unit should be built within
400 m of the right of way of any National
Highway.
Source:
UDPFI Guidelines, 1996
Table 9.20: Norms for Primary Activity
Type
FAR
Ground Coverage
Max. Building Ht.
Agro based uses
5
5%
15 m
Poultry Farm
25
25%
10 m
Religious, Educational, Hospital, Slaughter house, cold
storage, transport related activities and truck terminal,
Govt/ semi govt / FCI go‐downs and warehouses
45
15%
15 m
Source:
9.5.
Ahmedabad Development Plan (part III, page 103).
Special Requirement
9.5.1. Building Norms for Natural Habitat
The land uses identified as Natural Habitat covering water bodies, forest & vegetation,
green open spaces, coastal zone, wetlands etc., shall be protected and adequate buffer
shall be provided from the planned establishments. For planning around these areas,
the building norms and regulations as stipulated by the respective statutory bodies
such as MoEF and State Environment and Forest Department shall be applicable.
9.5.2. Historical or Archaeological areas
The special areas shall be identified as old built‐up areas, areas of historical or
archaeological importance, areas of scenic value, area restricted for development by
Government or area under other uses/ spot zone during preparation of Development
plan. For protection of these areas the norms as stipulated by the respective statutory
bodies such as Archaeological Survey of India and respective departments shall be
applicable.
As per the Model Building Bye‐laws, buildings within heritage precincts or in the
vicinity of heritage sites shall maintain the skyline in the precinct and follow the
architectural style (without any high‐rise or multi‐storeyed development) as may be
existing in the surrounding area, so as not to diminish or destroy the value and beauty
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
409
Simplified Development Control Regulations
of or the view from the said heritage sites. The distance is prescribed as 200 meters
Regulation zone by AMASR Act, 2010. The development within the precinct or in the
vicinity of heritage sites shall be in accordance with the guidelines framed by the
Commissioner, Municipal Corporation / Vice‐ Chairman, Development Authority on
the advice of the Heritage Conservation Committee or separate regulations /
guidelines, if any, prescribed for respective zones by Municipal Corporation /
Development Authority.
9.5.3. Industrial Regions
For planning of Industrial Regions the guidelines development by State Authorities
such as Special Investment Region (SIR) guidelines within Delhi Mumbai Industrial
Corridor (DMIC) or by National Authorities such as guidelines for National
Investment & Manufacturing Zones (NIMZ’s), Special Economic Zone (SEZ) should be
referred to. Refer Chapter 6 for environmental aspects and annexures of Volume II for
various Acts and Policies.
9.5.4. Introduce Use of Form Based Codes
In view of current urban form of Indian city, an approach may be adopted to the form
the image of city through Form‐Based Code in addition to the development promotion
regulation. This can act as a technique for regulating development to achieve a
specific urban form, and it creates a predictable public realm by the regulation of the
physical form primarily. The different parameters used to zone the city into different
transects are land use intensity, density, building disposition, building configuration,
building function, standards, mixed use and neighbourhood.
410
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
General Recommendations
10
General Recommendations
10.1.
Adoption of URDPFI Guidelines, 2014
Spatial planning for development is an envisioning process which requires a sound
assessment of the ground issues and provides options for sustainable development
within the bound constraints of the demographic, physical, socio‐economic,
jurisdictional and financial aspects. The focus is on spatial dimension as all
development efforts have direct impact on the use of land and different
development projects need to be coordinated and integrated within a desirable
spatial frame. The process of planning must always be continuous to address the
evolving issues of the human settlements. The formulation of the URDPFI guidelines
as a revision of the UDPFI guidelines, 1996 addresses the present challenges of
urban and regional development, plan preparation process and implementation and
attempts to standardise and also simplify the guidelines required for planning in the
country. Considering the rapid pace of urbanisation, it is suggested that the Ministry
of Urban Development should revisit the guidelines in a periodic time frame.
