GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2020, 05(02), 131–150
Available online at GSC Online Press Directory
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews
e-ISSN: 2582-4597, CODEN (USA): GARRC2
Journal homepage: https://www.gsconlinepress.com/journals/gscarr
(R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E )
The internet of nano things (IoNT) existing state and future Prospects
Nikhat Akhtar 1, * and Yusuf Perwej 2
1 Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow,
India.
2Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, India.
Publication history: Received on 16 November 2020; revised on 25 November 2020; accepted on 28 November 2020
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2020.5.2.0110
Abstract
The increase of intelligent environments suggests the interconnectivity of applications and the use of the Internet. For
this reason, arise what is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). The expansion of the IoT concept gives access to the
Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). A new communication networks paradigm based on nano technology and IoT, in other
words, a paradigm with the capacity to interconnect nano-scale devices through existing networks. From the
interconnection of these nano machines with the Internet emerged the concept of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). The
Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is a system of nano connected devices, objects, or organisms that have unique identifiers
to transfer data over a computer or cellular network wirelessly to the Cloud. The data delivery, caching, and energy
consumption are among the most significant topics in the IoNT nowadays. The nano-networks paradigm can empower
the consumers to make a difference to their well-being by connecting data to personalized analysis within timely
insights. The real-time data can be used in a diversification of nano-applications in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT),
from preventive treatment to diagnostics and rehabilitation. In this paper intelligibly explains the Internet of Nano
Things (IoNT), its architecture, challenges, explains the role of IoNT in global market, IoNT applications in various
domains. Internet of things has provided countless new opportunity to create a powerful industrialized structure and
many more. The key applications for IoNT communication including healthcare, transportation and logistics, defense
and aerospace, media and entertainment, manufacturing, oil and gas, high speed data transfer & cellular, multimedia,
immune system support and others services. In the end, since security is considered to be one of the main issues of the
IoNT system, we provide an in-depth discussion on security, communication network and Internet of Nano Things
(IoNT) market trends.
Keywords: Internet Of Nano Things (IoNT); Nanoscale Devices; Nano-Bioscience; Sensors; Internet Of Things (IoT);
Internet Of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT); Body Sensor Network (BSN).
1. Introduction
The arrival of the internet of things [1] has transformed the day to day functionality of each life’s intensely. The Internet
is a highly connected global network which promises to connect physical and digital devices. Several IoT applications
have been implemented and deployed in the modern years [2]. The Internet of things (IoT) extends the objective of the
internet to many devices and objects from different domains by interconnecting them. Internet of Things (IoT) the new
dawn technology [3] that describes how data, people, and interconnected physical objects act based on communicated
information, and big data [4] analytics have been adopted by diverse domains for varying purposes. The Internet of
Things (IoT) and big data are massive, complex ideas. While interrelated, they’re also distinct. The IoT consists of
Corresponding author: Nikhat Akhtar and E-mail - dr.nikhatakhtar@gmail.com
Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, India .
Copyright © 2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2020, 05(02), 131–150
millions of devices that collect and communicate information, but big data [5] encompasses a much wider landscape.
The big data [6] and IoT are distinctive ideas, but they depend on each other for ultimate success. The IoT will hugely
expand the amount of data on hand for evaluation by all methods of organizations. However, there are large limitations
that must be overcome earlier rather than later before expertise advantages are thoroughly realized. The IoT and big
data are certainly intimately related: billions of internet-connected ‘things’ will, by definition, generate giant amounts
of data [7].The Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) are the most-talked-about
technology topics in recent years [8]. The main building block of Internet of Nano things (IoNT) is nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology [9] (science on the scale of single atoms and molecules) has been called the second Industrial
Revolution because of the special properties of materials at the nanoscale. The IoNT involves a large number of
nanosensors that used to provide more precise and detailed information about a particular object to enable a better
understanding of object behavior. IoNT adds a new scale in IoT incorporating nano-sensors in the devices, which in turn
allows it to connect and communicate through the nanotechnology network with internet. The IoNT is embedded with
nanotechnology (a technology which is deployed in desired devices within the nanotechnology radius), which helps in
seamless transmission and communication of data within a given range of operations. This vision and model has been
greatly evolving with respect to the number and types of things that are being connected, and in the technologies for
collecting, processing, and sharing. The IoNT infrastructure [10] allows different combinations of nano cameras, nano
phones, nano things &objects, nano-sensor network technologies, and many more.
The IoNT is increasing fast, prominently improving the mighty IoT. In IoNT infrastructure, these “nano things” will
realize and explore each other and learn to take advantage of each other’s data by sharing resources and dramatically
enhancing the scope and dependability of the resulting services. The concept of the IoNT is introduced as a type of IoT
where nano-devices whose dimensions may range from 1 to 100 nm [9] are interconnected with classical networks
leading to new networking paradigms. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) communications can be structured [11] by
integrating nano devices and a number of other technologies such as IoT, Sensors Network, Cloud Computing, Big data
analytics etc. This new networking paradigm will have a great impact in almost every field of our society, ranging from
healthcare to homeland security or environmental protection.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the IoNT related work; about Internet of Nano Things
(IoNT) presented in Section 3; Section 4 how Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) functioning; Section 5 the main reason of
Internet of Nano Things (IoNT); Section 6 Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)communication network; Section 7 Internet of
Nano Things (IoNT) security; Section 8 Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)market trends; Section 9 Internet of Nano Things
(IoNT)applications; Section 10 open research Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)challenges and Section 11 is the
conclusion.
2. Related Work
The Internet of nano things is a newly emerging technology that is arriving faster than ever and holds the promise of
solving many of the world’s most pressing challenges. It performs the way we connect devices in case of Internet of
Things but the major difference is it can connect the nano components which is not possible with Internet of Things.
Thus, it creates a state of the art revolution in electromagnetic communication areas among nano scale devices. In this
section, we are discuss the Internet of Nano Things relate works. Ian F. Akyildiz et al. focuses on electromagnetic
communication in nanoscale devices by drawing attention towards channel modeling, information encoding and
networking protocols for nano-devices based on IoNT. The Information and Communication society (ICT) should
provide some new solutions with regard to communication in nanoscale devices and nano networks [10]. A. Nayyar et
al. discuss Nan machine is characterized as the fundamental useful unit incorporated by means of nano-components to
perform essential tasks like detecting or inciting. Nano-machines can be additionally utilized as establishment for
improvement of nano-bots, nano-processors, nano-clocks, and nano-memory. Aside from dealing with examining on
different application field and improvement of Nanotechnology based IoNT gadgets , new security and protection
systems should be looked into concerning the information being gathered by nano sensors[12]. The Kulakowski et al.
