Original Article | J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2021; 29(133): 74-82
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research | ISSN:2676-6264
Assessing the Effects of Fullerene C60 on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the
Testes of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Mehri Farhang Ranjbar1 , Shima Shahyad2 , Fariba Namdar1 , Ali Noroozzadeh 1
Bahari1 , Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi 1,2,3
1.
2.
3.
, Zahra
Dept. of Physiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Article Info
ABSTRACT
10.30699/jambs.29.133.74
Received: 2020/04/08;
Accepted: 2020/09/10;
Published Online: 04 Dec 2020
Use your device to scan and read the
article online
Corresponding Information:
Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi,
Dept. of Physiology & Medical
Physics, School of Medicine
Baqiyatallah University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
E-Mail:
Mohammadimohammadt@bmsu.ac.ir
Background & Objective: Occurrence of oxidative stress in uncontrolled diabetes
mellitus affects spermatogenesis and testicular functions. As the promising
antioxidant activities of fullerene C60 nanomaterial have been demonstrated by
previous reports, the current study aimed to determine its effects on the markers of
oxidative stress damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes testes in rats.
Materials & Methods: To perform the current study, 32 male Wistar rats were
assigned to four groups (each group, n=8) as follows: two control (normal and
diabetic) and two treated (normal and diabetic) groups. Streptozotocin at dose of 45
mg/kg (i.v. injection) was used to induce diabetes at the beginning of the test. Treated
rats orally received fullerene C60 (1 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. The markers of oxidative
stress damage were assessed in the testes at the end of the study, including
malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents as well as superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s posthoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Blood glucose level was not altered in the fullerene-treated normal and
diabetic animals. Diabetes induction increased MDA level, but decreased CAT
activity in the testes of diabetic animals compared to the normal animals.
Administering fullerene C60 significantly decreased MDA content and increased the
activity of CAT in the testes of diabetic animals compared to the untreated diabetic
rats. Fullerene C60 administration in normal animals also decreased the activity of
SOD in the testes.
Conclusion: According to our findings, fullerene C60 nanoparticles could reduce
oxidative stress damage in diabetic condition in rat testicular tissue probably
through potentiating the antioxidant defense system.
Keywords: Antioxidant capacity, Diabetes mellitus, Fullerene C60, Oxidative stress,
Testicular damage
Copyright © 2021, This is an original open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-noncommercial 4.0 International License which permits
copy and redistribution of the material just in noncommercial usages with proper citation.
Introduction
Male reproductive dysfunction is one of the main
problems of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is observed in
diabetic men (1). This disease deleteriously impairs the
functions of male reproductive system in several parts,
including spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, fertility
capability, and sexual function (1, 2). A remarkable
change in male sexual hormones is another problem that
occurs in diabetic men due to alteration in the
reproductive endocrine system (3). In this regard, a
decrease in testosterone secretion and reduction of
serum testosterone levels as well as decreased serum
levels of LH and FSH has been demonstrated in the
animal models with DM (3, 4). Impairment in
spermatogenesis is another complication in the diabetic
Volume 29, March & April 2021
individuals that has been observed as oligospermia and
azoospermia (5). It appears that several pathogenic
mechanisms are involved in reproductive dysfunction in
diabetes, including decreased sexual hormone levels,
occurrence of oxidative stress, activation of degenerative
and apoptotic signals in the testes, and impaired energy
metabolism pathways (1, 3, 6). According to the
evidence, oxidative stress damage is one of the key
participants in developing reproductive and testicular
dysfunction in diabetic men, which consequently leads
to male infertility (6, 7). Overproduction and
accumulation of free radicals, particularly superoxide
anions, have been reported in the testicular tissue in
diabetes (6). Hence, due to a higher amount of
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Mehri Farhang Ranjbar et al. 75
polyunsaturated fatty acids in germ cells, these cells are
more susceptible to oxidation by free radicals than other
cells in the testicular tissue (7).
