AvZ-ZvInx` wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© W. BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKx Abyev` Aa¨vcK kv‡n` Avjx evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK _¨U cÖKvkbvq evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK _¨U (weAvBAvBwU) evwo # 04, †ivW # 02, †m±i # 09, DËiv, XvKv- 1230 †dvb : 02-58954256, 02-58957509 E-mail: publicationbiit@gmail.com, salesbiit@iiitbd.org Website: www.iiitbd.org cÖ_g ms¯‹iY : 1998/1408 wn. wØZxq ms¯‹iY: wW‡m¤^i 2010 AMÖnvqY 1417 wR¡jn¾ 1431 cÖKvkK KZ©„K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z ISBN: 984-8203-14-1 g~j¨: 200 UvKv This is a Bengali version of AL-TAWHID: Its Implication for Thought and Life written by Dr. Ismail Raji al Faruqi and published by the International Instiute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), USA, translated into Bengali by Prof. Shahed Ali and published by Bangladesh Instiute of Islamic Thought, House # 4, Road # 2, Sector # 9, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh. Phone: 02-58954256, 02-58957509 E-mail: publicationbiit@gmail.com, salesbiit@iiitbd.org, www.iiitbd.org, Price: Tk. 200, U.S $ 10 Website: cÖKvk‡Ki K_v Bmjvgx D¤§vni †MŠiegq weKvk I `ytLRbK AatcZ‡bi BwZnvm mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© gvbe BwZnv‡mi GKwU wPšÍv DÏxcK Aa¨vq| †h mg¯Í Kvh©KviY Bmjvgx D¤§vn‡K wek¦e¨vcx wPšÍv, Ávb-weÁvb I ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i D”PZg wkL‡i c`PviYvq mnvqZv K‡iwQj †m¸‡jvi e¨vcK wePz¨wZ wKfv‡e N‡U‡Q Ges Zvi d‡j gymjgvbMY AatcZ‡bi Pig mxgvq †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q Zv wb‡q e¯‘wbô I Mfxi M‡elYv Ges e¨vcK Kvh©µg my`xN© BwZnv‡m †Zgb GKUv †`Lv hvqwb| †Ljvd‡Z iv‡k`vi cZ‡bi ci hw`I †`‡k †`‡k gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K mg„w× N‡U‡Q, mvs¯‹…wZK w`K †_‡K gymjgvb‡`i GKUv beZi aviv weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q, Z_vwc GUv mZ¨ †h, Gme Dbœq‡bi ms‡M Bmjv‡gi g~j cÖvYkw³i Dbœqb mgvšÍivjfv‡e N‡Uwb| djZt GKUv ch©vq AwZµg Kivi ci GB cÖvYkw³i Afv‡e Bmjvgx mf¨Zv AatcZ‡bi ej‡q Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges eZ©gvb kZvãx‡Z wek¦RvwZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ gymwjg RvwZi Ae¯’vb me©wbgœ ch©v‡q †b‡g Av‡m| gymwjg D¤§vni †ivMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †hwU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †mwU nj Ô†ZŠnx‡`i aviYvÕ m¤ú‡K© weåvwšÍ Ges `ytLRbK Ach©vßZv| gymjgvb‡`i Rxe‡b Avjøvni GKZ¡ KZLvwb e¨vcK Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gymjgvbivB G m¤ú‡K© mwVKfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv| GwU GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZi Av‡jvPbvi welq| GK_v ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡Lbv †h, †ZŠwn` ev Avjøvni GKZ¡ n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi g~j I †K›`ªxq kw³| gymjgvb‡`i Rxe‡bi cÖwZUv †¶‡Î Gi e¨vwß, mwVKfv‡e gymwjg wn‡m‡e †eu‡P _vKv Ges g„Zz¨eiY Kiv wbf©i K‡i †ZŠwn` m¤úKx©q mwVK aviYvi Dci| gymjgvb‡`i Ava¨vwZ¥K, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µg †ZŠwn` Gi aviYv‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nq| GB MÖš’wU‡Z knx` W. BmgvCj ivRx Avj-dviæKx Bmjv‡gi G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqwU mwe¯Ív‡i e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| BwZnv‡mi c_cwiµgvq wewfbœ ag© I RvwZi DÌvb I cZ‡bi BwZnvm, `k©b I b„ZË¡ †_‡K wZwb Av‡jvPbvi Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| d‡j Zuvi Av‡jvPbv welqwUi AZ¨šÍ Mfx‡i P‡j †M‡Q Ges Av‡jvPbvI cÖvYešÍ n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Zt MÖš’wU W. dviæKxi GK Abe`¨ m„wó ej‡Z n‡e| GwU Bs‡iRx‡Z iwPZ| eBwUi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i evsjv‡`k Bwbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK _¨U (weAvBAvBwU) GwU evsjvq Abyev` Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKRb mycwÛZ I K_vwkíx Aa¨vcK kv‡n` Avjx mv‡ne G eBwU evsjvq Abyev` K‡i †hgb weAvBAvBwUÕi ab¨ev`vn© n‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb evsjv fvlvi AMwYZ cvVK‡KI wZwb K…ZÁZv cv‡k Ave× K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi kvixwiK `ye©jZv m‡Z¡I G eBwUi Rb¨ wZwb †h cwikÖg K‡i‡Qb †m Rb¨ Avjøvni Kv‡Q Zuvi me©v½xb g½j Kvgbv Kwi| Abyev` Kg© GKwU KwVb KvR| G Kv‡Ri m¤úv`bvI mnRmva¨ bq| GB Avqvmmva¨ KvRwU K‡i‡Qb Rbve Avng` dwi` Ges W. gyCbyÏxb Avng` Lvb| Zuv‡`i Kv‡QI we AvB AvB wU K…ZÁ| cwi‡k‡l hv‡`i Rb¨ G cÖqvm †mB we`» cvVK mgvR G Abyev` Kg© †_‡K DcK…Z n‡j Avgiv Avgv‡`i kÖg‡K ¯^v_©K g‡b Kie| eBwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1998 mv‡j| eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK cvVK Pvwn`vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z eBwUi wØZxq ms¯‹ib cÖKvwkZ n‡jv| Avjøvn Avgv‡`i mKj cÖ‡Póv Keyj Kiæb| Avgxb\ ZvwiL: 2010 Bs XvKv cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt jyrdi ingvb fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U, weAvBAvBwU Abyev`‡Ki AviR weij gbxlvi AwaKvix BmjvCj ivRx Avj dviæKx Bmjvg Ges Zzjbvg~jK ag©Z‡Ë¡i GKRb A‡_vwiwU wn‡m‡e we‡k¦ gkûi| wZwb wdwjw¯Í‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| AvšÍR©vwZK B‡›U‡jKPzqvj †gvKv‡ejvi †¶‡Î gymwjg we‡k¦ Zuvi Zzjbv wQjbv ej‡jB P‡j| Zuvi Mfxi cvwÐZ¨ I AšÍ`©„wó Ges ivR‰bwZK, mvs®‹w… ZK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î A™¢~Z RwUj mgm¨vw`i cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Zuvi Bmjv‡gi †gŠjbxwZgvjvi e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Avgv‡`i‡K Awff‚Z K‡i| Zuvi ¯‹jvikxc I Áv‡bi cwiwa GZB AvKvkPzw¤^ wQj †h, Bû`x I wLª÷vb cwÐZMY Zvi †gvKv‡ejvq Amnvq †eva Ki‡Zb| GKvi‡Y cwðgv Bb‡U‡jKPzqvj RM‡Z wZwb wQ‡jb GK fxwZi cvÎ| †kl ch©šÍ GRb¨ Zuv‡K I Zuvi ¯¿x‡K NvZK‡`i nv‡Z Rxeb w`‡Z nq Av‡gwiKvq| G wbôzi nZ¨vKv‡Ð †Kvb wePvi n‡q‡Q wKbv Avgv‡`i Rvbv †bB| Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ Bb‡U‡jKPzqvj †Rnv` Pvjv‡Z wM‡q wZwb Ges Zuvi ¯¿x knx` nb| W±i BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKx Zuvi RxebKv‡j K‡qKevi XvKv G‡m‡Qb| wZwb ZLb KivwP‡Z Central Institute of Islamic Research G cÖ‡dmi wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| mgqUv wQ‡jv 1961-63 mvj| Avwg ZLb Bmjvwg GKv‡Wgxi Kg©va¨¶| ZLb cÖvqB wZwb XvKv Avm‡Zb| BmjvwgK GKv‡Wgx‡Z Zuvi m‡½ Bmjv‡gi wewea cÖm½ I mgm¨v wb‡q cÖvqB Avgvi `xN© Avjvc Av‡jvPbv n‡Zv| Institute of Islamic Research Gi Rvb©v‡j Zuvi AwZkq cvwÐZ¨c~Y© I g~j¨evb cÖeܸ‡jv Qvcv n‡Zv| ZviB K‡qKwU Avwg Abyev` Kwi‡q Avgvi m¤úvw`Z BmjvwgK GKv‡Wgx cwÎKvq †Q‡cwQjvg| g‡b c‡o, Zv‡K wb‡q Avwg XvKvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb¸‡jv Ny‡i †`wL‡qwQjvg| AviI g‡b c‡o, wZwb Zuvi ¯¿xi Rb¨ GKwU XvKvB Rvg`vwb kvox wKb‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Ges KuvVvj dj †`‡L wew¯§Z n‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb KivwP‡Z GKwU KuvVvj wb‡q hv‡eb| Zuvi m‡½ cieZx©Kv‡j †kl †`Lv nq 1980 m‡b †nv‡Uj c~e©vYx‡Z GK AvšÍR©vwZK BmjvwgK †mwgbv‡i| †mB †mwgbv‡i Avwg GKwU Bs‡iRx cÖeÜ c‡owQjvg, gymwjg we‡k¦i wk¶v mgm¨v wel‡q| W. ˆmq` Avjx Avkivd Ges W. BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKx `yBR‡bB Avgvi gZvg‡Zi c‡¶ e³e¨ †i‡LwQ‡jb| †e`bvq gyn¨gvb n‡q cwo hLb †`wL Ggb GK gbxlx I Zuvi ¯¿x‡K gy³wPšÍv I e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi ¯^M© e‡j weÁvwcZ gvwK©b gyj‡y K NvZK‡`i nv‡Z Rxeb w`‡Z n‡jv| gbxlx BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKxi AvZ-ZvInx` eBwU Gi Av‡M Avwg cwowb| cig †mœnfvRb mv‡eK wmGmwc I ivóª`~Z Avn‡g` dwi` Avgv‡K eBwU evsjvq Abyev‡`i Rb¨ Aby‡iva Rvbv‡j Avwg KvRwUi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb bv K‡iB ivRx n‡q hvB| BZc~‡e© Avwg Avjøvgv †gvnv¤§` Avmv‡`i Road to Mecca Ges wn‡iv‡WvUv‡mi The History Abyev` K‡iwQjvg| GB `yBwU wQj wfbœ cÖK…wZi cy¯K Í | wKš‘ AvZ-ZvInx` Abyev` Ki‡Z wM‡q †Ui †cjvg KvRwU K‡Zv `yiƒn| G RvZxq eB Abyev‡`i Rb¨ †h ¯‹jvikxc, hyw³ I eyw×i †h cÖwk¶‡Yi `iKvi Avgvi Zv †bB| Zv m‡Ë¡I eÜzei gbxlx BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKx‡K evsjv fvlvfvlx cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q wKQzUv cwiPq Kwi‡q †`evi Rb¨ G ¸iæ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kwi| Abyev` Avwg KZUv mdj n‡qwQ †m wePv‡ii fvi myax mgv‡Ri Dci| Avwg GKUv ûKzg cvjb K‡i `vq †m‡iwQ gvÎ| Avjøvn Zvqvjv knx` BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKxi GB †L`gZ MÖnY Kiæb| ZvwiL: 1998 Bs ebvbx, XvKv Aa¨vcK kv‡n` Avjx m~wPcÎ wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Yi f‚wgKv gyLeÜ cÖ_g Aa¨vq agx©q AwfÁZvi mvieËv 1. agx©q AwfÁZv ¯^iƒc AvZ& ZvInx` 2. wek¦ `„wó wn‡m‡e AvZ& ZvInx` wØZxq Aa¨vq Bmjv‡gi mvi wbh©vm 1. AvZ& ZvInx‡`i ¸iæZ¡ 2. Bû`x I Lªxóvba‡g© Hkx DËiY 3. wek¦ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Bmjv‡gi we‡kl Ae`vb Z…Zxq Aa¨vq BwZnv‡mi †gŠjbxwZ PZz_© Aa¨vq Áv‡bi g~jm~Î 1. mskqev` bq, Lªxóvb‡`i Ôwek¦vmIÕ bq 2. Cgvb: GKwU Ávb I ZvwË¡K ¯Íi ev gvb 3. Avjøvni GKZ¡ Ges m‡Z¨i GKZ¡ 4. mwnòzZv cÂg Aa¨vq Awawe`¨vi g~jm~Î 1. myk„sLj wek¦RMZ 2. D‡Ïk¨gq wek¦ lô Aa¨vq bxwZkv‡¯¿i †gŠjbxwZ 1. Bmjv‡gi gvbweKZv 2. gvbe m„wói D‡Ïk¨ 3. gvby‡li Acvcwe×Zv 4. †`eZvi cÖwZK…wZ‡Z 5. Kg©ev` 6. D¤§ZZË¡ 7. wek¦RbxbZv 8. Rxeb Ges RMZ ¯^xK…wZ 13 13 21 28 28 31 40 44 49 49 51 53 56 59 60 65 69 69 74 75 78 82 84 86 90 mßg Aa¨vq mgvR e¨e¯’vi †gŠjbxwZ 1. Bmjv‡gi Abb¨Zv 2. AvZ& ZvInx` Ges mgvRev` 3. ZvwË¡K Zvrch© 4. e¨envwiK Zvrch© Aóg Aa¨vq D¤§vni †gŠjbxwZ 1. cwifvlv 2. D¤§vni cÖK…wZ 3. D¤§vni AšÍM©Z cÖvYkw³ beg Aa¨vq cwievi cÖ_vi g~jbxwZ 1. c„w_ex‡Z cwievi cÖ_vi Ae¶q 2. mgv‡Ri GKwU MVbg~jK GKK wn‡m‡e cwievi cÖ_v 3. mgmvgwqK mgm¨vmg~n `kg Aa¨vq ivóª‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi g~jbxwZ 1. ZvInx` Ges wLjvdZ 2. ZvInx` Ges ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv GKv`k Aa¨vq A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi †gŠjbxwZ 1. e¯‘ I Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Acwinvh© hyM¥ AMÖvwaKvi 2. Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wek¦RbxbZv 3. Drcv`‡bi ˆbwZKZv 4. 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BmjvBj ivRx Avj dviæKxi ZvInx‡`i Dci GB MÖš’wU †Kej Bmjv‡gi g~j Z‡Ë¡i w`‡KB Avgv‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ibv, eis wfbœ wfbœ †cÖw¶‡Z †mB gZev`‡K eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvInx` ev GK‡Z¡i mnR gZev`¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ W. dviæKx eû welq ¯úk© K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq BwZnvm, Zzjbvg~jK ag©ZË¡, b„ZË¡, `k©b, Rxebweavb, m„wóZË¡, cÖZœZË¡ Ges Ab¨vb¨ kv‡¯¿i A‡bK Dcv`vb e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Gi d‡j Zuvi ZvInx` m¤ú‡K© aviYv mvwn‡Z¨i MfxiZvi w`K w`‡q LyeB mg„× Ges Zvi Dcjwäi w`K w`‡q wekvj| ej‡Z wK, m¤¢eZt GB cy¯K Í wUB Zuvi Ab¨ mKj MÖ‡š’i †P‡q Zuvi Mfxi Ges †gŠwjK wPšÍv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| B›Uvib¨vkbvj Bbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK _¨U mgmvgwqK MÖš’vMv‡i GB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi m¤ú~Y© bZzb ms¯‹iY cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q †ck Ki‡Z †c‡i Me©‡eva Ki‡Q| GB ms¯‹i‡Y g~j cv‡Vi msMwZ i¶v Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó hZœ †bIqv n‡q‡Q| AwaKš‘ we‡`kx k㸇”Qi GKwU ZvwjKv †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| ms‡¶‡c GB ms¯‹i‡Yi ¸YMZgvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mKj †PóvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwi‡k‡l Avgiv wb‡R‡`i‡K Ges Avgv‡`i cvVKeM©‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡Z PvB †h, c~Y©Zvi gvwjK †Kej Avjøvn Zvqvjv| ZvB GB MÖ‡š’i DbœwZ weav‡bi Rb¨ †h †Kvb ms‡kvabx ev civgk© cig h‡Zœi m‡½ M„nxZ n‡e| Ges †Kej Avjøvn ZvqvjvB GwM‡q wb‡q hvb Ges mvnvh¨ K‡ib| †deªæqvwi 1992/kvevb 1412 nvb©Wb, fvwR©wbqv B›Uvib¨vkbvj Bbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK _¨U gyLeÜ G MÖš’wU K‡qKwU ¯^xK…Z aviYvi cUf‚wg‡Z iwPZ| G¸‡jv ey‡S wb‡j Gi e³e¨ mn‡RB †evaMg¨ n‡e Ges Gi †hŠw³KZv ¯^cÖgvwYZ n‡e| cÖ_gZ, Bmjv‡gi wek¦-D¤§vn& ZK©vZxZfv‡eB AvaywbK Kv‡ji me‡P‡q nZfvM¨ ms¯’v| GK_v mZ¨ †h, RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q G D¤§vn e„nËg, f‚wg Ges m¤ú‡`i w`K w`‡q me‡P‡q weËevb, DËivwaKv‡ii w`K w`‡q gnËg Ges me‡P‡q cÖvYešÍ Av`‡k©i GKgvÎ AwaKvix| Zv m‡Ë¡I, GB D¤§vn n‡”Q eZ©gvb wek¦ e¨e¯’vi GKwU AwZkq `ye©j Dcv`vb| GwU eûmsL¨K wfbœ wfbœ iv‡óª LwÐZ| Gi mKj mxgvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ D¤§vni †gvKv‡ejvq wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ wef³; wb‡Ri hv cÖ‡qvRb ev wb‡R hv †fvM K‡i Zv Drcv`‡b AcviM Ges Zvi kÎæi weiæ‡× wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki‡Z A¶g| m‡e©vcwi, D¤§vn, ÔIqvmvZÕ bv n‡q (gvbe RvwZi wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ ga¨cš’v AbymiY bv K‡i, KziAvb 2:143)Ñ hv wQj Avjøvni Awf‡cÖZ, GB D¤§vn GLb mK‡ji Avµg‡Yi j¶¨e¯‘ n‡q D‡V‡Q| hw` †ivM, e¨vwa, `vwi`ª, AÁZv, wnsmv, we‡Øl, kÎæZv, bxwZåóZv Ges AcweÎZvi weiæ‡× AvaywbK Kv‡j gvbe RvwZi HwZnvwmK msMÖv‡g GB D¤§vn †Kv‡bv Ae`vb †i‡L _v‡K, Zv AwZ mvgvb¨| wØZxqZ, Hkx evYx ÒAvjøvn †Kv‡bv RvwZi fvM¨ cwieZ©b K‡ib bv, hw` bv Ges hZ¶Y bv Zviv wb‡R‡`i fvM¨ cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ †PwóZ nqÓ (KziAvb 13:12), GKBfv‡e BwZnv‡miI wm×všÍ| Bmjvgx wek¦-D¤§vni †¶‡Î G evYxwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e G‡Z ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ c~e©eZx© cÖqvm¸‡jvi e¨_©Zvi e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q, Avi i‡q‡Q wbiew”Qbœfv‡e we`¨gvb e¨vwai KviYwU| A‡c¶vK…Z Kg mv¤cÖwZK AZx‡Z Avie DcØxc, DËi Ges cwðg Avwd«Kvq mvjvwdqv Av‡›`vjb †h D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jv, †m¸‡jv mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji cÖqvm¸‡jv A‡c¶v AwaK mdj n‡qwQj| KviY, G me Av‡›`vjb D¤§vni AatcZ‡bi Mfxig~j KviY¸‡jv eyyS‡Z †P‡q‡Q Ges AwaKZi †gŠwjK cÖwZKv‡ii cÖqvm †c‡q‡Q| Gme Av‡›`vjb ZvmvD‡di (Ava¨vwZ¥KZv) A‡nZzK evovevwo‡K (¸jyI) AvNvZ K‡i‡QÑhv wQj mwVK c`‡¶c Ges Zviv Ab¨ mKj D¤§vn ev ewnwe©‡k¦i †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ †Póv K‡i‡Q, ch©vß cÖ¯‘wZ QvovB| Avi G wQj Zv‡`i GKUv gvivZ¥K fyj, hvi cwiYv‡g Zviv Zv‡`i gnËg j¶¨ m‡Ë¡I mK‡jB e¨_© n‡q‡Q| gymwjg we‡k¦i ÔRvZxqZvev`xÕ miKvi¸‡jv (Zv mvsweavwbK, ivRZš¿, cÖRvZš¿ ev †¯^”QvZš¿, hvB nDK), AwaKZi mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j †hme ms¯‹v‡ii D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Q †mm‡ei cÖvq me¸‡jvB wQ‡jv evjyi Dci cÖvmv` wbg©vY Zzj¨, †hLv‡b AvšÍwiKZv wQ‡jv| †mme †¶‡Î G me ms¯‹vi D¤§vni ˆelwqK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ AvZ¥vi MfxiZi Pvwn`v eR©b K‡i‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡¶, Zviv mgv‡Ri Af¨šÍ‡i `ylYB ewa©Z K‡i‡Q I RvZxqZvev‡`i we¯Ívi K‡i‡QÑ hv cvðv‡Z¨i GKwU cÖvPxb e¨vwai N„Y¨ †ivM-RxevYy D¤§vn `xN© AZxZ BwZnv‡m hvi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q; hvi bvg ÔAvk k~q~exqvBÕ A_©vr †MvÎev`| BD‡iv‡c RvZxqev` mdj n‡q‡Q (hw`I gvÎ wKQzKv‡ji Rb¨ Ges wbðqB GLb Zvi giY`kv Pj‡Q) cÖavbZ GKvi‡Y †h, †cÖv‡U÷v›U ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi Øviv K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i KZ©„Z¡ wejyß nq Ges mskqev‡`i Øviv Zv‡`i MW nq wmsnvmbPz¨Z| c¶všÍ‡i gymjgvb‡`i Dci KZ©„Z¡ Kivi Rb¨ KZ©„Z¡civqY Ges PvP© bv _vKvq Ges GK Abb¨ AwZw›`ªq cig mZ¡v ev Avjøvni AwePwjZ wek¦vm‡nZz, Avi Zvi mvgvwRK AvPiY weavb, GB RvZxqZvev` KL‡bv gymjgvb‡`i †evaMg¨ wQjbv, gymjgvbiv Gi Øviv †bkvMÖ¯Í nIqv‡Zv `~‡ii K_v| G Kvi‡YB, ÔRvZxqZvev`xÕ †bZv hLb wb‡R‡K ÔAvjøvû AvKeiÕ aŸwbi m‡½ hy³ K‡i ZLb gymjgvbiv Zv‡Z wKQzUv AvMÖn cÖ`k©b K‡i| wKš‘ †bZvi †mB iƒcwU a~mi n‡q IVvi m‡½ m‡½B gymjgvbMY `ªæZ RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖwZ Zvi AvKl©Y nvwi‡q c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i hvq| GB me Av‡›`vjb Øviv gvbyl bZzb K‡i wbwg©Z n‡jv bv| KviY, GB Av‡›`vjb¸‡jvi †KvbwUiB gymjgvb‡`i `yM©wZi g~j m¤ú‡K© AšÍ`©„wó wQjbv| AvaywbKvqb e¨_© n‡jv GKvi‡Y †h, cÖKZ … c‡¶ G wQ‡jv cvðvZ¨KiY, hv gymjgvb‡K Zvi AZxZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i Ges cvðvZ¨ gvby‡li GKwU K¨vwi‡KPv‡i ch©ewmZ K‡i| GgbwK, Kzms¯‹vi I AÁZv †_‡K gymjgv‡bi †gŠwjK wek¦`„wó‡K ms‡kvab Kivi Rb¨ c~e©eZx© Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv †h mvgvb¨ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQj G ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb¸‡jvi †KvbwU‡Z Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡I wQjbv, KviY GB ms¯‹vi¸‡jv ag©‡K Zz”Q Zvw”Qj¨ K‡i Ges cvðvZ¨ cš’vq ag©‡K cðv‡Z †d‡j GwM‡q P‡j| gvby‡li fvM¨ cwieZ©‡bi †h c~e©kZ© Avjøvn Zvqvjv †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb Zv c~iY Kiv n‡jv bv Ges wek¦ D¤§vn evi evi c_Pz¨Z n‡q AatcZ‡b bvg‡Z _v‡K| wbðqB kZvãxi AwfÁZvi e‡`Šj‡Z BLIqvbyj gymwjgxb Av‡›`vjb GB e¨eavb c~i‡Yi †Póv K‡i| Gi Avi¤¢wU wQ‡jv PgrKvi, wKš‘ Zvi MwZ eRvq ivL‡Z cvijbv| †h msMÖv‡g Zvi weRq AR©b m¤¢e wQ‡jvbv Zv‡Z Suvwc‡q covi Uªv‡RwW wQ‡jv Zvi GKwU ¶z`ª ÎæwU; 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Zuvi ivm~j, evYx evnK; ev mv¶¨`vb kvnv`‡Zi cÖej `vex GB: ÒAvjøvn Qvov †Kv‡bv Bjvn †bBÓ Avjøvni bvg n‡”Q ÔAvjøvnÕÑ hvi mij gv‡b n‡”Q Avjøvn gymwj‡gi cÖwZwU ¯’v‡b, gymwj‡gi cÖwZwU K‡g©, gymjgv‡bi cÖwZwU wPšÍvq `Lj K‡i Av‡Qb †K›`ªxq ¯’vbwU| Avjøvni Dcw¯’wZ mKj mg‡q gymwjg †PZbv‡K cøvweZ K‡i| gymwj‡gi Kv‡Q Avjøvn n‡”Qb GKwU cig DËz½ AvweóZv| wKš‘ Zvi gv‡b wK? gymwjg `vk©wbKiv I ag©ZËwe‡`iv G wb‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ kZ eQi jovB K‡i‡Qb Ges †kl ch©šÍ cÖkœwUi cwiYwZ N‡U‡Q Avj Mv¾vwj I Be‡b wmbvi hyw³Z‡K©| `vk©wbK‡`i Rb¨ mgm¨vwU wQj gnvwe‡k¦i k„sLjv i¶v Kivi Rb¨ GKwU cÖqvm| Zv‡`i hyw³ wQj †h, wek¦ n‡”Q GKwU k„sLjve× gnvRMZ, (Ggb GKwU ivR¨ †hLv‡b i‡q‡Q k„sLjv I wbq‡gi cÖfyZ¡) †hLv‡b mewKQz N‡U GK GKwU Kvi‡Y Ges h_vh_ wµqv e¨wZZ Kvi‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| GB Ae¯’v‡b Zviv MÖxK †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv I wgk‡ii ag© I `k©‡bi DËivwaKv‡ii AwaKvix| †Lv` m„wó n‡”Q G me HwZ‡n¨i wek„sLjv ev AivRKZv †_‡K k„sLjvq DËiY| gymwjgiv Hkx mZ¡vi Av‡jŠwKKZv I gn‡Z¡i m‡e©v”P aviYv †cvlY K‡ib, wKš‘ Zviv GB mZ¡v‡K GKwU ˆbivwR¨K wek„sLjv we‡k¦i m‡½ mvgÄm¨ ev m½wZc~Y© g‡b Ki‡Zbbv| G w`‡K ag©kv¯¿ÁM‡Yi †ejvq wQ‡jv GB AvksKv †h gnvwe‡k¦i k„s•Ljve×Zvi Dci Ggb GKwU ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Awbevh©fv‡e Avjøvn‡K K‡i †Zv‡j1 Otiosus ev A_e© Ajm Ck¦i| G‡Z K‡i GKevi c„w_ex‡K m„wó K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ KviYm¤§Zfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq Pjvi Rb¨ Nwoi hvwš¿KZv ˆZix Kivi ci Avjøvni Avi wKQz Kivi mvgvb¨B evwK _v‡K| Zviv AåvšÍB wQj| KviY †h c„w_ex‡Z GKwU Kvi‡Yi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K welq N‡U, †mLv‡b KviYmg~n meB ¯^vfvweK, A_©vr c„w_ex‡ZB †m¸‡jv we`¨gvb Ges c„w_ex †_‡KB mwµq; GwU Ggb GK c„w_ex †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq N‡U Avewk¨Kfv‡e Ges †mKvi‡Y, GwU Ggb GK RM‡Z †hLv‡b Avjøvni cÖ‡qvRb Abvek¨K| Gai‡bi GKRb Avjøvn KL‡bvB Z…ß Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, gvby‡li agx©q Abyf~wZ‡K| nq wZwb, huvi Kvi‡Y mewKQzB we`¨gvb, huvi Øviv mewKQzB N‡U, Zvi m~Pbv ev wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z A¶g, bv nq i‡q‡Q Avjøvn Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ô†Lv`vÕ, †h mewKQzi cÖK…Z KviY Ges mK‡ji cÖfy| GKvi‡Y Zuviv `vk©wbK‡`i AwfgZ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib Ges ÔAvKw¯§KZvev‡`iÕ gZev` D™¢veb K‡ib| GB w_Iwi g‡Z, 14 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cÖwZ gyn‡~ Z©B Avjøvn cybivq m„wó Ki‡Qb c„w_ex‡K Ges Gfv‡e, c„w_ex‡Z hvwKQz NU‡Q Zv NUv‡”Qb| Zviv GB wek¦vm Øviv Kvh©KviYev‡`i Awbevh©Zvi ¯’‡j G ZË¡‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib †h, Avjøvn †h‡nZz b¨vq civqY I b¨vqwbô †m Kvi‡Y wZwb cÖeÂbv Ki‡eb bv Ges wZwb †`L‡eb hv‡Z K'†i mgywPZ Kvi‡Yi d‡j memgqB mwVK cwiYwZwU N‡U| Kvh©KviY cÖwZôv †Kv‡bv wel‡q cwiYwZ bq, eis Hkx Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖwZôvB Zvi Awbevh© dj Ges †mB Aw¯Í‡Z¡i m‡½ Kvh©Kvi‡Yi m½wZ weavb| Gfv‡e, `vkwbK‡`i Dci ag©kv¯¿we‡`iv AR©b K‡ib GKUv mivmwi weRq|1. ag©kv¯¿we`M‡Yi Ae¯’v‡bi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q gymwjg AwfÁZv, hv‡Z Avjøvn †Kej GKwU cig P‚ovšÍ cÖ_g KviY ev bxwZ bq, gvb`Ð ev Av`wk©KZvi †K›`ª¯’jI e‡U| Avjøvni GB iƒcwUB Ggb cÖ‡Z¨KwU w_Iwi‡Z me‡P‡q ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq hv‡Z Avjøvn n‡q D‡VbÑ Otiosus A_e© Ges wbw®Œq, Avi GB Av`wkK©Zv ev gvb`‡Ði g‡g©i cÖwZ gymwj‡gi cÖwZwµqvi d‡j `vk©wb‡Ki w_Iwi aŸ‡m c‡o| Av`wk©KZvi gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e wZwbB n‡”Qb †mB mZ¡v whwb ûKz‡gi gvwjK, Zuvi MwZwewa, Zvi wPšÍv Ges Kg© meB Ggb ev¯Íe †h Zv m‡›`‡ni AZxZ, wKš‘ Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †¶‡ÎB gvbyl hZUzKz Gi aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU n‡”Q Zvi Rb¨ GKwU g~j¨, GKwU JwPZ¨, GgbwK BwZg‡a¨B hLb Zv Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q ZL‡bv Zv †_‡K †Kv‡bv JwPZ¨‡eva mywPZ nqbv| gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GKwU wegyZ© welq nIqv QvovI Avjøvn‡K cigZ¡ g~‡j¨ ZvwË¡KZvi g~j¨ ev wewbg‡q, g~j¨ZË¡ †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvqbv, A_ev Zvi Dci †RviI †`Iqv hvqbv| GLv‡b Avgiv hw` GKRb gymwjg‡K, Áv‡bi g~‡j¨i †kÖYx K¨v‡UMix‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z †`B, Zvn‡j †m ej‡e weg~Z© wPšÍvi g~j¨ GB †h, G‡Z K‡i Zvi Awbevh©Zv, Zvi wPËvKl©K Av‡e`b A_ev Zvi Av`wk©KZvi Abykxjb ev PP©v Ki‡Z cviv hvq| Avjøvn n‡”Qb P‚ovšÍ AšÍ, A_©vr †mB †kl hv n‡”Q mg¯Í P‚ovšÍ m¤úK© ev e܇bi j¶¨, †hLv‡b G‡m mewKQzB †_‡g hv‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K wKQzB evwÃZ nq Ab¨ GKwUi Rb¨, hv Avevi evwÃZ nq Z…Zxq Av‡iKwUi Rb¨ Ges Gfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K I Zvi 1. Gi cÖgvY n‡”Q `k©b A_©vr AvjwKw›` KZ©„K m~wPZ weg~Z© wPšÍvavivi HwZn¨, hv Avj-dvivwe, BIqvbym mvdv Be‡b wmbv Ges Be‡b iæk` AbymiY K‡ib Ges `vk©wbKMY †h AL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb, †h me KU¶vg~jK bv‡g Zv‡`i WvKv n‡Zv, Zvi Øviv (†hgb wnwjøwbqxb, gw®‹K, gkkvADb, wievwKDb) Ges mgMÖ gymwjg BwZnv‡m `vk©wbKMY I Zv‡`i MÖš’vw`i cÖwZ †h `ye©¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡Z K‡i m‡›`n †bB †h, GB `yf©vM¨RbK Ae¯’vi Rb¨ `vqx wQ‡jv, D¤§vnii †gŠwjK ¯^Áv †_‡K `vk©wbK‡`i `~iZ¡| gymwjg `k©‡bi MÖxK Drmg~j Ges Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`MY KZ©„K Zvi cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi GKwU PgrKvi we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb: Avwj mvwg Avj bvkKvi, gvbvwnR Avj-evnvQ Bb`v gydvKwKixb Avj Bmjvg Iqv bvK` Avj gymwjgxb wjj, gvbwZK Avj-G¨vwimUvWvwjwm Kvq‡iv, `viæj wdKn Avj-Aviex, 1367 wnt/1947 wLª. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 15 †_‡KB G m¤úK© ev k„sLjvi `vex GB †h, Zv Pj‡Z _vK‡e, P‚ovšÍ AšÍ ch©š,Í hv wb‡RB GKUv MšÍe¨| Avjøvn GB ai‡bi GKwU j¶¨; Ab¨ mKj j‡¶¨i GKwU †kl P‚ovšÍ j¶¨, k„sLjvi †kl| wZwb mKj evmbvi P‚ovšÍ DwÏó| GKvi‡Y wZwb m„wó K‡ib Ab¨ mKj Kj¨vY| KviY hw` bv P‚ovšÍ-AšÍ wbw`©ó Kiv nq Zvn‡j wkK‡ji mKj KovB Ly‡j c‡o| P‚ovšÍ AšÍ n‡”Q mKj k„sLjvi ev A‡šÍi m‡½ mKj m¤ú‡K©i g~j¨ZvwË¡K wfwË| Avjøvn P‚ovšÍ, me©‡kl mxgvbv Ges g~j¨ZvwZ¡K wfwË, Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© GB aviYv †_‡KB G wm×všÍ mywPZ n‡q‡Q †h, wZwb wbðqB Abb¨| m„wóMZfv‡eB e¨vcviwU Zv bv n‡j Avevi DV‡e G‡Ki †_‡K Ac‡ii AMÖZ¡ ev P‚ovšÍZvi cÖkœ| P‚ovšÍ A‡šÍi cÖK…wZ GB †h Zv Abb¨, wVK †hgb Kvh©KiY k„sLjvi P‚ovšÍZv ev me©‡kl‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨ GB †h, Zv A‡b¨i Dci P‚ovšÍ wbf©iZvi m¤¢vebv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i|2. 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Ges ÔAvjøvni Bev`Z I `vmZ¡ †kLv‡bv Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv‡bv bex ivm~j cvVvbwb|Õ4. wKš‘ Avjøvni Abb¨Zvi `vex GKwU bZzb e¨vcvi| †h mg‡q Ges †h ¯’v‡b agx©q †PZbvi D”PZ‡iv Ae¯’v wQ‡jv ˆØZ ev wÎZ¡ev` Ges wbgœZi Ae¯’v wQ‡jv eû Ck¦iev`, †mLv‡b Avjøvni Abb¨Zvi GB `vex wb‡q G‡jv cÖwZgv f‡½i GK bZzb mRxeZv| GB agx©q †PZbv‡K wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ Bmjvg `vex K‡i †h, Abb¨ Avjøvn‡K eySv‡Z Dchy³ fvlv I aviYv e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ P‚ovšÍ mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| ÔwcZvÕ, Ôga¨¯’ZvKvixÕ, ÔÎvYKZ©vÕ, ÔcyÎÕ, BZ¨vw` kã I aviYv‡K agx©q kã‡Kvl †_‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ev` †`Iqv n‡jv; †Rvi †`Iqv n‡jv Hkx mZ¡vi Abb¨Zv Ges cig Amxg‡Z¡i Dci, †hb †Kv‡bv gvbylB Avjøvni m‡½ †m m¤úK© `vex Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, hv Ab¨ mKj gvbyl cv‡ibv| Bmjv‡gi †KwU †gŠj wek¦vmt †Kv‡bv gvbyl ev mZ¡vB Ab¨ Kv‡iv 2. hw` GKvwaK Bjvn _vK‡Zv... Zvn‡j wek„sLjv I ˆbiv‡R¨i Kvi‡Y Avmgvb Rwgb aŸsm n‡q †h‡Zv, cÖksmv wek¦RM‡Zi cÖwZcvjK, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix, Avjøvni whwb Zv‡`i mKj eY©bvi E‡aŸ© (21: 22)| 3. Ggb †Kv‡bv D¤§vn †bB hvi Kv‡Q mZK© Kivi Rb¨ Avwg ivm~j cvVvBwb (35: 24) ...| cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§vni Kv‡Q Avwg GKRb ivm~j cvwV‡qwQ (16: 36), c„w_exi wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q Avwg G‡Ki ci GK ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ, hw`I Zv‡`i‡K wg_¨vev`x ejv n‡qwQ‡jv Ges cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv (23: 44)| 4. Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§‡Zi Kv‡Q GKRb ivm~j cvwV‡qwQ, Zv‡`i‡K GB wk¶v w`‡Z †h, `vmZ¡ †Kej AvjøvniB D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges g›` cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e (16: 36)| 16 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© †_‡KB Avjøvni we›`ygvÎ wbKUZi bq| mg¯Í m„wóB n‡”Q m„wó m`„k, AZx›`ªxq‡K hv ¯^vfvweKZvi KvQ †_‡K c„_K K‡i †mB †iLviB Gcv‡k i‡q‡Q Avjøvni g~j¨ZvwZ¡K P‚ovšÍZvi Acwinvh© cÖvK-aviYv| e¨w³i agx©q Rxe‡bi m‡½ Avjøvni GB GKK‡Z¡i cÖvmw½KZv mnR‡eva¨| gvby‡li ü`q me mgqB wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii AwfKvswLZvi Øviv †Nvjv‡U n‡q c‡o| Kv‡›Ui wk¶vg‡Z, ÔgnZ¡g AwfcÖvq n‡”Q weï×ZgÕÑ A_©vr mKj cÖKvi Lvg †Lqvjx D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K cwi‡kvwaZ, Ges mKj Lvg‡Lqvjx D‡Ïk¨ eR©b I wbe©vP‡bi ci BmjvgB †`q weï×Zvi aviYv| Avjøvn‡K Av`wk©KZvi g~j¨ wn‡m‡e Z_v Ggb GKwU j¶¨ wn‡m‡e aviYv Kiv, hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡B wb‡`©k Ges AwfcÖvqÑ Gfv‡e Avjøvn‡K eySv m¤¢e bq, hw` bv †mB me mËv we`¨gvb _v‡K, hv‡`i Rb¨ GB Av`wk©KZvB n‡”Q Av`k© I gvb`Û; KviY Av`wk©KZv n‡”Q GKwU m¤úY© m¤úK©g~jK aviYv| Gi Rb¨ Ggb me m„wói Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avek¨K hv‡`i Kv‡Q Av‡`k †evaMg¨ (Ges †m Kvi‡Y †Áq) I ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨| m¤úK©Z¡ Av‡cw¶KZv bq Ges Gi Øviv Giƒc eySv hv‡ebv †h, Avjøvn n‡”Qb gvbyl Ges Zvi c„w_exi Dci wbf©ikxj, A_ev Avjøvni Rb¨ gvbyl Avek¨K| Bmjv‡g Avjøvn n‡”Qb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, wKš‘ GB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zvi Øviv GK_v eySvqbv †h, RM‡Z gvbyl †h Awbevh©Zvi gy‡LvgywL nq Ges hv-hv nIqv DwPZ Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ K‡i Zvi m„wói cÖqvRb †bB| G Kvi‡Y, Bmjv‡gi agx©q AwfÁZvi gg©g‡~ j Avjøvni w¯’wZ, whwb Abb¨, huvi B”Qv mKj gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K Ges wb‡`©kbv| Avj-KziAvb welqwU Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q bvUKxqfv‡e| G‡Z †`Lv hvq, Avjøvn Zuvi †d‡i¯Ív‡`i Kv‡Q wek¦ m„wó Ges †mLv‡b Zvi B”Qv Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ GKRb cÖwZwbwa ¯’vc‡bi AwfcÖvq †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| †d‡i¯ÍvMY GB e‡j AvcwË K‡i †h, G ai‡bi GKRb cÖwZwbwa †h nZ¨vq wjß n‡e, g›`Kg© I i³cvZ Ki‡e, Zv m„wói Dchy³ bq| Zviv wb‡R‡`i m‡½ G ai‡bi GKRb Lwjdvi cv_©K¨ D‡jøL K‡i, KviY †d‡i¯Íviv Hkx B”Qvc~i‡Y KL‡bv MvwdjwZ K‡ibv| Zv‡`i GB AvcwËi Dˇi, Avjøvn e‡jb, ÒAvwg Ggb wKQz Rvwb hv †Zvgiv RvbbvÓ|5 wKš‘ †hLv‡b Hkx B”Qv‡K Kvh©Ki bv K‡i wfbœ iKg Kivi m¤ú~Y© ¶gZv Zvi i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b Hkx AwfcÖvq Kvh©KiKiY Avm‡j AwfcÖv‡qiB GKwU D”PZi Ges gnvN©Zi Ask c~iY| †d‡i¯ÍvMY‡K mwVKfv‡eB Pzc Kwi‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q, KviY Hkx wb‡`©k jsNb 5. †Zvgvi cÖwZcvjK hLb †d‡i¯Ív‡`i ej‡jb, wZwb c„w_ex‡K Zvi GKRb cÖwZwbwa cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb, Zviv ej‡jv, ÒAvcwb wK c„w_ex‡Z Ggb GKRb cÖwZôv Ki‡eb, †h i³cvZ Ges AcKg© Ki‡e, A_P AvgivB‡Zv Avcbvi cÖksmv Ges ¯‘wZ‡Z wbweó i‡qwQ|Ó Avjøvn ej‡jb, nu¨v (Avwg hv Ki‡Z Pvw”Q) Zvi GKwU j¶¨ Av‡Q, Zvi Rb¨ Avgvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q, †Zvgiv hv Rvbbv (2: 30)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 17 Kievi ¯^vaxbZv Zv‡`i †bB|6 GKBfv‡e Ab¨ Av‡iKwU bvUKxqZ‡iv KziAvwbK Aby‡”Q‡` Avjøvn AvKvk, c„w_ex, ce©Zgvjv, b`-b`xi Dci ivL‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Zuvi AvgvbZ, Zviv f‡q AvZs‡K msKzwPZ n‡q mZ¨‡K enb Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| wKš‘ gvbyl GB AvgvbZ ev Hkx AwfcÖvq, hv ¯^M©gZ©¨, †KDB Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, Zv n‡”Q †mB ˆbwZK weavb hv gvby‡li Kv‡Q ¯^vaxbZv `vex K‡i| AvKv‡k Ges Rwg‡b Avjøvni B”Qv Kvh©Ki nq cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi Awbevh©Zvi gva¨‡g|7 G n‡”Q m„wó‡Z ¯’vwcZ AcwieZ©bxq mybœvn ev c¨vUvY© ev ai‡b, hv m„wó †hfv‡e P‡j †mBfv‡e m„wó‡K Pvjvq; cÖvK…wZK AvBb jsNb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv cÖK…wZ| cÖK…wZ hv Ki‡Z mg_©, Zv n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi c~Y© Kvh©KiKiY|8 wKš‘ †h gvbyl mvn‡mi mv‡_ GB AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Zvi Avjøvni AwfcÖvq Kvh©Ki Kiv ev bv Kivi Dfq ¶gZvB i‡q‡Q|9 GKvi‡Y mgMÖ m„wói g‡a¨ †KejgvÎ gvbylB ˆbwZK Kg© Z_v ¯^vaxbZvi c~e©kZ©¸‡jv c~iY K‡i| ˆbwZK g~j¨¸‡jv cÖK…wZi Avw`g~j¨¸‡jvi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx cÖvw_©Z, KviY ˆbwZK g~‡j¨i g‡a¨B Gm‡ei aviYv c~e© †_‡K we`¨gvb| GKBfv‡e, G¸‡jv Av‡M †_‡KB wn‰ZlYvg~jK A_ev DcKiYg~jK g~j¨¸‡jv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq Ges †m Kvi‡Y G‡`i Df‡qiB Dc‡i G¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb| e¯‘ZB G mg¯Í n‡”Q Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi D”PZi w`K, hv gvbe m„wó‡K Ges c„w_ex‡Z Hkx cÖwZwbwai wbhyw³‡K AZ¨vek¨K K‡i †Zv‡j| Rb¥MZfv‡e jä GB `v‡bi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Ae¯’vb †d‡ikZv‡`i Dc‡i, KviY †d‡ikZviv hv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi †P‡q †ekx Kivi mvg_© Zvi i‡q‡Q|10 gvbyl KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i ˆbwZKZvi m‡½, A_©vr ¯^vaxbfv‡e hv †d‡ikZviv cv‡ibv, gvbyl c„w_exi e¯‘mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Zvi kvixwiK Aw¯Í‡Z¡ mgfv‡e Dw™¢‡`i g‡Zv ea©bkxj 6. Avgiv Avgv‡`i AvgvbZ Ac©Y Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjvg, AvKvk gÛj, c„w_ex Ges ce©Zgvjvi Dci, wKš‘ fxZ n‡q Zviv Zv enb Ki‡Z ivRx n‡jvbv| wKš‘ gvbyl Zv enb Ki‡jv (33: 72)| 7. Avgiv mg¯Í wKQz m„wó K‡iwQ Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ Zvi gvÎv, PwiÎ, Ges j¶¨ w¯’i K‡iwQ (54: 49) .... c„w_ex‡Z Ggb †Kv‡bv cÖvYx ey‡K fi w`‡q P‡jbv, Avjøvn hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi RxweKvi e¨e¯’v K‡ibwb| wZwb Gi j¶¨ Ges cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb, KviY wZwbB Zuvi wPišÍb e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ weavb w¯’i K‡i w`‡q‡Qb (11: 6), ..... m~h©¨ D`q nq Ges A¯Í hvq, wVK †hfv‡e me©¶gZvgq Avjøvn weavb w`‡q‡Qb, †mBfv‡e Zvi K¶c‡_ wePiY K‡i| P›`ª AwZµg K‡i Zvi wZw_¸‡jv wbqwgZfv‡e Ges Zvi g~j m~²iƒ‡c cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i| P›`ª wKsev m~h© †KDB G‡K Aci‡K AwZµg K‡ibv| ivwÎ Ges w`em Zv‡`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ K¶ †_‡K wfbœ c‡_ P‡jbv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi Rb¨ †h K¶ Avjøvn w¯’i K‡i‡Qb, †mB K¶c‡_ P‡j (36: 38-40)| 8. H 9. Avgiv †Zvgvi wbKU wKZve bvwhj K‡iwQ, mZ¨ mnKv‡i hv‡Z Zzwg Zvi †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvi, c„w_exi Kv‡Q, †h †KD Gi †n`v‡qZ gZ Pj‡Z wm×všÍ K‡i, †m Zv K‡i Zvi wb‡RiB Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨, †h †KD Gi †n`vqZ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i †m‡Zv Zv K‡i Zvi wb‡RiB ¶wZi Rb¨ (39: 41)| 10. Ges Avgiv †d‡i¯ÍvMY‡K Av‡`k K‡iwQjvg, Av`‡gi wbKU bwZ ¯^xKvi Kivi Rb¨ ....| Zviv Zv K‡iwQ‡jv (2: 34)| 18 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© RvšÍe Rxe‡b AskMÖnY K‡i cÖvK…wZK Kvh©Ki m~‡Îi Awbevh©Zvq| wKš‘ †h mZ¡vi gva¨‡g Avjøvni B”Qvi D”PZ‡iv Ask Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB †mB mZ¡vi mgK¶ †KD ev wKQz †bB| Zvi AvšÍt‡cÖiYv n‡”Q gnvRvMwZK, Hkx e¨e¯’vi GK mwZ¨Kvi wLjvdZ| gvby‡li g‡Zv GBiƒc GK Rxe‡K Avjøvni AwfcÖvq‡K eySvi ¶gZv bv w`‡qB hw` Avjøvn m„wó Ki‡Zb A_ev ¯’vcb Ki‡Zb c„w_exi Dci hv gvby‡li ˆbwZK AvšÍt‡cÖiYv‡K MÖnY Kievi Rb¨ h‡_ó bgbxq bq A_ev †mLv‡b †mB AwfcÖvq Abyhvqx Kiv ev bv Kivi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ _vK‡ebv, Zvn‡j Avjøvni c‡¶ †m KvR n‡Zv `ye©j Ges Amse× KvR| Hkx AwfcÖvq Rvbvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K †`Iqv n‡jv Inx ev cÖZ¨v‡`k, hv n‡”Q c„w_ex‡Z Avjøvni AwfcÖvq hv Kvh©Ki Ki‡e Zvi cÖZ¨¶ Ges Ae¨ewnZ D`NvUb| hLbB cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki weP~¨wZ Ges weK…wZ N‡U‡Q A_ev gvbyl we¯§„Z n‡q‡Q, ZLbB Avjøvn Gi cybive„wË NwU‡q‡Qb BwZnv‡mi Av‡cw¶KZv‡K, †`k I Kv‡ji cwieZ©b‡K m¤§y‡L †i‡L Ges memgqB Zv Kiv n‡q‡Q ˆbwZK wb‡`©kgvjvi Kvh© Dc‡hvMx Ávb‡K gvby‡li Avq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨| GKB fv‡e, gvbyl‡K †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Bw›`ªqvw`, hyw³ Ges †evakw³, ¯^Áv, mKj iK‡gi c~Y©Zv, hv Kv‡iv mvnvh¨ e¨wZ‡i‡KB Zv‡K w`‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq ¶gZv, Hkx AwfcÖvq Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡Z| †hLv‡b cÖ_‡gv³ A‡a©KwU e¨¯Í cÖvK…wZK AvBb bvgK GKwU k„sLjv ev wk¶vi Abykxj‡b, †mB AvBb‡K Avwe¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ †mLv‡b wØZxq Aa©vskwUi †¶Î n‡”Q bxwZ‡eva Ges bxwZkv‡¯¿i Abykxjb| Avwew®Œqv Ges wm×všÍ¸‡jv mywbwðZ bq| memgqB G¸‡jv cix¶v wbix¶v fyj åvwšÍi Aaxb, Av‡iv cix¶v, Av‡iv e¨vL¨v we‡kølY, Av‡iv ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb, MfxiZi AšÍ`„©wói mvnv‡h¨| wKš‘ G mg~`q m‡Z¡I AbymÜvb m¤¢e Ges gvby‡li hyw³eyw× nZvk n‡Z cv‡ibvÑ Zvi wb‡RiB c~‡e©Kvi AwaKvi I wm×všÍ¸‡jv‡K Avevi cix¶v I ms‡kvab Ki‡Z wM‡q mskq Ges D`vmxbZvq wbw¶ß bv n‡q| ZvB hyw³ I eyw×i mvnv‡h¨ Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi Ávb AR©b Kiv m¤¢e Ges Inx †`q wbwðZ Ávb| GKevi Dcjwäi ci Gi Dcv`v‡bi Kvg¨Zv gvby‡li ˆPZ‡b¨i GKUv ev¯Íe mZ¨ n‡q I‡V, e¯‘Zt g~‡j¨i Dcjwä Ges Zvi ü`q¯úkx© Av‡e`b I mywb‡`©k¨ ¶gZv, wb‡RB Gi Ávb¯^iƒc| KviY g~j¨‡K Rvbvi gv‡bB n‡”Q Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒc welqK gvby‡li ZvwË¡K g‡bvfve ev fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q †djv| Ges Zvi w`‡KB Mwo‡q Pjv, A_©vr cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AMÖmi nIqv, Zvi JwPZ¨‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z ïiæ Kiv| †hgb †bZ…¯’vbxq gvwK©b AwfÁZvev`x wm, AvB wjnBm e‡jb, Òg~‡j¨i Dcjwä n‡”Q GKwU AwfÁZv Ges Zv wb‡RB GKwU g~j¨vqb|11Õ gvby‡li w_Iwi wel‡q Bmjv‡g agx©q AwfÁZvi cwibwZ m¤ú‡K© GB ch©šBÍ h‡_ó| GLb Avgiv we‡ePbv Ki‡ev 11. C. I. Lewis Zvi Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation bvgK MÖ‡š’ GB fveavivwU wb‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| (La Salle: The Open Court Publishing Co. 1946), 416-17 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 19 BwZnvm, Avi Soteriology-Gi Zvrch©mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡ev| Avgiv BwZg‡a¨B D‡jøL K‡iwQ, RM‡Zi bgbxqZvi K_v, AewnZ nevi Rb¨, `jvB gjvB nIqvi I bZzb AvKvi cvevi I cwjk nevi Rb¨, Gi cÖ¯‘wZi K_v-hv‡Z K‡i Zv GKwU Hkx bgybvi wb‡iU ev¯Íe iƒc n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖ¯‘wZ Ges Zrmn cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki we`¨gvbZv I hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi wePvi m¤§Z cÖwZôvi A½xKviÑ Gme wKQzB gvby‡li wLjvd‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi e¨_©Zv‡K Aciva K‡i †Zv‡j| e¯‘Z: gvby‡li cÖK…wZMZ `vwqZ¡ c~iYB n‡”Q gvby‡li cwiÎvY m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi GKgvÎ kZ©|12 nq Zv gvby‡li wbR¯^ Kg© Avi bv nq Zv g~j¨nxb|13 gvby‡li KiYxq KvRwU Ab¨ †KDB Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, GgbwK AvjøvnI bq, gvbyl‡K GKUv cyZ‡z j cwiYZ bv K'†i| ˆbwZK K‡g©i cÖK…wZB GB †h, Bnv Avcwb‡ZB bxwZm¤§Z bq, hw` bv GKRb ¯^vaxb G‡R›U Zv Kievi B”Qv K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e, Ges Zv m¤úv`b Kivi cÖqvm cvq| gvby‡li D‡`¨vM Ges cÖqvm Qvov mKj ˆbwZK g~j¨B P~Y© wePzY© n‡q c‡o|14 Kv‡RB Bmjvgx Soteriology cÖPwjZ wLª÷vb Soteriology Gi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| Avm‡jB Bmjv‡gi agx©q kã‡Kv‡l Soteriology (cwiÎvY) Gi mgv_©‡evaK †Kvb kã †bB, ÎvYKZ©v e‡j †KD †bB Ges GgbwKQz †bB hv †_‡K cwiÎvY Avek¨K| gvbyl Ges c„w_ex BwZevPKfv‡eB fvj A_ev wbi‡c¶, wKš‘ g›` bq|15 gvbyl Zvi Rxeb ïiæ K‡i bxwZMZfv‡e cÖK…wZ¯’ Ges my¯’fv‡e, †Kv‡bv Avw` cvc w`‡q bq, Zv h‡Zv jNy ev AvMvówbqvbB †nvK bv †Kb|16 cÖK…Zc‡¶, Rb¥gyn‡~ Z©B Zvi Ae¯’vb wR‡iv c‡q‡›Ui E‡a©, GKvi‡Y †h, Zvi wbKU i‡q‡Q e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z GKwU c„w_ex, Zvi bxwZMZ Kg©MÖn‡Yi Rb¨|17 Zvi dvjvn ej‡Z (cig myL ev 12. Ges Avwg (Avjøvn) R¡xb Ges gvbyl‡K Avgvi `vmZ¡ Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb (51: 56)| 13. AvjøvnB m„wó K‡i‡Qb Rxeb Ges g„Zz¨, hv‡Z †Zvgiv, †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© wb‡R‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡iv| (A_ev mrK‡g© †Zvgiv G‡K Aci‡K Qvwo‡q †h‡Z cvi).... (67: 2)| 14. a‡g© †Rvi Rei`w¯Í †bB, GLb †_‡K mZ¨ Ges mZ¨wbôv, Zv‡`i wecixZ ev wg_¨v †_‡K ¯úó n‡q c‡o‡Q (2: 256)| ZvB hvi B”Qv †m wek¦vm ¯’vcb KiæK Ges hvi B”Qv †m Awek¦vm KiæK (18: 29)| 15. AvjøvnB Zv me wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb my›`iZg Aeq‡e (32: 7) .... wZwb mg¯Í wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges mg¯Í wKQz‡Z m¤ú~Y©Zv `vb K‡i‡Qb (87: 2)| 16. †m›U AMwób The Enchiridion, Aa¨vq - 26| cvc m¤ú‡K© wLª÷vb aviYvi we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb, eZ©gvb MÖš’Kv‡ii Christian Ethics: A System atic and Historical Analysis of its Dominant Ideas (Montreal: McGills University Press, 1967) Aa¨vq -6| 17. Avwg wK gvby‡li P¶y, wRnŸv Ges Iô m„wó Kwiwb? Avwg wK Zv‡K `ywU c_B †`LvBwb (90: 8-10)| Avjøvn Aek¨B Avmgvb Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯Í wKQzB gvbe RvwZi ekxf~Z K‡i‡Qb (45: 13) wZwbB‡Zv Rwgb‡K gvby‡li emwZi ¯’vb K‡i‡Qb| Avwg †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ iv¯Ív K‡i w`‡qwQ hv‡Z †Zvgiv c_ †c‡Z cvi (43: 10)| 20 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cwiZ…wß hv K‡g©i gva¨‡g cÖvc¨ bxwZMZ cig myL; mvdj¨, myL Ges ¯^w¯Í) Bmjvg †h cwifvlvwU e¨envi K‡i Zv Ggb GKwU cwifvlv hvi g~j A_© wb¯úbœ n‡q‡Q, Ôc„w_ex †_‡K ZiæjZvw` Drcbœ nIqv eySv‡ZÕ Avi GB dvjvn n‡”Q gvbyl KZ©„K Hkx wb‡`©kbvi cwic~iY mn MwVZ|18 †m Avjøvni KiæYv Ges ¶gv `yB-B Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †m Zuvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z cv‡ibv hLb †m AÁZv Avjm¨ A_ev cÖKvk¨ we‡`ªvn e‡k-Hkx AwfcÖvq cvjb K‡ibv| †m wb‡R †hfv‡e Zvi fvM¨ I cwiYvg‡K wbg©vY K‡i Zv ûeû ZvB n‡q _v‡K|19 Avjøvni kvm‡bi wfwË, Bbmvd, mywePvi, Zv Kv‡iv c‡¶ bq, wec‡¶ bq| Gi b¨v‡qi †ZŠj`Ð n‡”Q m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB P‚ovšÍ iK‡g wbLyuZ Ges m¤ú~Y© mgZvi gvb`Ð| Ges RvMwZK I AvwLiv‡Zi cyi¯‹vi I kvw¯Íi c×wZ, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨B †m hvi Dchy³, †m AvwklcÖvß nDK ev bv nDK, ûeû ZviB weavb †`q|20 wek¦ BwZnv‡mi Rb¨ Bmjv‡gi agx©q AwfÁZvq i‡q‡Q wecyj I gnr Zvrch©| gymwjg AšÍ`„©wói AwMœwkLv Zv‡K wb‡¶c K‡i BwZnv‡mi i½g‡Â, †mLv‡b Zvi bex Zv‡K †h Hkx Av`k© ÁvZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi ev¯Íevqb‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z| GB j‡¶¨i †P‡q gnvN©Zi wKQz Zvi mvg‡b wQ‡jvbv| Gi ¯^v‡_© †m cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jv P‚ovšÍ g~j¨ w`‡Z, GgbwK Zvi Rvb †Kvievb Ki‡Z| Gi g~j e³‡e¨i m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L †m mviv wek¦‡KB MY¨ K‡i Zvi µxovg wn‡m‡e; †m g‡b K‡i Zvi D¤§vn †MvUv gvbe RvwZ wb‡q MwVZ, Aek¨ Aí wKQz msL¨K Aeva¨ †jvK‡K ev` w`‡q hv‡`i‡K wZwb `‡j Avbevi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb A‡¯¿i mvnv‡h¨; Zvi Pax Islamica ev Bmjvgx kvwšÍ, hv wbf©ikxj wQ‡jv Zvi evûi Dci, KL‡bv Zv GKwU gvÎ Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ mgvR wn‡m‡e KwíZ wQ‡jv bv †hLv‡b †Kej BmjvgB cÖf~Z¡ Ki‡e| KziAv‡bi mb` e‡j Gi AšÍM©Z wQ‡jv Bû`x, wLª÷vb Ges mvweqvbMY| †gvnv¤§` (mv.)-Gi mb` e‡j †Rv‡iv¯¿xqMY Ges †mB mb‡`i dwKnM‡Yi e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi e‡`Šj‡Z, wn›`y Ges †eŠ×MYI| Av`k© GKB i‡q hvq, A_©vr Ggb GK wek¦, †hLv‡b, KziAv‡bi `vex g‡Z, Hkx Kvjv‡giB i‡q‡Q AvwacZ¨ Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡i Gi cÖvavb¨‡K| cÖwYavb-†hvM¨ †h, ivm~‡ji D¤§v ev mgvR e¨e¯’v wQj 18. Gg. Gg AvjRyevBw`: ZvRyj Aviæm (`vi gvKZvevZ AvjnvBqv 1964) †`Lyb: f:I-h vol 2. 199 19. †mB w`K gvbyl wfbœ wfbœ `‡j evwni nB‡e, hvnv‡K Dnvw`M‡K K…ZKg© †`Lvb hvq, †Kn Aby cwigvY mrKg© Kwi‡j †m Zvnv †`wL‡e Ges †Kn Aby cwigvY AmrKg© Kwi‡j †m ZvnvI †`wL‡e (99: 6-8)| 20. Ges Dnv GB Kvi‡Y †h, Avjøvn ev›`v‡`i cÖwZ hvwjg b‡nb (3: 182)| AZtci Zvnv‡`i cÖwZcvjK Zvnv‡`i Wv‡K mvov w`‡q e‡jb, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ K‡g© wbô †Kvb Kg© wedj Kwibv, nDKbv †m bi A_ev bvix... (3: 195)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 21 GKB Av`wk©K; wKš‘ g`xbv ev bMiivóª e¨e¯’v wQj eûRvwZK|21 wKš‘ G ai‡bi ¯^xK…wZi we›`ygvÎ g~j¨ _vK‡Z n‡jI Zv‡K Aek¨B n‡Z n‡e gy³ ¯^vaxb, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z wm×všÍ| GB Rb¨B Bmjvgx kvwšÍ‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ KL‡bv g‡b Kiv n‡Zvbv †h, Bmjvg Keyj Ki‡Z n‡e| eis g‡b Kiv n‡Zv, GKUv kvwšÍc~Y© m¤ú‡K©i wfZi †m cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q, †hLv‡b wPšÍvaviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i Ges gvbyl A‡b¨i g‡a¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖZ¨q Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡RI A‡b¨i Øviv cÖZ¨q`xß n‡Z cv‡i| e¯ÍZ: BmjvwgK ivóª Zvi AvIZvaxb mg¯Í ¶gZv Bû`x mgvR, Lªx÷vb mgvR, wn›`y I †eŠ× mgv‡Ri e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Zz‡j a‡iwQj-‡hLv‡bB Ges hLbB Iiv Bmjv‡gi KZ©„‡Z¡ mnvqZv †P‡q‡Q Bû`x ag©, wLª÷vb ag©, wn›`y I †eŠ× a‡g©i mxgvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i †Kvb m`m¨‡K wdwi‡q Avb‡Z, hLb †mB m`m¨ †mB mxgv‡iLv A¯^xKvi ev jsNb Ki‡Zv| Bmjvgx ivóª wQj GKgvÎ A-Bû`x ivóª, †hLv‡b Bû`x ag© Z¨vM Kivi wKsev Bû`x a‡g©i KZ©„‡Z¡i weiæ‡× Bû`x wn‡m‡e we‡`ªvn Kivi ¯^vaxbZv wQjbv| wLª÷vb, wn›`y I †eŠ×‡`i †ejvqI GKB AvBb Kvh©Ki wQj| †hLv‡b, Ewbk kZ‡K Zvi gyw³ AR©b ch©šÍ BD‡iv‡ci †h Bû`x Bayt ha Din Gi wb‡`©k jsNb Ki‡Zv, †Kej Bû`x ag© †_‡K Zvi ewn¯‹iYB wQj GKgvÎ weavb-hvi d‡j †m n‡q co‡Zv AvBbewnf~©Z Ges A‡c¶v Ki‡Zv Bû`x cvovi wVK evB‡i, wLª÷vb ivóª wKsev A-Bû`x Rbc‡`i Øviv wPwýZ, üZme©¯^ I wbnZ nevi Rb¨, †mLv‡b cÖvP¨ †`‡ki †h Bû`x Bayt ha Din jsNb Ki‡Zv Bmjvgx iv‡óª Zv‡K ms‡kvab Kiv nZ Zvi ivweŸ‡`i bv‡g| G‡Z Hkx AvgvbZ †h GKwU bxwZMZ e¨vcvi gymjgvb‡`i GB Dcjwäi P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY wg‡j| 2. wek¦ `„wó wn‡m‡e AvZ ZvInx` cÖPwjZ fv‡e Ges mv`vgvUv fvlvq cÖKvk Ki‡j ZvInx` n‡”Q GB cÖZ¨q I mv¶¨ †h, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB| evn¨Z GB bxwZevPK Dw³wU, hv msw¶ß, Zvi P‚ovšÍ mxgv ch©šÍ enb Ki‡Q mgMÖ Bmjv‡gi gnËg I mg„×Zg Zvrch©| KL‡bv KL‡bv GKwU gvÎ ev‡K¨B msnZfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq, GKUv †MvUv ms¯‹…wZ, GKwU †MvUv mf¨Zv A_ev GKwU mgMÖ BwZnvm| Bmjv‡gi Avj-Kvwjgv, ev Avkkvnv`v (†NvlYv Ges mv¶¨) wbðqB GB Zvrch©B enb K‡i| Bmjv‡gi mKj ˆewPÎ, m¤ú` I BwZnvm, ms¯‹…wZ I gbxlv, cÖÁv I mf¨Zv GB msw¶ßZg evK¨wU‡Z msnZ iƒc †c‡q‡QÑ Ôjv-Bjvnv BjøvjøvnÕ- Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB| AvZ-ZvInx` n‡”Q ev¯Íe mZ¨, wek¦RMZ, †`kKvj, gvbe BwZnvm I fvM¨ m¤ú‡K© GKUv mvaviY g‡bvfsMx Ges Gi gg©g‡~ j Av‡Q wbgœewY©Z bxwZ gvjv: 21. wZwbB‡Zv Awek¦vmxw`‡Mi Kvjvg Dw³ e¨_© K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb Avjøvni K_vB m‡e©vcwi (9: 40) ag©Z †Kej ZviB D‡Ïk¨ (2: 193)...