The norms and standards prescribed by URDPFI Guidelines are in a form of a
suggested model, which may be adopted by the respective State Governments in
accordance to the local conditions. State Town and Country Planning Departments
have been preparing Development plans with reference to UDPFI Guidelines of
1996. The recommendations provided in the 2014 guidelines are specific and aim at
facilitating and quacking the processes of plan preparation and implementation of
plans. Specifically, some of the key points that require immediate attention of the
State Town & Country Planning Departments, planners and practitioners have been
detailed. Along with suggestions for further actions to be taken up by the Ministries,
Organisations and Agencies at the National level, those for the governments,
organisations and agencies at State level and Development Authorities are also
provided.
These Guidelines are generic in nature and the title starts with the word ‘Urban’,
these are applicable for all settlements, urban or rural. Some States such as Orissa
and Rajasthan have moved ahead to prepare formal spatial plans for rural areas
having population of 10,000 or more. The URDPFI Guidelines endorse such policies.
More significantly, these Guidelines highlight the concept of regional planning, by
recommending treating the rural areas that are contiguous to the urban areas as a
continuum. This continuum is termed as ‘RURBAN’ in Gujarat and is profusely used
for notifying ‘Development Authorities’ in many States.
10.2.
Key Recommendations in the Guidelines
Based on the extensive consultations & deliberations with various stakeholders and
experts, it can be summed up and recommended that following parameters are a
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
411
General Recommendations
prerequisite for the developments to be taken up in India. The guidelines, focuses on
the following:
Integrated regional and urban development with focus on spatial planning
Regional spatial development frame to provide the backdrop within which settlement planning
(urban, rural, peri‐urban) and local area planning should be taken up,
Adapting a paradigm shift towards planning and development for compact, green, smart cities
and safer cities,
Ensuring that the task of urban and regional planning must be only carried out or must ONLY be
the responsibility of certified planner.
India is not only one of the oldest civilizations but also the largest democracy and is
extremely diverse geographically, culturally, socially, economically, administratively
& historically. Hence, no single approach can work uniformly. The approaches to
development need to be tailored contextually, which needs to be done by the
individual State Governments and City Municipalities.
Also during the implementation process as seen while comparing cases like Delhi,
Ahmedabad, Hyderabad and Mumbai, there are various limitations seen in terms of
diversity in the mix of activities, population concentration, nature of existing
developments and dynamic changes in the peri‐urban areas. Urban design approach
based projects need to be taken up at micro area level so that the cross cutting
development themes can be tailored/modified to suit as per contextual realities
while implementing plans in various regions/cities/areas.
Therefore contextual approach becomes important consideration specially at local
area planning level. However, a uniform frame of spatial planning considerations
must guide all development within an integrated frame of regional and urban
perspective. At local area level, it is essential that approach to planning and design
has to be mainly guided by urban design approach. For this purpose, urban planners
and urban designers should work together as unified team.
Table 10.1: Key Aspects of the Guidelines
Sector
Transportation planning
Key Aspects
• The streets, roads, mass rapid transit systems, other public transportation systems
provide the back bone structure for urban and regional development.
Transportation including mobility should therefore be given a prime importance.
• Transportation planning not only to be efficient, but also needs to be designed and
integrated into other systems in such a way that it facilitates mobility for all
genders, age groups and citizens with disabilities (differently abled citizens).
Sustainable Land
development
• Selecting the right density of development taking into consideration the
environment, provision and cost of infrastructure and mobility.
• High & medium density zones as appropriate to contextual situation in planning to
include mixed use development/ Compact city development.
Sustainable Resource
Management
• Realizing the pressure on the natural resources, all infrastructure planning should
be done with a strong emphasis on sustainability like green cities approach.
• Also, it is important that based on the suitability of the land and availability of
resources, States should prepare Perspective (Strategic) Plan in order to guide
development at regional and city level.