Fullerene C60 nanoparticle is the third allotrope of
carbon atom with the diameter of 0.72 nm, and a
remarkably stable structure that is extensively
considered for biomedical usage due to their beneficial
biological functions (8, 9). These types of nanoparticles
have the potent antioxidant properties (several hundredfold higher than common endogenous antioxidants) due
to distinct redox chemistry and organization of vastly
delocalized π double bonds (10). According to the
numerous reports, C60 fullerenes and their derivatives
show tremendous protection versus oxidative stress
damage without causing acute or sub-acute toxicity (9,
11). Hence, due to the potent antioxidant activity of
fullerenes, they are used as therapies in a wide range of
pathological states (8). In this regard, the potential
hepatoprotective activity of fullerene C60 against
oxidative stress has been reported in the liver of diabetic
rats probably through potentiating the antioxidant
defense system (12). Fullerene C60 derivatives also
improve oxidative stress and decrease cell cytotoxicity
developed by photo (13). So, daily and long-term
treatment with fullerene C60 nanoparticles prolongs
survival in an experimental model of CCl4 intoxication
in rats (14). Likewise, the neuroprotective activity of
fullerene C60 against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion
injuries has been demonstrated through improving
oxidative stress damage (15). Additionally, administering
fullerene C60 in rats could protect the liver against
cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity (16).
Since the various beneficial properties of fullerene
C60 nanoparticles were reported in the literature, the
effects of these nanoparticles on the markers of oxidative
stress damage in testicular tissue during diabetic
condition have remained to be determined. Therefore,
the present study assessed the effects of oral repeated
administration of fullerene C60 nanoparticles on the
markers of oxidative stress damage in the testes of
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods
Animals
The present study was an interventional-experimental
study. To perform the current study, the standard
guidelines, presented by Ethics Committee of
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, were
considered for all experimental procedures, including
animal anesthesia, animal killing, blood sampling,
animal caring and using. Male Wistar rats were kept in a
standard condition with 12 hours light/dark cycles,
humidity of 40‒60% and temperature of 22‒24ᵒC, and
ad libitum access to a standard rat chow and water.
Volume 29, March & April 2021
Fullerene C60 Nanomaterial
In the present study, fullerene C60 nanoparticle was
synthesized in Sharif University of Technology (Iran) by
arc heating of graphite and laser irradiation of poly
aromatic hydrocarbon (17). In this method, which is the
main route for fullerenes synthesis, great quantities of
fullerene C60 nanomaterials are produced with purity
above 90%. Sesame oil was used as fullerene C60
vehicle, and this nanoparticle was orally administered by
a gavage tube at the lowest dose (1 mg/kg, daily) based
on solubility of fullerene C60 in the oils and to avoid any
tissue toxicity according to the previous studies (14, 18).
Diabetes Induction
Rats were allowed one week to acclimatize before
diabetes development, and then diabetes was developed
by an i.v. Injection of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ,
Sigma Aldrich, USA) through the tail vein (19). Same
volume of saline (as vehicle of STZ) was administered
in the non-diabetic animals. Confirming of diabetes was
done by determination of blood glucose level and the
rats with high blood glucose (>450 mg/dL) were
selected as diabetic animals.
Experimental Protocols
To perform the current study, 32 male Wistar rats,
aging 8‒10 weeks old and weighting about 220±20 gr,
were assigned to four groups (each group, n=8) as
follows: two control (normal and diabetic) and two
treated (normal and diabetic) groups. The first group was
considered as normal (control group) and the animals in
this group received sesame oil (fullerene vehicle) for 8
weeks, daily and orally. The second group was
considered as fullerene-treated group and during the
study, the rats in this group received daily fullerene C60
nanoparticles (1 mg/kg), dissolved in sesame oil, by
gavage for 8 weeks. The third group used as control
diabetic group and the animals of this group, like the
normal group, received sesame oil (fullerene vehicle) for
8 weeks, daily and orally. The fourth group was
considered as a fullerene-treated diabetic group and
these rats received daily fullerene C60 nanoparticles (1
mg/kg), dissolved in sesame oil, by gavage for 8 weeks
during the test. Treatment of diabetic rats started on day
5 after STZ injection and continued for 8 weeks. Blood
samples (500μL) were obtained on day 5 after STZ
injection and the end of the study under light anesthesia
from the animal tail. Then, the blood samples were
centrifuged (4500×g) and the separated serum was used
for assessing the serum glucose.