[13] focused on Nano-communications via Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), which was found to be a technique
with a very high signal propagation speed and discussed how to route signals through Nano-networks. They introduced
five new routing mechanisms, based on biological properties of specific molecules and experimentally validated one of
these mechanisms. K. Agarwal et al. [14] the increase in internet users, there is need for more bandwidth. This issue can
be solved by using a frequency band called as Terahertz band. It provides very large amount of channel capacity which
makes massive bandwidth available for very short ranges (>1m). Ali et al. [15] outlined the different network models
of Internet of Nano-things (IoNT) and the architectural requirements for implementation. They highlighted the main
applications of IoNT and the significant challenges faced in implementing this technology in healthcare. They also
discussed the communication and networking aspects of IoNT examining two paradigms, layer-based and non-layerbased models including the comprised layers in the layered model. Hemdan Ezz El-Din et al. [16] order to provide in132
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depth knowledge about Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies, the
researchers provided various fundamental concepts, architecture, communication classifications, communication
issues, applications, benefits, security and future research directions. Kuscu et al. [17] provided a detailed architectural
view of Nano communication focused on its fundamental principles and design requirements by surveying theoretical
and experimental ideas. They gave an overview of networking opportunities offered by the intrinsic capabilities of
fluorophores under the concept of Internet of Molecular Things. Bassam Al-Shargabiet al. [18] IoT operational model
based on how they are interconnected and operated, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) classifies them into IoT
Device-to- Device model, IoT Device-to-Cloud model, IoT Device-to-Gateway Model, IoT Back-End-Sharing Data model.
An explored analysis for the major opportunities and challenges faced in implementation of IoT technology was
introduced. The growth of the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) primarily focuses on improving processing capabilities,
providing larger storage capacity at lower costs and increasing the role of communication terminals. The Yusuf Perwej
et al. IoNT infrastructure can be deployed in various eco-systems such as electro-magnetic waves, RedTacton [19], WiFi, Li-Fi [20], radio frequency identification (RFID) and nano antenna. Andrew Whitmore et al. [21] in this paper the
present scenario of IoT, technologies supporting IoT , its applications and challenges, recent advances and development
through an in-depth review has been presented. The literature was classified into six major categories: technology,
applications, challenges, business models, future directions and overview & survey. Mahdi. H. Miraz et al. in this paper
Internet of Things (loT), Internet of Everything (loE) and Internet of Nano Things (loNT) are briefly studied and various
future applications of these technologies was also presented by authors [22]. Stelzner et al. [23] were looking at the
combination of in-body Nano-communication with the Internet of Things (IoT) especially Body Area Networks (BAN)
and the resulting research challenges in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT). Moreover, they provided a concept for
Function Centric Networking presented an approach to deal with these challenges by addressing specific groups of
interchangeable and replaceable Nano-machines. Several communication paradigms can be used in Nano-networks
depending on the technology used to manufacture the Nano-machines and the targeted application. Josep Miquel Jornet
et al. discuss the latest techniques used in the development of nano things and major research challenges in the
recognition of the IoMNT [24]. The future research trends and major challenges are defined in terms of multimedia data
and signal processing, propagation modeling for communication amongst nano things in the terahertz band, physical
layer solutions for terahertz band communication and protocols for the IoMNT. The researchers also proposed novel
medium access control techniques, addressing schemes, neighbor discovery and routing mechanisms, a novel QoS
aware cross-layer communication module, and novel security solutions for the IoMNT. Falko Dressler et al. [25]
examined the challenges and opportunities of connecting Body Area Networks and other outer gateways with in body
nano-devices. A novel network architecture supporting the application requirements was derived and in particular
simulation-based performance evaluation and security issues was also been identified. Najah Abu Ali et al. presented
different network models of IoNT and the architectural requirements [26] for implementing this technology in
healthcare applications such as drug delivery and disease detection. The nano networks protocol stack was categorized
into two main categories, first Layer-based and second non-layer based models. And finally a comparison between the
two models along with the advantages and disadvantages of both was provided.
2.1. About Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
The Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) is a convergent point where nanotechnology, the Internet of Things (IoT) and
Industry 4.0 meet. The premise of the IoNT is pretty simple; it is essentially a nanoscale version of the IoT. These areas
also converge within sensors that can be used in conventional IoT systems [27], but the IoNT is the manifestation of
small-scale IoT systems that is ideal solution for remote environmental monitoring and medical applications. The IoNT
involves a [11] large number of nanosensors that used to provide more precise and detailed information about a
particular object to enable a better understanding of object behavior.
The first concept of IoNT was proposed by Ian Akyildiz and Josep Jornet [10] a paper entitled “The Internet of NanoThings” in 2010. Describing the term of IoNT as the interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing communication
networks and ultimately the Internet defines a new networking paradigm that is further referred to as the Internet of
Nano Things. IoNT is the new evolution that blends IoT with nanotechnology. The Internet of nano things is based on
synthetic biology and nanotechnology tools that allow the engineering of biological embedded computing devices
opportunities. Nanosensors have become one of the main research fields in nanoscience due to having effective
solutions in medicine, agriculture, environment, and computing systems [28]. These nanosensors could be
interconnected with the existing wireless communication systems, which can produce a new domain that is called
internet of nano-things (IoNTs). Normally, nanosensors can be classified into the following types, physical (mechanical,
acoustical, thermal and radiation, optical, and magnetic), chemical (atomic and molecular energies), and biological
(antibody & antigen interaction, DNA interaction, enzymatic interaction). Approaches for the fabrication and integration
of nanosensors shown in figure 1.
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The real-time data can be used in a variety of nano-applications in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), from preventive
treatment to diagnostics and rehabilitation. IoNT introduces significant challenges as well as opportunities for wearable
sensor-based big data analysis research. Traditional algorithms do not offer flexibility to handle such large volumes of
diverse data, and this creates a need for proper mechanisms for data analysis to be able to keep up with the managing,
processing, and response requirements along with the data reliability. IoNT uses two broad areas of communication
firstly the Terahertz Electromagnetic Nano-Communication [29], which is regarded as transmission and receiving of
electromagnetic radiation from components, and secondly the Molecular Communication, which is regarded as
transmission and receiving of information encoded in molecules. IoNT infrastructure can be implemented by
introducing nano devices with other popular technologies like big data, wireless sensor network, cloud computing, and
grid computing.