Efficient Urban Development
Management
412
• Application of GIS, Bhuvan in planning process
• 73rd&74th Amendment to be adopted in the given planning system and
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
General Recommendations
Sector
Key Aspects
formulation of DPC & MPC.
• Transparency and integration in various planning & non‐planning department in
terms of the processes related to planning and development works.
• Smart cities application
Participatory Planning
approach
• Direct involvement of the citizens as appropriate in planning processes and
mechanisms.
• Pre and post planning people’s participation and consultation to be promoted,
which has been successfully practised in Goa and Rajasthan.
• Citizens’ charter to bring transparency and accountability.
Regional Planning Approach
• Planning regions can be identified as Administrative Regions such as District and
Metropolitan Regions, Investment Regions and Special Regions.
• Preparation of a State Perspective Plan with planning for Districts and
Metropolitans as Regions
• The planning for investment regions should be under a National level policy, like
DMIC, NMIZ policy.
Source: URDPFI Guidelines, 2014
10.3.
Key aspects of Guidelines for local area/ site specific
development
Local area/ site specific development planning should be based on urban design
approach focusing on mobility, accessibility and connectivity, street furniture
including street plantation, pedestrian & cycle paths, signage and parking,
provision of site level facilities, etc.
Special attention is required on authenticity of property boundaries and land
tenure on the basis of the revenue records
Special development incentives such as increased FAR should be adopted in the
designated TOD influence zone (approx. 500 meters) along the major
transportation corridors.
Special attention to be given to conservation of archaeological, architectural and
historic buildings and sites as per the prevailing rules.
10.4.
Suggestions for future Development in Planning
MoUD as the nodal ministry has taken the initiative to prepare the Urban and
Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) Guidelines,
now it is recommended that the following specific tasks be reviewed by the relevant
Central and State Government Ministries/ Departments/ Organisations/ Agencies/
Authorities and if found suitable and necessary, adapt in their own policy, legal and
administrative procedures. In doing so, States are urged to review respective
policies and Acts which are relevant to operationalize the URDPFI Guidelines and
bring changes wherever necessary and appropriate. The URDPFI Guidelines are to
be circulated to all the State Town and Country Planning Departments, Urban
Development Authorities, Urban Local Bodies, relevant Ministries and other
agencies which are involved in preparation of Master Plans/ Development
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
413
General Recommendations
Plans/Metropolitan Plans /District Development Plans for their appropriate
adoption.
Land development and Urban Development are State subject, therefore URDPFI
Guidelines need to be integrated with the State level legal and policy measures. In
the process of preparing the Master Plans/ Development Plans /District
Development Plans, it would be desirable that all the State Town and Country
Planning Acts, Urban Development Authority Acts, Municipal Acts, Industrial
Development Corporation Acts may be aligned with the URDPFI Guidelines.
10.4.1. Recommendations for the National Organisation(s)
1. The current policy for primary categorisation of Land under the Draft
National Land Utilisation Policy (2013), should be followed by State during
the preparation of State Perspective Plans.
2. The prevailing Model law(s) needs to be reviewed and revised to simplify &
suggest State Departments to come to a unified legal and operational framework.
414
i.
The Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law was
prepared in 1985, almost 30 years ago, since then many legislative and
ideological changes have taken place in the developmental approach of
Government of India. Also to incorporate the provisions of 73rd&74th CAA,
the Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law, 1985
requires appropriate revision and restructuring. Accordingly, an
independent exercise for changes in the Model law in light to the
suggestions made in the URDPFI Guidelines, 2014, Volume – II could be
undertaken.
ii.
The Model Municipal Law (MML), 2003 was introduced more than a
decade back; it is pertinent that the provisions of MML need to be updated
to bring it in harmony with the recent developments in the Municipal Law.