Tissue Preparation and Determination of Protein
Levels
At the termination of the study, the rats were deeply
anesthetized and the testes were removed. After
homogenizing the testes using phosphate buffered saline
(PBS), the samples were centrifuged for 15 min (14000
g and 4ᵒC). Afterwards, the supernatants were removed
to be used for assessing the markers of oxidative stress
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
76 Fullerene and oxidative stress in testis
damage and protein concentration by the Bradford
method.
Determination of the Markers of Oxidative Stress
Damage in the Testes
Determination of malondialdehyde content: To
determine the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the
tissue homogenate, first protein was precipitated by
mixing 0.5 mL of the tissue sample with 1.5 mL
trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 10%. The sample was
vortexed, and after incubation for 10 h (room
temperature) supernatant was separated. After mixing 2
mL of thiobarbituric acid (0.67%) with 1.5 mL of
supernatant, the sample was placed in boiling water (30
min) using a sealed tube. Then, 1.25 mL of n-butanol
was added to sample, and after cooling, the solution was
again vortexed. After centrifuging the solution for 5 min
at 2000 g, the supernatant was removed to record the
absorbance of solution at wave length of 532 nm. At the
end, 1, 1, 3, 3-Tetraethoxypropane was used to obtain a
standard curve, and MDA content of the testes was
computed as nMol/mg protein.
Determination of the Activity of Catalase: To
determine the catalase (CAT) activity in the testes
homogenates, firstly, the reaction mixture was prepared,
which comprised the homogenated solution (0.1 ml) and
potassium phosphate buffer (0.85 ml, 50 mM, pH 7.0),
and the solution was allowed to be ready for 10 min at
room temperature. After mixing the sample with H2O2
(0.05 ml) 30 mM, which was produced in 50 mM
potassium phosphate buffer and pH=7.0, the reaction
was allowed to be done. At the final stage, a decrease in
the solution absorbance was read at the wave length of
240 nm for 3 min, and the catalase activity of the testes
was computed in U/mg protein (20).
Measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the
testes: In the present study, the activity of SOD in the
testes was measured by the Winterbourn method (21).
The activity of SOD enzyme was measured by mixing
potassium phosphate buffer 0.067 M (pH 7.8) with
EDTA 0.1 M, and a solution comprising nitroblue
tetrazolium (NBT) 1.5 mM, riboflavin 0.12 mM, sodium
cyanide 0.3 mM, and 0.1 mL sample. Then, the sample
was incubated in room temperature for 12 min, the
solution absorbance was read at wave length of 610 nm
for 5min. One Unit was the enzyme content that could
produce 50% inhibition, and ultimately the activity of
SOD enzyme in the testes was considered in U/mg
protein.
Measuring the content of glutathione (GSH): In the
present study, the Tietz method was applied for
measuring the content of GSH in the testes (22). In the
beginning, sulfosalicylic acid (5%) was applied for
precipitation of protein in the homogenated solution, and
then supernatant was removed after centrifuging the
sample for 10 min (2000 g). Afterward, to determine the
content of GSH in the samples, 100 mL of 0.04% 5,50dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in 0.1% sodium
citrate and 800 mL of 0.3 mM Na2HPO4 was mixed with
Volume 29, March & April 2021
100 µL protein-free supernatant. At the final stage, the
solution absorbance was read after 5 min at wave length
of 412 nm, and the content of glutathione in the testes
was computed in nMol/mg protein.
Statistical Analysis
SPSS software 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., USA) was
applied to analyze for data of the current study. Thus,
one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests were
applied for the statistical comparison of the betweengroup data. All data were expressed as mean±SEM, and
a P-value<0.05 was considered as a significant
difference.
Results
Effect of Fullerene C60 on Blood Glucose Level
As illustrated in Figure 1, the level of blood glucose
was 125±11 mg/dL for the normal rats at the end of the
study. Inducing diabetes by STZ injection significantly
increased blood glucose level of diabetic animals
(431±28 mg/dL). Blood glucose level of the treated
diabetic rats was 417±63 mg/dL, which did not change
by fullerene C60 treatment. Treatment with this
nanoparticle did not affect the value of blood glucose
in normal animals either (122±6 mg/dL).
Effect of Fullerene on Weight Index of Testis
Weight index of the testis (g/kg) is illustrated in
Figure 2 separately for right and left testes. According
to Figure 2A, weight index of right testis for normal
group was 4.85±0.27 g/kg. Treatment with fullerene
C60 did not notably affect weight index in the right
testes of treated normal animals (4.99±0.23 g/kg).
Induction of diabetes by STZ injection significantly
increased weight index of right testis in diabetic
animals
(7.27±0.43
g/kg).
Fullerene
C60
administration significantly decreased weight index of
right testis in treated diabetic rats (5.68±0.47 g/kg).
Alterations of weight index of left testis (Figure 2B) in
different groups for this study were similar to right
testis. Diabetes induction significantly increased
weight index of left testis in diabetic animals
(7.50±0.44 g/kg) compared to the normal group
(5.02±0.2 g/kg). Treatment with fullerene C60
significantly decreased weight index of left testis in
treated diabetic rats (5.86±0.41 g/kg).
Effect of Fullerene C60 on the Markers of
Oxidative Stress Damage
Effect of fullerene on malondialdehyde (MDA) level:
The MDA level in the rat testis is shown in Figure 3.
Rats with STZ-induced diabetes exhibited a
significantly increased testis MDA level compared to
the normal rats (P<0.001). Fullerene C60
administration significantly decreased MDA level of
the rat testis in the treated diabetic animals compared
to the diabetic group (P<0.001). However,
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Mehri Farhang Ranjbar et al. 77
administering fullerene C60 in the normal rats did not
affect MDA level of the testes.
Effect of fullerene C60 on the activities of catalase
and superoxide dismutase: As illustrated in Figure 4A,
the rats with STZ-induced diabetes showed a
significantly decreased CAT activity in the rat testes
compared to the normal group (P<0.05). Treatment
with fullerene C60 prevented the considerable
reduction of CAT activity in the testes of the treated
diabetic animals compared to the diabetic group.
However, treating the normal rats with fullerene C60
did not change CAT activity of the rat testis.
SOD activity of the rat testis is shown in Figure 4B.
Inducing diabetes did not affect the activity of SOD
enzyme in the rat testes among the diabetic animals
compared to the normal rats. Treatment with fullerene
C60 nanoparticle did not affect SOD activity in the
diabetic animals either. However, treating the normal
rats with fullerene C60 significantly decreased the
activity of SOD enzyme in the testes of the normal
animals (P<0.05).
Effect of fullerene C60 on glutathione level: The
GSH content of rat testis is shown in Figure 5.
Induction of diabetes did not significantly change GSH
content of rat testis in diabetic animals compared to
normal rats. Treatment with fullerene C60 did not
significantly change GSH content of rat testis in treated
normal and diabetic rats either.
Figure 1. Blood glucose levels of rats at the end of the test (NC; normal control group, NF; fullerene-treated normal
group, DC; diabetic control group, DF; fullerene-treated diabetic group). All values are presented as mean±SEM. ***, Pvalue<0.001 compared to normal group.
Figure 2. Right (A) and left (B) testis index [tissue weight (g)/body weight (kg)] of rats at the end of the test (NC; normal
control group, NF; fullerene-treated normal group, DC; diabetic control group, DF; fullerene-treated diabetic group). All
values are presented as mean±SEM. **, P-value< 0.01 compared to normal group; †, P-value<0.05 compared to diabetic group.
Volume 29, March & April 2021
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
78 Fullerene and oxidative stress in testis
Figure 3. The MDA levels of rat testis at the end of the test (NC; normal control group, NF; fullerene-treated normal
group, DC; diabetic control group, DF; fullerene-treated diabetic group). All values are presented as mean±SEM. ***, Pvalue<0.001 compared to normal group; †††, P-value<0.001 compared to diabetic group.
Figure 4. The activity of catalase (CAT; A) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; B) in the rat testis at the end of study (NC;
normal control group, NF; fullerene-treated normal group, DC; diabetic control group, DF; fullerene-treated diabetic
group). All values are presented as mean±SEM. *, P-value<0.05 compared to normal group.
The glutathione (GSH) content of rat testis at the end of the test (NC; normal control group, NF;
fullerene-treated normal group, DC; diabetic control group, DF; fullerene-treated diabetic group). The values
are presented as mean±SEM.
Figure 5.
Volume 29, March & April 2021
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Mehri Farhang Ranjbar et al. 79
Discussion
According to previous studies, DM causes testicular
dysfunction and development of oxidative damage in
male rat testis (1, 4). Since fullerene C60 was proposed
as an excellent antioxidant for protecting against
oxidative stress-induced tissue damage (23), we
decided to assess the effects of fullerene C60
nanoparticle on the markers of oxidative stress and
antioxidant system in the STZ diabetes-induced in
testicular tissue of diabetic male rats. The results of the
present study indicated that fullerene C60 had a
capability to decrease MDA levels (the main index of
oxidative stress) of the testes in diabetic rats without a
considerable change in antioxidant capacity of
testicular tissue. Administration of fullerene C60
nanoparticle during diabetes also improved right and
left testis index in treated diabetic rats. However, blood
glucose level was not changed in the fullerene-treated
normal or diabetic animals. In this regard, Nedzvetskii
et al., demonstrated that administration of hydrated С60
fullerene did not affect the blood glucose level of rats
with experimentally-induced diabetes (24). As yet, no
study has reported the alteration of blood glucose level
by administration of fullerene C60 nanoparticle and its
derivatives.
According to the results of the current study,
fullerene C60 significantly decreases the oxidative
stress indicator, MDA levels, in the testes of diabetic
rats. These types of nanomaterials have a potent
antioxidant activity (23, 24) and are capable to
powerfully remove the different toxic radicals in
biological milieus (23). According to a large number of
studies, fullerene C60 can scavenge large numbers of
free radicals in different tissues (9, 30, 31). These
nanoparticles are able to pass all cell membranes and
localize between membrane lipids in intracellular
organelles, particularly in mitochondria (31). Also,
fullerene C60 nanoparticles have been reported to
enhance the antioxidant capacity of the cells and tissues
(16, 32). According to our results, treatment with
fullerene C60 in diabetic rats potentiated the
antioxidant capacity of the testicular tissue in diabetic
rats through increasing CAT activity. Also, fullerene
altered the SOD activity of testicular tissue in normal
rats. It has been reported that fullerene C60 behaves as
the SOD and CAT mimetics in an in vitro experiment
(31, 33). Improving the antioxidant capacity of tissues
and increased CAT and SOD activities by fullerene
C60 has been reported in diabetic conditions and other
pathological states (15, 16, 32). However, according to
our results, GSH level and activity of SOD did not
show a considerable change in the testicular tissues of
fullerene C60-treated diabetic rats. Although several
studies have reported the altered SOD activity or GSH
content by fullerene C60 (16), others have shown that
fullerene C60 has no effects on tissue content or
activity of these oxidative parameters (34). It is
suggested that the type of pathological states as well as
fullerene C60 dosage may be the causes of these
inconsistent results. Fullerene C60 administration also
improved the weight of testes in diabetic rats. It is
suggested that fullerene C60 may ameliorate the
weight index of testes through inhibiting the
degenerative effects of ROS on testicular tissue of
diabetic rats. In this regard, the capability of C60 for
scavenging the large numbers of free radicals was
proposed as the possible mechanism for fullerene C60tissue protection.