Figure 1 The Outlook for the Fabrication and Integration of Nanosensors
The interconnection of nano machines with existing communication networks such as Internet requires the
development of new network architectures. The development and widespread adoption of IoNT relies on processing
capabilities, large storage at low costs, smart antennas, and smart RFID tag technology. The IoNT has given birth of new
domains like Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) [8] and Internet of Multimedia-Nano Things (IoMNT) [24] which can
add novel developments in healthcare and multimedia arenas. Many nanosensors have also been made from nonbiological materials, such as carbon nanotubes, that can both sense and signal, acting as wireless nano antennas. Because
they are so small, nanosensors can collect information from millions of different points. External devices can then
integrate the data to generate incredibly detailed maps showing the slightest changes in light, vibration, electrical
currents, magnetic fields, chemical concentrations and other environmental conditions. The IoNT could provide much
more detailed, inexpensive, and up-to-date pictures of our cities, homes, factories even our bodies. Today traffic lights,
wearables, or surveillance cameras are getting connected to the Internet [30]. Next up billions of nanosensors
harvesting huge amounts of real-time information and beaming it up to the cloud. IoT with nano-machines have
attracted much attention as one of the new research areas.
3. How Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Functioning
The Nanotechnology can be combined with the IoT is in the creation of a physical network, composed of nanomaterials
that facilitates the exchange of data through different components communicating with each other at the nano level.
This is known as the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) [31]. In terms of development, it is not yet at the level of other IoT
systems, but it is attracting interest from the communication and medical sectors. One such example is in field-based
applications, where remote sensing is required, or for measuring different points within a human body. We need to first
view at the conventional IoT systems that are now being put in place to create smarter sensor networks and more
automated processes. The IoT is a collective of sensors networks, data collectors, and transmitters that send data from
multiple entry points through the cloud into a centralized location. This enables the IoT [2] to be self-sufficient, without
the need for human interaction, unless the system alerts an operator to a problem, which it finds through its analyses.
The IoNT, in essence, is a miniaturized version of these systems which employ very small sensors and data network
hubs to transmit data over long distances. As it stands, IoNT systems are not as well-developed as their IoT counterparts,
but their ability to gather data using such small sensor [3] points makes them useful for applications that are not
compatible with other (bulkier) sensor networks. There are various components within the IoNT network which
communicate with each other to transfer the data over long distances.
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The any system, there are multiple components, and the IoNT [11] is no different. There are also two common ways that
these components communicate with each other, and these are through electromagnetic nano-communication
(transmission and receiving of electromagnetic waves) and molecular communication (information encoded in
molecules). As for the components themselves, there are four main areas of the IoNT that help to facilitate the transfer
of information these are nano nodes, nano-routers, nano-micro interface devices, and gateways. There are four basic
components to an IoNT system shown in figure 2. These are called the nano nodes, nano-routers, nano-micro interface
devices, and gateways. The smallest component is the nano node [32]. These are colloquial to sensors in conventional
IoT networks [2] and are essentially basic nano machines. Because of their small size and small internal memory, the
operations that they can perform are limited, as is the distance that they can transmit data. However, many nano nodes
can be connected to one or more nano-routers much like where sensors transmit the localized data to a localized hub
before sending the information over long distances. Nano-routers are much larger than the nano nodes, and therefore
possess a much higher computational power that enables them to collect and aggregate all the data from the
surrounding nano nodes and transmit this data over long distances to the nano-micro interface device. A Nano node is
the simplest and smallest component within the IoNT [33] setup and is seen as a basic nano machine. These small nano
machines are used to transmit data and perform basic computations. However, their small size (and energy) limits the
distance that they can transmit data, and they possess a very small internal memory. Nevertheless, they can be placed
in a specific location and transmit data to a larger nano-router, which then transmits the data over longer distances.
Therefore, the nano nodes can often be the actual sensor component of the system. The nano nodes pass the data on to
the nano-router, which is a nano machine with a much larger computational power. Because they possess a much higher
computational power, they act as an aggregator for all the surrounding nano nodes that obtain the initial data. They can
then control the exchange commands between the nano nodes and send the information to the nano-micro interface
device. These interface devices aggregate all the data from the nano-routers and transmit the data [34] to the micro
scale (and vice versa) using a combination of nano-communication techniques and classical network protocols. The
gateway then acts as the controller of the whole system and enables the data to be accessed anywhere via the internet.
So, the IoNT [35] does show some similarities with how IoT systems operate, but the small size of the components
means that some of the hubs need to be closer together.
Figure 2 The Functioning of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
4. The Main Reason of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
The development of Nanotechnologies, nano machines, Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) [36] will have a great impact on
advanced development in almost every field in near future. The interconnection of nanoscale devices with existing
communication networks and ultimately the Internet defines a new networking paradigm that is further referred to as
the Internet of Nano Things [10].
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Figure 3 The Nano Communication in Internet of Nano Things
The IoNT is an extension of the Internet of everything [30], but where you have the possibility of incorporating nanosensors in various objects and using nano-networks. That is, the reasonof IoNT consists of the capacity to interconnect
diverse types of devices developed at a nano-scale in a communication network, where it allows the collection of data
in places with difficult access [37]. The figure 3 show the interconnection which is established between different devices,
as are nanosensors through nano-networks, with the aim provides essential information within complex-to-access
areas. For example, on-body nano-sensors could provide electrocardiographic and other vital signals, while
environmental nano-sensors could collect information about pathogens and allergens in a given area [35]. The term as
nano-networks are not a simple extension of traditional communication networks at the nano-scale. They are a
complete new communication paradigm, in which most of the communication processes are inspired by biological
systems found in nature [28].
5. The Area of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
The Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) contains two areas firstly the Internet of the Nano-Things Multimedia (IoMNT)and
secondly the Internet of the Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) [38], also, the architecture of the nano devices can be different,
depending on the capabilities that it provides nano technology. The perspective of multimedia nano-things concludes
that nano components have to be integrated into a single device [39]. The interconnection of pervasively deployed
multimedia nano-devices with existing communication networks and ultimately the Internet defines a truly cyber
physical system which we further refer to as the Internet of Multimedia Nano-Things (IoMNT). The IoMNT is not only
compliant with the envisioned applications of the IoT [40], but it also enables more advanced applications in diverse
fields. In figure 4, a single device is made up of different nano components (nano cameras, nano-phones, nano-antenna,
etc.). Additionally, this device must be tiny of at least a few cubic micrometers [10].
Figure 4TheArchitecture of Multimedia Nano Things
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In the Internet of the Nano Things Multimedia (IoMNT) architecture contain a Nano Cameras photo-detector designed
at nano-scale which is of great importance in telecommunications. It allows the detection of signals and acquisition of
optical images [41] and Nano-Phones Consist of ultrasonic transducers with nanoscale dimensions [42].In the Scalar
nano sensors are able to devices of a new generation of sensors. A nano sensor is not just a tiny sensor, but a device that
makes use of the novel properties of nanomaterials to identify and measure new types of events in the nanoscale and
Nano processor is high performance transistors. They are smaller and can work at high frequencies. The Nano memories
are indicated that these memories are not yet ready and available for the nano devices. Nano-materials [9] and new
manufacturing processes are considered as the starting point for their development, using single-atom memories,
where each bit of information requires only one atom and power nano systems type of batteries requires new models
or techniques that allow energy storage in a very different way than conventional batteries. Again, nano antennas and
nano transceivers use of nano materials has generated that many investigations can be made and with this the
possibility of manufacturing nano-antennas [9].These antennas are much more compact than the traditional antennas,
that is based on graphene and have the chance of working on the frequency of the Terahertz band. The capabilities of
multimedia, processing, data storage, energy, of the nano devices, will not always be the same and this capacity vary
according to their size [43].