The MoUD study undertaken by NIUA (2013) to review the MML,
suggested various points for revision of the provisions given in MML,
based on their status of implementation. There are various provisions in
the current scenario that are vital for MML to bring it in line with the new
developments in municipal governance. Provisions like reservations of
seats for Women/SC/ST/BC in Municipality, Local Bodies/Municipal
Ombudsman, functions and duties of Area Sabha Representative,
disclosure of various documents relating to municipal affairs, accrual
based double entry system of accounts, defining functions and
responsibilities of DPCs and MPCs are suggested to be detailed out under
the MML. Such changes and more are suggested to be considered for the
revision of the Model Municipal Law.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
General Recommendations
3. Draft Town and Country Planners Registration Bill, 2012is being prepared
by Town and Country Planning Organisation identifies the need for
establishment of Council of Town and Country Planning. Such Council is
suggested to be body corporate, having continuous succession and a common
seal. The purpose of such Council is to control and regulate the quality of
education institutions of Town and Country Planning and qualified professionals
from such institutes, in the country. It is suggested, that the bill to be reviewed,
be given a legal status and adopted at the earliest. It could be explored that the
certified planners by the council are empowered to take decision on financial
expenditure as appropriate for the administrative position. Also, the Council
could ensure that the task of urban and regional planning must be only carried
out by certified planners.
4. It is suggested that the nomenclature of JnNURM’s ‘Comprehensive Development
Plan’ be changed to as ‘City Investment Plan’ to avoid confusion between the
recommended statutory Development Plan (the nomenclature) as per the State
provision and ‘Comprehensive Development Plan’ as per JnNURM and also the
fact that City Development Plan is essentially a resource mobilisation plan on
specific schemes and projects .
5. For integration of planning systems, both statutory and non‐statutory plans,
JnNURM to accept City Investment Plan (named as City Development Plan under
JnNURM) and Comprehensive Sanitation Plan as sub‐plans of Development plan/
Master plan or Statutory Plans as per the State Government provision and
provide funding of such plans after officially approval of the Development Plan.
6. While adopting the URDPFI Guidelines, it is necessary to develop Planning
Information System (PIS) on the lines of Management Information System
(MIS). This will be essential as numbers of agencies are involved in collection of
different attribute and spatial data, which often leads to duplicity of work and
ambiguity in terms of analysis and interpretation. Hence, it becomes necessary
to streamline the data collection, analysis and interpretation for preparing the
Master Plans/ Development Plans/Metropolitan Plans /District Development
Plans. This will enable hastening the process of preparation of Plans. It has been
observed that the process of Plan Preparation often gets delayed due to lack of
availability of relevant and comparable both in content and time scale
spatial/attribute data.
7. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) to take necessary actions for easy access
and wider popularity of Bhuvan and making it faster and more user friendly.
Ministry of Urban Development to extend the necessary support for it. For
compatibility of geospatial database other Ministries’ geospatial data could
be incorporated with the Bhuvan database, like Ministry of Drinking Water &
Sanitation, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways MoRTH, NIC. Already
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
415
General Recommendations
database from Geological Survey of India has been integrated at appropriate
scale with Bhuvan.
8. Lack of cadastral maps limits the use of Bhuvan land use base for preparation of
development plan/ Mater plan, and therefore, integration of the cadastral
records at appropriate scale with National Land Record Modernisation
Programme is suggested which could provide ready to use geo‐spatial and
revenue database pan India.
9. For preparation of local area plan, authentic and reliable data at 1:2000 or
1:1000 scale is required specially on plot boundaries and area of plots. In reality
there exists lot of discrepancies between the plot boundaries and area as
recorded in the revenue records and what actually is the ground reality. This
problem is a serious one and greatly hampers implementation of local area
schemes. MoUD in assistance with NRSC and in collaboration with
representatives revenue departments of the States should evolve mechanisms to
improve the situation. The crucial aspect in helping implementation of the local
area plans will be access to digitised and authentic data on plot boundaries and
plot areas, and also on land tenure by planners.