In the present study, STZ-induced diabetes increased
the MDA levels (as a valuable parameter for ROS
accumulation and oxidative stress) of testes in diabetic
animals. MDA, a final byproduct of lipids peroxidation
by ROS, is an excellent index of ROS accumulation in
the tissues. Based on previous studies, occurrence of
oxidative stress in testicular tissue affects testicular
function and spermatogenesis (25). Cell apoptosis and
death due to cellular macromolecules damage is the
main detrimental effects of ROS accumulation and
development of oxidative damage, which was observed
in testicular tissue of diabetic rats (26). According to
previous studies, the pro-oxidant enzymes such as
NADPH-oxidase are activated as a main mediator of
ROS generation in diabetic tissues as well as testicular
tissue (6). On the other hand, decreased the antioxidant
capacity of testicular tissue is another reason of ROS
accumulation in diabetes (27). Therefore, this
imbalance between pro-oxidant enzymes and
antioxidant defense system would result in ROS
overproduction and development of oxidative stress
damage in testicular tissue in diabetic state (7). In this
regard, a decrease in CAT activity in the present study
confirmed weakening of the antioxidant capacity of
testicular tissue in diabetic rats. Catalase is one of the
main antioxidant enzymes, which performs its
antioxidant function by neutralizing H2O2 and
converting this toxic radical to H2O (28). Although
other parameters of the antioxidant system (GSH level
and activity of SOD enzyme) in the testes of diabetic
animals did not change in the present study, decreased
or increased as well as no change of the antioxidant
parameters have been demonstrated in diabetic
condition or other pathological states accompanied
with tissue oxidative stress (29).
Beside the beneficial and cytoprotective effects of
fullerene nanoparticles, the possible harmful and
cytotoxic effects of these types of nanoparticles must
be considered. According to findings of the previous
studies, these nanoparticles are low toxic substances
and no valuable cytotoxic or harmful effects have been
reported by administration of fullerene C60
nanoparticles and their derivatives. For example
Takahashi et al., reported that the toxicity of oral
administration of fullerene C60 is relatively low and no
marked changes was detected or observed in the
different tissues after long-term administration of
fullerene C60 in rats (18). However, Sumi et al.,
demonstrated that using sublethal concentrations of
fullerene C60 nanoparticle in freshwater fish
noticeably decreased the antioxidant enzymes
Volume 29, March & April 2021
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
80 Fullerene and oxidative stress in testis
activities, and increased h ydrogen peroxide production
as well as lipid peroxidation in the gonads (35).
Although in the current study we determined the
fullerene C60 effect on the antioxidant parameters in
the testes of diabetic rats, the hormonal changes,
trophic factors, inflammatory and apoptotic signals as
well as other parameters related to the reproductive and
testicular dysfunction in diabetic condition were not
determined. Then, more research is needed to elucidate
the effects of fullerene C60 nanoparticle on mentioned
parameters in diabetic condition.
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Sajadi E, Dadras S, Bayat M, et al. Impaired
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Conclusion
It is proposed that fullerene C60 nanoparticle might
protect testicular tissue against ROS-induced tissue
damage in diabetic states. These protective effects of
fullerene C60 may be due to enhancing the antioxidant
capacity of the testicular tissue in diabetic animals.
Hence, it is suggested that administering fullerene C60
nanomaterials can be useful for improving
spermatogenesis and male reproduction system against
oxidative stress damages in DM.
Data availability:
The raw data supporting the findings of this study are
available in case of any request.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Vice Chancellor for
Research of Baqiyatallah University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran. “IR.BMSU.REC.1397.029”
was the Ethical Code for the current study.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, informed consent,
misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double
publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have
been completely observed by the authors.
Funding and support
This research resulted from an independent research
without receiving any financial support.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
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How to Cite This Article:
Farhang Ranjbar M, Shahyad S, Namdar F, Noroozzadeh A, Bahari Z, Mohammadi M T. Assessing the Effects
of Fullerene C60 on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Testes of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Adv
Med Biomed Res. 2021; 29 (133) :74-82
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