| 22 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© K. wØZ¡ ev ˆØZZv ev¯ÍeZvi `ywU †kÖYxiƒcÑAvjøvn Ges Ab&-Avjøvn| mªóv I m„wó| cÖ_g †kÖYxwU‡Z m`m¨ gvÎ GKRb, Avjøvn myenvbvû ZvAvjv| wZwb GKvB Avjøvn, mªóv, Bw›`ªqvZxZ|22 wKQzB Zuvi gZ bq, wZwb Awbw`©óKvj †_‡K wPiKvj Av‡Qb, m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Abb¨ Ges Zvi †Kvb kixK ev mnPi †bB|23 wØZxq ev¯ÍeZvq c‡o †`k, Kvj, AwfÁZv, I m„Rb; G‡Z c‡o mKj m„wó, e¯‘RMZ, e„¶jZv I RxeRMZ, gvbyl, Rxb Ges †d‡i¯Ív, Avmgvb-Rwgb RvbœvZ Ges Rvnvbœvg Ges G¸‡jv Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Avmvi ci, G‡`i cieZx© mKj iƒc| mªóv Ges m„wói GB `ywU †kÖYx, Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ A_ev Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒ‡ci w`K w`‡q †hgb, †Zgwb Zv‡`i AwfÁZv Ges Rxe‡bi w`K w`‡qI P‚ovšÍfv‡e m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| Bnv me©Kv‡ji Rb¨B Am¤¢e †h, Gi GKwU Ab¨wUi m‡½ mshy³ ev Ab¨wUi g‡a¨ cÖweó n‡Z cv‡i, wKsev GKwU‡K Ab¨wU e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i ev Ab¨wUi g‡a¨ wewkó fvev †h‡Z cv‡i| Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒ‡ci w`K w`‡q mªóv m„wó‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡ibv, m„wó cv‡ibv Bw›`ªq mxgv AwZµg Ki‡Z Ges wb‡R‡K Ggbfv‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z †h, †m †Kvbfv‡e ev †Kvb A‡_© Zv mªóv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|24 L. aviYv MVb I aviY¶gZv: ev¯ÍeZvi `ywU †kÖYxi g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡”Q cÖK…wZMZfv‡e aviYv MVb I aviY¶gZv g~jK| gvby‡li †¶‡Î Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq n‡”Q †evakw³ ev Áv‡bi GKwU A½ Ges Avavi, †evakw³i g‡a¨ c‡o Ávb AbymÜvb welqK mKj Kg©, †hgbÑ ¯§„wZ, Kíbv, wePvi eyw×, ch©‡e¶Y, ¯^Áv, Dcjwä cÖf„wZ| cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡K †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †evakw³| GB `vbwU GZB kw³kvjx †h, Zv Avjøvni AwfcÖvq‡K eyS‡Z mvg_©¨ `vb K‡i `ywUi GKwU ev `ywU Dcv‡q: hLb wbgœewY©Z †mB AwfcÖvq cÖZ¨¶fv‡e Avjøvn KZ©„K k‡ã D”PvwiZ nq, gvby‡li Kv‡Q, A_ev 22. Avmgvb Ges Rwgb Gi mªóv Avjøvn... Zuvi gZ wKQzB †bB, wZwb me©‡kÖvZv, me©`ªóv (42: 11)... Zviv †h eY©bv K‡i, wZwb †m m‡ei A‡bK D‡aŸ© (6: 100) `„wó Zv‡Z KL‡bv †cuŠQvqbv, wZwb mg¯Í wKQz †`‡Lb ... (6: 103)| 23. †NvlYv Ki, Avjøvn GK Ges kvk¦Z, wZwb KvD‡K Rb¥`vb K‡ib bv, Ges wZwb RvZI b‡nb, †Kvb wKQzB Zvi m‡½ Zzjbxq bq (112: 1-4)... Zviv R¡xbMY‡K Avjøvni mnPi ejZ (hw`I AvjøvnB R¡xb‡`i m„wó K‡i‡Qb|) Zviv Zvi cÖwZ cyÎ Ges Kb¨v mšÍvb Av‡ivc Ki‡Zv| Gme Zviv Ki‡Zv AÁZvekZ: (6: 100)| 24. A_ev Zviv wK Rwgb †_‡K GKRb †`eZv‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q, †h g„Z‡K RvMÖZ Ki‡e? hw` Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn _vK‡Zv wbðqB Zvn‡j Avmgvb Rwg‡b wech©q I wek„sLjv m„wó nZ| mg¯Í cÖksmv Avjøvi, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix, Zuvi cÖwZ Zviv hv wKQz Av‡ivc K‡i Zv †_‡K wZwb gy³| Avjøvn hv K‡ib G m¤ú‡K© Zv‡K †KD cÖkœ Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i cÖkœ Kiv n‡e| Zviv wK Avjøvn Qvov Ab¨ Bjvn w¯’i K‡i‡Q? ej †Zvgiv cÖgvY w¯’i Ki.... 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D‡Ïk¨ev` wek¦ RM‡Zi cÖK…wZ D‡Ïk¨gq A_©vr D‡Ïk¨c~Y©, hv mªóvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨‡K c~iY Ki‡Q Ges Zv Ki‡Q GKwU cwiKíbv gvwdK| wek¦ RMZ Ab_©K ev †Ljvi Q‡j m„wó nqwb|26 Bnv AKviY m„wó ev NUbv bq, G‡K m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQzmn, c~Yf © v‡e; hv wKQziB Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q, ZvB Aw¯ÍZ¡kxjZvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvÎvq ev cwigv‡Y Ges wbw`©ó, GKwU mwVK D‡Ïk¨ cvjb K‡i|27 wek¦RMZ cÖK…ZB GKwU k„sLjve× RMZ, GKwU myk„sLj m„wó, G GKwU ˆbivR¨ bq, G‡Z mªóvi AwfcÖvq nv‡gkvB Kvh©Ki n‡”Q| Zuvi c¨vUvY© mg~nc~Y© n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi Awbevh©Zvq| KviY †m¸‡jv mªóv †hfv‡e Zvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i‡Qb, Zvi †_‡K wfbœfv‡e i‡q‡Q AšÍwb©wnZ|28 gvbyl Qvov, Avi mKj m„wói †¶‡ÎB, mnRvZ K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| gvby‡li Kg©B n‡”Q GKgvÎ `„óvšÍ, †hLv‡b Avjøvni AwfcÖvq Aek¨¤¢vexiƒ‡c Kvh©Ki nqbv, Kvh©Ki nq B”QvK…Zfv‡e, ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e; gvby‡li ˆ`wnK Ges gvbwlK Kg©Kvи‡jv cÖK…wZi m‡½ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e m¤úwK©Z Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zviv Gm‡ei cÖvmw½K weavbmg~n †g‡b P‡j, Ab¨ mKj m„wói gZB, Acwinvh©fv‡e| wKš‘ Ava¨vwZ¥K Kg©KvÐ †hgb †evakw³ I bxwZMZ wµqvKvÛ c‡o wba©vwiZ cÖK…wZi AvIZvi evB‡i Gme wbf©i K‡i Zv‡`i KZ©vi Dci Ges Zvi wb‡`©kbv †g‡b P‡j, gvbyl KZ©„K Hkx AwfcÖvq ev¯Íevq‡bi g~j¨ ¸YMZfv‡e Ab¨vb¨‡`i Øviv Aek¨¤¢vex ev¯Íevq‡bi g~j¨ †_‡K wfbœ| Acwinvh© ev Avek¨K cwic~Y© †KejgvÎ cÖvKwZK ev Dc‡hvMg~jK g~j¨¸‡jvi †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| Avi ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwic~Y© bxwZMZ g~‡j¨i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| Aek¨, Avjøvni ˆbwZK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi Z_v gvby‡li cÖwZ Zuvi Av‡`k 25. wKš‘ Zzwg Avjøvni weav‡b KL‡bv †Kvb cwieZ©b cv‡ebv Ges Avjøvni weav‡b †Kvb e¨wZµgI cv‡ebv (35: 43)| 26. mrKg© civqb ZvivB, hviv Avmgvb I Rwg‡bi m„wó m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i Ges e‡j, †n Avjøvn GB m„wó‡K Ab_©K m„wó Kiwb (3: 191) ... (21: 16) ÒwbðqB Avgiv Avmgvb, Rwgb Ges Gi g‡a¨ hv Av‡Q Zv †Ljvi Q‡j m„wó Kwiwb|Ó 27. Avjøvn whwb mg¯Í wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges wbLyuZfv‡e K‡i‡Qb, wZwb Rwgb‡K K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ km¨, AvKvk‡K Pv›`yqv ¯^iƒc Ges †Zvgvw`M‡K w`‡q‡Qb my›`iZg Aemi (40: 64) (32:7) cÖ‡Z¨K wKQz‡KB w`‡q‡Qb Zvi wewkó cÖK…wZ Ges kvk¦Z e¨e¯’vq Zvi Rb¨ w¯’i K‡i‡Qb wbw`©ó ¯’vb (36: 12)| 28. Avjøvn whwb Avmgvb Ges Rwg‡bi gvwjK, wZwb mg¯Í wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ wZwb wbe©vwPZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi wewkó gvÎv (Zvi PwiÎ, MwZc_ Ges wbqwZ) (15: 2) ej Avgv‡`i cÖwZ Ggb KQzB NU‡ebv Avjøvn hv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ w¯’i K‡i‡Qb Zv Qvov (32: 12) (c~e© DׄZ) GB wk¶vB| 24 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© wb‡l‡ai Aek¨B GKwU wfwË Av‡Q ev¯ÍeRM‡Z Ges †m Kvi‡Y G¸‡jvi i‡q‡Q GKwU wnZ ev Dc‡hvMg~jK w`K| wKš‘ G‡`i‡K, Zv‡`i †mB wewkó ¸bwU `vb K‡ibv (†h ¸YwU n‡”Q bxwZMZ nevi ˆewkó¨)| GwU n‡”Q †m m‡ei ¯^vaxbfv‡e m¤úbœ nevi w`K, A_©vr me mgqB gy³ †_‡K m¤úbœ, msw¶Z nevi w`K hv Zv‡`i‡K †`q †mB we‡kl gh©v`v hv Avgiv ˆbwZK mKj e¯‘i cÖwZ Av‡ivc K‡i _vwK|29 N. gvby‡li ¶gZv Ges cÖK…wZi bgbxqZv †h‡nZz cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘B m„wó n‡q‡Q GKwU D‡Ï‡k¨, mvgwMÖKfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡mg~‡ni m„wói D‡Ïk¨I Zvi †P‡q Kg bqÑ †`k Ges Kv‡j m¤¢e nIqv Aek¨B Avek¨K|30 Ab¨_vq nZvkvev` †_‡K wb¯‹w… Z †bB| †Lv` m„wó, †`kKv‡ji cÖwµqv mewKQzB Zv‡`i A_© Ges Zvrch© nvwi‡q em‡e| GB m¤¢vebv Qvov ZKjxd (`vwqZ¡, ˆbwZK eva¨evaKZv, `vwqZ¡kxjZv) A_©nxb n‡q c‡o Ges Zvi m‡½ aŸsm nq Avjøvni D‡Ïk¨gqZv A_ev webó nq Zuvi kw³, ci‡gi ev¯Íevqb A_©vr m„wói Hkx hyw³ I KviY, Aek¨B BwZnv‡m m¤¢e n‡Z n‡e, A_©vr m„wói Ges wePvi w`e‡mi g‡a¨, Kv‡ji †h cÖwµqv, Zvi g‡a¨ Zv m¤¢e nIqv Aek¨B Avek¨K| ZvB ˆbwZK K‡g©i KZ©v wn‡m‡e gvbyl‡K Aek¨B wb‡R‡`i‡K, Zvi m½xMY‡K A_ev mgv‡Ri, cÖK…wZi A_ev cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b Kivi ¶gZvq ¶gZvevb n‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i †m Zvi wb‡Ri g‡a¨ Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Hkx c¨vUvY© ev Av‡`k-wb‡la‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡i|31 ˆbwZK K‡g©i GKRb KZ©v wn‡m‡e gvbyl‡K Zvi mnPiMY I cÖwZ‡ek, mK‡jiB gvbyliƒcx KZ©vi djcÖmy Kg©‡K MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv wfbœ, GQvov gvby‡li ˆbwZK K‡g©i mvg_©¨ n‡e Am¤¢e Ges we‡k¦i D‡Ïk¨gq cÖK…wZ co‡e aŸ‡m| GLv‡bI †Zvgvi †Kv‡j AvkÖq †bevi †Kvb AeKvk †bB, m„wó‡K hw` GKwU D‡Ïk¨ Avek¨K nqÑ Ges GwU GKwU Avewk¨K aviYv, hw` Avjøvn nb Ges Zvi Kg© GKwU D‡Ïk¨nxb AwMœ cix¶v bv nq| m„wó‡K n‡Z n‡e Aek¨B bgbxq, iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e, Zvi Av‡aq, KvVv‡gv, Ae¯’v I m¤úK©mg~n cwieZ©b¶g n‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i gvbweK c¨vUvY© ev D‡Ïk¨‡K aviY Ki‡Z ev wb‡iU iƒc w`‡Z cv‡i| GK_v gvby‡li ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K cÖK…wZmn, mKj m„wói †¶‡ÎB 29. Avjøvn †h AvgvbZ Ac©Y Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb cÖK…wZ‡K, wKš‘ cÖK…wZ hv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvijbv, wKš‘ gvbyl †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q MÖnY Kij Ges enb Ki‡Zv, Zvi bvUKxq eY©bv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q KziAv‡b| g~j K_v BnvB ˆbwZK weavb ZKjxd (eva¨evaKZv) Awbevh©fv‡eB eySvq Kz`iZ (Kievi mvg_©¨ Ges BLwZqvi)| 30. (Avjøvn) Avwg R¡xb Ges gvbyl‡K Avgvi `vmZ¡ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb (51: 56)| ... (Avjøvn) whwb `„wó K‡i‡Qb Rxeb Ges g„Zz¨ hv‡Z †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© †hvM¨Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi (67: 2)| 31. H AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 25 mZ¨, mKj m„wóB Zvi hv nIqv DwPZ, Zv nIqvi A_ev Avjøvni AwfcÖvq ev c¨vUvY© A_ev cig mZ¨‡K32 GB †`k I GB Kv‡ji g‡a¨ Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi ¶gZvq ¶gZvevb| O. `vwqZ¡kxjZv I wePvi Avgiv j¶¨ K‡iwQ Hkx c¨vUv‡Y©i m‡½ m½wZ weav‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li eva¨evaKZv i‡q‡Q Zvi wb‡R‡K, mgvR‡K I cÖwZ‡ekx‡K cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨| Avgiv Av‡iv j¶¨ K‡iwQÑ gvbyl Zv Ki‡Z mg_©, †Kbbv m„wó bgbxq, Zvi Kg©‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z Ges m„wói D‡Ïk¨‡K iƒc`vb Ki‡Z †m m¶g| GB me ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K G wm×všÍB Awbevh© n‡q D‡V †h, gvbyl `vwqZ¡kxj|33 Zvi `vwqZ¡kxjZv A_ev wnmve e¨wZ‡i‡K ˆbwZK eva¨evaKZv m¤¢e bq| gvbyl hw` bv `vwqZ¡kxj nq Ges hw`bv Zvi Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e Ges †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI Zv‡K wnmve w`‡Z nq, †Zgb Ae¯’vq ˆbivk¨ev` Avevi Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| A_ev `vwqZ¡kxjZvi c~Y©Zv n‡”Q ˆbwZK eva¨evaZv A_ev ˆbwZK AZ¨vekKZi Acwinvh© kZ© mZ¨| wbqgvZ¡KZvi g~j cÖK…wZ †_‡KB Zv m~wPZ nq|34 GB wnmve †`kKv‡ji g‡a¨ ev A‡šÍ nDK A_ev Df‡qi g‡a¨ nDK Zv we‡eP¨ bq| mZ¨ GB †h, Aek¨B Zv NU‡Z n‡e| Avjøvn‡K †g‡b Pjv A_©vr Zvi Av‡`k wb‡la Kvh©Ki Kiv Ges Zvi c¨vUvY© ev¯Íevq‡bi Zvrch©B n‡”Q dvjvn AR©b Kiv| Zv bv Kivi gv‡b n‡”Q Zvi Aeva¨Zv Kiv, kvw¯Í, `ytL-Kó, AmyLZ¡ Ges e¨_©Zvi hš¿Yv wb‡Ri Dci †W‡K Avbv|35 Dc‡iv³ cuvPwU †gŠjbxwZ ¯^Ztwm× mZ¨; G¸‡jv wb‡qB MwVZ AvZ-ZvInx‡`i gg©e¯‘ Ges Bmjv‡gi mvi wbh©vm| GB `yB-B mgfv‡e `x‡b nvwbdvi mvie¯‘, Avmgvb †_‡K hZ cÖZ¨v‡`k G‡m‡Q mK‡ji mviK_v|36 mKj bex ivm~jB GB †gŠjbxwZ¸‡jvi wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb Ges G¸‡jvi wfwˇZ Zv‡`i Av‡›`vjb M‡o 32. mß AvKvk Ges c„w_ex I Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© mg¯ÍwKQz cÖksmv K‡i, AvbyMZ¨ K‡i Avjøvni, hv wKQziB Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q Zv Avjøvni cÖksmv I AvbyMZ¨ K‡i (17: 44)| 33. Ges Zviv (mKj gvbyl) wnmve w`‡Z eva¨ n‡e (21: 23)| (KziAvbyj Kwi‡g eû Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q hvi cÖavbe³e¨ n‡”Q gvby‡li `vwqZ¡kxjZvi †NvlYv| 34. ÔwnmveÕ Øviv Bmjvg GK_vB eywS‡q _v‡K †h wePvi w`e‡m Avjøvn gvby‡li wnmve MÖnY Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb, Zv KziAv‡b me©Î we`¨gvb Ges G n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi ˆbwZK agx© mgMÖ e¨e¯’vwUi wfwË| 35. g°vq AeZx©b KziAv‡bi m~iv¸‡jvi cvV †_‡K eySv hvq †h, gvby‡li m‡½ Avjøvni m¤ú‡K© Pzw³g~jK| c~e©eZx© mKj bex ivm~j Ges Zv‡`i D¤§Z‡`iI aviYv GKB| cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvby‡li mKj agx©q Ges ˆbwZK wfwËg~‡jI we`¨gvb G AsMxKvi Pzw³g~jK gg©K_v| †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi Fnuma Elish, Ges Lippit Ishter Ges nvgyivexi AvB‡b, Zv m¤ú~Y©| †`Lyb James B Pritchatred, Ancient Near Eastern Texts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955) 36. ÔnvwbdÕ wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K `x‡b cÖwZwôZ Ki, Avjøvni cÖK…wZi AbymiY Ki, †h cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wZwb gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Avjøvni cÖK…wZi †Kvb cwieZ©b bvB, BnvB mij Øxb, wKš‘ AwaKvsk gvbyl Rv‡b bv (30-30)| 26 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Zz‡j‡Qb| GKBfv‡e, GB †gŠwjbxwZ¸‡jv gvbe cÖK…wZi MVb KvVv‡gv‡ZB Avjøvn wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb, hv wb‡q MwVZ AåvšÍ cÖvK…wZK `xb A_ev ¯^fveMZ we‡eK, hvi Dci wbf©i K‡i AwR©Z gvbweK Ávb| ZvB ¯^fveZB mKj Bmjvgx ms¯‹„wZB G¸‡jvi Dci wbwg©Z Ges Gme mw¤§wjZ fv‡e MVb K‡i ZvInx‡`i mvie¯‘, e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK ˆbwZKZv, b›`bZZ¡ Ges mgMÖ BwZnvme¨vcx gymwjg Rxeb Ges Kg©KvÛ| P. Dcmsnvi Dcmsnv‡i Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Bmjv‡g agx©q AwfÁZvi mviwbh©vm n‡”Q GB Dcjwä †h, gvbeRxeb A_©nxb bq; Gi Aek¨B GKUv D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡e hvi cÖK…wZ bZzb ¶zav †_‡K bZzb wbe„wËi w`‡K, wbe„wËi ¯^vfvweK cÖev‡ni m‡½ Awfbœ n‡Z cv‡ibv| gymwj‡gi Rb¨ P‚ovšÍ Ae¯’v n‡”Q `ywU m¤ú~Y© c„_K †kÖYx-¯^vfvweK Ges Bw›`ªqvZxZ wb‡q MwVZ Ges †m Bw›`ªqvZxZv Zvi w`‡KB ZvKvq, cÖK…wZi cÖevn‡K †m †h g~j¨¸‡jvi Øviv wbqš¿Y Ki‡e †m ¸‡jvi mÜv‡b| Bw›`ªqvZxZ †¶Î‡K Avjøvn wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kivi ci, †m Zv †_‡K wbM©Z bq Ggb †h †Kv‡bv Kg© wb‡`©kbv‡K evwZj e‡j MY¨ K‡i| P‚ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y Zvi K‡Vvi Abgbxq ZvInx` n‡”Q ˆbwZK wb‡`©kbv Qvov gvbeRxeb‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wb‡`©kbvi Aax‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ| myLev`, Eudaemonism Ges Ab¨ mKj w_Iwi, hv cÖvK…wZK Rxe‡bi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡i ˆbwZK g~j¨, †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Zvi Rb¨ AvZsKRbK| Zvi g‡Z, Gi †h †Kvb GKwU MÖnY Kiv n‡”Q gvby‡li K‡g©i j¶¨ I wb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e Avjøvni cwie‡Z© Ab¨ me †`eZv‡K cÖwZôv Kiv| wkiK (Avjøvni m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ Bjvn‡K kixK Kiv Ôhv ZvInx‡`i jsNbÕ n‡”Q ˆbwZK g~j¨¸‡jv‡K cÖvK…wZK Ges wnZKi g~j¨mg~‡ni m‡½ wgwk‡q †djv, †h ¸‡jv Avm‡j wbwgË gvÎ Ges KL‡bv P‚ovšÍ bq| gymwjg nevi A_©B n‡”Q h_v_©Z †KejgvÎ Avjøvn‡KB (A_©vr mªóv‡K Ges cÖK…wZ A_ev m„wó‡K bq) j¶¨ ev gvb wba©viK wn‡m‡e Dcjwä Kiv, †KejgvÎ Zuvi AwfcÖvq‡KB Av‡`k wb‡la wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨¶ Kiv, †Kej Zuvi c¨vUvY©B m„wói ag© ˆbwZK AwfKvsLZv e‡j Dcjwä Kiv; gymwjg `„wói g~j K_v n‡”Q mZ¨, my›`i I ïfZ¡| wKš‘ G¸‡jv Zvi c‡¶ ˆbwZK e„wËmg~‡ni cÖwµqvi ewnfy©Z bq| G Rb¨ †m Zvi agx©q e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi wbqg bxwZi w`K w`‡q GKRb g~j¨ZvwË¡K ev Axiologist, Z‡e Zvi GKgvÎ j¶¨, AvBbZË¡we` wn‡m‡e, †Kej GKwU myôz Deontology †Z †cuŠQv‡bv; Zvi Rb¨ wek¦v‡mi Øviv †hŠw³KZv cÖgvY Kiv A_©nxb, hw` bv Zv nq Kg©‡¶‡Î cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ mnR f~wgKv| GLv‡bB †hgb Zvi gnË I †kÖô‡Z¡i `vex, †Zgwb Zvi nxb‡Z¡iI AeKvk| †m Rv‡b gvbyl wn‡m‡e Avmgvb Ges Rwg‡bi g‡a¨ †m GKv `Ûvqgvb Ges Zv‡K c_ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Zvi we‡eK Qvov wKQzB †bB, Kvh©mva‡bi Rb¨ Zvi mg~`q kw³‡K wb‡qvwRZ Kivi AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 27 B”Qv‡K I c‡_i Lvbv-L›`K †_‡K Zv‡K D×vi Ki‡Z| Zvi cÖwZKvi n‡”Q wec`msKzj RvMwZK Rxeb hvcb Kiv KviY Zvi c‡¶ Zvi KvRwU K‡i †`evi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Bjvn †bB, hw` Ges hLb †m KvRwU wb‡R wb‡R m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZLb KvRwU †h †Kej m¤úvw`Z nq Zv bq, †m Zv †_‡K wbe„Ë n‡ZI cv‡ibv| cÖK…wZMZfv‡e wec‡`i Rxeb hvcbB Zvi fvM¨; GKRb gymwjg wn‡m‡e Zv‡K Aek¨B Hkx `vwqZ¡fvi m¤ú~Y© Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e, A_ev GB cÖwµqvq, Zv‡K wbwðý n‡q †h‡Z n‡e|37 wbðqB Zvi c‡_i cÖ‡Z¨K euv‡KB Zvi Rb¨ Uªv‡RwW Iur †c‡Z Av‡Q, Ges GUvB Zvi Me©| cø¨v‡Uv †hgb e‡j‡Qb Ôïf‡K, g½j‡K fvjevmvB Zvi A`„óÕ| 37. G cÖm‡½, Zuvi wcZ…e¨ Avey Zv‡je Zv‡K Bmjv‡gi Kvi‡Y g°vi kÎæ‡`i nv‡Z eby nvwk‡gi `ytL hš¿Yv mgvwßi Rb¨, Bmjvg cÖPvi †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Ki‡j, ivm~j †h Reve w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv we‡ePbv Kiæb, wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb: Ò†n Avgvi wcZ…e¨, Iiv hw` Avgvi Wvb nv‡Z m~h©¨ Ges evg nv‡Z P›`ª †`q, ZeyI Avwg KL‡bv, Avgvi GB `vIqvZ †_‡K wbe„Ë n‡evbv, bZzb ag© cÖPv‡i hw` Avwg aŸsm n‡q hvB ZeyIÓ (†gvnv¤§` û‡mb nvBKj: The Life of Mohammad Abyev' Ismail R. al-Faruqi, (Indianapolis: American Trust Publications. 1976)| wØZxq Aa¨vq Bmjv‡gi mviwbh©vm 1. AvZ ZvInx‡`i ¸iæZ¡ G‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB †h, Bmjvgx mf¨Zvi mviwbh©vm n‡”Q Bmjvg| A_ev Bmjv‡gi mviwbh©vm n‡”Q AvZ ZvInx`-GB wek¦vm I †NvlYv †h, Avjøvn GK, GKgvÎ cig Ges B›`ªqvZxZ mªóv, hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯ÍiB wZwb cÖf~ I m„óv| GB `ywU †gŠjm~Î ¯^Ztwm×; hviv Bmjvgx mf¨Zvi AšÍM©Z A_ev hviv G‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q, G KL‡bv Zv‡`i m‡›`‡ni welq bq| †Kej AwZ mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡jB wgkbvix, cÖvP¨Ë¡we` I Bmjv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ kÎæiv GB wel‡q m‡›`n Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv ¯^ZtcÖgvY| Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZ I Bmjvgx mf¨Zvi GKwU Ávb I mvi Av‡Q; hvi bvg AvZ ZvInx`1, hv e¨vL¨v we‡kølY I eY©bvi Dchy³| mvi ev mviwbh©vm wn‡m‡e ZvInx‡`i e¨vL¨v A_©vr Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi me©cÖ_g wba©viK †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e ZvInx‡`i e¨vL¨v we‡kølY G Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‘| AvZ ZvInx` n‡”Q †mB e¯‘ hv Bmjvgx mf¨Zv‡K †`q GKwU cwiPq, hv Gi mKj Dcv`vb‡K GK‡Î AuvUmuvU K‡i euv‡a Ges Zv‡`i‡K wb‡q M‡o †Zv‡j GKwU msnZ ci¯úi mse×, ci¯úi wbf©ikxj Ask mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU e¨e¯’v, hv‡K Avgiv ewj mf¨Zv| Amg I Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î euva‡Z wM‡q mf¨Zvi mviwbh©vm, G †¶‡Î AvZ ZvInx`, Gme‡K wb‡Ri Quv‡P gyw`ªZ K‡i ZvInx` G¸‡jv‡K bZzb AvKvi †`q; Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi m‡½ mymsnZ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK mg_©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i cÖK…wZ ev ¯^fv‡ei Rei`w¯Í cwieZ©b bv K‡i GB mvie¯‘ mf¨Zvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i‡K †`q Zv‡`i bZzb PwiÎ, †h Dcv`vb wb‡q †mB mf¨Zv MwVZ nq| G iƒcvšÍ‡ii gvÎv mvgvb¨ †_‡K †gŠwjK ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| iƒcvšÍi AwZ mvgvb¨ ZLbB hLb Gm‡ei iƒ‡ci Dci Zv cÖfve †d‡j Ges ZLwb Zv †gŠwjK hLb Zv Zv‡`i wµqv‡K K‡i cÖfvweZ| KviY, K‡g©i Dci GB cÖfv‡ei cÖvmw½KZv i‡q‡Q mvi wbh©v‡mi m‡½ GB Rb¨B gymwjgiv BjgyZ ZvInx`ÑweÁv‡bi weKvk mvab K‡i Ges Zvi bx‡P ¯’vcb K‡i b¨vqkv¯¿, ÁvbZË¡, civwe`¨v I ag©kv‡¯¿i wewa weavb| 1. BmgvCj ivRx Avj dviæKx ÔRIni Avj nv`viv Avj-BmjvwgqvÕ Avj gymwjg, Avj-gyqvwmi 7g LÐ bs 27 (1901/1981), 1-27| cÖeÜwU Qvcv n‡qwQj ‘Critical Response’ mn Ges ‘Response to the Response’ Avj-Bmjvg Iqv Avj-nv`vivq (wiqv`, W. A. M. Y. Publications) 1401/1981 wØZxq LÐ 583-668| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 29 Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvwg Avgvi `vm‡Z¡i Rb¨ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ gvbyl Ges R¡xb‡K m„wó Kwiwb| Ges cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZ ev D¤§‡Zi Kv‡Q Avwg GKRb ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ, Zv‡`i‡K GB K_v Rvbv‡Z †h, Zv‡`i DwPZ Avjøvni `vmZ¡ Kiv Ges Zv¸Z‡K cwinvi Ki| †Zvgvi cÖfy GB wb‡`©` Rvix K‡i‡Qb †h, †Zvgiv †Kej ZviB `vmZ¡ Ki‡e, Avi Kv‡iv bq| Avjøvni e‡›`Mx Ki, Ges KvD‡K ev †Kvb wKQz‡K Zvi kixK K‡iv bv, Av‡mv †Zvgv‡`i‡K Avwg e‡j †`B, †Zvgv‡`i cÖfy †Zvgv‡`i‡K Kx wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| †Zvgiv KvD‡K ev †Kvb wKQz‡K Zvi Askx`vi K‡ivbv|Ó2 cweÎ KziAv‡bi GB AvqvZ¸‡jv my¯úófv‡e eySv‡”Q †h, gvbe m„wói D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q †Kej Avjøvni `vmZ¡| †Kej AvjøvnB Bev`‡Zi †hvM¨, †Kej wZwbB e‡›`Mx cvevi Dc‡hvMx| Zuvi cÖmbœZv, gv‡b †Kej ZviB Rb¨ mKj gvbweK evmbv, gvby‡li mKj K‡g©i Pig j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ| Avgv‡`i bex †gvnv¤§‡`i (mv.) cqMv‡gi mvivrmvi n‡”Q BnvB, hv Zuvi c‡¶ †Kej Avjøvni evK¨ ØvivB cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e wQ‡jv Ô†kvb †Zvgv‡`i cÖf~ †Zvgvw`M‡K hv wb‡la K‡i‡Qb, Zv Avwg †Zvgv‡`i Rvwb‡q w`w”Q| †Zvgiv Zuvi kixK K‡ivbvÓ|3 AvZ ZvInx` †h Avjøvni m‡e©v”P Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡`k Zvi cÖgvY GB †h, Avjøvn me cvcB ¶gv K‡i †`‡eb e‡j Iqv`v K‡i‡Qb, †KejgvÎ AvZ ZvInx` jsN‡bi cvc Qvov| ÒAvjøvn Zuvi m‡½ Ab¨ †Kvb Bjvn‡K kixK Kiv ¶gv Ki‡ebbv, wKš‘ hv‡K B”Qv wZwb Gi †P‡q wbgœZi Aciva¸‡jv gvd K‡i †`‡eb| †h †KD Avjøvni m‡½ KvD‡K ev †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K kixK K‡i, †m †Zv gnvcvc K‡i|4 ¯úóB, AvZ ZvInx`‡K ev` w`‡q Bmjv‡gi †Kvb Av`k©B MÖvn¨ bq| †h gyn‡~ Z© ZvInx`‡K jsNb Kiv n‡e †mB gyn‡~ Z© †Lv` †MvUv ag©B Avjøvni `vm‡Z¡i gvbweK eva¨evaKZv, Zuvi Av‡`kvw` cvjb Ges wb‡lavw` †g‡b Pjb meB aŸ‡m co‡e, KviY AvZ ZvnInx`‡K jsNb Kivi A_©B n‡”Q, Avjøvn †h GK Ges †Kej GKgvÎ Avjøvn Zv‡Z m‡›`n Kiv, Avi Zv Kivi gv‡bB n‡”Q, GB aviYv †h, 2. 