10. The centrally sponsored National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme
approved by GoI with two major components (i) Urban Spatial Information
System (USIS) to meet the spatial data requirements of urban planning &
management (ii) National Urban Data Bank & Indicators (NUDB&I) to develop
town level urban database to support development of indices through a network
of Local Urban Observatories (LUO) under the National Urban Observatory
(NUO) programme. These schemes and programmes are suggested to be
expedited for completion.
11. With the experience of the practitioners in the North eastern hilly states, it is
suggested to review at the Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs), which should be
flexible on such certain items, for example: extent non‐revenue water source
may be additional 5%. MoUD to review and assess the SLBs in hilly and North
Eastern areas to redefine the SLBs. Apart from this, SLB’s to include extent of
Municipal Construction waste reuse/ recycled benchmark202.
12. Egovernance, techniques and methods: Under the E‐Governance, it has to be
seen that how the entire planning process gets expedited in a short period of
time, wherein use of digital technology should be maximized by way of preparing
spatial database and integration of attribute data periodically.
It is
recommended that the plans should be updated /revised through mid‐ term
review, so as to ascertain the efficacy of implementation, preferably every five
years, which may be co‐terminus with the five year plans. Under E‐governance,
various processes related to planning like change of land uses, building plan
202
For cities about 20% as per the (draft) Construction and Demolition Waste Rules
416
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
General Recommendations
sanctions, issuance of completion certificate and other clearances required for
any project needs to be streamlined, so that all the urban infrastructure projects
gets completed within the stipulated time.
13. For this purpose, URDPFI suggests that ‘citizen’s charter’ should be enacted at
the state level to bring transparency and accountability.
14. Promotion of the network, viz, “City Net”:“City Net” could be recommended
for encouraging the networking between various cities with a view to ensure
balanced development in a region. This will require exchanging /sharing of
information and data among the cities.This will ensure effective integration of
trunk infrastructure in a region connecting all urban settlements. The benefit of
“City Net” network will ensure efficient delivery of the services and will also be
helpful in achieving the balanced development and redistribution of population,
thereby reducing urban primacy. City Net will also facilitate formulation of Inter
– State Regional Plans
15. Independent research is suggested to be initiated by the Ministry of Urban
Development for the following:
i.
ii.
Mixed landuse and compact city norms observing the international scenario and
national resource availability, to identify norms for sustainable density norms (range) for
different scales of cities.
In case of inadequacy in the manpower capacity with the Government bodies for
planning, outsourcing to non‐governmental and private organisation could be considered
as an option. A standard Terms of Reference (ToR) for such consultancy services is
suggested to be prepared and made available to the State Governments.
It is recommended that all the human settlement planning, infrastructure and
administrative related departments could use the URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 and
not merely only the State Town and Country Planning Departments.
10.4.2. Recommendations to State Governments/ State Town
and Country Planning Departments/ Local Bodies/
Development Authorities
1. State Governments could review and where necessary amend the respective
State Town and Country Planning Acts and related laws of the State
Government to minimise inconsistencies and contradictions, if any. The State
T&CP Acts could direct the public participation at pre‐planning and post draft
plan formulation stage and the time period for approval of development plans.
The amendments are suggested to be referred from the Model Town and
Country Planning Law and Model Municipal Law by the Central Government
revision.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
417
General Recommendations
Table 10.2: Relevant State Level Acts to be considered for revision
S.No.