The secondly the Internet of the Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) areas has the perspective on biological structures. The
Internet of the Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) is defined as uniquely identifiable basic structural and functional units that
operate and interact within the biological [8] environment [37]. The stemming from biological cells [44], and enabled
by synthetic biology and nanotechnology. In nature, the exchange of information between cells is based on the synthesis,
transformation, emission, propagation, and reception of molecules [9] through biochemical and physical processes [10].
Bio-Nano Things are expected to perform tasks and functionalities typical of the embedded computing devices in the
IoT, such as sensing, processing, actuation, and interaction with each other. In figure 5 shows how the comparison of
elements by a biological cell [44] with the features or components that make up an electronic device is carried out [8].
For instance, nucleus of the cell with the control unit and the cytoplasm with the memory. In the Internet of the BioNano Things (IoBNT) architecture the Control Unit can be considered as the control unit of the cell [28]. The genetic
instructions are those that are packaged in the DNA molecules of the cells [37] and memory unit contains the values of
the embedded system data, would correspond to the chemical content of the cytoplasm, i.e. the interior of the cell [44],
comprised of molecules synthesized by the cell as a result of DNA instructions [37].In the processing unit concerns the
molecular machinery that, rough DNA molecules, generates other molecules with types and concentrations dependent
on the instructions are given[8] and Power Unit corresponds to the deposit in the cell of the molecule Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP), which is synthesized by the cell from energy provided by an external environment and provides
power so that the biochemical reactions of the cell can be generated [37].Again, transceivers are falls on the chains of
chemical reactions, through these the cells [9] exchange information molecules as well as sensing and actuation consist
of the ability of the cell to recognize external molecules or physical stimuli [37].
Figure 5TheConceptual Elements of a Biological Cell and IoT Components
6. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Communication Network
The Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)is defined as an interconnection of nanoscale devices with the current
communication technologies and the Internet [45]. The IoNT should be capable of interconnecting billions of
nanosensors and nano devices through the Internet, interacting with each other in a distributed manner. Terahertz
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(THz) band communication is utilized through new developments in areas such as spectrum management and antenna
design to obtain data from various objects [46]. The IoNT paradigm is characterized by a very large number of nano
devices, technologies, and protocols. It is really important to take into account various properties for the IoNT, namely
availability, scalability, interoperability, flexibility, and reliability. The IoNT defines a paradigm where all types of nano
devices (e.g. nanosensors, nano actuators, etc.) are connected to the nano networks and are able to interact with each
other in real time. In nano networks, the gateway [47] must integrate data from different nano devices (e.g. nano
sensors). However, due to the timing difference in data propagation between nano sensors, this can lead to long delays
for data before reaching the sink node. Therefore, a time-delayed data fusion method should be applied at the gateway
for the processing of data before they are transmitted over the Internet.
6.1. Conventional Communication vs Molecular Communication
In conventional communication, the information is encoded in electromagnetic, acoustic, or optical signals. But in nanonetwork based on molecular communication, the information is encoded by means of molecules. The propagation speed
of signal in conventional communication is much faster than the propagation speed of molecules in molecular nanonetworks. In molecular communication, the information molecules physically move from the transmitter to the receiver,
therefore, the environmental condition such as temperature can affect the propagation of the information molecules.
The noise in conventional communication is additive noise, which is defined as an undesired signal overlapped with the
information signals. But there are only two types of noise in molecular communication. First, it is additive noise that
also occurs in conventional communication. This means another source release same molecules which are used to
encode the message, therefore, the receiver may sense an incorrect concentration level. The second noise is undesired
interaction occurring between information molecules and environmental molecules such as medium molecules. The
conventional communication can transmit the text, voice, and video over medium but in molecular communication, the
message is a molecule. There are chemical processes in molecular communication. Therefore, their power consumption
is low, while conventional communication consumes electrical power for their communication processes [28] that is
obtained from internal or external sources such as batteries or electro-magnetic induction
6.2. Communication Models in Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
The communication in nanoscale can be classified in molecular communication and nano electromagnetic
communication [48]. The molecular communication is defined as the transmission and reception of information
encoded in molecules, while transmission and reception of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from components based on
nanomaterials defines nano-electromagnetic communication. It is of great importance to study the communication
nature in very short range, since it is functioning at the nanoscale. In the IoNT communication paradigm, the routing
protocol should be coupled to the MAC layer through a cross-layer design [2]. The residual energy and current load of
the IoNT nodes will be utilized to identify and bypass critical links. Therefore, the network lifetime can be effectively
prolonged by preserving residual energy and increasing network throughput, which can be achieved through load
balancing.
Traditional nano networks spend energy in almost all processes. They spend energy while making data transmissions
and data sensing as well as data processing. There have been a few attempts toward [49] achieving energy efficiency in
such networks via wireless multi-hop networking such as and [50]. However, such schemes are only applicable in static
wireless networks and are impractical in multi-hop nanoscale wireless networks with random topologies. Routing
algorithms for the IoNT can be classified to cluster-based algorithms vs. cognitive-based algorithms. In the clusterbased algorithms packet transmission from the source to the cluster-head or nano controller can be direct or multi-hop
based on the probability of saving energy through transmission, optimizing throughput, and minimizing nanosensors’
load. In the cognitive-based algorithms [51] was proposed for data delivery in nanoscale networks where nano routers
forward the collected data to cognitive relay nodes for acting and making decisions based on the network conditions.
6.3. The Forming of Network Connections of Various Nano Scale Devices
In this section, we are discussing thepreliminary ideas for the forming of network connections of various nano scale
devices. In channel sharing develop impulse-based communications [36]. We think of asynchronous MAC protocols, in
which a nano node willing to send a packet can just transmit it and wait for some type of acknowledgment. The
implement addressing schemes that capture and exploit the hierarchy of the network. Investigate strategies for the
discovery of neighbours that exploit the high directivity of the terahertz antennas to determine the relative location and
orientation between the nano-objects simultaneously [39]. A communication system based on impulses must be defined
and assume that the nano-nodes know the distance between them. For example, different nodes at the same distance
from the nano-router will have the same ID. The neighbours of these nodes, who might not have heard the nano-router,
will take a higher ID and broadcast it. Therefore, other nodes will have higher IDs. [29]. a hierarchical network structure,
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it is not necessary to notify the entire network of the existence of a new nano node; it would only be required to inform
the nearest nano-router or nano-micro interface [29]. End-to-end reliability in nano networks and the IoNT has to be
guaranteed both for the messages going from a remote command centre to the nano- nodes, as well as for the packets
coming from the nano machines to a common sink [29].