3. 4. Avwg R¡xb Ges gvbeRvwZ‡K †Kej Avgvi e‡›`Mxi D‡Ï‡k¨B m„wó K‡iwQ (51: 56)|... cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi Kv‡Q Avwg GKRb ivm~j cvwV‡qwQ, GK_v wkLv‡bvi Rb¨ †h, Bev`Z †Kej AvjøvniB D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges g›`‡K eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e (16: 36)... †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK GB weavb w`‡q‡Qb †h, †Zvgiv Zv‡K Qvov Avi Kv‡iv `vmZ¡ Ki‡ebv (17: 36) Avjøvni `vmZ¡ K‡iv Ges Zvi m‡½ †Kvb wKQz‡K kixK K‡ivbv (4: 36)... ej (†n †gvnv¤§`) gvbyl‡K Ô‡kvb, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i ejwQ †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK hv wb‡la K‡i‡Qb, cÖ_g GB †h, †Zvgvi Avjøvni m‡½ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Bjvn‡K kixK K‡ivbv (6: 151)| (6: 151)| Avjøvn Zvi m‡½ †Kvb wKQz‡K kixK Kiv‡K ¶gv K‡ib bv, wKš‘ G Qvov hvi cÖwZ B”Qv, Avi mKj AcivaB wZwb ¶gv K‡i †`b, ZvB †h †KD Avjøvni cÖwZ kixK w¯’i K‡i, †m wbðqB GK gnv Aciva K‡i‡Q (4: 48)| 30 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Avjøvni Hkx ¶gZvq A‡b¨ivI kixK n‡Z cv‡i| Avjøvni Av‡`kwUi eva¨evaKZv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`n †cvlY bv K‡i Zv Kiv hvq bv; KviY, `yB wKsev Z‡ZvwaK Bjvn _vK‡j, hyw³ Z‡K©i w`K w`‡q BnvB Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o †h, GB Bjvn‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Zvi m„wói ev Zvi Dci wbf©ikxj‡`i m‡½ e¨w³MZ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi B”Qv n‡e, †Póv Ki‡e cvi¯úwiK cÖwZØ›ØxZvq GKRb AciRb‡K Qvwo‡q †h‡Z|5 G me Bjvn gvby‡li †Kvb Kv‡R jvM‡ebv, hw` bv GK Bjvn Ab¨ BjvnMY‡K aŸsm K‡i, A_ev wb‡Ri wbqš¿‡Y Avbqb K‡i, KviY †Kej ZLbB †m n‡Z cv‡i cig mË¡v hv Avjøvni msÁvi †¶‡Î Avek¨K| †KejgvÎ GKwU ÔP‚ovšÍ DrmBÕ n‡Z cv‡i cig ïf, cig KZ©„Z¡vwaKvix, ci †gŠjm~Î| Ab¨_vq GKRb Aaxb¯’ Bjvni KZ©„Z¡, Ggb GKRb Bjvn hvi m‡½ _vK‡Z cv‡i Av‡iv me Bjvn, memgqB Zvi m¤ú‡K© _vK‡e msk‡qi AeKvk| G Rb¨B Avjøvn Zvqvjv KziAv‡b e‡j‡Qb, Òhw` Zv‡`i g‡a¨ (Avmgvb Rwg‡b) Avjøvn Qvov Ab¨ Bjvn _vK‡Zv GmeB wek„sLj n‡q co‡Zv|Ó6 cÖK…wZ `yÕRb cÖf~ gvb‡Z cv‡i bv; cÖK…wZ myk„sLjfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡ibv Ges Avgiv Zv‡K †h GKwU mymse× RMZ wn‡m‡e †`wL Zv m¤¢e bq, hw` KZ©„‡Z¡i DrmB `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK nq, hw` P‚ovšÍ wbqvgK nq `yB wKsev Zvi †ekx| ZvInx` e¨wZ‡i‡K Bmjvg Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb| wbðqB, †Kej †h Avgv‡`i bexi mybœvnB m‡›`‡ni welq n‡q DV‡e Ges Gi AbyÁvi Av‡gvNZvB †Kej wePwjZ n‡e Zv bq, beyqZiƒ‡c weavbwUB aŸ‡m co‡e| GB Bjvni †¶‡Î †h me m‡›`n eû m¤úwK©Z Zv‡`i cqMv‡gi †ejvqI †m¸‡jv n‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| ZvB, AvZ ZvInx‡`i †gŠjbxwZ Aej¤^bB n‡”Q mKj c~Y¨Kg©, mKj avwg©KZv Ges mKj mr¸‡Yi g~jwfwË| ¯^fveZB, Avjøvn Zvqvjv Ges Zuvi ivm~j AvZ ZvInx` cvjb‡K w`‡q‡Qb m‡e©v”P gh©v`v, m‡e©v”P g~j¨ Ges K‡i‡Qb cyi¯‹v‡ii †nZz| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Òhviv Cgvb G‡b‡Q Ges Zv‡`i Cgvb‡K hyjyg ev mxgvjsN‡bi m‡½ wgwkÖZ K‡iwb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wbivcËv, ZvivB myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ|Ó7 GKBfv‡e Dev`v Bebym mvwgZ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, Avjøvni ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†h †KD GB mv¶¨ †`‡e †h, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn bvB, wZwb GKK, Zuvi †Kv‡bv kixK bvB 5. 6. 7. Avjøvn KL‡bv †Kvb cy‡Îi Rb¥ †`bwb ev †cvl¨iƒ‡c cyÎ MÖnY K‡ib wb| Zuvi KL‡bv †Kvb kixK wQjbv, hw` _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zuvi GjvKvi Dci GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ Kvgbv Ki‡Zv, †Zgwb Ab¨‡`i GjvKvi DciI KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôvi †Póv Ki‡Zv, wKš‘ Avjøvn Zv‡`i mKj eY©bvi E‡a© cyZ-cweÎ (23: 91)| Avjøvn Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Bjvn _vK‡j wek„sLjv I ˆbiv‡R¨i Kvi‡Y Avmgvb Ges Rwgb aŸsm n‡q †hZ| cÖksmv Avjøvni whwb me©gq ¶gZvi gvwjK, Zviv Zvi m¤ú‡K© hv wKQz e‡j wZwb Zvi mg¯Í wKQzi D‡a© cyZ-cweÎ (21: 22)| myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ †jv‡Kiv, hviv Cgvb Av‡b Ges mxgv jsNb K‡i bv, Zv‡`i wek¦vm‡K Ab¨v‡qi Øviv KjywlZ K‡ibv wbivcËv Ges myc‡_i w`kv Zv‡`i Rb¨ (6: 80)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 31 Ges †gvnv¤§` Zuvi `vm I ivm~j, Cmv Avjøvni `vm Ges Zvi ivm~j, gwiq‡gi cÖwZ Zuvi Av‡`k, Zuvi iæn, Ges RvbœvZ I Rvnvbœvg mZ¨, Avjøvn Zv‡KB `vwLj Ki‡eb Rvbœv‡ZÓ| GB nvw`mwU Dfq Ômnx‡ZÕB ewY©Z n‡q‡Q hv‡Z BZ&ev‡bi GB eY©bvI wjwce× n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, Ô‡h †Kn GB mv¶v †`q †h Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn bvB Ges Avjøvni cÖmbœZv e¨wZ‡i‡K †m Avi wKQz Kvgbv K‡ibv, Avjøvn Zv‡K Rvnvbœv‡g wb‡¶‡ci AbygwZ †`‡eb bv|Ó Avey mvC` Avj Ly`ixi GK eY©bv †_‡KI Rvbv hvq, ivm~‡j Kixg (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, Ògymv (Av.) Avjøvn‡K ej‡jb ÔhLb wZwb Zuv‡K ¯§iY Ki‡eb, wKsev Zuv‡K WvK‡eb, ZLb Ave„wË Kievi Rb¨ Avjøvn †hb Zv‡K GKwU cÖv_©bv wkwL‡q †`b| Avjøvn e‡jb Ò†n gymv, Zzwg ej, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB|Ó gymv ej‡jb, Ò‡n Avgvi cÖwZcvjK, Avcbvi mKj `vmB‡Zv GB K_v¸‡jv e‡j|Ó Avjøvn ej‡jb, Ò‡n gymv, hw` mvZ Avmgvb Ges †m¸‡jv hv aviY K‡i Avi mvZ Rwgb Ges Zv‡Z hv wKQz Av‡Q G mewKQz hw` IRb Kiv nq Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB GB Kvwjgvi m‡½, Zvn‡j GB KvwjgvB n‡e IR‡b fvix|Ó wZiwgwh‡Z GI ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, Avbvm (iv.) bex Kwig‡K (mv.) ej‡Z ï‡b‡Qb, ÒAvjøvn ej‡jb, †n gvbyl c„w_exi mg¯Í e¯Ív fwZ© K‡i cvc wb‡q hw` †Zvgiv Avgvi Kv‡Q Avm wKš‘ †Zvgiv GB mv¶¨ `vI †h, †Zvgiv Avgvi m‡½ †Kvb wKQz kixK Ki‡ebv, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Q Avm‡ev H mg¯Í e¯Ív fwZ© KiæYv Avi ¶gv wb‡qÓ|8 ZvB, G †Kv‡bv we¯§‡qi e¨vcvi bq †h, gymjgv‡bi msÁv †`Iqv hvq, Zvi ZvInx` AbymiY, Zvi mv¶¨ †NvlYvi Øviv, mg¯Í m„wó, mg¯Í mZ¡v I Rxeb, mg¯Í a‡g©i P‚ovšÍ †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e, Avjøvni cig GKKZ¡ Ges Bw›`ªqvZxZZv Øviv| 2. Bû`x I wLª÷vb a‡g© Hkx DËiY BwZc~‡e© †h me †mwgwUK wkKo †_‡K Bû`x ag© I wLª÷vb a‡g©i Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q, †mB GKB wkKo †_‡K Drcbœ we‡k¦i bexbZg ag© wn‡m‡e Bmjvg‡KI GB me a‡g©i m‡½ Zvi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Bmjvg wb‡R‡K †h iƒc MY¨ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡KI Abyiƒc g‡b K‡i, MVb K‡i GB me ag© I Bmjvg wg‡j c„w_ex‡Z Hkx wgk‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e, Avi †m Kvi‡Y †mwgwUK ˆPZ‡b¨i AvbyµwgK gyûZ©¸‡jv‡K|9 gvbe BwZnv‡mi NyY©veZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i, Gfv‡e Bû`x ag© I wLª÷vb a‡g©i m‡½ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡iI Bmjvg Zv‡`i ÎæwU¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i‡Q Ges G‡`i HwZnvwmK Awfe¨w³¸‡jv‡K ms‡kvab Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Q| Avjøvni 8. 9. †kL †gvnv¤§` Be‡b Avãyj Inve, Zuvi wKZveyZ †ZŠnx` MÖ‡š’ DׄZ K‡i‡Qb| †`Lyb eZ©gvb MÖš’Kvi KZ©„K GKB wk‡ivYv‡g Abyev` (Kuwait I. F. S. O 1399/ 1989)| H. Bettensan. Documents of the Christiann Church (London Oxford University Press, 1956) 61. 68-69. 32 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Bw›`ªqvZxZv m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ aviYv, †mwgwUK ˆPZ‡b¨i c‡¶ me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K weåvwšÍ, Avi †m Kvi‡Y Bmjvg, Avjøvni `„wó‡Z hv‡K ¶gvi me‡P‡q Kg †hvM¨ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| Bmjvg `vex K‡i Bû`x ag© I Lªx÷vb ag© wb‡R‡`i‡K GB Aciv‡a Acivax K‡i‡Q, G‡`i Avw`iƒ‡c bq Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K Zviv †h Inx †c‡qwQj Zv‡ZI bq, eis Zv‡`i HwZnvwmKiƒ‡c, †h me cvV‡K Zviv ag©MÖš’ e‡j MÖnY K‡i‡Q gvby‡li c_wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ Zv‡`i ag© wek¦vm cÖKv‡ki D‡Ïk¨, Zv‡ZB weåvwšÍi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q| K. Bmjvg KZ©„K Bû`x a‡g©i mgv‡jvPbv Bmjvg GB Awf‡hvM K‡i †h, †ZŠiv‡Zi me©Î Bû`x ag© Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© eûeP‡b Elohim e¨envi K‡i| Zviv `vex K‡i †h Elohim gvby‡li Kb¨v‡`i we‡q K‡i‡Q (Genesis 6: 2-4), `vex K‡i †h BqvKze Ges Zuvi ¯¿x jvev‡bvi †`eZv¸‡jv‡K Pzwi K‡iwQ‡jb, KviY Zuviv GB me †`eZv‡K Kvgbv Ki‡Zb (Genesis 31: 32)! God †Lv`v n‡”Q GKwU †cÖZ, hv‡K BqvKze gyLvgywL †`‡L‡Qb, Zvi m‡½ Kzw¯Í K‡iwQ‡jb hv‡K wZwb cÖvq civwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb (Genesis 33: 24-30)! Bû`xiv `vex K‡i †h, Avjøvn n‡”Qb Bû`x RvwZi RbK (Psalms 2: 7, 89: 26, 11 Damuel 7: 14: 1 Chronicles 17: 13 etc.) Zv‡`i Av‡iv `vex †h, Avjøvn n‡”Q cÖK…Z A‡_©B Zv‡`i RvwZi RbK (Hosea 1:10 Isaiah 9:6, 63:14-16) Ab¨vb¨ †`e‡`exi m‡½ Zv‡`i MwYKve„wËi ciI hv wg_¨v n‡q hvqbv (Hoasea 2: 2-13)| Bmjvg GB Awf‡hvMI K‡i †h Bû`x ag© Avjøvn‡K Ggb Av‡ó c„‡ô †eu‡a‡Q †h, wZwb Zv‡`i ˆbwZKZv we‡ivax KvR Kg©, Zv‡`i KvwVb¨ †h †MvqvZz©wg m‡Z¡I, wZwb Zv‡`i AbyMÖn Ki‡Z eva¨ (Deuteronomy 9: 5-6)| GK e›`x Bjvn, †h wKbv †h †Kvb A‡_© †h †Kvb gvÎvq e›`x, †m †mwgwUK ˆPZ‡b¨i Z‚ixq Avjøvn wKQz‡ZB bq| L. wLª÷vb a‡g©i Aciva Zzixq‡Z¡i weiæ‡× wLª÷vb a‡g©i Aciva ¸iæZi| Bmjvg wLª÷vb ag©‡K GB Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ K‡i †h, wLª÷vb ag© AZzixq aviYv‡K Bû`x‡`i ivRv, Avjøvni wcZ…Z¡‡K, nhiZ Cmv ch©šÍ m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q Ges Avjøvni Av‡`k cvj‡bi ˆbwZK Zvrch© `vb QvovI Zviv GB Aciv‡aI Acivax †h, Zviv Gu‡K †`q Avjøvn Ges Cmvi g‡a¨ GK‡Z¡i ZzixqZ¡ webvkx, Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒc welqK M~‡p_©| cÖK…Zc‡¶B wLª÷vb J`vh© wb‡Ri m½v w`‡q‡Qb Avjøvni m‡½ nhiZ Cmvi GB †gŠwjK AwfbœZvi cwifvlvq, hv Zv‡`i e¨w³mZ¡vi eûZ¡, PwiÎ Ges ˆPZb¨ †_‡K ¯^Zš¿iƒ‡c ¯úóZB †mwgwUK cÖev‡ni wfZ‡i Hkx mZ¡vi Bw›`ªqvZxZZv †_‡K GB bZzb weP~¨wZi Drm wLª÷vb a‡g©i Bû`x DËivwaKvi bq, wLª÷vb ag©‡K Zv GB aviYv¸‡jv w`‡q‡Q Zv‡`i ¸pZ¡ev` GB weP~¨wZi Drm †hgb Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQjbv hvi AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 33 hyw³, Ò†m hw` Kó †fvM K‡i, †m Avjøvn bq, Avi †m hw` Avjøvn nq, Zvn‡j Kó †fvM K‡iwb,Ó Bw›`ªqvZxZZvi mg_©‡b Qz‡u o gviv n‡qwQj mnMvgx wLª÷vb‡`i weiæ‡×|10 Aek¨ Gi Drm wQj inm¨ev`x ag© mg~‡ni Av‡mwgwUK cÖfve, GB Drm †_‡KB wLª÷vb ag© hvZbvwe× Avjøvni aviYv MÖnY K‡i whwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib Ges Avevi Rxe‡b G‡m cwiÎvY K‡ib, hvi Avk¦vm (Mava) cÖ`Ë nq msev`evnx wPšÍvi `x¶vi cÖwZ|11 Lªóvb a‡g©i MVb ch©v‡q A-†mwgwUK Rb‡Mvôx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hviv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ Avjøvni aviYvi m‡½ wQj AcwiwPZ, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wLª÷vb a‡g©i mvd‡j¨i KviY wQj wLª÷vb a‡g©i Dci GB ZzixqZ¡ we‡ivax cÖfve| nhiZ Cmvi mgmvgwqK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ wb‡`©vl wneªæ Ges AvivgvBK aviYv mg~‡ni fyj e¨vL¨vi Rb¨, G wQj mgfv‡e `vqx| evb©vm ev evi Av`g ej‡Z eySvq GKRb my-RvZ Ges †m Kvi‡Y cyY¨evb gvbyl‡K, wKš‘ †m›Ucj G‡m Zv AR©b K‡i Ges inm¨gq Awawe`¨vg~jK gvÎv ev AvqZb| Cmv (Av.) †h `vex K‡iwQ‡jb †Kvb c~Y¨evb gvbyl †mB `vexB Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv, A_©vr ÒAvwg Ges Avgvi wcZv (†Lv`v) GKÓ, Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi m¤ú~Y© ek¨Zv A‡_©| wKbZz wLª÷vbiv GB A‡_© Zv MÖnY Ki‡jv †h, nhiZ Cmv Hkx gh©v`v `vex K‡i‡Qb| †hLv‡b Kurie, D. Kurios, Mar Mari Ges Maran k㸇jv KZ©„‡Z¡i AwaKvix †h †Kvb e¨w³i cÖwZB Av‡ivc Kiv †hZ, †mLv‡b nhiZ Cmvi †m‡gwUK f³iv g‡b Ki‡jv G¸‡jv †Kej nhiZ Cmvi cÖwZB Av‡ivc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zviv †h nhiZ Cmv‡K †Lv`viƒ‡c aviYv K‡i ZviB cÖgvY wn‡m‡e Zviv G¸‡jv‡K nhiZ Cmvi cÖwZ Av‡iv †ewk K‡i Av‡ivc K‡i| cwi‡k‡l wLª÷vb ag©kv¯¿we`MY GB me Dcv`vb‡K wKbv cÖ‡kœ MÖnY K‡i, eû Ck¦‡ii cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ wneªæag© MÖš’mg~n AvwZcvwZ AbymÜvb K‡i| AMwób, ZviZzwjqvb Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K Zv‡`i we‡kl ai‡bi eyw×wfwËK Avbvwocbv wb‡q GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡jb †h, Zuviv †R‡bwm‡mi eûePb me©bvg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †c‡q‡Qb Bjv‡ni wfZ‡i wZb R‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡, ÒAvgiv Avgv‡`i cÖwZg~wZ©‡Z Avgv‡`i mv`„‡k¨ gbyl¨ wbg©vY KwiÓ (†R‡bwmm 1: 28)| eZ©gvb Kvj wK, e¨_© wbj©¾fv‡e GB `vexI K‡i †h, Hkx cÖK…wZ‡Z wbwnZ i‡q‡Q cyiælZ¡ I bvixZ¡, †Kbbv Dc‡iv³ Dw³i ciB †R‡bwm‡m wjwce× n‡q‡Q, wZwb Zv‡`i‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb ¯¿x I cyiæl K‡i (†R‡bwmm 1: 28)| †h‡nZz c~e©eZx© Dw³wU †kl n‡q‡Q ÔcÖwZK…wZÕ kãwU w`‡q e¨_© g‡b K‡ib †k‡lv³ Dw³wU Aek¨B c~‡e©v³ kãwUi 10.GB AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ hyw³wU ÒThe Arian Syllogism” bv‡g cwiwPZ `ª: Betteson. 56. 11. G. Murray. Five Stage of Greek Religion (Garden City N. Y. Doubleday. 1955) 156-157 34 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ges †m Kvi‡Y cyiælZ¡ I bvixZ¡ wb‡qB MwVZ Hkx cÖwZg~wZ©|12 Hkx AZzixqZ¡‡K wLª÷vbiv GZ `„pfv‡e AvK‡o a‡i‡Q †h, Zv‡`i Rb¨ G n‡q D‡V‡Q GKwU Abo ¯’vqx aviYv, hvi e‡j cj wUwjøm †NvlYv Ki‡Qb sub specie etenitatis A_©vr Bw›`ªqvZxZ †Lv`v AÁvZ Ges A‡Áq, hw` bv Zv‡K cÖK…wZ I BwZnv‡mi GKwU welq wn‡m‡e gyZ©iƒc †`Iqv nq|13 †h‡nZz wLª÷vb a‡g© Avjøvni Zzixq‡Z¡i Ae¯’v wQj GB, †m Kvi‡Y G‡K †h fvlvq cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvI wQj mgfv‡e Ah_v_©| hw`I Avjøvn †h B›`ªxqvZxZ; wLª÷vbiv GB `vex †_‡K KLbI wbe„Ë _v‡Kwb ZeyI Zviv Zvi m¤ú‡K© Gfv‡e K_v e‡j †h, wZwb GKRb cÖK…Z gvbyl, whwb Rwg‡b wePiY K‡i‡Qb Ges gvbyl hv K‡i mewKQz K‡i‡Qb, g„Zz¨ hš¿Yv †fvM Kivmn| Aek¨ Zv‡`i g‡Z Cmv wQ‡jb gvbyl I †Lv`v `yB-B| Zviv KL‡bv ag©Z¨vM Ges ag©g‡Zi weiæ‡× Zvi Awf‡hv‡Mi †gvKv‡ejvq, KL‡bv nhiZ Cmvi gvbweKZv ev Ck¦iZ¡ m¤ú‡K© GKUv msMwZc~Y© Ae¯’vb †bqwb| GKvi‡Y m‡e©vËg Ae¯’vqI Zv‡`i fvlv n‡”Q me mgqB weåvwšÍKi| †P‡c ai‡j cÖ‡Z¨K wLª÷vb‡KB GK_v ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e, Avjøvn n‡”Qb Bw›`ªqvZxZ Ges me©e¨vcx DfqB, wKš‘ ZzixqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Zvi `vex Avm‡jB wfwËnxb| `yB wecixZ‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡j b¨vqkv‡¯¿i AvBbKvbyb‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ wLª÷vb ag© Zv Ki‡ZI cÖ¯‘Z wQj| ¯^ZtcÖgvY m‡Z¨i Dc‡i AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ¯^we‡ivax mZ¨‡K I Zv‡K †`q GKwU Epistemological g~jbxwZi gh©v`v| wKš‘ GB ai‡bi bxwZi AvIZvq †h †Kvb wel‡qi DciB †Rvi †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Av‡jvPbv n‡qI D‡V A_©nxb| GKRb wLª÷vb GB `vex bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, wÎZ¡ev` n‡”Q Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© K_v ejvi GKwU cš’v, KviY GK‡Z¡i †P‡q wÎZ¡ Avjøvni cÖK…wZ‡K cÖK…óZifv‡e e¨³ K‡i, Zvn‡j Av‡iv †ekx eûZ¡Zv GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e Av‡iv fvjfv‡e| hvB †nvK cweÎ Îqx‡K in percipi Gi gh©v`vq wPwýZ Kiv n‡”Q †e`vAvZ, †Kbbv Zv Awawe`¨vg~jK ZË¡ wn‡m‡e GK c`v_©‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| 3. Bmjv‡gi Hkx Bw›`ªqvZxZZv GB cÖ‡kœ Bû`x I wLª÷vb a‡g©i m‡½ Bmjv‡gi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q GK we‡k¦i cv_©K¨| Bmjvg Avjøvni Bw›`ªqvZxZv‡K mK‡ji welq e‡j †NvlYv K‡i `vex K‡i †h, Avjøvn mKj gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb hviv Avjøvn‡K Zvi Bw›`qvZxZvq Rvb‡Z m¶g| GUv n‡”Q GKwU mnRvZ `vb, GKwU wdZiv (GKwU cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v hvi 12. Kart Darth: Church Dogmatics: Abyev` G. W. Bromely and T. F. Torrence (London T. & T. Clark 1960) III. part. 1. 190 ff. 13. Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology (Chicago University of Chicago Press. 1957) Vol. 2. 40 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 35 g‡a¨ Rb¥ †bq cÖwZwU gvbyl) hv‡Z mKj gvby‡liB Ask Av‡Q|14 Gi cÖK…wZ n‡”Q GKwU gvbwmK kw³i cÖK…wZ hv w`‡q gvbyl Hkx cig GKZ¡ I Z…ixqZ¡‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Bmjvg †h me gvbyl cig‡K, Zuvi Bw›`ªqvZxZ mZ¡vq aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges hviv Zuv‡K †Kej Ab¨ Bjvn ev cÖwZgvi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä K‡i, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ ei`v¯Í K‡ibv| †h‡nZz Hkx Zzwiq‡Z¡i Ávb gvby‡li AšÍM©Z Ges †m Kvi‡Y Awbevh©, Bmjvg ZvB Av`k© †_‡K mKj wePz¨wZ‡K cÖK…wZ I BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ Av‡ivc K‡i| Bmjv‡gi e¨vL¨vq GB we¯§„wZcivqYZv, gvbwmK Avjm¨, Zxeª Abyf~wZ Ges Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© n‡”Q Gm‡ei KviY Ges G¸‡jv GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Avi GK cÖRb¥ ch©šÍ wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| Bmjvgx ag©g‡Zi cÖ_g †NvlYv GB †h, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB-gymwjg hv‡K ey‡S wek¦RM‡Zi Dci Avjøvni kvmK‡Z¡ Ges Zuvi wePviK‡Z¡i †Kvb kix‡Ki A¯^xK…wZ Ges Zvi m‡½ GB m¤¢vebvi A¯^xK…wZI †h, †Kvb Rxe ev m„wó Hkx mZ¡vi cÖZxK ev e¨w³iƒc n‡Z cv‡i wKsev Hkx mZ¡v‡K †Kvbfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| KziAvb Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© e‡j, ÒwZwb Avmgvb I Rwg‡bi mªóv Ges wZwb hLb wKQz m„wó Ki‡Z Pvb ZLb Av‡`k K‡ib nI! Agwb Zv n‡q hvq| wZwb GK Avjøvn, wZwbB †Zvgv‡`i Bjvn (2: 117, 163)| Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB, wZwb wPiRxex, weavZv (3: 2) wZwb gwngvwš^Z, Dnviv hv e‡j wZwb Zvi KZ E‡aŸ© (6: 100)| †Kvb Bw›`ªq Zuv‡K †`L‡Z cv‡ibv, cÖksmv ZuviB whwb Bw›`ªqvZxZ, whwb Zuvi m¤ú‡K© mKj `vex Ges weeiY‡K m¤ú~Y© AwZµg K‡i hvb (17:43)| GB `„wófw½ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z wM‡q gymjgvbiv AwZgvÎvq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K, †hb Zviv KL‡bv m¤¢ve¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q Hkx mZ¡vi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ms‡M wKsev Zv‡`i Hkx Dcjwäi ms‡M †Kvb cÖwZgv ev e¯‘‡K kixK bv K‡i| Zviv AwZgvÎvq mZK© _v‡Kb, Hkx mZ¡v m¤ú‡K© wKQz ej‡Z ev wjL‡Z wM‡q †KejgvÎ KziAvbx fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z Zv‡`i g‡Z †mme kã ev evK¨ KziAvbx cÖZ¨v‡`‡k Avjøvn wb‡RB wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| K. wk‡í Bw›`ªqvZxZZ¡ gymjgvbiv mKj mg‡q Ges mKj ¯’v‡b Avjøvni e¨vc‡i †Kvb e¯‘ ev Bw›`ªqR cÖZxK‡K Avjøvni m‡½ Rov‡Z ev kixK Ki‡Z mh‡Zœ cwinvi K‡i‡Qb| †Kvb gymwjg gmwR‡` KL‡bv Avjøvni kixK wn‡m‡e †Kvb e¯‘ ev welq‡K †`Lv hvqwb, 14. Rudoph Otto Bmjvgx `vexi G‡Kev‡i wbK‡U G‡m c‡ob, hLb wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, mKj gvbyl‡KB GKwU ¶gZv `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Bgvbyj Kv‡›Ui GKwU Dw³i Abymi‡Y wZwb Gi bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb Sensus Communis, ¶gZvwU GB †h, Gi e‡`Šj‡Z gvbyl Avjøvn‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi inm¨gq Mfxi Ava¨vwZ¥K Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Ges Zrmn Zuvi ¶gZv Ges gg©¯úkx© Av‡e`b I AvKl©‡Y (`ª: The Idea of the Holy, (New York. Oxford University Press. 1958) Aa¨vq-5| 36 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© me©`vB GKwU k~b¨ cÖvmv` †_‡K‡Q gmwR`| Gi †`qvj¸‡jv Ges wmwjs AjsK…Z n‡e, nq KziAvb †_‡K †bIqv AvqvZ w`‡q A_ev weg~Z© jZvcvZv Ges mwc©je¯‘i KviæKvh© w`‡q| GB jZvcvZvi mwc©j KviæKvh© wQj cy®úe„š,Í cÎ Ges dz‡ji wkwíZ b·v| B”QvK…Zfv‡e G¸‡jv‡K A¯^vfvweK…Z Ges GKBfv‡e cybive„wË Kiv nZ hv‡Z K‡i Hkx mZ¡vi cÖKv‡ki evnb wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv‡Z m„wóMZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK †Kvb Avfv‡miI AeKvk bv _v‡K| jZvcvZv I dz‡ji GB me b·vi †KejgvÎ R¨vwgwZK wdMviB _vK‡Z cv‡i, †h¸‡jv Zv‡`i R¨vwgwZK cÖwµqvi Rb¨B, Avjøvn‡K cÖKvk Kivi gva¨‡g wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB Gai‡bi wkíKg© e¨vcKZvagx©, hv‡Z Bw½Z wg‡j GK AbšÍ `„wói hvi m‡½ Gi wdMvi¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK RovRwo Kíbv‡K Ab‡šÍi w`‡K av°v w`‡q AMÖmi K‡i †`q| G‡Z Drcbœ nq hyw³i GKwU fveÑGi wb‡RiB AbšÍ AbyeZ©b, Ges Kíbvi Kv‡Q `vex Rvbvq wbw`©ó cÖvPxi c¨v‡bj, d¨vmvW Ges †g‡Si cøvb Qvwo‡q GB AbyeZ©‡bi m¤cÖmviY, jZvcvZvi KviæKvh©gq GB wkí, hLbB AbšÍ AbyeZ©b m„wói `vex Rvbvq ZLbB Kíbv Zv‡Z e¨_© nq Ges GB cÖwµqvq Zv cÖmsM‡K †`q Ab‡šÍi bv›`wbK AšÍi`„wó, Bw›`ªqZxZZvi we‡kl GKwU †Pnviv, cig bv›`wbK †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e| Hkx Bw›`ªqvZxZZv cwic~iY Ki‡Z wM‡q Bmjv‡gi mKj wkíKjvi weKvk N‡U, mKj wkíKjv wewkó ˆkjx jvf K‡i A¯^vfvweKKiY wn‡m‡e| me AvU©B wQj AweKvkgyLx Ges wdMviwenxb; mg¯Í wKQzB Zv‡`i mva¨gZ mewKQz K‡i gva¨vKl©Y I ms‡køl‡Yi cÖvK…wZK kw³mg~n Ges fi I Av‡jvi mKj cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb‡K Av‡jv I cvwbI i‡Oi myi I Q‡›`i gyLveqe I Zvi Dcjwäi| GK K_vq cÖvK…wZK Ges m„wóMZ mg¯Í wKQz‡K, ev¯Íeiƒc w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q, fvmgvbk~‡b¨ SzjšÍ Ab‡šÍi BswMZevnx b·vq| Avgvi Rvbv g‡Z Bmjvgx Pviæwk‡í Bw›`qvZxZZv we‡ePbvi †hvM¨ †Kvb e¨wZµg‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡iwb|15 L. fvlvq Bw›`ªqvZxZZv fvlvq Bw›`ªqvZxZZv mgfv‡eB gymjgvbiv c„w_exi me©Î eRvq †i‡L‡Q, KviY Zviv mKj cÖKvi fvlv, Dcfvlvq K_v e‡j Ges Zviv mKj cÖKvi b„ZvwZ¡K I mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡e‡ki m`m¨| KziAv‡bi GB †NvlYv †h, ÒAvgiv Zv AeZxY© K‡iwQ GK Aviex KziAv‡b (12: 2! 