Name of State
Urban Development
Authority Act
T & CP Act
Industrial
Development Act
1
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh Town and
Country Planning Act, 1920
Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas
(Development) Act, 1975
‐
2
Arunachal
Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh Urban and
Country Planning Act, 2007
The Arunachal Pradesh
Urban and Country Planning
Act, 2007
‐
3
Assam
Assam Town and Country
Planning Act, 1959
Guwahati Metropolitan
Development Authority Act,
1985
‐
4
Bihar
Bihar Urban and Regional
Planning and Development
Act, 2011
‐
The Bihar Industrial
Area Development
Authority, Act ‐1974
5
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh Town and
Country Planning Act, 1973
‐
‐
6
Goa
Goa Town and Country
Planning Act, 1974
‐
The Goa Industrial
Development Act 2013
7
Gujarat
Gujarat Town Planning &
Urban Development Act, 1976
Gujarat Town
Planning and Urban Develop
ment Act, 1976
The. Gujarat Special
Investment
Region. Act‐2009
8
Haryana
Haryana Development &
Regulation of Urban Areas Act,
1975.
Haryana Urban
‐
Himachal Pradesh Town and
Country Planning Act, 1970
Himachal Pradesh Housing
9
Himachal Pradesh
Development Authority Act,
1977
‐
& Urban Development
Authority Act, 2004
10
Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu & Kashmir
Development Act, 1970
J&K Development Act 1970
‐
11
Jharkhand
Jharkhand Town Planning and
Improvement Trust Act, 1954
(adopted from Bihar)
Jharkhand Regional
Development Authority Act,
2001
Jharkhand Industries
(Facilitation) Act ‐
2012
12
Karnataka
Karnataka Town and Country
Planning Act, 1961
Karnataka Urban
Development
The Karnataka
Industrial Areas
Development Act,
1966
Authorities Act, 1987
13
Kerala
Kerala Town Planning Act,
1939
‐
Kerala Industrial
Township
Development Area Act,
1999
14
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh Nagar Thatha
Gram NiveshNiyam, 1975
Madhya Pradesh
Municipalities Act, 1961
The Madhya Pradesh
Investment Region
Development And
Management Act,
2013,
15
Maharashtra
Maharashtra Regional and
Town Planning Act, 1966
Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Development Authority Act,
1974
The Maharashtra
Industrial
Development Act,
1961
Maharashtra Regional and
Town Planning Act, 1966
16
Manipur
Manipur Town and Country
Planning Act, 1975
Manipur Municipalities Act,
1994
‐
17
Meghalaya
Meghalaya Town and Country
Planning Act, 1973
Meghalaya Urban
Development Authority,
Shillong Building Bye‐Laws
2001
‐
18
Mizoram
Mizoram Urban & Regional
Development Act, 1990
Mizoram Urban and Regional
Development Act, 1990
‐
418
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
General Recommendations
S.No.
Name of State
Urban Development
Authority Act
T & CP Act
Industrial
Development Act
19
Nagaland
Nagaland Town and Country
Planning Act, 1980
Nagaland Town and Country
Planning Act 1966
‐
20
Orissa
Orissa town Planning and
Improvement Trust Act, 1956
The Odisha Development
Authorities Act, 1982
‐The Orissa Industrial
Infrastructure
Development
Corporation Act, 1980
21
Punjab
Punjab Regional Town
Planning and Development
Act, 1995
Punjab Regional & Town
Planning
‐
22
Rajasthan
Rajasthan Urban Improvement
Act, 1959
Jaipur/ Ajmer/ Jodhpur
Development Authority Act
Rajasthan Industrial A
rea Development
Authority Act, 1995
23
Sikkim
The Sikkim Urban and
Regional Planning and
Development Act, 1998
‐
‐
24
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Town and Country
Planning Act, 1971
‐
Tamil
Nadu Industrial Towns
hip Area Development
Authority Act, 1997
25
Tripura
Tripura Town and Country
Planning Act, 1975
Tripura Municipal
‐
& Development Act, 1995
Act 1994,
26
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Urban Planning
and Development Act, 1973
Uttar Pradesh Nagar
Planning & Development Act
1973
U.P. Industrial Area De
velopment Act ,1976
27
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand Urban Planning
and Development Act, 1973
Uttarakhand (U.P. Urban
Planning and Development
Act,1973) Adoption &
Modification order, 2006
‐
28
West Bengal
West Bengal Town and
Country (Planning and
Development ) Act, 1979
Town & Country (Planning &
Development) Act, 1979
Durgapur Industrial B
oard (Development &
Control of Building
Operation) Act 1958
29
A & N Islands.