6.4. The Nanoscale Communication Challenges
The Internet of Nano-Things requires redesign and develops new communication paradigms, and networking concepts
that will be compatible for nanoscale machines. Many communication challenges appear in the physical layer of nano
machines to the nano networking protocols. In this sectionwe are discussing themain challenges from communication
respective [10]. In the channel modelling terahertz band spans the frequencies between 100 GHz and 10 THz is still
unlicensed band. It has major limitations for short and medium range communications [52], but it is applicable for nano
network applications as discussed aforementioned, therefore the channel modelling for this band in the very short range
should be investigated. The Jornet et al. investigates the properties of the Terahertz band in terms of path-loss, noise,
and bandwidth and channel capacity as described below [53]. The absorption loss depends on the type of the molecules
and its concentration along the path. Different resonance frequency associated to different types of molecules where
the absorption at each resonance spreads over a range of frequencies. As a consequence, the Terahertz channel will
suffer from high frequency selectivity, multi-path propagation, and scattering from the nano particles in the field which
affect the signal strength at the receiver. The main source of the ambient noise in the Terahertz band is the molecular
noise. The molecular absorption introduces noise along with the attenuation. This type of noise occurs only when
transmitting signal through the channel. Additionally, equivalent noise temperature is introduced around the
frequencies where the molecular absorption is considered high. The molecular absorption determines the transmission
bandwidth in terahertz channel. Therefore, the molecular composition of the medium and the total transmission path
constrain the available bandwidth [54]. The available bandwidth for a very short range is ranging from a few hundreds
of gigahertz to almost ten Terahertz (almost the entire band).Therefore, the channel capacity of electromagnetic nano
networks in the Terahertz band is predicted to be in the order of a few terabits per second.
7. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Security
Internet of Nano Things is being incorporated into most applications of our life such as phones, household appliances,
sensors, vehicles, and large-scale infrastructure systems. These devices have their control and monitoring procedures
digitized and connected to the Internet, which raises many security and privacy issues [55].The integration of Body Area
Networks systems within body devices and nano machines also creates a completely new level of security related
challenges. One of the most important challenges as a result of the growth of the Internet of Nano Things market is
related to the security of data communicated over the Internet. For example, in the healthcare domain, a bio-cyberattack can steal people’s personal health related information. This information can be used to create new types of
viruses to hack into already-deployed nanosensors in the Internet of Nano Things. Therefore, security assurance
methods should be applied to communication networks in the 4 G and 5G era, especially in the Internet of Nano Things,
in order to prevent such problems, considering the nature of Internet of Nano Things communications carefully. The
Internet of Nano Things is vulnerable to all types of attacks, either physical or through wireless technologies, given that
this type of device does not meet with constant vigilance [56].The attacks can occur to acquire private data through the
theft of sensors, interrupt applications controlled utilizing computers, or modify the communication links in the nanonetworks. This is because standard security techniques cannot be applied to nano networks that operate in the terahertz
band. To secure the IoNT system, there is a need to develop new security solutions [57]. The author proposed [56] new
security methods among nano-communications, especially the connections between Internet of Nano Things and
Internet of Nano Things. These security aspects mentioned are nano communication security, security objectives, and
security mechanisms for IoNT systems. The security objectives are a series of concepts that guarantee the security of
communication systems. They are made up of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. When combining nano
communication devices with IoT, we are facing typical sensor network security issues. The range for an attacker,
especially gateway nodes and the integration of smart phones [58] opens up completely new attack vectors.
Furthermore, the use of these networks for collecting very private information ranging from location information to
physiological data makes these networks a valuable target for malicious users. Therefore, new security and privacy
techniques are required to protect sensitive data collected by nanosensors.
7.1. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Security Aim
In this section evaluating the security of Internet of Nano Things systems, we need to start with a classical security and
risk analysis. Further-more, novel and emerging challenges in the nano communication domain [59] as well as related
to the coupling of In-Body Networks with external devices is necessary. Firstly assess the estimate CIA (Availability,
Integrity, and Confidentiality) security aims in these new circumstances [60].
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7.1.1. Availability
A malicious user must not be capable of disrupting or harmfully affecting communication or quality of service provided
by either nano devices or nano networks. In the Internet of Nano Things scenario, availability of the BAN network, inbody nano communication network, and gateway nodes should be maintained under all situations and conditions.
Adaptive self organizing solutions are needed to handle this issue.
7.1.2. Integrity
The content of messages exchanged between a sender and a receiver should be protected against modification by an
intruder without the receiver being able to track this modification [56]. In the Internet of Nano Things system, integrity
checks need to be applied not only on BAN nodes but also on the nano devices and micro gateway. The integrity checks
can be carried out at each node involved in the message exchange between the originator and the receiver [61].
7.1.3. Confidentiality
An attacker should not be able to access the content of messages exchanged between a sender and a receiver. In our
context, this means that confidentiality need not only be ensured within the Body Area Network, e.g., using encryption
techniques such as the well known AES or RSA algorithms [62], and within the In-Body Nano Communication network,
e.g., relying on biochemical cryptography, but primarily also when relaying messages using a gateway system
interconnecting both worlds. As usual, security helper functionality is needed starting with cryptographic techniques
for encryption and digital signatures but also for authentication as a base functionality.
7.2. Invasion Vectors in Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
An invasion vector is a path or means by which an attacker can gain unauthorized access to a computer or network to
deliver a payload or malicious outcome. Attack vectors allow attackers to exploit system vulnerabilities, install
different types of malware, and launch cyber attacks. Attack vectors can also be exploited to gain access to sensitive
data, personally identifiable information (PII) and other sensitive information that would result in a data breach. It tries
to exploit the vulnerabilities in a device or a network [63].There are several invasion vectors associated with the
Internet of Nano Things system that need to be handled by implementing the required security measures to reduce
against.
7.2.1. Internet Exposure
In spite of the fact that connecting nano devices to the Internet helps to share information with each other and allow
real-time applications, any device which connects to the Internet and accepts incoming traffic eventually comes under
attack. Unlike the network server where a firewall can control how the host can be accessed, nano devices are employed
with limited computation capabilities and memory and without built in security features that make it an easy target to
various attacks coming from different locations over the Internet.
7.2.2. Lack of Encryption
Unluckily, security is often an afterthought in the development lifecycle of Internet of Nano Things devices. Encryption
is missing from most nano devices due to their small size and limited computation capabilities. Failure to encrypt
sensitive data exchanged between nano devices, whether on nano device itself or on nano networks will lead to several
security issues especially when nano devices become part of our bodies. Embedded cryptography such as crypto graphic
co-processors, which can address encryption and authentication of nano devices, is required and securing data of nano
devices should be part of any design.