20: 113)Ó Gi D‡Ïk¨I wQj ZvB| Avgiv GwU‡K AeZxY© K‡iwQ Aviex fvlvq my®úó Av‡`kiƒ‡c (12: 39)| Gi msi¶Y I cvV Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kej g~j Aviex KziAvb‡KB, KziAvb e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Q| Ges Gi Abyev`‡K g~jcvV g‡b bv K‡i †Kej eySvi mnvqK e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Q| Mb cÖv_©bv wn‡m‡e KziAv‡bi e¨envi †Kej Aviex‡ZB Kiv hv‡e| Avjøvni wb‡`©k gZ mvjvZ‡K Bev`‡Zi cÖvwZôvwbK †h-iƒc gnvbex w`‡qwQ‡jb, Zv Av‡Rv Zvi iƒ‡c envj 15. Ismail R. al-Faruqi, “Islam and Art” Studia Islamica, Fasc xxxvii 81-109 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 37 i‡q‡Q| AwaKšÍ, KziAvb Bmjv‡g †h me Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv Aviex bq, µgkt Zv‡`i †PZbv‡KI iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡Q ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© cÖYvjx ev ixwZ, hvi mvnv‡h¨ agx©q welq wb‡q wPšÍv Kiv I agx©q Abyf~wZ cÖKvk Kiv hvq| gymjgvbiv hLb Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© K_v e‡j, ZLbB Zv m¤ú~Y© KziAvb welqK K_v n‡q I‡VÑ e³v ZLb mZ©KZvi m‡½ KziAv‡bi ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© cÖYvjx‡K AbymiY K‡i Ges Gi Aviex kãgvjv, Gi Aviex mvwnZ¨iƒc I cÖKvk fw½¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i| KziAvb Bw›`ªq Áv‡bi mxgv AwZµg wKfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i? KziAvb we‡k¦i Dci Avjøvni cÖfyZ¡, gvbyl I m„wó RM‡Zi jvjb cvjb I weKv‡k Avjøvni cÖhZœ‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Avjøvni 99wU ev Z‡ZvwaK bvg w`‡q‡Q| wKš‘ m‡½ m‡½ Gi DciI †Rvi w`‡q‡Q †h, Ô †Kvb wKQzB Zuvi gZ bqÕ (42: 11)| Zuvi kã, Zuvi Kvj, Avi Zuvi Av‡jvi gZ, Zvi iv‡R¨i AšÍMZ© A_ev Zuvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z mewKQzB KziAv‡bi eY©bvgZ Ggb welq †h m‡ei †¶‡Î cÖv‡qvwMK cÖYvjx cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Òhw` mg¯Í e„¶B Kjg nZ, Ges Avjøvni evK¨ †iKW© Kivi Rb¨ mKj mgy‡`ªi cvwb Kvwj nZ, Zvn‡j KziAvb `vex K‡i Avjøvni K_v †jLv †kl Kivi Av‡MB Zv dzwi‡q hv‡e|Ó ÒAvjøvni GKw`b gvby‡li nvRvi eQ‡ii mgvb|Ó (22: 47)| ÒAvjøvni AvKvkmg~‡ni Ges c„w_exi Av‡jv, Gi Dcgv n‡”Q GKwU cÖ`xc hvi KuvP n‡”Q GKwU `xwßgvb b¶Î, hvi Av‡jv †`q cweÎ RqZzb e„‡¶i ˆZj, hv c~‡e©iI bq, cwð‡giI bq| Dnv Avcwb‡ZB cÖ¾wjZ nq hw`I Av¸b G‡K ¯úk© K‡ibv....Ó (24: 35)| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †hŠw³K cÖv‡qvwMK fvlv, e¯‘RMZ †_‡K M„nxZ wdMvi Ges m¤úK© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡ÎB GB cÖkœvZxZ A¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q †h, Gme mv`vgvUvfv‡e Avjøvni †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| Kvjµ‡g hv‡`i fvlv Aviex bq, Ggb wKQz gymjgvb hLb †Póv Ki‡jv KziAv‡bi wk¶vi m‡½ wbweoZi cwiPq jvf Ki‡Z, ZLb Zviv cÖvYx ev e¯Í‡Z biZ¡ Av‡iv‡c fyj K‡i e‡m| Ggb me ag© †_‡K Zviv G‡mwQj †hLv‡b Rxeb Rš‘‡Z wKsev gvby‡l †`eZ¡ Av‡ivc wQj mvaviY e¨vcvi, GB Rb¨ GB me gymjgv‡bi c‡¶ Zv‡`i †`eZ¡ ev biZ¡ Av‡iv‡ci gvbwmK Af¨vm †S‡o †djv m¤¢e wQjbv| gyZvwRjvMY Bw›`ªqvZxZZvi mg_©‡b `Ûvqgvb nq Ges GB hyw³ †ck K‡i †h, Hkx ¸Yvejx‡K iƒcKfv‡e wb‡Z n‡e, Av¶wiK A‡_© bq| Drmv‡ni AvwZk‡h¨ gyZvwRjviv GB `vex K‡i †h, GgbwK Rvbœv‡ZI cyY¨evb‡`i Kv‡Q Avjøvn `„wó MÖvn¨ n‡eb bv| G m¤ú‡K© KziAv‡b †h cÖwZkÖæwZ †`qv n‡q‡Q (75: 22) Zv‡K iƒcKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i k㸇jvi cÖKvk¨ AvwfavwbK A_© bvKP Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| gymwjg RbZvi GB AvksKv wQj †h, iƒcK e¨vL¨v AvBbwm× n‡j Awbevh©fv‡eB GB me k‡ãi Zvrch© Ges Zrm‡½ Gm‡ei AvwfavwbK A_© †jvc cv‡e| GKevi k‡ãi AvwfavwbK †bv½i Zz‡j †djv n‡j, A_©‡K Avevi Zvi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †bv½i Kivi Ges A_©‡K h‡_”Q fvwU‡Z †f‡m hvIqv †_‡K evav 38 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© †`evi wKQzB Aewkó _v‡Kbv| MÖxK cÖfv‡ei Pv‡c c‡o Bû`x Ges wLª÷vb ag©‡K GB SzuwK wb‡Z n‡qwQj, hvi d‡j `y‡qiB N‡U‡Q †gŠwjK iƒcvšÍi|16 GB fq ev AvksKv cÖKv‡ki `vwqZ¡ c‡owQj Aveyj nvmvb Avj-Avknvixi (g„Zz¨ 322 wn./ 935 wLª.) Dci; Zuvi Rxeb ïiæ nq GKRb gyZvwRjv m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Ges Zv‡`i weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i| wZwb e‡jb, Hkx wmdvZ †hgb Avjøvn bq, †Zgwb bv-AvjøvnI bq| AvZZvkexn (biZ¡viƒc) †hgwb wg_¨v, AvZZvwZj †Zgwb wg_¨v (wmdvZmg~‡ni iƒcK e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jvi wb¯ŒxqKiY), Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_‡gv³wU n‡”Q Bw›`ªqvZxZZvi we‡ivax, Ges wØZxqwU n‡”Q Avjøvni wmdvZmg~n wel‡q KziAv‡bi `„p Dw³i ei‡Ljvd, hv Inx ev cÖZ¨v‡`k‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi bvgvšÍi| Zuvi hyw³ g‡Z GB Dfq msK‡Ui mgvavb n‡”Q, cÖ_‡g cÖZ¨vw`ó cvV †hfv‡e bvwhj n‡q‡Q †mBfv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv A_©vr Gi A_© Gi AvwfavwbK k‡ãi g‡a¨ †bv½iK…Z, Ges wØZxq GB cÖk‡œ K A‰ea e‡j ¯^xKvi Kiv †h, ÔmvaviY KvÐÁvbg~jK A_© wK K‡i Bw›`ªqvZxZ mZ¡vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Zuvi g‡Z, GB cÖwµqv n‡”Q (†Kgb K‡i) GB cÖ‡kœi D‡×©, A_©vr wejv KvBd|17 ¯úóB Avj-AvkAvix ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, biZ¡viƒc Awbevh© n‡q D‡V, hw` hyw³wbf©i cÖv‡qvwM‡Z KZ©v I K‡g©i wK K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv nq, Zvi DËi Avkv Kivi gZB, wmdv‡Zi †Kb m¤ú‡K©I DËi Avkv Kiv nq| KZ©v Ges Kg© †h‡nZz ARvMwZK ev Bw›`ªqvZxZ, †m Kvi‡Y cÖkœwU AevšÍi| GUvI my¯úó †h, AvjAvkAvix g‡b K‡ib, K‡g©i AvwfavwbK A_© †h gyn‡~ Z© ¯^xKvi Kiv nq, Dcjwä Kiv nq, Ges c‡i A¯^xKvi Kiv nq, †m gyn‡~ Z© Bnv g‡bi Rb¨ n‡q D‡V GKwU w¯cÖs †evW©-cÖvmw½K `„p Dw³i Rb¨ GKwU bZzb cÖYvjx m„wó Ki‡Z, †h welqwU †hŠw³K eyw×wbf©i bq wKš‘ †Kvb bZzb cÖYvjx m¤¢e bq| ZvB †evakw³ hZ¶Y kãwUi AvwfavwbK A‡_© †bv½ie×, ZZ¶Y gb †`‡L †h cÖv‡qvwMK eyw×wbf©i mZ¨K_b Ges Bw›`ªqvZxZ †jvKZ¡iZv, Df‡qi A¯^xK…wZ †g‡b †bIqv n‡”Q, ZLb Kíbv cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖYvjx ˆZix K‡i wb‡Z eva¨ nq| GB †`vjvqgvb Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ †jvKZ¡i AwfÁZv, GKwU AvwZ¥K‡eva AwR©Z nq, hv jZvcvZv, dz‡ji KviæKvh© I wk‡íi AmxgZv Ges Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g AcÖKvk m¤¢ve¨Zv †_‡K wfbœ bq| kãwUi 16. (`ª:) A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q Regius Professor of Theology, Maurice Willes Gi m‡½ eZ©gvb †jL‡Ki weZK© (`ª:) welq fvlvq Hkx Bw›`ªqvZxZKv ev ZzixqZ¡, hv cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj “World Faiths”-Gi Journal of the World Congress of Faiths-G No-107 (Spring 1979-19. 17. Avey Avj nvmvb Avj-AvkAvix Maqalat al Islamiyah (Cairo, Maktabat al Nahdah al Misriyah 1371/(1954), Vol-1224-229 GZ`m‡½ `ª: †gvnv¤§` Avãyj Kwig Avj kvnwi¯Ívbxi Avj wgjvj Iqv Avj wbnvj (Cairo. Al Azhar Press 1328/1910 149 ff. Avj AvkAvixi `„wófw½i Av‡jvPbv, Hkx wmdvZ mg~n wel‡q| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 39 AvwfavwbK A_© GKUv †bv½‡ii KvR K‡i, hLb mgm¨vwUi Zvrch© m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖ‡hvR¨ cÖYvjxi A‡¯^l‡Y Kíbv Wvbv we¯Ívi K‡i Ggb GKwU cÖYvjx, hv‡Z DcbxZ nIqv Am¤¢e| e¯‘Zt KziAvb evK¨‡K Zzjbv K‡i ÔGKwU Mv‡Qi m‡½Õ hvi wkKo¸‡jv gvwUi Mfx‡i `„p †cÖvw_Z Ges hvi kvLv cÖkvLv¸‡jv AbšÍ Ges DaŸ© AvKv‡k aiv †Quvqv I Avq‡Z¡i evB‡i| M. Aviwe fvlv msi¶Y Aviwe fvlvq wbwnZ cÖwYav‡bi mKj wefvM I †kÖYxmn AvR ch©šÍ †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl KZ©K „ Zvi Ae¨vnZ e¨envi 1400 eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv cÖZ¨v‡`k AvaywbK †h me Zdwmwi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq, Zvi cÖvq me¸‡jv‡KB cwinvi K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li wbZ¨ cwieZ©bkxj wel‡q KziAv‡bi wb‡`©kgvjvi e¨envi me mgq n‡e bZzb, Avi GKvi‡Y bZzb n‡e mgKvwjb Kg© I mgm¨vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ cÖg~Z© weavbg~jK AvBb cÖYq‡b Gi mvaviY bxwZgvjvi ev¯Íe iƒcvqb| Bmjvgx AvBb kv‡¯¿ GB bxwZ me mgq ¯^xK„Z| wKš‘ cÖZ¨v‡`k m¤úwK©Z cwifvlv¸‡jvi A_© †h cÖYvjxi mvnv‡h¨ eyS‡Z n‡e, †m¸‡jv gnvbexi †hgb Dcjwämva¨ wQj Zuvi mvnvevM‡Yi DcjwäI wQj wVK AweKj †mB iKgB| AvRI †mB¸‡jv †evaMg¨| cÖ_‡gv³wU bq, †k‡lv³wU n‡”Q †jv‡KvËi Dcjwä cÖKv‡ki mgm¨v| bex †hfv‡e KziAv‡bi A_© ey‡SwQ‡jb ZvB n‡”Q †mB me A_©‡K AvaywbK mgm¨vejxi †¶‡Î e¨envi ev AccÖ‡qv‡Mi †hŠw³KZv m¤ú‡K© cÖvK-aviYv| †hw`b cÖZ¨v‡`k AeZxY© nq †mBw`b †hfv‡e Zv †evaMg¨ n‡qwQj AvR‡Ki w`‡b †Kvb wk¶v_x©i †mBfv‡eB Zvi †evSevi mvg_©¨ fve‡jv‡Ki BwZnv‡m cÖK…ZB GKwU A‡jŠwKK e¨vcvi| fvlvi D‡b¥vwPZKiY Ges Ôm„Rbkxj wµqviÕ g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨ Øviv Gi e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| cÖ_‡gv³wU‡Z Bw½Z i‡q‡Q ¸ß inm¨gq A‡_©i gg© †Kej wkw¶Z R‡bi Kv‡QB e¨³ nq Ges Zv I †Kej Zdwmwi e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g, Ges wØZxqwUi f~wgKv n‡”Q D™¢vebx, hvi dj weï× KíKvwnbxi wbg©vYKvh© †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvqbv| AwaKš‘ Av‡cw¶KZv I AvZ¥gqZvi weiæ‡× †h Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q m„Rbkxj wµqv Zv †_‡K wbivc` bqÑ †h Kvi‡Y wLª÷vb ag© Ges Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ †h †Kvb `vex Am¤¢e n‡q D‡V Ges mKj `vex‡KB e¨w³MZ Ges KvjwPwýZ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| gymwjg wLª÷vb msjv‡ci dj AwZ mvgvb¨B, hw` Av`‡ZB Zv `yB e¨w³i g‡a¨ msjvc nq, `yB a‡g©i g‡a¨ bq| fvlv e`‡j hvq, hv‡Z Zv KL‡bv GKB _v‡KbvÑ G hyw³ Acwinvh© bq| Aviex fvlv cwiewZ©Z nqwb hw`I Gi g~j kãmg~‡ni fvÐvi mvgvb¨ m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q, bZzb cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨| fvlvi g~jK_v hv n‡”Q Gi e¨vKiYMZ KvVv‡gv, Gi wµqv I we‡kl¨mg~‡ni avZziƒc, ev¯ÍeZv I aviYvi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Gi cÖYvjxmg~n Ges Gi mvwnwZ¨K bv›`wbKZv ev iƒc¸‡jv †gv‡UB 40 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cwiewZ©Z nqwb| me wKQzB cwieZ©bkxj Ges KL‡bv Zv GKB bq, GB `vex GKwU wg_¨v `vex, KviY cwieZ©b‡K hw` mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© cwieZ©b n‡Z nq Ges mskqev`xi eûiƒ‡ci †mªvZ n‡Z bv nq, Zvn‡j wKQz bv wKQz‡K Aek¨B n‡Z n‡e AcwieZ©bxq ev ¯’vqx| fvlvi msÁvi †¶‡Î gymwjg fvlvweÁvbxMY wQ‡jb A‡bK †ekx wbivc` Ges wbfy©j, KviY Zviv fvlvi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ K‡iwQ‡jb GKwU, †Kej gvÎ GKwU KvR, A_©vr m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB fvlv n‡”Q eY©bvagx©| ˆewkó¨c~Y©fv‡e Zviv IR¯^xZvi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb ÔeY©bvg~jK wbf©yjZvÕ wn‡m‡e| GKvi‡Y Zv‡`i Kv‡Q kã kv‡¯¿i PZ¡i n‡q D‡VwQj cweÎ| ÒAvjøvn wb‡RB Av`g‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb e¯‘i bvgÕ (2: 31)| Ges Zviv KziAv‡bi Aviex fvlvi Rb¨ Ab¨ mKj fvlvi †P‡q m¤ú~Y© Awfavb MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡Z m„RbkxjZv n‡”Q gvbeg‡bi KvR| Ges GUvB Zvi h_v_©‡¶Î| Ges AwaKZi wbf©yjZvi mÜv‡b Zviv Gi mg_©b K‡ib, Avwe®‹v‡ii mvg_© wn‡m‡e, Ges mZ¨ ev ev¯ÍeZvi †h me w`K Kg m„Rbkxj ev Kg m¶g‡`i `„wó Gwo‡q hvq, wKš‘ cÖwZfv hv‡K AvqË¡ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K ¯’vcb K‡i ˆPZ‡b¨, c~Y© Av‡jv‡Z| Dcjä mZ¨ ev ev¯ÍeZvi weeiY h‡Zv †ekx wbfy©j n‡e, Zv n‡e ZZ †ekx D`vË Ges my›`i| Ges GKB m‡½ AwaKZi Dc‡`k I wk¶vg~jK fvlv, eZ©gvb †¶‡Î Aviex fvlv, Gfv‡eB i‡q †M‡Q GKwU myk„sLj mvaviY c×wZ wn‡m‡e, hv cix¶v wbix¶vi Rb¨ Db¥y³, †h wel‡q mwVK ivq`vb m¤¢e, hv cÖ‡qvRbxq eyw× I †gavm¤úbœ †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K GKRb fvj MÖš’Kvi ev mgv‡jvPK m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z eva¨ K‡i, Ônu¨v G wVK ZvBÕ| GUv ¯^vfvweK wQj †h, Bmjvgx cÖZ¨v‡`‡k Gm‡eiB m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q, KviY G bv _vK‡j, †hgb gymv, RivZz¯¿, ey×, Ges Cmvi cÖwZ bvwhjK…Z cÖZ¨v‡`kmg~n, Zv‡`i gyjfvlv nvwi‡q hvIqvq A_ev e`‡j hvIqvq, cwiewZ©Z n‡q †M‡Q Ges Bw›`ª‡qi AbywaMg¨ Avjøvn wb‡RB n‡q c‡o‡Qb ag© BwZnv‡mi GK `ye©j wk¶v_x©| 4. wek¦ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Bmjv‡gi we‡kl Ae`vb Bmjv‡gi agx©q AwfÁZvi mviK_v n‡”Q Zvnx`| ¯úófv‡eB Bmjvgx Ges †m Kvi‡Y AwfbeZ¡ n‡”Q Gi e³e¨ †NvlYvi †bwZevPK w`KwU| †Kvb mZ¡vB hvi cÖwZ HkxZ¡ ev DjywnqZ AwfavbwU hy³ nq Zv Avjøvn e¨wZZ Avjøvn bq GB †NvlYv Bû`x, wLª÷vb, Ges cÖvK Bmjvgx Avi‡ei Avjøvni m‡½ Ab¨ mZ¡v‡K kixK Kivi aviYvi g~‡j AvNvZ K‡i| Avie‡`i †`e‡`ex¸‡jv †h¸‡jvi cÖwZK…wZ ˆZix nZ cv_i I KvV w`‡q, hv‡`i‡K cyRvixiv cÖksmv Ki‡Zv, ab¨ev` w`Z Ges Hkx fwel¨ØvYx I ejxi mvnv‡h¨ hv‡`i Zzó Ki‡Zv †mme Bjvn‡K GK A¶g †Lv`vi Ae¯’vq †V‡j †`q| Lªxóxq wÎZ¡ev` Hkx mZ¡vi g‡a¨ wZb e¨w³‡K Kíbv K‡i, hv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKRb cy‡ivcywi †Lv`v, Ges `vex K‡i †h, Avjøvn gvbyliƒc aviY K‡i‡Qb Ges Gfv‡e Hkx GKZ¡, Bw›`ªqvZxZZv I Avjøvni m¤ú~Y© wfbœZ‡¡ K Zviv jsNb K‡i| Bû`x a‡g© Avjøvn‡K m‡¤^vab K‡i msw¶ß eûePb B‡jvwngiƒ‡c Ges AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 41 B‡jvwng gvby‡li Kb¨v‡`i m‡½ †hŠb wµqvq Ask wbZ e‡j eY©bv K‡i Ges Gfv‡e Avjøvni GKKZ¡ I Zvi Bw›`ªqvZxZZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| AwaKš‘ BRiv‡K, Bû`x ivRvMY‡K Ges mvaviYfv‡e Bû`xMY‡K Avjøvni cyÎ wKsev cyÎMY e‡j Ges Avjøvn‡K Bûw`‡`i wcZv, †NvlYv K‡i, hvi m‡½ Ab¨ mKj m„wói †P‡q Zviv wfbœfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| Bû`xag© G‡Ki †gvKv‡ejvq Hkx mZ¡vi Bw›`ªqvZxZvi e¨vcv‡i Av‡cvm K‡iÑ †h Avjøvni Kv‡Q cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘B mgfv‡e k~b¨ †_‡K GK GKwU m„wó, Ges RvZ I eskai bq evn¨Z ZvIiv‡Zi m¤úv`KMY Gfv‡e Ab¨ mKj RvwZi Dci wneªæ‡`i †kÖôZ¡ cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| AZGe ZvInx‡`i gva¨‡g Bmjvg ag©‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e gy³ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q GRvZxq †Lv`vev` †_‡K| Gfv‡e ZvInx`, `ywU D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i: GKw`‡K Avjøvn‡K wek¦RM‡Z GKgvÎ mªóv wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv nq, Ges Ab¨w`‡K Zuvi m‡½ Avjøvni m„wó wn‡m‡e mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ mgZvweavb Kiv nqÑ hv‡`i mKj‡KB †`Iqv n‡q‡Q m„wómyjf †gŠwjK gvbweK ¸Yvejx, hv‡K ejv nq RvMwZK gh©v`v| jv- Bjvnv Bjøvjøvû GB msw¶ß †NvlYvi Øviv ZvInx` gvb wePv‡ii †¶‡Î wZbwU bZzb A_© e¨³ K‡i| cÖ_gwU GB †h, m„wó n‡”Q †mBe¯‘ ev welq hv‡Z cig Hkx AwfcÖvq g~Z© nq| †m Kvi‡Y m„wói cÖ‡Z¨KwU A½ ev Dcv`vb ïf ev Kj¨vYKi| Ges m„wó m¤¢ve¨ mKj RM‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kej DËgB bq, G ÎæwUgy³ Ges m¤ú~Y|© 18 Avm‡j, gvbyl KZ©„K ˆbwZK `„wó †fs K‡g©i Øviv, m„wó wb‡RB m„wói Hkx j¶¨|19 ZvB Gi Dcv`vb ev wnZKi g~j¨¸‡jvi m‡¤¢v‡Mi wb‡`©k|20 g~j¨gq GB n‡”Q Avjøvni GKwU ¯^viK, hv msi¶Y Ges hvi Dbœqb gvby‡li c‡¶ cÖksmv Ges Bev`Z| ci‡gi Dcjwäi GKwU DcKiY wn‡m‡e m„wói cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘‡ZB Awc©Z n‡q‡Q DbœZ Ges gnvRvMwZK g~j¨| Gi wecix‡Z wLª÷vbag© RMZ‡K Aeg~j¨vqb K‡i‡Q ÔgvsmÕ wn‡m‡e, gvbyl‡K cwZZ m„wó wn‡m‡e (Massa Peccata) Ges †`k Kvj‡K Ggb wKQz‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q hv‡Z ci‡gi Dcjwä me©Kv‡ji Rb¨B Am¤¢eÓ|21 18. Avjøvn mg¯Í wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb, m„wó K‡i‡Qb wbLyuZfv‡e (32-7) Avjøvni m„wó‡Z †Kvb ÎæwU †bB, GKevi `yÕevi eûevi ˆecixZ¡ wKsev ÎæwU AbymÜvb Ki| Zuvi m„wó‡Z Zzwg †Kvb ÎæwU cv‡ebv, †Zvgvi K¬všÍ `„wó †Zvgvi w`‡K wd‡i Avm‡e| (Avjøvni m„wói cwic~Y©Zv) m¤ú‡K© wek¦vm wb‡q (6: 3-4)| 19. Rwg‡bi Dcwi fv‡M hv Av‡Q, Avgiv Zv m„wó K‡iwQ AjsKviiƒ‡c, †Zvgv‡`i Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨, hv‡Z Avgiv cix¶v Ki‡Z cvwi AvPi‡Y †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †K me©‡kÖô, wZwb Rxeb Ges g„Zz¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© wb‡R‡`i‡K †hvM¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi (67: 2)| 20. †n Av`g mšÍvb, †Zvgiv hLb gmwR‡` hvI (Rvgv‡Z mvjvZ Av`vq Kivi Rb¨ ev Drm‡e) †Zvgv‡`i me‡P‡q DËg †cvkvK cwiavb Ki, LvI Ges cvb Ki, wKš‘ mxgv jsNb Kibv, mxgv jsNbKvix‡K Avjøvn cQ›` K‡ib bv| (ej †n †gvnv¤§`) Avjøvn Zvi `vm‡`i Rb¨ †h me my›`i Ges my¯^v`y e¯‘ w`‡q‡Qb, †K Zv wb‡la K‡i‡Q? ej G¸‡jv, G c„w_ex‡Z, hviv Avjøvn‡K wek¦vm K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ Ges Av‡Liv‡Z Avevi Zviv Dc‡fvM Ki‡e weï×fv‡e| 21. Augustine “De Diversi Quaastion” Ad Simplicianum i. g. 1 4 and 10. 42 AvZ ZvInx`: wPÐv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© wØZxq GB †h gvbyl Ggb †Kvb wec‡`i g‡a¨ †bB hvi ga¨ †_‡K †m wb‡R‡K evi Ki‡Z m¶g bq| GmeB mZ¨ †h gvby‡li c_ evav we‡Nœ KÈwKZ, †m Zvi AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZvi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K nvwi‡q em‡Z cv‡i| A_ev Ajm myLev`‡K Avb‡›`i mnRZi cš’v e‡j †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G¸‡jv Zv‡`i wecixZ¸‡jvi †P‡q AwaKZi ev¯Íe bq ZvB gvby‡li †Kvb ÎvYKZ©v, †Kvb gmxn ev cwiÎv‡Yi Avk¦vm †bB| c¶všÍ‡i Zvi wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi gnvRvMwZK KZ©‡e¨ Ges Zvi mvd‡j¨i cÖZ¨¶ AbycvZ Øviv Zvi g~j¨ cwigvY Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB, Bmjvg wLª÷vb a‡g©i weiæ‡× GB wk¶v `vb K‡i †h, m„wói civZZ¡MZ fvimvg¨ ¶zbœ bv K‡i Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi AbymiY, †`kKv‡ji mKj ch©v‡q cÖK…wZi Kvh©KviYm~‡Î †Q` bv NwU‡q, ms‡¶‡c ivóªbxwZ I A_©bxwZ eR©b K‡i Ava¨vwZ¥KZv n‡”Q wg_¨v Ges GKwU Amvi AvZ¥vwfgvb| †ZŠwn` gvbyl‡K AvnŸvb K‡i Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K, cwiÎv‡Yi w`‡K bq Ges Zv‡`i‡K cyi¯‹v‡ii cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q, G RM‡Z Ges AvwLiv‡Z mKj K‡g©i h_vh_ Abycv‡Z| gvbwePvi ¯Í‡i ZvInx` †h Z…Zxq Awfbe Zvrch©wU cÖKvk K‡i Zv GB †h, †h‡nZz Avgiv †h ïf‡K ev Kj¨vY‡K Dcjwä Ki‡ev ZvB n‡”Q Hkx AwfcÖvq Ges †h‡nZz Hkx AwfcÖvq Zvi m„Rb cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y mKj m„wói Rb¨ mgvb, †Kbbv me m„wóB Awbevh©fv‡eB Zvi wbR JwP‡Z¨i mxgvq MÛxe× ZvB ˆbwZK wµqvi welq wn‡m‡e ¯’vb I gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kvb ˆelg¨ n‡Z cv‡ibv| GB K_vwU h_vh_fv‡e e¨³ K‡iwQ‡jb nhiZ Cmv Ges Apostolic dv`viMY| wKš‘ Zv‡`i wLª÷vb AbymiYKvixiv Zv K`vwPr cvjb K‡i‡Q, †h Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i wnZv‡_© Avevi bZzb K‡i Zvi †NvlYv cÖ‡qvRb n‡q‡Q| c¶všÍ‡i, Bû`x ag© bxwZi cÖ‡kœ Zv‡K wbqZ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q Ges memgqB Zvi wecixZwU wkwL‡q‡Q| †K›`ªvZxM ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði wgjbwe›`y wn‡m‡e †`kKv‡ji wewfbœ we›`yi g‡a¨ †hgb †Kvb ˆelg¨ n‡Z cv‡ibv, †mKvi‡YB gvby‡li ˆbwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨I †Kvb ˆelg¨ n‡Z cv‡ibv Avi Gfv‡eB ˆbwZK Rxeb Awbevh©fv‡eB n‡q D‡V wek¦Rbxb Ges mgvRwfwËK, hyMc_ G wQj GKwU bZzb Avwe®‹vi-Bmjvgx Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¥ j‡Mœ hv wQj AÁvZ Ges AbvPwiZ| GB mg¯ÍB †mwgwUK agx©q HwZ‡n¨i †cÖw¶‡Zi g‡a¨ c‡o e‡j g‡b nq| Av‡iv cÖk¯ÍZi wek¦‡cÖw¶‡Z c„w_ex †h ¯’weiZvq wbw¶ß n‡qwQj, fviZxq avwg©KZv I MÖxK avwg©KZvi g‡a¨ wef³ n‡q Zv †_‡K Zvi AM©j †f‡½ Bmjvg GKwU LuvwU c_ K‡i †bq| fviZxq avwg©KZv GB `vex K‡i †h, wek¦RMZ n‡”Q cig (eªvþY), Zvi Av`k©iƒ‡c bq, wKš‘ Zvi ev¯ÍevwqZ I we‡kwlZ iƒ‡c, GKv½vwqZ wn‡m‡e wbw›`Z iƒ‡c| cig AvZ¥v eªvþ‡Yi ev¯Íeiƒc `vb I Ges iƒcvqY GKwU AevwÃZ e¨vcvi; GKvi‡Y agx©q ˆbwZK AbyÁv †_‡K cwiÎvY‡K cjvqbiƒ‡c aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„wó RMZ‡K g›` ejv n‡q‡Q, A_P cig RMZ‡K (eªvþY, wbe©vY) cÖksmv Kiv AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 43 n‡q‡Q Avwki Ges Rxe‡bi Pig j¶¨ wn‡m‡e; GB `„wófw½‡Z, wek¦PP©v A_©vr cÖRbb, Lv`¨ Dcv`b I wk¶vi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY hv c„w_ex‡K cwiYZ Ki‡e GKwU D`¨v‡b Ges BwZnvm m„wó Ki‡e, GmeB wbwðZfv‡e AKj¨vY, KviY G¸‡jv m„wóKg©‡K we¯Ívi K‡i, MfxiZi I cÖjw¤^Z K‡i| ¯úóZB GB `„wófw½i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© ˆbwZKZv n‡”Q e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK Ges mb¨vmev`x, wek¦RMZ A¯^xKviKvix| Dcwbl‡`i GB †gŠwjK `„wófw½ Bû`x ag© Ges †eŠ× ag© wbôvi m‡½ †g‡b P‡j| wn›`y ag© GB `„wó ¯^xKvi ev MÖnY K‡i Ávb cÖvß D”P †kÖYxi Rb¨| G ag© Ggb GK RbwcÖq avwg©KZvi cÖPvi K‡i hv‡Z wbgœe‡Y©i †jv‡Kiv wewfbœfv‡e †KejgvÎ cieZx© Rxe‡b KwVb KvR †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi ¯^cœ †`‡L, A_P hLb Zviv G Rxe‡b Zv‡`i wba©vwiZ Ae¯’vbmg~‡n, †L‡U P‡j Ges G‡Z Zv‡`i Avb›` I AvZ¥Z…wßI Kg bq †h, Zviv Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨Uv c~iY Ki‡Q| GKBfv‡e, †eŠ× ag© GB `„wófw½‡K cUf~wgKv wn‡m‡e †i‡L, wbR avwg©KZv M‡o Zz‡j Pxbv‡`i wbR¯^ RvMwZK ˆbwZKZvi wfwˇZ Ges wb‡qvM K‡i eyw×mZ¡‡`i (gvbyl-c~e©ciy æ‡li hv‡`i‡K DbœxZ Kiv n‡q‡Q ÎvY KZ©vq) gvbyl‡K Zvi Rxe‡bi hš¿Yv †_‡K gyw³ †`evi Rb¨ wgkixq I MÖxK ag©mg~‡ni Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wgÎev` I wbKU cÖv‡P¨i gigx ag©Z‡š¿i m‡½ GKÎ K‡i, MÖxK