Andaman & Nicobar Town and
Country Planning Regulations,
1994
‐
‐
30
Chandigarh
The Capital of Punjab
(Development and Regulation
) Act, 1952
‐
‐
31
Delhi
Delhi Development Act, 1957
Delhi Development Act, 1957
‐
32
Dadra & Nagar
Haveli
Dadra & Nagar Haveli Town
and Country Planning Act,
1974
Dadra & Nagar Haveli,
‐
33
Daman & Diu
Daman & Diu Town and
Country Planning Act, 1974
‐
‐
34
Lakshadweep
Yet to be enacted
‐
‐
35
Pondicherry
Puducherry Town and Country
Planning Act, 1969
The Puducherry Town &
Country Planning Act, 1969
‐
Source: TCPO
Note: Review of listed various acts should be useful in the context of different suggestions made by
URDPFI under 10.4.1 and 10.4.2. State Governments are urged to do the useful.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
419
General Recommendations
2. In view of ‘The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013’ (effective from 1st
January 2014), the State Governments could review and if found necessary
modify their land policies and legal system in order to facilitate – simplification
of planning process and effective implementation of development plan.
3. All the States have full‐fledged Departments of Town and Country Planning.
However, based on the deliberations in the ‘Brainstorming Sessions on Planning
and Development, 2025: Professional and Academic Challenges’ conducted by
TCPO, it was learnt that several States are functioning without a qualified
Director/Chief Town Planner as the post is being held either by an Administrator
or charge is given to Senior Town Planner. Hence, the cities/towns of such States
continue to suffer from lack of attention to the development aspects apart from
infrastructure deficiencies and ad‐hoc decisions which lead to mismatch between
the actual availability and requirement of the infrastructure facilities. It is
suggested that all State Governments appoint a qualified Town Planner as the
head of State Town and Country Department.
4. Regulatory Authority at the State level: The major institutional reforms
suggested by the URDPFI Guidelines, 2014, at the state level are the constitution
of Urban and Regional Planning &Development Authority (or Town Planning
Board or Town Planning Council as existing in some states). This apex body
should be chaired by the Chief Executive of the state, Chief Minister of an Urban
and Regional Development Regulatory Authority at State level and creation of
City Level Infrastructure Fund. The regulatory authority at the state level may
function as an appellate authority to address the related grievances redress. The
regulatory body could review the smooth functioning of the agencies to
overcome the multiplicity, duplication or gaps. The authority will guide the
preparation of Perspective plan for the State which should provide the frame for
all regional and urban development plans in the State. The regulatory authority
should be responsible for guiding land utilisation based on suitability and
proposed structure of transportation networks. It should guide the state for
development focusing on protection of environmentally sensitive areas, natural
land forms, natural vegetation and water bodies etcetera.
5. City Infrastructure Fund could raise funds from direct and indirect taxes which
have direct relevance to urban and state subjects, this consolidated fund at State
and ULBs level to be exclusively used for urban infrastructure. Apportionment of
the tax for the proposed fund between the State government and ULBs to be
based on the State policies.
6. State
Finance Commission could bring uniformity in accounting and
budgeting at municipal level. TCPO, IIPA, NIUA to recommend a uniformed
accounting system based on the JnNURM reform(s). The Model Municipal Law
could be revised keeping in view of the same.
420
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
General Recommendations
7. State level policy could be adopted for institutional requirements to meet the
demand of manpower in planning:
Every State could have a Planning School.
Standardization of nomenclature for planning courses.
Schools of Planning could have continuous interface
profession/industry.
with
the
8. Under the attempts to improve implementation of plans, State Governments
could develop Good Governance systems, including:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Citizen’s charters could be formulated by the State government taking into account the local
condition that determine level and discharge of the services. This may include items like
issue of licence, approval of building plans, issue of completion certificate etc. This could
consider Right to Information (RTI) system also.