7.2.3. Wearable Malware
There is a rapid growth of wearable devices in different fields [64]. These devices include smart glasses and headgear,
fitness trackers, wearable medical devices, smart watches, and smart clothing and accessories. Wearable’s devices might
become attractive targets for malicious software especially they use Bluetooth [65], which uses frequency hopping
whereby many devices can transmit a signal across the same frequency at the same time [66]. This increases the chances
of signal interception by attackers and theft of sensitive information from these unencrypted feeds.
7.2.4. Denial-of-service
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is a type of cyber attack in which a malicious actor aims to render a computer or other
device unavailable to its intended users by interrupting the device's normal functioning. This is defined as any event
that diminishes or eliminates the capacity of a network to perform its expected function [67]. An attacker tries to affect
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the availability of a network that might be difficult to protect, as attackers might have sufficient energy to jam radio
transmission or flood the communication channel with large amounts of molecules that destroy regular communication
molecules.
7.3. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Security Mechanisms
In this section, we are discussing the how to increase the security of IoT systems as well as we are consider the following
mechanisms to establish secure communications in nano sensor networks.
7.3.1. Key Management
The establishment of symmetric keys is called key management [68]. Distributing security keys is considered to be the
root of nearly all key management systems. Keys can be distributed either by key pre-distribution before the
deployment or pro-active in a sensor network before any data transmission occurs. It is essential to have the ability to
revoke a key when it has been disclosed [65]. This issue is still one of the most challenging issues in sensor networks
and IoNT systems. It is necessary to define standard procedures to create shared keys and define how keys can be
revoked when necessary.
7.3.2. Cryptographic Primitives
In the scope of Body Area Networks, we can rely on classical cryptographic solutions such as using the symmetric AES
or the asymmetric RSA algorithms. For in Body Nano Communication, however, we need more lightweight solutions
such as the biochemical cryptography proposed [69].
7.3.3. Access Control and Authentication
Authentication is a prerequisite to guarantee the objective of confidentiality. Each of the messages that want to be sent
to a nano-communication system must go through a gateway and be authenticated. Authentication is typically achieved
using traditional symmetric or asymmetric cryptography. Biochemical cryptography is a new and still unexplored field
which uses biological molecules like DNA/RNA evidence to encrypt information and protect the confidentiality and
integrity of data [70]. Although this cryptography scheme opens various novel application domains, it leads to new
issues related to the communication system. The complex molecules can spontaneously respond within the system
which results in modifications out of the control of the nano machinery. Therefore, the biochemical processes involved
in the system need to be better understood.
7.3.4. Secure Localization
In IoNT, many of the applications will need to know the location of the nano-sensors to perform specific jobs. Some
applications that use nano communication need the localization of nano machines to complete their operations. The
difference in demands between classical sensor networks, using other coordinate systems, and nano devices make
generating an absolute positioning with nanoscale resolution difficult to realize, but relative positioning might be more
relevant. This links directly to security to permit only nearby nano machines to communicate and prevent remote
attackers from interfering [71].
7.3.5. Intrusion Detection
Due to some problems that classical cryptography methods could present, it is essential to make the necessary
arrangements to detect and react to attacks. In indicated that a strategy to counteract a denial of service attacks consists
of implementing an intrusion detection system in the entry node to the nano-communication system and that it is failsafe. Some attacks typically cannot be handled by cryptography. For instance, denial-of-service attacks that try to
disrupt the availability of a system might be difficult to protect against in a nano communication network. This is
because attackers might have the necessary energy to jam radio transmission or flood the communication channel with
huge amounts of molecules that destroy regular communication molecules. An intrusion detection system can be used
to handle this issue by detecting the attack and trigger the system to go into a fail-safe mode [72]. Therefore, it is critical
to establish new intrusion detection systems that are able to detect and react to attacks efficiently in nano networks.
7.3.6. Performance and Scalability
Last but not least, the resulting system performance is an important aspect to be considered. The security and privacy
in the nano-communication systems present significant challenges regarding the performance and scalability of the
participating nodes. IoNT securities will create enormous performance and scalability issues. There will be severe
resource limitations in nano machines that make nano communication which is unmatched in current communication
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systems. Although the performance of cryptographic algorithms has been assessed in the sensor network, these results
cannot be directly applied to the nano domain due to different procedures of information processing [70]. In addition,
energy consumption is another serious issue since communication systems like nano-tube based radios require
significant power because of the cryptographic payloads they create [72]. Therefore, the performance of communication
protocols and cryptographic techniques should be taken into consideration when developing practical applications.
8. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Market Trends
The global internet of nano things market can be characterized by the relatively new series of nano-scale devices and
the systems that are built using them. His global internet of nano things market thus implies a market dedicated to
providing interconnectivity between nano-scale systems for better data direction, collection, and processing. This also
allows a smoother transition for sharing the data with the various end users. Current uses of the global internet of nano
things market include those in the industries of retail, media and entertainment, energy and utilities, transportation and
logistics, manufacturing, and healthcare. The IoNT comprises of nano scale network of different physical objects that
exchange information among each other using nano communication. As per the recent research, IoNT market is
expected to grow from around USD 5 billion in 2016 to USD 10 billion by 2020shown in figure 6, at an estimated rate of
more than 24.12% for the current forecast period of 2016 to 2025 [73].IoNT infrastructure can get deployed by mixing
of nano devices and several other technologies like IoT, sensors network, cloud computing, and big data analytics among
others. The IoNT infrastructure depends on the area of operation and required bandwidth required by specific
application. The enhancement and adoption of IoNT depends on processing capabilities, large storage at low costs, and
smart RFID tag technology.
Figure 6 The Market Growth Rate Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) by Region (2020 - 2025)
A primary driver concerning the global internet of nano things market is the growing rate of demand for ubiquitous
connectivity. As the number of connected devices and computer devices increase, the need for better interconnectivity
drives the internet of things concept and consequently, the IoNT market. The global internet of nano things market has
allowed companies to greatly improve their rate of data transfer between systems and to lower the level of complexity
within different communications systems. Moreover, government’s support for the development of IoNT technology for
healthcare has further increased the demand and awareness of IoNT [61]. However, the growth of the IoNT market faces
a few challenges due to privacy and security issues. Since critical data is communicated between devices over the
internet, concerns related to security of the data have risen. Another factor which hinders the growth of IoNT market is
the huge capital investment required for the development of nano technology. The players associated with the global
internet of nano things are likely to be focused in regions that hold a greater scope of use of IoT and IoNT, i.e. developed
economies from North America and Europe. A greater contingency of players in the global IoNT market are present in
these regions, while developing economies have only been showing greater interest in the market in very recent times.
Immense growth opportunities of the IoNT market have been identified through its applications in various sectors such
as healthcare, transportation, logistics, manufacturing, media, entertainment, and retail. With technological
advancements in the IoNT, the scope of IoNT and its applications is [35] on the rise. Major companies are conducting
research on nanotechnology and constantly developing nano systems with wider scope of applications. Some of the
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major players in the IoNT market are Intel Corporation, Cisco Systems Inc., Qualcomm Incorporated, Juniper Networks,
and IBM Corporation in U.S., Schneider Electric, and Alcatel-Lucent S.A. in France, and SAP S.E. and Siemens AG in
Germany among others.
9. Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Applications
There is no doubt that Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)will make a gigantic impact on the nanotechnology businesses.
The possibilities offered by the new techniques for the collection of fine-grained information by IoNT allow to increase
the existing applications and to venture into new fields in contrast with IoT [74]. Internet of Nano things has countless
applications such as Oil and Gas, Armed, Farming, Smart Cities, Healthcare and many more etc. In this section, we are
discussing the various applications of IoNT which can improve the nanotechnology benefits in many fields [75].
9.1. Fertilizers and Pesticides Delivery in Agriculture
Nano technology has the potential to bring important changes in agricultural industry. Some of these challenges include
the increasing threats to agricultural production and risks of plant related diseases. The agricultural sector will benefit
greatly from Nano-technology tools to detect diseases in a rapid manner, improve the ability of plants to absorb
nutrients and promote molecular treatment of diseases.
9.2. Drug Delivery Systems
Nano devices in Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) can be used as regulator implants that could compensate
metabolism diseases such as diabetes. Smart glucose reservoirs and nanosensors collaborate to support the glucose
level mechanisms. The effects of neurodegenerative diseases can be eliminated using drug delivery system to deliver
neuro transmitters or specific drugs to neurosystem [76].
9.3. Environmental Monitoring
Nano sensors are used in environmental monitoring through deployment in public locations like bus stops, airports,
hotels, etc. and real time monitoring of traffic and temperature. In smart factories or farms, nano devices could monitor
temperature, humidity, and air quality. IoNT used in precision farming applications leading to efficient environment
monitoring, crop growth and even animal monitoring. It is being used to monitor and track the farm animals.
9.4. Smart Cities
Implementation of a smart city provides an interaction and communication with the home appliances, monitoring
sensors, observation cameras, actuators, buses, cars, and others. The roadmap for the smart urban is contingent on
topographical surroundings and persons routines. The communication technologies can be used by anyone, regardless
of their financial situations. Execution of smart cities has previously been done with the assist of Internet of Things. We
can use nano sensor to monitor and recognize the location of litter discovered in the air in high absorption and trigger
nano sensors to clean up that exact position. Moreover, with the assist of the innumerable amount of nano sensors, we
can use to collect an enormous quantity of information in real time to improve the quality of life and offer new facilities
and applications [77].
9.5. Animals and Biodiversity Control
Several animal species can be controlled by nano networks in natural environments. Nano networks could develop
pheromones or messages to trigger certain animal’s behaviors. Therefore, controlling the location of certain animal
species in particular environment would be possible.
9.6. High Speed Data Transfer & Cellular
In telecommunication domain, IoNT incorporated electromagnetic wave nature properties for Pico and Fem to cells
based networking over Terahertz band (0.1THz –10THz), for correspondence among sensors. Due to matters of fact
that, THz based frequencies have higher capacity and transmission rate available, it can exchange rapid information and
can be made conceivable by incorporating Nano gadgets in the cutting edge cell systems and military related
applications [78].
9.7. Biomedical applications
The nanoscale is the natural domain of molecules, proteins, DNA, organelles and the major components of living cells.
As a result, a very large number of applications of nano networks is in the biomedical field. For example, nano material143
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based biological nanosensors [79] can be deployed over (e.g., tattoo-like) or even inside the human body (e.g., a pill or
intramuscular injection) to monitor glucose, sodium, and cholesterol, to detect the presence of infectious agents [80],
or to identify specific types of cancer. A wireless interface between these nano machines and a micro device, such as a
cell phone or medical equipment, could be used to collect data and to forward it to a healthcare provider. Better health
monitoring and treatment frameworks which consolidate chemical and biological nanosensors, nano cameras with
extremely high-resolution powers and ultrasonic nano phones for catching diseases like cancer in their initial phases
and treatment of various other ailments. Another example is that of parents who wish to keep a check on their child’s
addictive drug use. They can do so by installing particular nanosensors inside the body of their child. These sensors will
provide valuable objective data regarding the time and contexts of drug use. Nanosensors are better in this situation
because visible range sensors deployed outside bodies could be taken off.
9.8. Functionalized Materials and Fabrics
New advanced materials and fabrics can be manufactured by using nano networks in order to improve certain
functionalities. There are developed products such as antimicrobial and stain-repeller textiles using nano functionalized
materials [81]. Nano actuators communicate with nanosensors in order to control the reaction which will improve the
airflow in advanced smart fabric.
9.9. Oil and Gas
By using the nano sensor we can increase the repossession rate of the oil. Nano sensor can travel through the holes of
the rock and benefit us to discover the oil bounded to the rocks. However, there is a cross well imaging and seismic tool
which has more impact to this area, but the firmness provided by them is very low. In Internet of Nano things, nano
sensor cooperates and interconnects with each other by molecular communication. Furthermore, the collection of
information can be transported in actual time using the neighboring gateway. Due to which the oil position can be
efficiently plotted without needing an exact magnetic source and receiver.
9.10. Industrial and Consumer Goods Applications
The applications of nanotechnology in the development of new industrial and consumer goods range from flexible and
stretchable electronic devices [82] to new functionalized nanomaterials for self cleaning anti-microbial textiles. In
addition, the integration of nano machines with communication capabilities in every single object will allow the
interconnection of almost everything in our daily life, from cooking utensils to every element in our working place.
9.11. Multimedia
It focuses on the construction of devices such as photo-detectors and acoustic nano-transducers to produce multimedia
content with high Resolution [83]. The nano-multimedia systems have their focus in various fields such as health,
biological attacks, forensic science, and industrial process control. Increasing resolution and accuracy of visual and
acoustic information is not an easy task, but with nano-cameras and nano-phones, this issue can be handled by enabling
higher computational and storing capacities, higher quality image and audio sensing capabilities, and higher energy
efficiency
9.12. Military and Defense Applications
Advanced nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) defenses, and sophisticated damage detection systems for civil
structures, soldiers’ armor and military vehicles, are two examples of the military applications enabled by nano
networks. For example, a network of nanosensors can be used to detect harmful chemicals and biological weapons with
unprecedented accuracy and timeliness, in very different scenarios, from the battle-field (e.g., deployed from an
unmanned vehicle and imperceptible by the human eye) to airport lobbies or a conference room (e.g., contained within
the wall paint.