Direct responsibility of the project progress by the responsible field officers to chief of the
division/ departments.
The details of the start and progress of the local projects including financial and time
allocation could be displayed publically, at strategic locations within the development sites
and updated regularly.
Maintenance of regular updated land and property records preferably with the changes of
land use in land transactions. This database integrated with GIS maps should be on a digital
platform easily accessible to the public. This approach will also initiate Smart city concept.
The practice of monitoring land prices in cities as followed by some cities including Delhi
Development Authority. Monitoring and dissemination of land/ property prices should be
done by Development /State Authorities for benefit of real estate market.
9. Respective State Town and Country Planning Department to approach NRSC/Bhuvan for the
authorised access to the spatial data and attribute data for the preparation of Development
Plan/Master Plan. Each State/ UT to identify one town/city (medium/ metropolitan size)
Development/Master Plan pilot project on Bhuvan platform.
10. Creation of real time demographic and other database at State level which can be accessible to
public on Government website. This should be integrated on a National level platform. Use of
advanced techniques for digital database and hyper database uploaded on the website which is
user‐friendly.
11. Every State should formulate the State Level Planning Guidelines within the Framework of
URDPFI Guidelines (making key amendments in the provisions as per the State’s vision or
contextual requirements) and National and State level policies.
12. In order to promote affordable housing for low income & EWS, State Governments to set norms
and initiate its adoption.
In order to promote the visionary approach of urban and regional development,
facilitation of effective implementation of the plan it is necessary to have availability
of number of qualified planners at the state level and municipal level. The State
Governments are urged to notify Statutory Towns & Cities and prepare Statutory
Plans. State Governments may seek support from MoUD for the plan preparation or
existing plan revision, for capacity building, standardization of technical assistance
with the adoption of URDPFI Guidelines, 2014.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
421
General Recommendations
Before concluding, it may be desirable to note that for promoting planned
urbanization, the rural areas contiguous to a town/ city need not necessarily be
amalgamated with the parent city. It may often be more helpful to notify such rural
areas as a new city, like a ‘Nagar Panchayat’ and allow it to grow into a bigger city at
its own pace.
“The Growth Story of India shall be written on the canvass of planed
urban development and the script writers shall be the town and country
planners!”
******
422
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
Endnotes
Endnotes
i“Area specific regulatory parameters” shall include height of buildings, quantum of built‐up area,
regular lines of streets and building lines, setbacks, floor area ratios, façade controls, parking spaces,
loading and unloading spaces, sizes and locations of projections and advertisement signs, and
circulation pattern.
iiIn
2005 the Ministry of Urban Development and M/o Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation launched
JNNURM with the aim to encouraging reforms and fast track planned development of cities. It focused
on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and
improvement in urban governance.
iiiIbid.
ivA charrette is an intensive planning session where citizens, designers and others collaborate on a
vision for development, giving immediate feedback to the designers. This process allows everyone
who participates to be a mutual author of the plan. It is located near the project site, team of design
experts and consultants sets up a full working office. Formal and informal meetings are held
throughout the event and updates to the plan are presented periodically. Through brainstorming and
design activity, many goals are accomplished during the charrette.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Everyone who has a stake in the project develops a vested interest in the ultimate vision.
The design team works together to produce a set of finished documents that address all
aspects of design.
Since the input of all the players is gathered at one event, it is possible to avoid the
prolonged discussions that typically delay conventional planning projects.
The finished result is produced more efficiently and cost‐effectively because the process
is collaborative.
Charrettes are organized to encourage the participation of all. That includes everyone who is
interested in the making of a development: the developer, business interests, officials, residents, and
activists. Ultimately, the purpose of the charrette is to give all the participants enough information to
make good decisions during the planning process.
URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
423
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