9.13. Food Packaging
About intelligent packaging the exploration in nanotechnology field has risen steeply over the previous period and there
are several corporations which are focusing in the creation of new forms of nano sized substance. However, one industry
which is flow to catch on to this is the food industry and this is not surprising as the public reference for natural food
products has historically inhibited the implementation of emerging food technologies and indisputably the most active
area of food nano science investigation and expansion is wrapping. After introducing nano material compounds like
SiO2, TiO2 and KMnO4 the food packaging sealing can be enhanced greatly.
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9.14. Body Sensor Network (BSN)
This comprises of in body nano sensors playing a crucial role in collecting and monitoring patient’s biological activities.
The nano sensors being used in BSN to provide real time data on a wearable device. They can be placed in the body and
a gateway to communicate with Internet.
9.15. Immune system support
IoBNT can be utilized to support the immune system to identify and control foreign and pathogen elements in the human
body. Several nano devices such as sensors and actuators collaborate with each other in macro, micro, and nano systems
to protect organism against diseases. Implementing nano devices can advance the medical field by utilizing theses nano
devices to predict, detect, and eliminate certain procedures based on localization of malicious agents and cells, such as
cancer cells [84]. This will minimize the risk of developing such disease and provide treatments less aggressive and
invasive compared to the existing ones.
10. Open Research Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Challenges
The Internet of Nano Things technology can face the many challenges during implementation. The first important
challenge nano devices collect large volumes of confidential data, concerns regarding privacy and security need to be
addressed. Users of Internet of Nano Things infrastructure need to be informed regarding who has access to their data
and how their data will be used. Also, the collected data needs to be stored in a secure location with encryption and
state-of-the-art cyber security protocols. If left unsecured, cyber criminals can illegally access this confidential data. In
the case of a cyber-security attack, users may want to know who could be held responsible and which mitigation
strategies can be executed. Hence, IoNT developers need to consider these issues before the mass production and
utilization of IoNT devices.
There are still many challenges and open research issues that need to be taken into account regarding the performance
improvements of the IoNT. One of them is terahertz band channel modeling. The IoNT needs to transmit very large
amounts of data in a timely and reliable manner. Therefore, the impact of molecular absorption on the path loss and
noise should be accurately analyzed. This will help to locate the best transmission window in terms of achievable
information rates and channel capacity. Moreover, the impact of multi-path propagation on the capacity and achievable
information rates should be accurately investigated. Nano-devices addressing scheme as Nano-devices have limited
energy and computational processing, addresses with reasonable size are needed to consume less processing power.
Moreover, the address domain shall be adequate to support the expected enormous number of fabricated Nanomachines. IPv4 provides 32-bit address space of four billion addresses; however it is not even enough to give each
person on earth a unique identifier. By addressing Internet of things usingIPv6 concept, there is no need to fear that
there will not be enough IP addresses for things. IPv6 is providing 128-bit addresses, this makes the address needs of
IoNT will be sufficient. The real question is whether ‘‘everything’’ needs its own IP address. The answer of this question
is no, because in today’s Internet, things are mostly servers and switches, firewalls, routers, laptops, phones and tablets
with IP to IP connectivity. When we start talking about refrigerators, clothing, thermostats, light bulbs and Nano devices
& machines, they do not need to be directly on the Internet with an IP address [85].Another important challenge is
related to the MAC protocol. The terahertz band supports very high bit rates and has a specific relation between the
available transmission window, the bandwidth for each window, and the transmission distance. Therefore, research
into transmission schemes would be beneficial in order to develop novel transmission techniques using the relation
between the transmission bandwidth and the transmission distance. The MAC protocol should also guarantee that the
transmitter and receiver are properly aligned before the transmission of the data packet.
The compatibility is a major challenge in developing medical nano sensors. Developers have to ensure that these nano
sensors will not have any side effects on a patient’s body as well as support uninterrupted connectivity with wearable
devices. For this purpose, designers and developers may have to find and research a wide range of materials that can
be compatible with the human body. However, finding such materials will require extensive testing, making the entire
process time-consuming as well as error-prone. Nano-network system scalability is the capability of a system to handle
a growing number of tasks. A system is considered to be scalable, if it is capable of increasing its total output under an
increased load when resources are added. A Nano-network system is considered scalable, when its performance
improves after adding additional Nano devices with additional computational functions. A Nano-network system will
be suitably efficient and practical, when it applied to large situations (e.g., a large input data set, a large number of
outputs or a large number of participating Nano-machines &devices). If the system fails when a quantity increases, it
will not be a scalable system. Fully integration between Nano-machines has not been built to date. As a result, many of
the developed solutions cannot be experimentally validated. However, very advanced emulation tools are available for
the partial validation of analytical models [86].Nano-network system computational complexity theory introduces a
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mathematical model of computation to study the problems of a Nano-network system and quantify the amount of
resources needed to solve them such as time, storage, and the amount of communication. More precisely, computational
complexity theory tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources
11. Conclusion
The current development of communication devices and wireless network technologies continues to advance the new
era of the Internet and telecommunications. The various “things”, which include not only communication devices, but
also every other physical object on the planet, are also going to be connected to the Internet, and controlled through
wireless networks. The Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) paradigm will take IoT to a new level, where devices that will be
connected to the Internet will be focused on nano devices that are constructed from nanomaterials and components.
These nano devices will communicate to a micro-device, which in turn communicates to the Internet. Currently the
scientists have started shrinking sensors from millimeters or microns in size to the nanometer scale, small enough to
circulate within living bodies and to mix directly into construction materials. This is a crucial first step toward an
Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) that could take medicine, energy efficiency and many other sectors to a whole new
dimension. The combination of nano sensors and nano devices with Internet have form the forum for the development
of next modernization regular that deals with various types of data, supports high speed of communication from
heterogeneous network such as Nano link, Nano micro interface and Body Sensor Network, which leads to “Internet of
Nano Things” (IoNT). The main purpose of this paper was to provide an overview of the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
system by highlighting its communication types and network architecture, and ccommunications challenges as well as
various applications and challenges of the IoNT system have discussed. We have also investigated the Internet of Nano
Things (IoNT) security mechanisms, invasion vectors in Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), security aim. The evolution of
Nanotechnologies and Internet of Nano things (IoNT) is expected to have immense impact on advanced development in
every field.
Compliance with ethical standards
Acknowledgments
This research paper is made possible through the assistance and support from almost everyone. The author would like
to thank the reviewers anonymous for their constructive comments. First and foremost, we would like to thank GOD for
his unconditional guidance and wisdom as we do my research. Finally, we would like to thank my colleagues for his
more support and encouragement for giving us this research.
Disclosure of conflict of interest
All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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