mf¨Zv cøvweZ K‡i nhiZ Cmvi †mwgwUK Av‡›`vjb, hv Bû`x a‡g©i AvBb me©¯^Zvi we‡jvc Ges ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| GKvi‡Y †hMÖxK wgkixq Dcv`vb, hv‡Z Avjøvn‡K RM‡Zi m‡½ Awfbœ Kíbv K‡i, Zv iw¶Z nq, wKš‘ AeZviev‡`i Z‡Ë¡ Zv‡K ms‡kvwaZ I ¸‡jv‡q †djv nq, hv‡Z †Lv`v n‡q D‡V gvbyl Ges gvbyl Hkx mZ¡vi ¶gZvi kixK nq| GKvi‡Y, mvgªv‡R¨i AatcwZZ wb‡®úwlZ Rb‡K Zz”Q-Zvw”Qj¨, e¯‘ I RM‡Zi cÖwZ Ávbxmyjf weZ…òv, Ges wgÎag© I Bû`x a‡g©i cweÎvYg~jK fimv, mewKQz mw¤§wjZfv‡e HwZnvwmK wLª÷vb ag©‡K †`q GB wm×všÍ †h, m„wó n‡”Q cwZZ, RMZ n‡”Q A¯’vqx, mvgwqK AKj¨vY Ges ivóª I mgvR n‡”Q kqZv‡bi ag© Ges ˆbwZK Rxeb n‡”Q e¨w³MZ, Ges msmviZ¨vMx| Bmjv‡g Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB GKwU ¯^v¯’¨Ki cwiPQbœZv| Bmjvg fviZ Ges wgki Df‡qi GB `vex‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i, hv RM‡Zi m‡½ cig mZ¡v‡K Awfbœ g‡b K‡i, m„wói m‡½ mªóv‡K, wgki Ges cÖvPxb MÖx‡m †hgb m„wói AbyK‡z j hv Kiv n‡qwQj A_ev fvi‡Z †hgb Kiv n‡qwQj mªóvi ¯^v‡_©| Bmjvg bZzb K‡i †NvlYv K‡i, cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi `„wófw½‡K- hv‡Z mªóv Ges m„wó n‡”Q m¤ú~Y© wfbœ Ges gvbyl n‡”Q Avjøvni ivR‡Z¡i `vm| BwZnvm Øviv ewjqvb n‡q, Bmjv‡gi GB beZi ¯^xK…wZ n‡q D‡V, cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Uwgq cÖÁvi ¯úóxKiY|22 22. Ismail R. al-Faruqi. Historical Atlas of the Religions of the World (New York: the Macmillan Co. 1974) The Ancient Near East. Chaps 1.2 and 3 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq BwZnv‡mi †gŠjbxwZ ZvInx` gvbyl‡K †`q Kg©ev‡`i ˆbwZK AvPiYwewa, A_©vr Ggb GKwU ˆbwZK weavb †hLv‡b gvby‡li g~j¨ Ges g~j¨nxbZvi cwigvc nq ˆbwZKÑ e¨w³ Zvi †`‡n Ges Zvi PZz®úv‡k¦© †`kKv‡ji cÖevn‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z wM‡q KZUzKz mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q Zvi Øviv| ZvInx` wbq¨Z ev AwfcÖv‡qi ˆbwZK weavb‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ibvÑ †hLv‡b GKB cwigvc Kiv nq †Kej ˆbwZK Kg©KZ©vi ˆPZ‡b¨i Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix e¨w³MZ g~‡ji ¯Íi Øviv, KviY G `ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax bq| Avm‡j Bmjvgx K‡g©i ˆbwZK AwfcÖvq cwic~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK c~e©kZ© n‡”Q wbq¨Z ev AwfcÖv‡qi Pvwn`v c~iY|1 Gfv‡e Bmjvg Zvi ˆbwZK weavb‡K cwiYvg ev wnZev` n‡q DV‡Z evav †`q, PµwU hZ gnrB nDK| G Kvi‡Y †`kKv‡ji cÖev‡ni wbqš¿Y A_ev m„wói iƒcvšÍi gymwj‡gi g‡bvwb‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖZ¨vwkZ| GKgvÎ Avjøvn‡K Zvi cÖfy wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K'†i wb‡q, wb‡R‡K, Zvi Rxeb Ges mg¯Í Kg©kw³‡K, Avjøvni Bev`‡Z mgc©Y K'‡i Ges Zvi cÖfyi B”Qv‡K †`kKv‡ji g‡a¨ ev¯Íeiƒc w`‡Z n‡e, GK_v †NvlYv KÕ‡i, Zv‡K Aek¨B BwZnvm Ges nvU evRv‡ii iƒp I KwVb RM‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi g‡a¨ Avb‡Z n‡e evwn¨K iƒcvšÍi| wb‡R‡K k„sLjvi euva‡b Ges AvZ¥kvm‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y †m mb¨vmx ev wbR©bevmxi Rxeb †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ibv| Ggb Ae¯’vqI hw` Zv †`k Kv‡ji iƒcvšÍi mvab cÖwµqvq e„nËi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ AbyK‚j bv nq, Zvn‡j Zv ch©ewm©Z n‡e A‰bwZK Ang‡Kw›`ªKZvq| KviY †Zgb Ae¯’vq, wb‡Ri iƒcvšÍi n‡q DV‡e DwÏó j¶¨ Ges Zv wek¦‡K Hkx bgybvi mv`„‡k¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ n‡e bv| KziAvb m„wói †hŠw³KZv h_vh_fv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q Ges G‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Q gvbyl Zvi RvMwZK e„wˇK †hiƒ‡c MÖnY Ki‡e †mfv‡eB| KziAvb †Rvi w`‡q †NvlYv K‡i‡Q: GB wek¦ n‡”Q †mB GjvKv †hLv‡b cig‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e 1. ag© Zvi mvgwMÖK weï×Zvq †Kej AvjøvniB... 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Kg©KvÛ, Zuvi mvnvevMY I cÖ_g hy‡Mi gymjgvb‡`i Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †niv ¸nvq gynv¤§‡`i w`e¨ `„wó Ges wReªvB‡ji gva¨‡g Avjøvni m‡½ Zuvi m¤úK©, Zuv‡K †cÖiY K‡i g°vq, K‡g©i gva¨‡g gvbyl I BwZnvm‡K bZzb I iƒc †`evi Rb¨| Bnv Zuv‡K AwfÁZvi Av‡e‡ki g‡a¨ e›`x K‡i iv‡Lwb, Zv‡K wkLvqwb Gi cybive„wË Kvgbv I cÖv_©bv 6. 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Cgvb: GKwU Ávb I ZvwË¡K ¯Íi ev gvb Dcmsnv‡i GK_v ejv KZ©e¨ †h, Cgvb †Kej GKwU bxwZkv¯¿xq mZi ev gvb bq| Avm‡j cÖ_‡g G n‡”Q GKwU †eva welqK gvb| A_©vr Gi m¤úK© n‡”Q Áv‡bi m‡½, Gi m~θ‡jvi mZ¨Zvi m¤ú‡K©, Ges †h‡nZz Gi m~Î welqK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi 4. 5. 6. 7. c¨vm‡K‡ji wek¦v‡mi (Faith) m‡½ Bmjv‡gi Cgv‡bi ˆecwiZ¨ n‡”Q P‚ovšÍ| c¨vm‡Kj wek¦v‡mi Rb¨ hyw³ †ck K‡ib GKUv evRx wn‡m‡e, hv gvbyl Ggb GKwU wel‡qi Dci iv‡L msÁvi w`K w`‡q, hv A‡Áq| hLb c¨vm‡Kj fv‡eb †h, gvbyl‡K KL‡bv Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡, Zvi Av‡`k wb‡la Ges †kl wePvi m¤ú‡K© Pv¶zmfv‡e eySv‡bv hvqbv, hLb Bmjvg P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY K‡i Zv cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨| G Kvi‡Y G ai‡Yi †hŠw³K cÖZ¨q m„wói Rb¨ gymjgvbiv mKj cÖKvi hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Q, KziAvbyj Kwi‡g M„nxZ Zv‡`i m‡e©vËg m~θ‡jv m„wó I cwieZ©b †_‡K cwiKíbv, D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K Ges ˆbwZK ˆPZb¨ †_‡K GB hyw³¸‡jv Zv‡`i cÖK…óZg msÁv †c‡q‡Q KziAv‡b| ej, †n †gvnv¤§` mZ¨ GLb cÖKvk n‡q c‡o‡Q Ges AmZ¨ wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ n‡q‡Q (17: 81)| GB Inx Øviv wg_¨v †_‡K mZ¨, `„wó MÖvn¨fv‡e c„_K n‡q c‡o‡Q (2: 256)| Bmjv‡gi GB hyw³ev‡`i cyi®‹vi Ges ¯úó cÖgv‡Yi Dci Gi ZvwM‡`i, Ávb Ges cÖÁvi Abykxj‡bi cÖwZ m¤§v‡bi, weÁv‡bi cÖwZ Ges mgMÖ m„wó‡Z, cÖK…wZ‡Z, AvKv‡k, gvbweK gb¯Í‡i, Avjøvni bgybv Avwe®‹v‡ii Dci cÖej ZvwM‡`i cv_©K¨ wePvi Kiæb, Kwiw¯Íqvbm 1G, G‡K wLª÷vb a‡g© wek¦v‡mi †h eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb cÕj Zvi m‡½| 1. Kwiw¯Íqvbm (1: 1-20)| 52 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cÖK…wZ b¨vqkv¯¿ I Áv‡bi †gŠjbxwZi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, m¤úwK©Z Awawe`¨v, bxwZkvš¿, b›`bZ‡Z¡i m‡½, †mRb¨ G wm×všÍ AeavwiZ †h, Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ Zv KvR K‡i GKUv Av‡jv wn‡m‡e, hv mg¯Í wKQz‡K D™¢vwmZ K‡i| Avj Mv¾vjxi eY©bv g‡Z, Cgvb n‡”Q Ggb GKUv `„wó hv mKj ZZ¡ I NUbv‡K ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡`i h_vh_ cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Ges †mB cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z, hv Zv‡`i‡K mwZ¨Kvifv‡e eySvi Rb¨ Avek¨K|8 wek¦, wek¦RM‡Zi hyw³m¤§Z e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ G n‡”Q g~j wfwË hyw³i †gŠjbxwZ mZ¨B A‡hŠw³K A_ev hyw³weiæ× n‡Z cv‡ibv Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zv wb‡Ri m‡½ we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Avm‡j G n‡”Q †hŠw³KZvi cÖ_g bxwZ ev g~jbxwZ| G‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv ev Gi we‡ivwaZv Kivi gv‡b n‡”Q hyw³wm×Zv †_‡K cjvqb, Ges †m Kvi‡Y, gvbweKZv ev gbyl¨ RMZ n‡ZI| Áv‡bi m~Î wn‡m‡e AvZ&-ZvInx` n‡”Q GB ¯^xK…wZ †h, Avjøvn Avj nK (cig mZ¨) Ges GB Dcjwä †h, wZwb GKK; Gi Zvrch© GB †h, mg¯Í weev‡`i Ges mg¯Í cÖkœ gxgvsmvi Rb¨ ZuviB ¯§iY Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr †Kvb `vex cix¶vi E‡aŸ© bq, wb¯úwËg~jK wm×v‡šÍi evB‡i bq| AvZ ZvInx` n‡”Q GB ¯^xK…wZ †h, mZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡¶ †Áq Ges gvbyl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z mg_©| GB mZ¨‡K †h mskqev` A¯^xKvi K‡i, Zv n‡”Q ZvInx‡`i wecixZ| msk‡qi Rb¥ n‡”Q m‡Z¨i AbymÜv‡bi †klcÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †cuŠQz‡Z mœvqyZš¿xi ev ¶gZvi e¨_©Zvq| A_©vr Ávb I Z‡_¨i GKwU bxwZ wn‡m‡e mZ¨‡K Rvbvi m¤¢ve¨Zv m¤ú‡K© Aa©c‡_B AbymÜvbZ¨vM| G n‡”Q ˆbiv‡k¨i gš¿Yv`vZv, hvi wfwË GB wbwe©Pvi aviYvi Dci †h, gvbyl evm K‡i GKwU wbiew”Qbœ ¯^‡cœi g‡a¨, †hLv‡b Aev¯ÍeZv †_‡K mZ¨ ev ev¯ÍeZv‡K KL‡bv c„_K Kiv hvq bv| bvw¯Íev` Z_v g~‡j¨i A¯^xK…wZi m‡½ Gi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨, KviY g~‡j¨i Dcjwäi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GB ¯^xK…wZ †h, gvbyl g~‡j¨i m‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mg_©| g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© ev g~j¨ welqK †Kvb `vex m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv hvq bv| hv‡K g~j¨ e‡j `vex Kiv nq, Zv Avm‡jB g~j¨ wKbv, Zv †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó †¶‡Î ev¯ÍevwqZ ev jswNZ n‡q‡Q wKbv, Ges wbw`©ó NUbvwU †hiƒc e‡j ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Avm‡jB Dnv Zv wKbv, GB me cÖ‡kœi mgvavb bv K‡i hw` GB me cÖ‡kœi mgvavb m¤¢e bv nq 8. Avey nvwg` Avj-Mv¾vjx, Avj gbwK` wgb Avj `vjvj (`v‡g¯‹m BDwbfviwmwU †cÖm, 1376 /1956) c„ôv 62-63| GLv‡b Mv¾vjx e‡jb Ôhyw³i mv¶¨‡K Cgvb A¯^xKvi K‡ibv ev Zvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i bv eis cÖwZwôZ K‡iÕ| Avwg Avgvi m‡›`‡ni GKwU cÖwZ‡la‡Ki mÜv‡b wQjvg, wKš‘ hyw³MZ mv¶¨ Qvov †mB cÖwZ‡laK jvf Am¤¢e| Aek¨ †Kvb mv¶¨B wU‡Kbv hw` bv Zvi wfwË nq cÖv_wgK weÁvb (civweÁvb) Ges †h‡nZz Gme weÁv‡bi wfwË wbwðZ wQjbv †m Kvi‡Y Gm‡ei wfwˇZ mKj wm×všÍ GKBiƒc AwbwðZ wKš‘ (Cgv‡bi Aax‡b) GB †hŠw³K wfwË (weÁvb Ges civwe`¨v) wbf©i‡hvM¨ n‡q D‡V, hyw³i w`K w`‡q myôz Ges MÖnYxq, Áv‡b Zv‡`i wfwË KZ©„K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mgw_©Z n‡q (c„ôv 62)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 53 wbwðZfv‡e, A_©vr Zv‡`i mZ¨Zv wbwðZfv‡e bv Rvbv hvq, Zvn‡j g~‡j¨i Ávb aŸ‡m c‡o| Ab¨ †h †Kvb Z‡_¨i gZB g~‡j¨i g~j¨Z¡, GKwU wbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Gi Zvr¶wYKZv GKB iKg m‡›`‡ni welq n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB hw` †KD mskqev‡`i wecixZ GB aviYv wb‡q AMÖmi bv nq †h, G me wel‡q m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqv m¤¢e, Zvn‡j bvw¯Íev` Awbevh© n‡q D‡V| 3. Avjøvni GKZ¡ Ges m‡Z¨i GKZ¡ Avjøvni DjywnqZ Ges Zvi GKKZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kivi gv‡b n‡”Q mZ¨ Ges Zvi GKZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv| Avjøvni GKZ¡ Ges m‡Z¨i GKKZ¡ Awe‡”Q`¨, GKB ev¯ÍeZvi G¸‡jv n‡”Q wewfbœ w`K| GK_v my¯úó n‡q D‡V hLb Avgiv GB we‡ePbv Kwi AvZ&-ZvInx‡`i g~jm~‡Îi A_©vr Avjøvn GKK GB m‡Z¨i GKwU ¸Y n‡”Q mZ¨Zv, KviY mZ¨ GK bv n‡j Avjøvn GKK GB Dw³ †hgb mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb Avjøvn ÒAb¨ †Kvb e¯‘ ev kw³ ev †Lv`vÓ ZvI mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB mZ¨ GK-G `vexi Zvrch© †Kej GB bq †h, AvjøvnB †Kej GK, eis G `vexI †h, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB, bxwZ Ges BwZi GB m‡¤§jb hv e¨³ K‡i kvnv`v-jv-Bjvnv Bjøvjøvn| GKwU mymse× †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e AvZ&-ZvInx‡` AšÍM©Z i‡q‡Q wZbwU bxwZ ev m~Î: cÖ_g, mZ¨ ev ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ hvi wgj †bB †Zgb mg¯Í wKQz‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv| wØZxq, P‚ovšÍ ˆecwi‡Z¡i A¯^xK„wZ| Z…Zxq, bZzb A_ev we‡ivax mv¶¨ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ D¤§y³Zv| cÖ_g bxwZwU Bmjvg †_‡K wg_¨v Ges cÖeÂbvi m¤¢vebv‡K evwZj K‡i †`q, †Kbbv, Bmjvg a‡g©i mg¯Í wKQz‡KB cix¶Y I mgv‡jvPbvi Rb¨ D¤§y³ iv‡L| AvBb welqK, e¨w³MZ ev mvgvwRK ˆbwZKZv welqK †Kvb bxwZB nDK A_ev wek¦RMZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Dw³B nDK, Bmjv‡g Zvi †h †Kvb GKwU `~wlZ e‡j MY¨ nevi Rb¨ h‡_ó, hw` mZ¨ ev¯ÍeZv ewR©Z nq, A_ev mZ¨ ev¯ÍeZvi Abyiƒc n‡Z e¨_© nq| GB bxwZwU gymjgvb‡`i‡K i¶v K‡i gZvg‡Zi weiæ‡× A_©vr Ávb m¤ú‡K© Acixw¶Z Aby‡gvw`Z `vexi weiæ‡×| KziAvb †NvlYv K‡i, Amgw_©Z `vex n‡”Q cÖeÂbvg~jK aviYv (Zann) Ges Zv Avjøvn KZ©„K wbwl×|9 hZ Zz”Q welq m¤ú‡K© nDK, gymwj‡gi msÁv n‡”Q Ggb GK e¨w³, †h mZ¨ Qvov Avi wKQzB `vex K‡i bv, †h mZ¨ Qvov Avi wKQzB †ck K‡i bv, GRb¨ hw` †m aŸsm n‡q hvq ZeyI| cÖK…Z g‡bvfve †Mvcb Kiv, wg_¨vi m‡½ mZ¨‡K wgkv‡bv ev wb‡Ri ¯^v_© ev Zvi ¯^Rb‡`i ¯^v‡_©i †P‡q mZ¨‡K ¶z`ª g‡b Kiv, Bmjv‡g †hgb N„Y¨ †Zgwb wb›`bxq| 9. †n wek¦vmx †jv‡Kiv! †Zvgv‡`i m½x‡`i m‡›`n Kiv †_‡K weiZ nI, mvgvb¨Zg m‡›`n GKUv Aciva (49: 12)| 54 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© wØZxq m~ÎwU n‡”Q, GKw`‡K †hgb ˆecwiZ¨ ewR©Z Ab¨ w`‡K AvcvZwe‡iva †_‡K gy³, GB bxwZwU n‡”Q hyw³ev‡`i mviwbh©vm|10 GB bxwZ‡K wek¦vm bv K‡i mskqev` †_‡K gy³ nIqv m¤¢e bq, KviY ˆecix‡Z¨i A_© n‡”Q wecixZ `yÕwU Ae¯’vi mZ¨Zv †Kvb mgqB Rvbv m¤¢e bq| wbðqB gvby‡li wPšÍv Ges ev‡K¨ ci¯úi we‡iva †`Lv hvq| cÖkœ ˆecixZ¨ ev ci¯úi we‡iva cwinvi Kiv hvq wKbv, Avi GKwU bxwZ ev Z_¨ hv ˆecwiZ¨¸‡jvi Dci GKwU †Zvi‡Yi gZ we`¨gvb, hvi Av‡jv‡K we‡iva `~i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, cv_©K¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| GKB K_v mZ¨ hLb Inx Ges hyw³i g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡iva †`Lv †`q| Bmjvg †h †Kej G ai‡bi we‡iv‡ai hyw³ZvwZ¡K, m¤¢vebvB A¯^xKvi K‡i Zv bq, eis we‡ePbvaxb wØZxq m~ÎwU †h gyn~‡Z© Gi †eva N‡U, ZLb Gi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †`q w`Kwb‡`©kbv| hyw³ wKsev Inx G‡K A‡b¨i Dci cÖfyZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; hw` Inx cÖ_g N‡U Zvn‡j GK Inxi m‡½ Av‡iK Inxi wKsev Inx `yÕwUi `vexi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wba©vi‡Yi †Kvb m~ÎB _vK‡ebv| †h †Kvb `ywU Dw³ ev Ae¯’vb, hv cÖZ¨vw`ó e‡j `vex Kiv nq, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Am½wZ, cv_©K¨ A_ev evwn¨K Amvgćm¨i gxgvsmv n‡e Am¤¢e| ZvB †Kvb cÖZ¨v‡`k wb‡R‡K wb‡Ri m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Kivi, Z_v ¯^M„n‡K k„sLjvgwÛZ Kivi Dcvq †_‡K wb‡R‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Z PvB‡e bv| c¶všÍ‡i cÖZ¨v‡`k n‡Z cv‡i hyw³ weiæ×, A_©vr †hŠw³K cix¶v I Ávbjä Z_¨vw`i wecixZ| †hLv‡b Ae¯’v GiKg, †mLv‡b Bmjvg †NvlYv K‡i †h, G we‡iva ev Am½wZ P‚ovšÍ bq| Bmjvg ZLb AbymÜvbx‡K ZvwM` †`q, Zvi cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki †evSv‡K A_ev Zvi hyw³i gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨vejx‡K A_ev Dfq‡K cybivq wePvi K‡i †`L‡Z, Am½wZ‡K P‚ovšÍ e‡j ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvwb‡q m‡Z¨i GKZ¡ wn‡m‡e ZvInx` Avgv‡`i wbKU G `vex K‡i †h, GB wecixZ w_wmm¸‡jv‡K Avi GKev‡ii gZ Zwj‡q †`Lvi B”Qvq Dwë‡q cvwë‡q †`L‡Z n‡e| ZvInx` a‡i †bq †h, wbðqB †Kvb bv †Kvb w`K we‡ePbv Gwo‡q †M‡Q hv we‡ePbv Kiv n‡j wecixZ m¤úK© ev we‡iva wgwU‡q w`‡Z cvi‡Zv| GKBfv‡e, ZvInx` Avgv‡`i wbKU `vex Rvbvq cÖZ¨v‡`k cvVK‡K, †Lv` cÖZ¨v‡`k‡K bqÑ Avevi cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki wbKU cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Z, bZzb K‡i Zv cvV Kivi Rb¨, cv‡Q bv GKwU A¯úó A_© Zv‡K Gwo‡q hvq, hv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j Am½wZ wg‡U †h‡Z cvi‡Zv| hyw³ ev Áv‡bi cÖwZ GB AvnŸvb †Lv` cÖZ¨v‡`k‡K mvgÄm¨c~Y© Ki‡ebv, KviY cÖZ¨v‡`k gvbyl KZ©„K me©cÖKv‡i wbR D‡Ï‡k¨ Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi A‡bK E‡aŸ©, Z‡e Zv Avgv‡`i gvbweK e¨vL¨vi g‡a¨ m½wZ weavb Ki‡e, ev ZvInx` hyw³KZ©„K DrNvwUZ cywÄf~Z mv¶¨ cÖgv‡Yi m‡OM Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨v‡`kjä Áv‡bi mvgÄm¨ 10. GB cÖkœwUi Av‡iv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †`Lyb, eZ©gvb MÖš’Kv‡ii cÖeÜ I cÖwZwµqvÑ Avj nv`vivAvj Bmjvwgqv, Aa¨vq-2 †bvU-1| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 55 weavb K‡i| c¶všÍ‡i, ˆecixZ¨ ev AvcvZ we‡iva‡K P‚ovšÍ mZ¨ e‡j MÖnY Ki‡j Zv †Kej `ye©jgbv gvby‡li Kv‡QB Av‡e`b ivL‡e| gymwjg n‡”Q hyw³ev`x, †Kbbv †m m‡Z¨i `y‡Uv Dr‡mi GK‡Z¡i Dci A_©vr cÖZ¨v‡`k I hyw³i Dci †Rvi †`q| ZvInx‡`i Z…Zxq g~j m~ÎwU n‡”Q m‡Z¨i GKZ¡; Ab¨ K_vq bZzb A_ev we‡ivax mv‡¶¨i cÖwZ gy³ `„wó| GB m~ÎwU gymjgvb‡K Av¶wiKZv, AÜZv Ges ¯’weiZv AvbqbKvix i¶YkxjZv †_‡K i¶v K‡i| GB m~ÎwU gymwjg‡K †kLvq eyw×e„wËK bgªZv, GKRb gymwjg‡K Zvi ¯^xK…wZ ev A¯^xK…wZi m‡½ ÔAvjøvn AvjvgÕ (Avjøvn fvj Rv‡bb) G evK¨skwU †hvM Ki‡Z Zv‡K eva¨ K‡i, KviY Zvi GB `„p cÖZ¨q R‡b¥‡Q †h, mZ¨ gvbyl †h †Kvb mg‡q m¤ú~Y©fv‡e hv AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi †_‡K A‡bK eo|11 Avjøvni cig GKK‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e ZvInx` n‡”Q m‡Z¨i Drmmg~‡ni GK‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ| Avjøvn n‡”Qb cÖK…wZi mªóvÑ †hLvb †_‡K gvbyl AR©b K‡i Zvi Ávb|12 Áv‡bi welq n‡”Q cÖK…wZi wWRvBb ev b·vmg~n, Avjøvni m„wó|13 wbðqB Avjøvn G¸‡jv‡K Rv‡bb, KviY wZwbB n‡”Qb Gm‡ei iPwqZv Ges GKBiƒc wbwðZfv‡e wZwbB n‡”Qb cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki Drm, wZwb gvbyl‡K Zuvi Ávb †_‡K `vb K‡ib Ges Zuvi Ávb n‡”Q cig Ges wek¦Rbxb|14 Avjøvn cÖZviK bb, Ggb †Kvb Ag½jKvix cikÖxKvZi †KD bb, hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kiv| wZwb Zvi wm×všÍI cwieZ©b K‡ib bv hv gvbyl K‡i _v‡K hLb Zviv Zv‡`i Ávb, Zv‡`i B”Qv, Zv‡`i wm×v‡šÍi cieZ©b K‡i| Avjøvn n‡”Qb mKj wel‡q c~Y© Ges 11. Avgvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki Ávb mewKQz‡K †eób K‡i Av‡Q, Zzwg wK Zvi Av‡`kvejx‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`‡ebv (6: 80) AvjøvnB mß AvKvk m„wó K‡i‡QbÑ Ges mvZ c„w_ex m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Zvi Av‡`k mg¯Í weQz‡Z cÖmvwiZ, hv‡Z Zzwg Rvb‡Z cvi †h, wZwb me©gq ¶gZvkvjx, Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Rv‡bb (65: 12), †Zvgvi cÖwZcvjK Rv‡bb, mK‡ji †_‡K fvj Rv‡bb, †K Zvi c_ †_‡K wePz¨Z Ges †K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ (6: 17)| 12. GB n‡”Q Avjøvni AvqvZ ev wb`k©bc~Y© wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ ev c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© KziAv‡bi eY©bvi A_©| GB mg¯Í †¶‡ÎB KziAvb GKwU wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZ D‡jøL Ki‡Q hv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Kv‡Q ¯úó, hvi †`Levi gZ gb Av‡Q, m„wó Ges Zvi mªóvi g‡a¨, hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges wbiew”Qbœ wµqvi Bw½Z †`q cÖK…wZi `„k¨ I NUbvejx| 13. c„w_ex wb`k©‡b c~Y©, hv n‡”Q Avjøvni Kv‡Ri cÖgvY mZ¨ m¤ú‡K©, hviv wek¦vmx G¸‡jv ZvivB Dcjwä K‡i (51: 20).... AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡`i‡K Av‡jvi Rb¨ w`‡q‡Qb myh©¨ I P›`ª| wZwb Zv‡`i K¶c_ w¯’i K‡i w`‡q‡Qb hv‡Z †Zvgiv FZz Ges el© MYbv Ki‡Z cvi| wZwb GmeB m„wó K‡i‡Qb h_v_©Zt Ges hv‡`i †`Lvi gZ gb Av‡Q Zv‡`i Kv‡Q wZwb cÖgvY ¯úó K‡i Zz‡jb| w`b I ivwÎi AbyeZ©‡b, Avmgv‡b Ges Rwg‡b hv wKQz Avjøvn m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z, Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q cÖZ¨¶ wb`k©b, Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb e¨w³‡`i Rb¨ (10: 5-6)| 14. Avjøvn mg¯Í wKQz Rv‡bb (4: 32)| ... Avgvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki Ávb mg¯Í †eób K‡i Av‡Q, †Zvgiv wK Zvi wb‡`©k gvb¨ Ki‡ebv (6: 80) ... Avjøvn Av`g‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb mKj bvg (mKj e¯‘i mviK_v) 2: 31)| wZwb gvbyl‡K Kj‡gi e¨envi wkwL‡q‡Qb, wZwb Zv‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb hv †m Rvb‡Zvbv (96: 45)| Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb wKZve Ges cÖÁv, wZwb bv wkLv‡j †Zvgiv KL‡bv Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡Zbv (2: 151)| 56 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© me©vMÖ, wZwb †Kvb fyj K‡ib bv, hw` Ki‡Zb wZwb Bmjv‡gi Bw›`ªqvZxZ Avjøvn n‡Zb bv| 4. mwnòzZv Zvnx` n‡”Q GB ¯^xK…wZ †h, †Kej AvjøvnB Avjøvn| Avgiv BwZg‡a¨B j¶¨ K‡iwQ †h, Gi Zvrch© n‡”Q Avjøvn mKj mr¸Y I mKj g~‡j¨i cig Drm| ZvB GB `vexi gv‡bB n‡”Q Avjøvn‡K cig mr e‡j MY¨ Kiv, A_©vr wZwbB n‡”Qb m‡e©v”P gnZ¡| G Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Z¨K DËg wRwbmB DËg Avjøvn Zvqvjv fvj‡K Zvi fvjZ¡, g~j¨‡K Zvi g~j¨Z¡ `vb K‡ib| P‚ovšÍ g½j ev mr ¸‡Yi Dr‡mi mr ¸iæZ¡ KL‡bv m‡›`‡ni welq n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbyl‡K me mgqB GB aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Avjøvn hv wKQz K‡ib, Zv wZwb K‡ib GKwU mr D‡Ï‡k¨, †h D‡Ïk¨ Zvi wb‡Ri, Gi wecixZ gZ †cvlY ZvInx‡`i A¯^xK…wZ| G Rb¨ KziAvb gymjgvb‡`i‡K Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Lvivc wPšÍv Ki‡Z K‡Vvifv‡e wb‡la K‡i‡Q| Ges †mB me †jv‡Ki wb›`v K‡i‡Q, hviv Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© ¯úófv‡e g›` aviYv †cvlY K‡i|15 Avjøvn Zvqvjv Avgv‡`i‡K hš¿Yv w`‡Z Ges wec`Mvgx Ki‡Z m„wó K‡ibwb, Avgiv Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªq w`‡q hv eywS Zv mZ¨, hw` bv Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªq¸‡jv ¯úóZtB weK…Z I iæMœ nq| Avgv‡`i KvÛÁv‡bi Kv‡Q hv m½Z g‡b nq ZvB m½Z, hw` bv Zv Ab¨iKg cÖgvwYZ nq| GKBfv‡e Avgv‡`i mnRvZ cÖe„wË Ges evmbv hv Pvq Zv g~jZ fvj, hw` bv Zv Avjøvn Zvqvjv KZ©„K cÖKvk¨fv‡e wbwl× †NvwlZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvInx` ÁvbZvwZ¡K mZ¨ Ges ˆbwZK ch©v‡q Avkvevw`Zvi weavb w`‡q _v‡K| G‡KB Avgiv mwnòzZv e‡j _vwK| ÁvbZvwZ¡K GKwU m~Î wn‡m‡e Avkvev` n‡”Q eZ©gvb‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv, hZ¶Y bv Zv wg_¨v e‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q; GKBfv‡e GKwU ˆbwZK m~Î wn‡m‡e G n‡”Q evmbvi ¯^xK…wZÑ hZ¶Y bv †mm‡ei AevÃbxqZv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|16 cÖ_gwU‡K ejv nq ÔmvnÕ Avi wØZxqwU n‡”Q ÔBDmiÕ (¯^w¯Í, mwnòzZv)| GB `yB wg‡j gymjgvb‡K we‡k¦i cÖwZ wb‡Ri me `iRv Rvbvjv eÜ K‡i †`Iqvi ¯’weiZv AvbqbKvix i¶YkxjZv †_‡K i¶v K‡i| Df‡qB Zv‡K ZvwM` †`q Rxeb‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Ges Rxeb‡K, bZzb AwfÁZvq MÖnY Ki‡Z| DfqB Zv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i Zvi Zx¶è hyw³ wePvi w`‡q, Zvi m„Rbkxj cÖqvm w`‡q, bZzb bZzb Z‡_¨i 15. Avjøvn wbðqB hviv fvb K‡i, kixK K‡i, Ges Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© g›`fv‡e, Zviv cyiælB nDK ev bvixB nDK, Zv‡`i‡K kvw¯Í w`‡eb, Zviv g‡›`i P‡µi AveZ©b K‡i, Zviv Avjøvni †µvafvRb Ges jvb‡Zi fvMx n‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avjøvn ˆZix K‡i‡Qb wbK…óZg wPišÍb Av¸b (48: 6)| 16. GB ixwZi Øviv AbycÖvwYZ n‡q Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËviv G bxwZ wba©viY K‡i‡Qb †h, AvB‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e ÒAvjøvn hv wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb Zv Qvov Avi mg¯Í wKQzB mvaviYfv‡e nvjvj ev ˆea|Ó AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 57 †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z Ges Zvi Øviv Zvi AwfÁZv I Rxeb‡K mg„× Ki‡Z, Zvi ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zv‡K µgvMZ mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z| Zvnx‡`i †K›`ª g~‡j wbnxZ GKwU c×wZMZ m~Î wn‡m‡e mwnòzZv n‡”Q GB cÖZ¨q †h Avjøvn, †Kvb RvwZiB, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB Ges Zviv Zuvi †L`gZ Ki‡Z eva¨|17 G K_v †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges g›` I Zvi KviY¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i‡K mZK© Kivi Rb¨, Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb bex †cÖiY †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ibwb|18 GB †¶‡Î mwnòzZv n‡”Q GB wbðqZv hv mKj gvbyl‡KB †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, GKwU KvÛÁvb iƒ‡c, hvi Øviv †m mwZ¨Kvi ag©‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Avjøvni AwfcÖvq Ges Av‡`k-wb‡la GB †h, a‡g©i wewfbœZvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q BwZnvm, Zvi mKj mwµq Dcv`vb I DcKiY wb‡q, Zvi †`k I Kv‡ji wewPÎ Ae¯’v wb‡q, Gi cÖvK-ms¯‹vi, cÖKw… Z, D‡ËRbv I Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© wb‡q a‡g©i †cQ‡b `uvwo‡q Av‡Q Av``xbyj nvwbd (Avjøvn KZ©„K m„ó Avw` ag©) hv wb‡q Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i mKj gvbyl, BwZnv‡mi AMÖMwZi avivq, gvbyl †Kvb bv †Kvb a‡g©i Abymvix n‡q IVvi Av‡M|19 BwZnv‡mi Aa¨qb (eûeP‡b) n‡”Q mwnòzZvi GB `vex †h, gymjgvb cÖqvm cv‡e, cÖ_‡g cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ Avjøvn Zvqvjvi Avw` †gŠwjK `vb Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z|20 †h `vb wZwb K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb mKj †`‡k I Kv‡j, †h me bex‡K wZwb cvwV‡qwQ‡jb wk¶v`vb Ki‡Z Ges G Avw` a‡g©i Dci †Rvi w`‡Z, Aci gvbyl‡K Gi w`‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z-f`ªZv, †mŠRb¨ Ges my›`i hyw³ mnKv‡iÑ hv memgqB AwaKZi fvj I ï×|21 a‡g© ev gvbweK m¤ú‡K© Gi †P‡q wKQzB AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I AMÖeZx© bq, mwnòzZv we‡ivax‡K eÜz‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Ges wewfbœa‡g©i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK 17. Avwg R¡xb Ges gvbyl‡K Avgvi Bev`Z Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb (51: 56)| 18. cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§v‡Zi Kv‡QB Avwg GKRb ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ, Zv‡`i‡K wkLv‡Z, Avi Kv‡iv bq †Kej Avjøvni Bev`Z Ki‡Z Ges g›` cwinvi Ki‡Z; KZ¸‡jv †jvK Avjøvn KZ©„K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q, A‡b¨iv wQj åvšÍ c‡_ cwiPvwjZ, Z¾b¨ Zviv AR©b K‡i g›` cwiYvg| c„w_ex mdi Ki Ges wb‡Ri †Pv‡L †`L Awek¦vmx‡`i cwiYvg wK n‡q‡Q (16: 36)| 19. ÔAvwg GKRb bex †cÖiY K‡iwQ cig I mwnòz ag© cÖPvi Ki‡ZÕ| AZxZ ag©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡K Avcwb me‡P‡q †ekx fvjev‡mb, GB cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e gnvbex (mv.) cig I mwnòz nvwbdx ag© ev Beªvnx‡gi ag©, GB nvw`mwU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Be‡b AveŸvm (Avj RyevBw`) ZvRyj Ave~m S. V. Hanaf. Vol. 6 p.-78): Avj Bgvg gymwjg mnxn gymwjg, mvigg©: Avj-nvwdR Avj gybRvwi, mnxn gymwjg, m¤úv`bv †gvnv¤§` bvwmi DÏxb Avjevbx (Kz‡qZ Avj `viæj KzevBwZqv wj-Avj-wZev) 1388/1969, wØZxq LÐ c„ôv 249, nvw`m bs 1982| 20. Zzwg GKwbô n‡q Avw` a‡g©i gyL wdivI, †mB mnRvZ a‡g©i cÖwZ hv Avjøvn `vb K‡i‡Qb mg¯Í gvbyl‡K, Avjøvni m„wó AcwieZ©bxq, GB ¯^fveMZ `vb Avjøvni m„wó mK‡ji Rb¨ wek¦Rbxb Ges Aj•Nbxq, BnvB mZ¨ Ges gnvg~j¨ ag© wKš‘ eû gvbyl Zv Rv‡bbv (30: 30)| 21. †Zvgvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki w`‡K AvnŸvb Ki, cÖÁvc~Y© hyw³ Ges my›`i fvlY Øviv, Ab¨‡`i m‡½ msjvc Ki Ges Zv‡`i‡K `vb Ki gn‡Z¡i `„wó, †Zvgvi cÖwZcvjK Rv‡bb, †K mZ¨ c_ †_‡K åó Ges †K mwVKc‡_ cwiPvwjZ (16: 125)| 58 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© wb›`vev`‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i, iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i a‡g©i DrcwË m¤ú‡K© cvi¯úwiK cvwÛZ¨c~Y© AbymÜv‡b Ges a‡g©i weKv‡k Avw` cÖZ¨v‡`‡k hv cÖ`Ë n‡qwQj, Zv †_‡K HwZnvwmK I ms‡hvRb‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z| bxwZkv‡¯¿ Gi c‡iB me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †¶Î ÔBDmiÕ gymjgvb‡K i¶v K‡i Rxeb A¯^xKviKvix cÖeYZvi weiæ‡× Ges Zv‡K wbðqZv †`q Avkvev‡`i b~¨bZg gvÎvq, gvbeRxe‡b †h me Uªv‡RwW Ges `ytL Kó N‡U, Zv m‡Z¡I, ¯^v¯’¨, fvimvg¨ Ges GKwU gvÎvÁvb i¶vi Rb¨ hv Avek¨K| Avjøvn Avgv‡`i‡K GB wbðqZv w`‡q‡Qb, ÒK‡ói ciB †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ Avwg ¯^w¯Íi e¨e¯’v K‡iwQÓ22 Ges wZwb Avgv‡`i‡K †h‡nZz Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb, cÖ‡Z¨KwU `vex‡K cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z I ivq`v‡bi c~‡e©, hv wKQz my¯úó Hkx weav‡bi we‡ivax bq,23 Zv‡K fvj wKsev g›` e‡j AwfgZ Ávc‡bi c~‡e© Dmybxqb ev dKxnwe`M‡Yi cix¶vi Kwó cv_‡i hvPvB Ki‡Z| 22. Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Pvb cwic~Y© myL kvwšÍ, `ytL Kó bq (2: 185)| 23. †n wek¦vmxMY! hw` weagx©MY †Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Q †Kvb Lei wb‡q Av‡m, †Zvgiv Zv‡`i Z¡wiZ wek¦vm Kibv, wb‡Riv AbymÜvb K‡i †`L, Ab¨_vq, Ab¨vqfv‡e †Zvgiv AvMÖvm‡bi wkKvi n‡e Ges †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbv Ki‡e (49: 6)| cÂg Aa¨vq Awawe`¨vi g~jm~Î wn›`y wek¦m„wóZË¡ cÖK…wZ‡K GKwU `yf©vM¨RbK NUbv e‡j MY¨ K‡i, hv cig eªvþ‡Yi m¤ú‡K© N‡UwQj|1 m„wó (A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯^Zš¿ m„wó) n‡”Q ci‡gi e¯‘iƒc hv NUv DwPZ wQj bv, KviY G n‡”Q cig wn‡m‡e Gi c~Y©Zvi GKwU AebwZ| GKvi‡Y cÖK…wZi cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq‡K MY¨ Kiv nq GKwU wePz¨wZ e‡j, hv Zvi m„óiƒ‡ci g‡a¨ e›`x, hv gyw³KvgxZvi g~‡j Ges eªvþY wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi Rb¨, hZ¶Y Bnv c„w_ex‡Z GKwU m„wó wn‡m‡e we`¨gvb ZZ¶Y Bnv Kg©Z‡š¿i Aaxb, hvi gva¨‡g Bnv DbœZi Ae¯’vq †cuŠ‡Q A_ev Av‡iv AatcwZZ nq| Bnv c‡ivrK…‡ói ZvwË¡K wePz¨wZ gvÎ, wek¦RM‡Zi GB cÖ_g g~jm~Î Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i ev †g‡b †bq cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i| Lªxóxq m„wóZË¡ cÖK…wZ‡K Avjøvni m„wó e‡j MY¨ K‡i, hv GK mg‡q ÎæwUgy³ wQj, wKš‘ hv ÔcZ‡biÕ ci weK…Z n‡q c‡o‡Q †es †m Kvi‡Y g›` n‡q D‡V‡Q|2 m„wói ZvwË¡K, †gŠwjK Ges me©e¨vcx cvcB Avjøvni cwiKwíZ cwiÎvY bv‡U¨i †nZz, Cmvi g‡a¨ Zuvi wbR AeZi‡Yi, Zvi µkwe× n‡q g„Zy¨i GB bv‡U¨i Abymi‡Y wLª÷vb ag© `vex K‡i ZË¡MZfv‡e m„wó Zvi c~e©ve¯’vq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i‡Q A_ev K‡iwb| e¨envwiK †¶‡Î Lªxóxq gb m„wó‡K AatcwZZ Ges cÖK…wZ‡K cvc g‡b K‡i G‡m‡Q|3. e¯‘mË¡vi cÖwZ Mœw÷K Ava¨vwZ¥KZvev‡`i †h wecyj we‡Ølfve Zv msµwgZ nq Lªxóa‡g© Ges Lªóa‡g©i cÖ_g kÎæ †ivgvbiv †h cÖK…wZ Ges ÔRMZÕ †K me©¯‡Í i GZ jyäfv‡e AbymiY 1. 2. 3. m„wó, wKsev wn›`y wPšÍvwe`iv †hgb ej‡Z cQ›` K‡ib eªvþY ev cig m‡Z¨i cÖKvk¯^iƒc wek¦, †kl ch©šÍ mZ¨ bq Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zv ci‡gi GKUv weK…wZ, Zvi Bw›`ªqvZxZ, m¤ú~Y©Zv †_‡K GKUv wePz¨wZ Ges Z¾b¨ GKwU `yf©vM¨RbK åóZv, GK_v wewfbœ Dcwbl‡` mgwc©Z| GwU †k¦ZveZi 4: 9-10 GKwU DËg Aby‡”Q`| GKBfv‡e kixqhyM ewY©Z n‡q‡Q msKi (`„óvšÍ¯^iƒc Av`¨mf¨v‡¤^) Ges evmvjyg KZ©„K GB aviYvq †h G wek¦ n‡”Q Avjøvni †`n, †h †`‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ AvZ¥vi m¤ú‡K© (e„nr AiY¨ 3: 7, 3) A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj Aw¯ÍZ¡, AvaywbKKv‡j fvewU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Av‡iv AwaK mZK©Zvi m‡½, Gm, ivavK…òb cÖgyL wPšÍvwe`MY Øviv, `ª: Indian Philosophy (London Allen and Unwin 1951, 1923) Vol. 38-39 197 and M Hiriyanna. Outlines of Indian Philosophy (London Allen and Un Wn. 1961, 1932), 63-65 H| c„w_ex‡Z GKRb gvby‡li gva¨‡g cvc G‡m‡Q Ges Zvi GB cv‡ci m‡½ wb‡q G‡m‡Q g„Zz¨| Gi d‡j mgMÖ gvbe RvwZi g‡a¨ cvc Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q, KviY cÖ‡Z¨‡KB cvc K‡i‡Q| agx©q weavb Rvix nevi c~‡e© c„w_ex‡Z cvc wQj Ges †hLv‡b weavb ev AvBb †bB †mLv‡b cv‡ci †Kvb wnmve ivLv nqwb| wKš‘ Av`‡gi mgq †_‡K gymvi mgq ch©š,Í g„Zz¨ ivRZ¡ K‡i‡Q gvbeRvwZi Dci, GgbwK Zv‡`i Dc‡iI hviv Av`g †hfv‡e cvc K‡iwQ‡jb †mfv‡e cvc K‡iwb, hLb Av`g Avjøvni Av‡`k Agvb¨ K‡iwQ‡jb (Romans 5. 12-14) 60 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© K‡i‡Q, Zvi cÖwZ N„Yv I we‡iva‡K K‡i‡Q `„pZi| cÖK…wZ Zvi e¯‘MZ m¤¢vebv I cÖeYZv wb‡q kqZv‡bi ivR¨ Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| e¯‘ ch©v‡q Gi MwZ n‡”Q ÔAb¨ RMZÕ †_‡K ˆRe Ges cv‡ci w`‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b, mvgvwRK †¶‡Î Gi cÖ‡jvfb n‡”Q ivRbxwZi cÖwZ, AvZ¥cÖwZôvi cÖwZ, wmRv‡ii w`‡K| Lªxóxq msÁv Abymv‡i, BwZnv‡mi MwZ‡K cÖK„wZi w`‡K iƒcvšÍ‡ii B”Qv ev Kg©m~wP A_©nxb|4 nvRvi eQi ev Zvi †ekx Kvj a‡i cÖK…wZ‡K Hkx KiæYvi wecixZ MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q; Dfq‡K g‡b Kiv n‡Zv G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K ci¯úi ¯^Zš¿| G‡Ki AbymiY Awbevh©fv‡eB Ac‡ii jsNb| cÖ_‡g Bmjvgx wPšÍvavivi cÖfv‡e Ges cieZx©Kv‡j †i‡bmuv eyw×ev` I Enlightenment Gi cÖfv‡e wLª÷vbiv wb‡R‡`i‡K Db¥y³ K‡i Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Ges we‡k¦i ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨, Aek¨ we‡k¦i A¯^xK…wZ Ges wb›`v KL‡bv Dw”Qbœ nqwb, †Kej wbe©vK n‡q‡Q| AwaKZi mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j divmx wec­‡ei ci ag© wbi‡c¶Zv Ges †ivgvw›UwmR‡gi (Romanticism) weR‡qi d‡j, cÖK…wZ Ges we‡k¦i cÖwZ wLª÷vb g‡bvfve‡K `Lj K‡i cÖK…wZev` Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv GB `yB‡qi DciB KZ©„Z¡ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Bmjv‡gi cÖK…wZ n‡”Q m„wó Ges `vb, †m m„wó wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ n‡”Q D‡Ïk¨gq, cwiKwíZ m¤ú~Y© Ges myk„sLj! `vb wn‡m‡e G n‡”Q GKwU wb‡`©vl Dcv`vb hv gvby‡li Avq‡Z¡ Awc©Z n‡q‡Q| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q gvbyl‡K mrK‡g© mvg_© `vb Ges Kj¨vY jvf| cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi mvigg© Ges ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q k„„sLjv, D‡Ïk¨gqZv Ges g½jgqZv, GB wZbwU wm×v‡šÍ| 1. myk„sLj wek¦RMZ Avjøvn Qvov Avi †Kvb Bjvn bvB, GB mv¶¨`v‡bi gv‡b n‡”Q G aviYv †h, wZwb GKK mªóv, whwb cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘ I welq‡K Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Qb, whwb cÖ‡Z¨K NUbvi P‚ovšÍ KviY Ges hv wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q Zv‡`i mK‡ji P‚ovšÍ cwiYwZ, wZwbB Avw`, wZwbB AšÍ| ¯^vaxbfv‡e I cÖZ¨‡qi m‡½ Ges Gi e³e¨‡K m‡PZbfv‡e Dcjwäi gva¨‡g GB ai‡bi mv¶¨`v‡bi A_© n‡”Q GB Dcjwä, hv-wKQz Avgv‡`i‡K †eób K‡i Av‡Q Zv e¯‘B †nvK, ev NUbvB †nvK, hv wKQz NU‡Q cÖvK…wZK, mvgvwRK A_ev gb¯ÍvwË¡K †¶Îmg~‡n †m meB n‡”Q m„wó cwiPvjbvi ¶gZvi Awfe¨w³, civkw³MZ mvg‡_©i cÖKvk Zuvi †Kvb bv †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨i cwic~iY| G K_vi A_© G bq †h, wZwb cÖZ¨¶ Ges e¨w³MZfv‡e mewKQzi KviY, 4. GB Rb¨ Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K ejwQ, †Zvgiv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ I cvbxq m¤ú‡K© DwØMœ nBIbv, A_ev †Zvgv‡`i †`‡ni Av”Qv`‡bi Kvc‡oi Rb¨| m‡e©vcwi Rxeb wK Lv‡`¨i †P‡q AwaK g~j¨evb bq Ges kixi wK †cvkv‡Ki †P‡q AwaK gnN©© bq? wen½w`‡Mi w`‡K ZvKvI, Iiv exR ecb K‡ibv, dmj †Zv‡jbv, Ges Zv fvÛv‡i mÂq K‡ibv| ZeyI †Zvgv‡`i ¯^Mx©q wcZv, Zv‡`i hZœ †bb, †Zvgiv wK cvcx‡`i †P‡q AwaKZi g~j¨evb bI? (g¨v_y 6: 25-26)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 61 cÖ‡Z¨K NUbvi cðv‡Z Ae¨ewnZ KZ©v, eis wZwb n‡”Qb P‚ovšÍ KZ©v, whwb NUbv‡K NUvb Ab¨ KviK Ges Kvi‡Yi gva¨‡g| Avgv‡`i Aek¨B GB wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Avgv‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ûi ˆbwZK g~j¨ ev g~j¨nxbZvi Rb¨ Avgiv m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB e¨w³MZfv‡e `vqx| wKš‘ AšÍM©Z †h ¶gZv Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Abyw¯Í‡Z¡i gv‡S Qwo‡q Av‡Q, †m ¶gZv †Kej AvjøvniB Av‡Q Ges wZwb Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvby‡liv mªóv bq, Zviv Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv wKsev Aw¯ÍZ¡ †K‡o wb‡Z cv‡ibv, hw`I Zviv GB ai‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vb ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ †K‡o wb‡Z cv‡i, gva¨g ev KviK wn‡m‡e| GKevi Kiv n‡j, G ai‡bi Dcjwä n‡q D‡V gvby‡li wØZxq ¯^fve, hv Zvi RvMÖZ cÖwZwU gyn‡~ Z©i m‡½ Awe‡”Q`¨, Ggb GKRb gvbyl Zvi Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU gyn~Z©B hvcb K‡i Gi Qvqvq, †hLv‡b gvbyl cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq Ges Avjøvni Kgx©‡K cÖZ¨¶ K‡i| †mLv‡b †m Hkx D‡`¨vM‡K AbymiY K‡i, KviY G Kg© n‡”Q Avjøvni| cÖK…wZ‡Z Zv cÖZ¨¶ Kiv n‡”Q cÖK…wZ weÁv‡bi mvabv, KviY cÖK…wZ‡Z GB Hkx D‡`¨vM ev cÖeZ©bv †mB me A‡gvN wbqg Qvov wKQzB bq, hv w`‡q Avjøvn cÖK…wZ‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb|5 wb‡Ri g‡a¨ ev wb‡Ri mgv‡R Hkx D‡`¨vM ev cÖeZ©bv‡K cÖZ¨¶ Kivi gv‡b n‡”Q, gvbewe`¨vmg~n Ges mgvR‡K AbymiY Kiv Ges cÖK…Z cÖ¯vÍ ‡e mgMÖ wek¦B hw` nq cÖK…wZi GB me AvBb ev weavb cwic~i‡Yi D`NvUb|6 †h me AvBb Avm‡j Avjøvni Av‡`k Ges Zvi B”Qv¯^iƒc, †Zgb Ae¯’vq gymwj‡gi `„wó‡Z, mgMÖ wek¦RMZB n‡”Q GKwU RxešÍ i½gÂ, hv mwµq n‡q‡Q Avjøvni Av‡`k Ges K‡g©i Øviv|7 GB me A‡_© †Lv` i½gÂwU‡K Ges hv wKQz Gi AšÍM©Z mg¯Í wKQz‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| ZvB Avjøvni GK‡Z¡i gv‡b n‡”Q wZwbB n‡”Qb mg¯Í wKQzi Avw` †nZz Ges Avi †KD Zv bq, Avjøvni ¶gZv AZ `yieZx© bq Ges Zvi wbwgËZv GZ AcÖZ¨¶ bq †h, Zv‡K GK ai‡bi ÔAemicÖvßÕ †Lv`vq cwiYZ Ki‡e| G wQj †mB me `vk©wb‡Ki fyj, hviv Avjøvni wbwgËZv‡K m„wói Avw`‡Z †eu‡a w`‡q, m„ó wek¦‡K Kíbv K‡i‡Q GKwU `g †`Iqv hvwš¿K Nwoi gZ, hv Pvjy ivLvi Rb¨ Nwo wbg©vZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| 5. 6. 7. hviv wbwðZ wek¦vmx Zv‡`i Rb¨ c„w_ex wb`k©‡b cwic~Y© (51: 20), AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡`i‡K P›`ª I m~h© w`‡q‡Qb Av‡jvi Rb¨| †K I‡`i‡K Zv‡`i K¶c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡Qb hv‡Z K‡i †Zvgiv FZz Ges eQi MYbv Ki‡Z cvi| wZwb Gmg¯ÍB mZ¨mnKv‡i m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges Rvbevi Rb¨ hvi gb AvMÖnx Zvi Rb¨ wZwb cwi¯‹vifv‡e †ck K‡ib cÖgvY, hviv Avjøvn‡K fq K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ w`em Ges ivwÎi AbyeZ©‡b Ges Avmgvb Rwg‡b Avjøvn hv wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z my¯úó wb`k©b i‡q‡Q (10: 5-6)| Avgvi weav‡b †Zvgiv †Kvb cwieZ©b †`L‡Z cv‡ebv (17: 77)| ... 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Avey nvwg` Avj Mv¾vjx: ZvnvdvZzj dvjvwmdv, ZiRgv, Qvwen Avng` Kvgvwj (Lahore. The Pakistan Phlosophical Congress 1958) pp 186 ff. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 65 †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q N›Uvi aŸwb ï‡b, KzKzi Zvi Lv`¨ †c‡Z GZUv Af¨¯Í n‡q D‡VwQj †h, KzKziwU wek¦vm Ki‡Zv GB N›UvaŸwb n‡”Q Zvi Lv‡`¨i KviY|11 Avgiv gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GB k„sLjvi †nZz n‡”Qb Avjøvn Zvqvjv| mymse× m„k„sLj RMZ cÖK…ZB GKwU myk„sLj wek¦RMZ, ˆbivR¨ bq, h_vh_ GB Kvi‡Y †h, Avjøvn Gi g‡a¨ Zvi k¦vk¦Z b·v ev bgybv¸‡jv †cÖvw_Z K‡i‡Qb| GB bZzbv¸‡jv †Áq A_©vr ch©‡e¶Y I eyw× cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G¸‡jv Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq| GB ch©‡e¶Y Ges eyw×-cÖ‡qvM Ggb `yÕwU e„wË hvi Øviv Avjøvn gvbyl‡K ¶gZvevb K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z K‡i Zviv Zv‡`i Kv‡h©i Øviv Avjøvni D‡Ïk¨ c~iY K‡i| weÁv‡bi Rb¨ evav bv n‡q, Bmjvg, we‡kl K‡i Bmjv‡gi ZvInx`, n‡”Q weÁv‡bi c~e©kZ©| gymjgvb m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e GB cÖZ¨‡qi AwaKvix †h, Avjøvn Zvqvjv we`¨gvb; wZwbB mg¯Í wKQzi P‚ovšÍ †nZz, GKgvÎ KZ©v huvi Kj¨vYgq K‡g©i gva¨‡g, hv wKQz Av‡Q Ges hv wKQz N‡U, mg¯Í wKQzB NU‡Q| Gfv‡e ZvInx‡`i gva¨‡g cÖK…wZ‡K hLb †`Lv nq, ZLb Zv n‡q D‡V ˆeÁvwbK ch©‡e¶Y I we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx I cÖ¯‘Z| gymwjg weÁvbxi Rb¨ Z_vKw_Z cÖ_g c`‡¶c, Avm‡j †Kvb c`‡¶cB bq, eis Zv bxwZ ag©‡K hyw³Z‡Ë¡i ev Ethymematic Syllogism- GiB Ab¨ GKwU c`‡¶c hvi ïiæ Zvi cÖavb cÖ¯vÍ ebv wn‡m‡e Ôjv Bjvnv BjøvjøvnÕ w`‡q| 2. D‡Ïk¨gq wek¦ cÖK…wZi †h k„sLjv, Zv †Kej Kvh© Ges Kvi‡Yi e¯‘MZ k„sLjv bq, †h k„sLjv †`k Ges Kvj‡K Ges Gai‡bi Ab¨ me ZvwZ¡K aviYv‡K Avgv‡`i †evakw³i Kv‡Q ¯úó K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖK…wZ mgfv‡eB D‡Ïk¨ ev j‡¶¨i GKwU ivRZ¡, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq GKwU D‡Ïk¨ c~iY K‡i Ges Zv‡Z K‡i mg¯Í wKQzi mg„w× Ges fvimv‡g¨i mnvqZv K‡i| DcZ¨Kvi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Ro DcjLÐ †_‡K mgy`ª mgZ‡ji Avbyex¶wYK Rxe Ges Dw™¢`, woodroach (KvV‡cvKvi)-Gi A‡š¿¿ Microbial (¶z`ªvwZ¶z`ª AYy) m`„k Flagellate (exRvby) †_‡K ïiæ K‡i bxnvwiKvgÛj Ges Zv‡`i m~h©mg~n, Redwoods bvgK Av‡gwiKvb wekvj e„¶ivwR I wZwg gvQ Ges nvZx-Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘ Zvi D™¢e I weKvk, Zvi Rb¥ I g„Zz¨i Øviv, Zvi Dci Awc©Z Avjøvn KZ©„K `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, hv Ab¨ me Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨I Avek¨K| mKj m„wó ci¯úi wbf©ikxj Ges mgy`q m„wó †h Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi KviY n‡”Q Zvi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cwic~Y© mvgÄm¨| Avjøvn KziAvbyj Kwi‡g e‡jb: ÒAvwg cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘‡K w`‡qwQ Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvÎv ev cwigvc|Ó12 11. George Santayana. Skepticisn and Animal Faith (New York: Scribner's) 12. mg¯Í wKQz Avwg m„wó K‡iwQ Ges Zv‡K w`‡qwQ Zvi cwigvc, Zvi PwiÎ Ges Zvi cwiYvg (54: 49) ... Avjøvn mg¯Í wKQzi wnmve iv‡Lb (19: 94)| ... wbðqB Zvi B”Qv Kvh©Ki n‡e, wZwb mg¯Í wKQzi Rb¨B cwigvY wba©viY K‡i‡Qb (65: 3)| 66 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© GUvB n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ hv cÖK…wZi mv¤cÖwZK `~lY AvaywbK Kv‡ji gvby‡li †PZbvq m„wó K‡i‡Q fqsKi AvksKvi; hvi m‡½ gymjgvbiv AewnZ wQj eû kZvãx a‡i, Ges wb‡R‡`i‡K †`‡L‡Q Zvi g‡a¨B `Ðvqgvb, KviY Ab¨ †h †Kvb m„wói gZB gvbyl GKBiƒc, ZviB Ask| m„wói cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb †h, Avi GKwU Dcv`vb‡K f¶Y K‡i, Ges wb‡RI Z…Zxq Avi GKwU Dcv`vb Øviv fw¶Z nq, Zv wbðqB j‡¶¨i GKwU m¤úK© ev ms‡hvM, m¤¢eZ hv D”PZi cÖvYxmg~‡ni g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ekx ¯úó| AvjwR, gvBµe I GbRvB‡gi A`„k¨ RM‡Zi Dci †hvMm~‡Îi KZ©„Z¡ ch©‡e¶Y Kiv, Gi me©ÎMvwgZv cÖwZwôZ I Abygvb Kiv KwVbZi KvR| wKš‘ Zv m‡Z¡I Zv Kg ev¯Íe bq| Gi †P‡qI KwVbZi n‡”Q Dw™¢` I cÖvYx RM‡Zi Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi c¨vUvY© Avwe¯‹vi| †h mKj Rx‡ei Avnvh© MÖnY QvovI mKj Kg©Kv‡Û cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZvi KZ¸‡jv k„sLj we`¨gvb, Zvi m‡½ m¤úK© _vKzK ev bv _vKzK, Dcv`vbmg~‡ni G‡Ki Dci A‡b¨i Awew”Qbœ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv, †m Rwg‡b nDK, cvwb‡Z nDK, evZv‡m nDK, ev gnvk~‡b¨i welq e¯‘B nDK| cÖvK…wZK fvimv‡g¨i RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb GL‡bv G‡Kev‡i ˆkke ¯Í‡i, hw`I cÖK…wZ-weÁvbmg~n Kíbvi Kv‡Q mgMÖfv‡e c~Y© wm‡ógwU‡K wbg©vY Kivi Rb¨ Gi h‡_ó D`NvUb K‡i‡Q GKwU D‡Ïk¨gq c×wZ wn‡m‡e wek¦ Avgv‡`i mvg‡b †ck K‡i GKwU AwZkq gnr `„k¨| g¨v‡µv‡KvR‡gi AvK…wZ I e¨vcKZv, gvB‡µv‡KvR‡gi bvRyK m~²Zv Ges Zrmn fvimv‡g¨i Kjv †KŠk‡ji Acwimxg RwUj I ÎæwUgy³ cÖK…wZ Avgv‡`i‡K Awff~Z K‡i †`q, Ges Avgiv Zv‡Z PgrK…Z nB| G m‡ei m¤§y‡L, KziAvb †hiƒc e‡j, gvbe gb Av¶wiK A‡_©B ÔbwgZÕ nq, wKš‘ G bwZ ¯^xKvi n‡”Q †cÖg I cÖksmvi Kvi‡Y, Dcjwä Ges g~j¨ †PZbvi d‡j bwZ ¯^xKvi,13 KviY D‡Ïk¨gq Avjøvni m„wó wn‡m‡e c„w_ex n‡”Q my›`i Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨gqZvi Kvi‡Y h_v_© A‡_© gnr| Kwe hLb D”PviY K‡ib, ÔwK we¯§qKi GB †Mvjvc Gi g‡a¨B `„k¨gvb Avjøvni †mŠ›`‡h©i Øviv gvbyl I KxU-‡cvKvi D‡Ïk¨ c~iY K‡i, †h me D‡Ïk¨ Gi cÖwZ Avjøvn `vb K‡i‡Qb, hv‡`i †`Lvi gZ P¶z Av‡Q, Zv‡`i wPšÍv fvebvi gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡K †`q c~Y©Zv, hviv †`L‡Z cvq D‡Ïk¨gq cwiKí I mªóv Avjøvni †cÖv¾¡j ¶gZv I gnr KviæKvh© KzkjZv| K. Hkx †¶Î wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ Bmjvgx wek¦v‡mi civwe`¨vg~jK kvLv m¤ú‡K© GB ch©šBÍ h‡_ó, Ab¨ kvLvwU n‡”Q bxwZkv¯¿MZ| Bmjvg wk¶v †`q gvby‡li Rb¨ GKUv i½g wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ‡K m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bnv Ggb GKwU †¶Î †h, GLv‡b Rb¥MÖnY I mg„w× AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e 13. Avjøvni m„wói w`‡K j¶¨ Ki GKevi, `yBevi, Z‡ZvwaK evi (†Kvb LyuZ ev ÎæwU cvI wKbv) Zzwg Zv cv‡ebv, †Zvgvi K¬všÍ `„wó †Zvgvi w`‡K wd‡i Avm‡e e¨_© n‡q, Aek¨| (Avjøvni m„wói cwic~Y©Zv m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨q wb‡q) 67: 4)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 67 Ges gvbyl †fvM Ki‡e Avjøvni ingZ I Gfv‡eB †m wb‡R‡K cÖgvY Ki‡e †hvM¨ e‡j|14 cÖ_gZ: cÖK…wZ gvby‡li m¤ú` bq, Avjøvni m¤ú`|15 GLv‡b AvjøvnB gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Qb Zvi Kg©Kvj Ges D‡Ïk¨, Zvi Rb¨ wewagvjvI cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb|16 GKRb DËg f~wg-cÖRvi gZ gvby‡li DwPZ Zvi cÖf~i m¤úwËi hZœ †bIqv| e¨env‡ii AwaKvi gvby‡li wbðqB Av‡Q, wKš‘ ZvI Zv‡K cÖK…wZ‡K webó Kivi A_ev Ggbfv‡e e¨envi Kivi ¶gZv †`qbv, hv‡Z K‡i cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ wech©¯Í ev webó n‡Z cv‡i| e¨env‡ii †h AwaKv‡ii †m AwaKvix, Zv GKwU e¨w³MZ AwaKvi| hv cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨w³i Rb¥Kv‡j Avjøvn `vb K‡ib| GB AwaKvi eskMZ wKsev A‡b¨i cwie‡Z© cÖvß bq, Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zv gvbyl‡K GB AwaKvi, Ab¨‡`i e¨env‡ii AwaKv‡ii Dci AMÖvwaKvi e‡j `Lj Kivi ¶gZv †`qbv| c„w_exi Ges Avm‡j m„wói ZË¡veavqK wn‡m‡e, gvbyl g„Zz¨Kv‡j Avjøvni Kv‡Q Zvi AvgvbZ, †m †hgbwU Zvi Rb¥MÖnY Kv‡j MÖnY K‡iwQj Zvi †P‡q †enZi Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q †`‡e, gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K ZvB Avkv Kiv nq| wØZxqZ, cÖK…wZi k„sLjv gvby‡li GLwZqv‡ii Aaxb, †m G‡Z Zvi B”QvgZ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i| cÖK…wZ‡K bgbxq K‡i m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ Zvi cÖwµqvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z m¶g, Zvi K‡g©i Øviv Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K© cvk¦© cwieZ©b eiY K‡i wb‡Z mg_©| cÖK…wZi †Kvb GjvKv ev AÂjB wbwl× bq, AMwYZ m~h,© P›`ª I b¶Î, f~gÐj, c„w_ex Ges mgy`ª hv wKQz Zviv aviY K‡i, Zv mn, mg¯ÍB Zvi AbymÜv‡bi, Zvi e¨env‡ii GLwZqvif~³, meB Zvi DcKvwiZv, Avb›`, Avivg-Av‡qk A_ev Zvi fvebv-wPšÍ‡bi Rb¨B|17 mg¯Í m„wó 14. AvjøvnB m„wó K‡i‡Qb g„Zz¨ Ges Rxeb hv‡Z †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi, †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© Ges wZwb civµgkvjx, ¶gvkxj (67: 2) ... Avwg GB c„w_exi Dcwifv‡M c„w_exi Rb¨ AjsKvi ¯^iƒc K‡iwQ, hv‡Z †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© †Zvgv‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi (18: 7)| 15. ZvB cÖksmv AvjøvniB hvi n‡¯Í i‡q‡Q mg¯Í wKQzi Dci cÖf~Z¡, Zuvi Kv‡QB †Zvgiv wd‡i hv‡e (36: 83) ... †Zvgiv hLb Avjøvni Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv Ki, ej, †n Avjøvn mg¯Í KZ©„‡Z¡i, ¶gZvi I mg¯Í wKQzi gvwjK ( 3: 36)| 16. †Zvgiv Avjøvni Bev`Z Ki| wZwb e¨wZZ †Zvgv‡`i †Kvb Bjvn †bB, wZwb †Zvgv‡`i‡K Rwgb n‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvnv‡Z †Zvgv‡`i‡K emevm Kwi‡q‡Qb| myZivs Zvi wbKU ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki Ges Zvi w`‡K c~Y©fv‡e cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki (11: 61)| †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv Cgvb Av‡b Ges mrKg© K‡i, Avjøvn Zv‡`i m‡½ Iqv`v K‡i‡Qb †h, wZwb Aek¨B Zv‡`i‡K c„w_ex‡Z Lwjdv wbhy³ Ki‡eb, †hfv‡e wZwb Zv‡`i c~e©eZx©MY‡K Lwjdv wbhy³ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Aek¨B wZwb Zv‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i Øxb‡K my`„pfv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i w`‡eb, hv wZwb Zv‡`i Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i fqfxwZi Ae¯’v‡K wZwb Zv‡`i Rb¨ wbivcËvi cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡eb| Zviv Avgvi Bev`Z Ki‡e, Avgvi m‡½ †Kvb wKQz‡KB kixK Ki‡ebv, Ges Bnvi ci hviv A¯^xKvi Ki‡e, Zviv n‡e `y®K…wZKvix (24: 55)| 17. Ges Avgiv AvKvk‡K AjsKvi K‡iwQ| Ges Zv‡K †mŠ›`h©gwÐZ K‡iwQ gvby‡li Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ (15: 14) ... Avgiv c„w_ex‡Z my›`i cÖwZwU wRwbm †Rvovq †Rvovq m„wó K‡iwQ (22: 5)| ... †mŠ›`‡h©i wbwl×KiY fyj, KviY †mŠ›`h© Avjøvn m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zvi `vm‡Z¡i 68 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© gvby‡li Rb¨ Ges gvby‡li e¨env‡ii A‡c¶vq i‡q‡Q| Gi e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Zvi B”Qvi Aaxb, Zvi wePvi †evaB n¯Í‡¶‡ci GKgvÎ mv_©K nvwZqvi, GKgvÎ wePviK|18 wKš‘ wKQzB Zv‡K mgMÖ m„wói `vwqZ¡ †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †`qbv| Z…ZxqZ, cÖK…wZi e¨envi Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ˆbwZKZvi m‡½ KvR Ki‡Z, †Kbbv †PŠh© I cÖeÂbv, Rei`w¯Í I GK‡PwUqv Kvievi, gRy``vwi Ges †kvlY, AvZ¥me©¯^Zv I A‡b¨i cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú‡K© wb‡ðZbv, Avjøvni cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e gvby‡li Abychy³ Ges †m Kvi‡Y Bnv K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl×|19 Bmjvg Ac I AwZwi³ e¨q Ges AcPqg~jK I †fvM wejvmg~jK Dc‡fvM wbwl× K‡i,20 Gi †KvbwUi m‡½B Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZi m½wZ †bB| `vwi`ª wKsev Afve bq, eis mš‘wóB n‡”Q GKRb gvwR©Z-iæwPm¤úbœ gymwj‡gi ˆewkó¨, hv †m †`Lv‡Z cv‡i Zvi e¨env‡i Avjøvn hv‡K hv w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡Z mš‘wó cÖKvk K‡i| PZy_©Z, gvby‡li wbKU Bmjv‡gi `vex GB †h, †m cÖK…wZ‡Z Avjøvni c¨vUvY©¸‡jvi iƒc‡iLv¸‡jv AbymÜvb Ki‡e Ges eyS‡e; †Kej †h †mB me iƒc‡iLv hv wb‡q cÖK…wZ weÁvb MwVZ ZvB bq, eis †mB me iƒc‡iLvI hv wb‡q MwVZ cÖK…wZi mvaviY k„sLjv Ges †mŠ›`h©| cÖK…wZ †h Avjøvni Kg©, Zvi cwiKíbv I b·v, Zvi B”Qvi ev¯Íeiƒc, GmZ¨ cÖK…wZi Dci Qovq GK gh©v`vi D¾j ejq| cÖK…wZi wKQz‡KB Ace¨envi Kiv Pj‡ebv Zvi Dci †Rvi Rei`w¯Í ev Ryjyg Kiv hv‡e bv, hw`I Zv gvby‡li e¨env‡ii Aaxb; D`¨vb ev ebvÂj wn‡m‡e b`x ev ce©Ziƒ‡c cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Bw›`ªq m‡PZbZv Ges Zvi cÖwZ †Kvgj hZœ Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨i mwnZ mvgÄm¨c~Y©| Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ Ges my¯^v`y Lv`¨ Ges cwi”Q‡`i e¨e¯’v wZwb K‡i‡Qb| ej (†n †gvnv¤§`): G¸‡jv wek¦vmx‡`i Rb¨ c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ (7: 32)| AviI †`Lyb Supra. n. 5| 18. Avmgvb Ges Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯ÍB Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i Aaxb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb (31: 20) ... wZwb P›`ª Ges myh©‡K †Zvgv‡`i Aaxb¯’ K‡i‡Qb hviv wb`„ó K‡¶ wePiY Ki‡Q Ges w`em Ges iRbxI (14: 33) ... AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡`i‡K c„w_ex‡Z Zuvi cÖwZwbwa K‡i‡Qb (35: 39) ... †Zvgiv wK †`L‡Z cvIbv, c„w_ex‡Z hv wKQz Av‡Q Avjøvn mg¯Í wKQz‡K †Zvgv‡`i Aaxb¯’ K‡i‡Qb (22: 65)| 19. Ges †Pvi‡`i, Zviv cyiæl nDK ev bvix nDK, Zv‡`i nvZ †K‡U `vI, Avjøvni AvBb jsNb Kivi Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e (5: 38) Ges Avgiv wgmwKb‡`i Avnvh© `vb KiZvg bv (74: 44) ... `y‡f©vM Zv‡`i hviv Acev` iUvq Ges Amv¶v‡Z ciwb›`v K‡i, hviv ab-m¤ú` Rgv K‡i I Zv evievi MYbv K‡i Ges g‡b K‡i †h G ab Zv‡K AgiZ¡ `vb Ki‡e (104: 1-3) ... Zzwg wK Zvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡iQ †h Øxb‡K wg_¨v e‡j? e¯‘Z: †mB IB e¨w³, †h GwZg‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`q Ges AfveMÖ¯’‡K Aby`v‡b DrmvwnZ K‡ibv (107: 1-3)| 20. ab-m¤ú‡`i Ace¨q K‡ivbv (17: 26)| ... Ace¨qKvixiv kqZv‡bi fvB, hvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wPiKvj Rvnvbœvg, Avjøvn Aeva¨Zvi Kvi‡Y (17: 27) K…cY n‡qvbv, K…cYw`M‡K Avjøvn cQ›` K‡ib bv (6: 141)| lô Aa¨vq bxwZkv‡¯¿i †gŠjbxwZ ZvInx` †NvlYv K‡i †h, GKK Abb¨ Avjøvn Zvqvjv gvbyl‡K my›`iZg Aeq‡e m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zuvi Bev`Z I `vmZ¡ Kivi Rb¨|1 Avjøvni cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Ges Zvi Av‡`k cvjb ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨| ZvInx` G †NvlYvI K‡i †h, GB D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q c„w_ex‡Z Avjøvni c‡¶ gvby‡li cÖwZwbwaZ¡|2 KviY Avj KziAvb e‡j: Avjøvn gvby‡li wbKU Zvi AvgvbZ †i‡L‡Qb, †h AvgvbZ enb Kievi ¶gZv Avmgvb Ges Rwg‡bi wQjbv Ges †h `vwqZ¡ enb Ki‡Z Zviv f‡q cÖKw¤úZ n‡q m‡i `uvwo‡qwQj|3 Avjøvni GB `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi ˆbwZK w`KwUi cwic~iY, hv ¯^fveZB, G `vex K‡i †h, Zv ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e Ges gvbylB n‡”Q GKgvÎ mË¡v †h Zv Ki‡Z m¶g| hLbB Hkx AwfcÖvq cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi Awbevh©Zvi gva¨‡g ev¯ÍevwqZ nq, ZLb †mB ev¯Íevqb ˆbwZK c`evP¨ bq, Zv eywbqvw` A_ev wnZK_vg~jK| †KejgvÎ gvbylB Hkx AwfcÖvq‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cviv ev bv cvivi wØwea m¤¢vebvi g‡a¨, A_ev m¤ú~Y© wecixZ n‡Z cv‡i, wKsev `yB‡qi gvSLv‡b †h †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avjøvni Av‡`‡ki AvbyM‡Z¨i †¶‡Î gvbweK ¯^vaxbZvi GB e¨envi, Av‡`k cvjb‡K ˆbwZKZvgwÛZ K‡i| 1. Bmjv‡gi gvbweKZv ZvInx` Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j, Avjøvn †h‡nZz Kj¨vYgq Ges D‡Ïk¨gq, ZvB wZwb gvbyl‡K †Ljv”Q‡j Ges Ah_v m„wó K‡ibwb|4 GB e„nr KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K ˆZix Kivi j‡¶¨ wZwb gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Qb Bw›`ªqmg~n, hyw³ Ges †evakw³| Zv‡K 1. 2. 3. 4. Avwg gvbyl Ges R¡xb‡K Avgvi e‡›`Mx Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb (51: 56) ... Avwg gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡iwQ m‡e©vËg Aeq‡e (96: 4) ... 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Ges hLb Avwg gvby‡li m„wó m¤ú~Y© Kijvg ZLb Avwg Zvi g‡a¨ dzu‡K w`jvg Avgvi iƒn (15: 29)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 71 Kg© Ges wicyi Zvobv GKB iKg ¯^vfvweK MY¨ nZ, c~Y©Zv Ges ¸Yvejxi gZ| cÖK…wZ wn‡m‡e Dfq‡KB g‡b Kiv nZ, mgfv‡e Hk¦wiK, Zv‡`i bv›`wbKiƒ‡c a¨v‡bi Ges cyRvi Dchy³ e¯‘ Ges Zv‡`i mgK¶ nevi Rb¨ gvby‡li mvabvi welq, hviv wQj gvby‡liB ˆ`eiƒc|6 c¶všÍ‡i, wLª÷vb ag© Zvi cÖv_wgK eQi¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡iwQj GB MÖxK †ivgvb gvbeZvev‡`i cÖwZ; Gi cwiYwZ `uvov‡jv P‚ovšÍ wecix‡Z, Avw` cv‡ci gva¨‡g gvby‡li AatcZ‡b, Ges gvbyl‡K †NvlYv Kij cwZZ e‡j|7 gvbyl‡K cv‡ci Pig, wek¦Rbxb, mnRvZ, Awbevh© ¯Í‡i AatcvwZZ K‡i, †h cvc †_‡K †Kvb gvby‡li c‡¶ wb‡Ri †Póvq KL‡bv wb®‹w„ Z jvf wQj Am¤¢e| GB Ae¯’vb wQj gnvb Avjøvni wb‡R gvbeiƒ‡c Rb¥MÖnY, gvby‡li cvc civqYZvi Rb¨ hš¿Yv †fvM, I Zvi cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ g„Zz¨eiY, ZviB †hŠw³K c~e©kZ©| Ab¨ K_vq Avjøvn‡K hw` gvby‡li cwiÎvY Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j Ggb GKwU wecvK Ae¯’v Aek¨B we`¨gvb _vK‡Z n‡e, hv †_‡K †Kej AvjøvnB gvbyl‡K wb®‹w… Z w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e gvby‡li cvc civqYZv‡K Zvi P‚ovšÍ Ae¯’vq DcbxZ Kiv n‡qwQj, hv‡Z K‡i Zv †Lv`vi µzk we× nevi jv‡qK nq|8. wn›`y ag© gvbyl‡K wewfbœ e‡Y© wef³ K‡i Ges gvbeRvwZi wecyj msL¨vMwiô As‡ki Rb¨ wba©viY K‡i nxbZg †kÖYxmg~n-fviZxq n‡j A¯ú„k¨ †kÖYx‡Z A_ev c„w_exi Aewkó †jvK‡K a‡g©i w`K w`‡q AcweÎ A_ev `ywlZ †¤­”Q †kÖYx‡Z| G Rxe‡b bxPZg eY©mg~‡ni I Ab¨‡`i c‡¶ myweav‡fvMx D”PZi eªvþY †kÖYx‡Z DbœxZ nevi m¤¢vebv †bB| †KejgvÎ g„Zz¨i ciB Avevi cybR©‡b¥i gva¨‡g Gfv‡e wbgœ‡kÖYx †_‡K D”PZi †kÖYx‡Z Av‡ivnY m¤¢e| G Rxe‡b gvbyl Acwinvh©fv‡eB †h e‡Y© Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †mB e‡Y©iB †m AšÍfy©³| hZw`b G c„w_ex‡Z †m RxweZ Av‡Q ZZw`b wbgœe‡Y©i gvby‡li Rb¨ ˆbwZK 6. 7. 8. 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Avjøvni KiæYviƒc gy³ `v‡bi gva¨‡g nqiZ Cmvi (Avt) mvnv‡h¨ Avjøvni eive‡i mewKQzB wVK n‡q hvq, KviY Cmv Zv‡`i‡K gyw³ `vb K‡ib, Avjøvn Zv‡K `vb K‡iwQ‡jb, hv‡Z K‡i Zuvi AvZ¥v Drm‡M©i gva¨‡g g„Zz¨i e‡`Šj‡Z wZwb n‡eb Dcvq, hvi ¯§i‡Y gvby‡li cvc gvd K‡i †`Iqv n‡e| nhiZ Cmv‡K (Avt) Zv‡`i wek¦v‡mi †nZz‡Z| Avjøvn Zv K‡i‡Qb GK_v †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ †h, wZwb b¨vqcivqY| AZx‡Z wQ‡jb mwnòy Ges gvby‡li cvc D‡c¶v Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b wZwb Zv‡`i cvc wb‡q wePvi K‡ib, Zvi b¨vqcivqYZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨, Gfv‡e Avjøvn †`Lvb †h, wZwb b¨vqcivqY Ges hviv nhiZ Cmv‡K (Avt) wek¦vm K‡i, Zv‡`i mevB‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib (Romans 3: 24-26) ... g›` Kg© e„w×i Rb¨ AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq, wKš‘ †mLv‡b cvc e„w× cvq, †mLv‡b Avjøvni KiæYv e„w× cvq A‡bK †ekx, †hb cvc †hgb g„Zz¨‡Z ivRZ¡ K‡iwQj, †Zgwb Avevi AbyMÖn avwg©KZvi Øviv AbšÍ Rxe‡bi wbwgË Avgv‡`i cÖfyi hxï wLª‡ói Øviv ivRZ¡ K‡i (Romans 5: 20-21) ... 72 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Dbœq‡bi mvabv A_©nxb, wbùj| cwi‡k‡l, †eŠ×ag© mKj gvbe Rxeb‡K Ges m„wó‡Z Ab¨ mK‡ji Rxeb‡KB AbšÍ hš¿Yv Ges `y`©kv e‡j MY¨ K‡i| Gi `vex Abymv‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡B GKUv cvc, Ges gvby‡li GKgvÎ A_©c~Y© KZ©e¨ n‡”Q, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv Ges gvbywlK cÖqv‡mi gva¨‡g G †_‡K gyw³ jvf|9 AvZ&-ZvInx‡`i gvbweKZv ev gvbeZvev`B GKgvÎ wb‡f©Rvj LvwU bxwZm~Î| ZvInx`B †Kej gvbyl‡K m¤§vb K‡i Ges m„wó wn‡m‡e B¾Z †`q; †`eZ¡ Av‡ivc bv K‡i A_ev cvc KzjwlZ bv K‡i ZvInx`B †Kej gvby‡li mr¸Yvejxi wfwˇZ gvby‡li g~‡j¨i msÁv `vb K‡i Ges gvby‡li gnr `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ Zv‡K †h mnRvZ ¸Yvejx Avjøvn `vb K‡i‡Qb, †m m‡ei BwZevPK j¶‡Yi wfwˇZ gvby‡li g~j¨ wbiƒc‡Yi cÖqvm cvq| ZvInx`B †Kej ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wfwˇZ gvbeRxe‡bi ¸Yvejx I j¶¨mg~‡ni msÁv `vb K‡i; G¸‡jv‡K A¯^xKvi bv K‡i ZvInx` Zvi gvbweKZv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j RxebgyLx Ges ˆbwZKZvgq| Bmjv‡g bxwZkv¯¿ ag© †_‡K Awe‡”Q`¨ Ges Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e a‡g©i Dci cÖwZwôZ| Bmjvgx gb-gvb‡m, Ôagx©q-ag© wbi‡c¶Õ, ÔcweÎ-AcweÎÕ ÔMxR©v-ivóªÕ G ai‡bi wecix‡Zi †Rvovi AeKvk †bB, Ges Bmjv‡gi agx©q fvlv Aviex‡Z, Zvi kã fvÛv‡i, G ai‡bi, †Kvb kã †bB| ZvB Bmjvgx Áv‡bi cÖ_g †gŠj m~ÎwUB n‡”Q m‡Z¨i GKZ¡, wVK †hgb gvbeRxe‡bi cÖ_g w`K| GB wZbwU GKZ¡B GKwU n‡”Q cig †gŠjbxwZ; Bmjv‡g Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Kvb cÖ‡kœi welq wQjbv| Bmjvg mwVKfv‡e GaviYv K‡i‡Q †h gvbyl Aek¨B GKwU ag©wbô mZ¡v, Ggb GKwU Rxe hvi †PZbv me mgqB AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Avjøvni Dcw¯’wZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i| Gi Avjøvni GK‡Z¡i AvnŸvb wQj bZzb wRwbm| KviY, AwaKvsk gvbyl cÖvqB Djywnq‡Zi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ mZ¡v‡K, kw³ I gvby‡li AwfcÖvq‡K wgwk‡q †d‡j‡Q, Ges GKKZ¡‡K bó K‡i‡Q| Aek¨ Bmjvg Zvi Avwef©v‡ei c~‡e© gvbeRvwZ Ges gvby‡li †MvUv BwZnvm‡K mg~n ¶wZi aviYv †_‡K i¶v Kivi mZK© AvMÖ‡n, GB Hkx GKZ¡ cÖ_g gvbyl Av`g Ges Zvi eskaiM‡Yi wbKU cwiÁvZ wQj e‡j †NvlYv K‡i Ges Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡K, †hLv‡bB Avjøvni GKKZ¡ `„k¨gvb wQjbv, GKwU gvbweK weK…wZ I åóZv e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| gvbeg‡b GB GK‡Z¡i Dcw¯’wZ Bmjv‡gi g‡Z agx©q AwfÁZv, Cgvb A_ev wbwðZ cÖZ¨q| cÖgvY †hLv‡b P‚ovšÍ bq, †mLv‡b gvbyl †h Ôwm×všÍÕ †bq, Zv †Zv Ôwek¦vm ¯’vcbÕ Cgvb ev agx©q AwfÁZv bq| Bnv †hb gvby‡li Dci Ges †Kvb wel‡q Zvi aviYvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq Ges †h wel‡q wbðqB Apodeictic9. ivavK…lkvb Indian Philosophy c„. 443| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 73 wbðqZv Awm× e‡j †NvwlZ †m wel‡q Zv gyj¨vq‡bi DciI Zv wbf©i K‡ibv, c¨v‡¯‹‡ji m~Îvbyhvqx GKUv evwRI bq| Bnv Zvi wbR¯^ mv¶¨ Ges m‡Z¨i †Rv‡iB Ggwb Awbevh© †h, gvbyl‡K Aek¨B Zv †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e, GKwU R¨vwgwZK Dccv‡`¨i wm×v‡šÍi gZB| Bmjvg `vex K‡i, Hkx GK‡Z¡i Dcjwä, gvby‡li Rxe‡b †mfv‡eB N‡U wVK †hfv‡e GKwU wb‡iU ZË¡ cÖ‡ek K‡i gvby‡li †PZbvq| Avjøvni GKK‡Z¡i mZ¨Zv †hgb hyw³wm×, †hgb wePvijä, †Zgwb Awbevh©| Hkx GKK‡Z¡i gv‡b GB †h, AvjøvnB GKgvÎ Avjøvn, Ges m„wó‡Z †Kvb wKQzB †Kvb w`K w`‡qB Zuvi gZ bq| †m Kvi‡Y †Kvb wKQz‡KB Zvi kixK Kiv hvqbv| wZwb, hv wKQz Av‡Q, mg‡¯ÍiB mªóv, cÖfy Ges gvwjK, cÖwZcvjK Ges wiwhK`vZv, wePviK Ges Kg©weavqK| cÖK…wZ‡Z Zuvi AwfcÖvqB n‡”Q wbqg, AvBb Ges gvby‡li AvPi‡Y Zuvi AwfcÖvq n‡”Q Pig j¶¨| BnvB gvbeRxe‡bi P‚ovšÍ Afxó| gvby‡li c‡¶ G‡nb ˆPZb¨ GKB m‡½ Zvi c‡¶ Ges Zvi PZz¯úv‡k¦©i c„w_exi Rb¨ †gvnbxq; gvbyl‡K Zv MÖvm K‡i, †h‡nZz Gi j¶¨ n‡”Q Tremendum Ges Fascinosum. GB ˆPZ‡b¨i Øviv †ewóZ nevi gv‡bB n‡”Q Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q e¨w³MZ †Mvcb w`KI ev` bv w`‡q, me©`kx© Avjøvni `„wómxgvi g‡a¨ Zuvi Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi P‚ovšÍ cÖvmw½K j‡¶¨i Av‡jv‡K, cig Bbmv‡di †ZŠj`‡Û Avmbœ wePv‡ii QvqvZ‡j wb‡Ri mgMÖ Rxebhvcb Kiv| Gi †P‡q AwaKZi m¤ú~Y© AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, ¯^Av‡ivwcZ wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, AwaKZi Kvh©Ki AvZ¥cÖ‡Yv`bv Avi wKQz †bB| Avjøvni GKK‡Z¡i ˆPZ‡b¨i GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z c„w_ex‡Z mg¯Í wKQzB m„wó n‡q‡Q GKwU mywbw`©ó j‡¶¨| Ges †`kKv‡ji cÖwZwU gyn‡~ Z© GB j¶¨‡K msi¶Y Ki‡Qb, GB j‡¶¨i mªóv wb‡RB; cÖK…wZi †Kvb AvBbB hvwš¿Kfv‡e mwµq bqÑ KviY Gi Awbevh©Zvi g~‡j AÜwbqwZi ev `g †`Iqv Nwoi gZ m„óRMZ bq, eis Zvi g~‡j i‡q‡Qb Kj¨vYgq Avjøvn Zvqvjv, huvi B”QvB n‡”Q gvby‡li Rb¨ i½g Ges DcKiYvw` mieivn Kiv, †hLv‡b gvby‡li Kg© Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒ‡ci w`K w`‡q Kvh©Ki| GKvi‡Y cÖK…wZ I gvbe weÁvb Ges KvwiMwi weÁv‡bi mg¯Í `iRv Db¥y³ i‡q‡Q m¤¢ve¨ P‚ovšÍ Pzj‡Piv cÖv‡qvwMK AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨, bv›`wbK g~‡j¨ I ˆbwZKRMZ †_‡K wKQzgvÎ wew”Qbœ ev m¤úK©nxb bv n‡q| GLv‡b mZ¨ Ges g~j¨ mgwš^Z n‡q‡Q GKwU gvÎ Dcv‡Ëi g‡a¨, hvi Drm n‡”Qb Avjøvn Zvqvjv, hv Zuvi AwfcÖvq‡K Ki‡Q c~iY| GB `„wói Av‡jv‡K c„w_ex n‡”Q cÖvY-DÏxwcZ, KviY Gi cÖwZwU AYy cigvYy mwµq i‡q‡Q Avjøvni B”Qvbyµ‡g, Avjøvni cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZvi gva¨‡g, GKwU g~‡j¨i j‡¶¨, hv n‡”Q Hkx AwfcÖvq| ms‡¶‡c GB n‡”Q kixqvi gg©K_v, ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi mvigg©| gymjgvbiv G‡KB bvg w`‡q‡Qb ZvInx` hvi A_© n‡”Q Avjøvn mZ¨ Ges Rxe‡bi wZbwU GKZ¡| gymjgvb‡`i m‡Z¨i cÖwZdjb, Zv‡`i mgwógb Ges Kg© I Avkvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q 74 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© GB HK¨| gvby‡li Kx Kiv DwPr GB cÖ‡kœi DËi †Kej Gi Av‡jv‡KB †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| 2. gvbe m„wói D‡Ïk¨ ZvB Bmjvgx bxwZkv‡¯¿i ïiæ n‡”Q gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avjøvni Hkx D‡Ïk¨ wPwýZKiY K‡i wb‡q Rxe‡b Ges BwZnv‡m gvby‡li wbiew”Qbœ cÖwZcvjb| Zvi m„wói D‡Ïk¨ wK? hyMcZ agx©q Ges cÖvPxb †mwgwUK cwifvlv e¨envi K‡i Bmjvg e‡j †h, Avjøvni `vmZ¡ Kivi Rb¨B gvbyl‡K m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi ag©MÖš’ KziAvb e‡j, ÒAvwg gvbyl Ges R¡xb‡K Avgvi e‡›`Mx Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb|10 `vk©wbK cwifvlvq, GK_v ejvi gv‡b n‡”Q gvb‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, GB cig j‡¶¨i ev¯Íevqb| ¯úóZtB GLv‡b gvbe Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨gqZvi Dci †Rvi †`Iqv n‡”Q| GB D‡Ïk¨gqZv‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zv n‡q D‡V Rxe‡bi A_©nxbZvi nZvkvev`x †NvlYv| Rxe‡bi gv‡b exiZ¡, `i‡ekZ¡, wKsev c„w_ex‡K njy` i‡½ iwÄZ Kiv wKbv, Zv Ab¨ welq; Avm‡j gvbe Rxe‡bi A_©c~Y© ev Kj¨vYgq GB cÖ_g `vexi BwZevPK DËi †g‡b bv wb‡q, GB cÖkœwU DÌvcb Kiv hvqbv| GB A_© wKsev Kj¨vY, hv mKj m„wóiB D‡Ïk¨, Bmjv‡gi g‡Z Zv n‡”Q Hkx AwfcÖv‡qiB cwic~iY| A_P GB cwic~iY mnRvZfv‡e N‡U kvixie„wËK ev g‡bve„wËK wµqvq Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv N‡U ˆbwZKZvi cwigЇj| ˆbwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g ˆbwZK g~j¨v‡ev‡ai ev¯Íevqb N‡U Ges G¸‡jv n‡”Q †mB iv‡R¨i D”PZi AwaKvix, Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi gnZ¡i AbyÁv| Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi g‡a¨ wbgœZi ¯Í‡ii Avek¨Kmg~n i‡q‡Q, †hgb Lv`¨, e„w×, AvkÖq, Avivg-Av‡qk, †hŠb Rxeb BZ¨vw`| †Kbbv m„wó‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU welqB Hkx D‡Ïk¨gqZvi m‡½ mshy³ Ges h_vh_ †kÖYx Ae¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ †m¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl Hkx AwfcÖvq‡K cwic~iY K‡i| wKš‘ Zvi †ckvi †¶Î ev Avw½bv n‡”Q bxwZiRMZ, †hLv‡b Hkx AwfcÖvq †Kej ¯^vaxbfv‡eB Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i, A_©vr gvby‡li hv Kiv DwPZ Zv †_‡K wfbœ Kivi gvby‡li mvg‡_©¨i ev¯Íe m¤¢vebvi g‡a¨ Zv N‡U _v‡K| GB A‡_©B gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z Avjøvni Lwjdv, †Kbbv †Kej †m-B bxwZMZ Ges †m Kvi‡Y D”PZi g~j¨mg~n ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kej †m-B cv‡i mvgwMÖKfv‡e †MvUv †¶ÎwU‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi j¶¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z| GRb¨ gvbyl n‡”Q GK ai‡bi gnvRvMwZK †hvMm~Î ev †mZz, hvi gva¨‡g mvgwMÖKfv‡e Hkx AwfcÖvq Ges we‡kl K‡i, Zvi D”PZi bxwZMZ AskwU cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i †`k Kv‡ji †fZ‡i, Ges Gfv‡e, Zv n‡q D‡V ev¯Íe| KziAv‡bi GKwU Aby‡”Q‡` Avjøvn e‡jb †h, wZwb Zuvi AvgvbZ Avmgvb Ges 10. Avwg gvbyl I R¡xb‡K Avgvi `vmZ¡ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb (51: 56)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 75 Rwgb‡K Ac©Y K‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‘ Zviv fxZ n‡q Zv MÖn‡Y Zv‡`i A¶gZv Rvbvq Ges †Kej gvbylB Zv mvMÖ‡n MÖnY K‡i|11 Ab¨ GKwU Aby‡”Q‡` KziAvb Avgv‡`i GK_v e‡j †h, †d‡i¯Íviv Avjøvni gvbe m„wói cwiKíbvq evav w`‡qwQj, †h‡nZz Zviv Rvb‡Zv †h gvbyl g›`Kg© Ki‡ZI mgfv‡e mg_© hv †d‡i¯Íviv cv‡ibv| Aek¨ Avjøvn Zv‡`i `vex cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib, gvby‡li Rb¨ wba©vwiZ K‡ib GK gnZ¡i †mŠfvM¨|12 gnvRvMwZK e¨e¯’vq ev k„sLjvq gvby‡li g›`Kg© Kivi mvg_©¨ Avm‡jB GKwU SzuwK| wKš‘ G SzuwKwU †mB gnv cÖwZkÖæwZi m‡½ Abyc‡gq hv gvbyl cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e| KziAvb hv ej‡Z Pvq Zv GB †h, †Kej gvbylB ˆbwZK g~j¨ iƒcvqY Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^vaxbZv †Kej ZviB Av‡Q| †Kej gvbylB cv‡i g~‡j¨i mgMÖ RMZ‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z, KviY Gai‡bi Abye„wËi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbwmKZv I aviYv kw³ ZviB Av‡Q| gvbyl‡K m„wó Kivi ci Avjøvn Zv‡K `vb K‡ib Zvi cÖÁv, †d‡i¯Ív‡`i Dci gvby‡li †kÖôZ¡ cÖgvY K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i‡K Av‡`k †`b, gvby‡li m¤§v‡b, gvbyl‡K wmR`v Ki‡Z|13 ZvB, G‡Z we¯§‡qi wKQz †bB †h, Bmjv‡g gvbyl‡K m„wói gyKzU e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq; †d‡i¯Ív‡`i †P‡q D”P gh©v`v †`Iqv nq Zvi Abycg ˆbwZK e„wË I fv‡M¨i Kvi‡Y| 3. gvby‡li Acvcwe×Zv Bmjvg `vex K‡i †h, gvbyl‡K m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q wb®úvciƒ‡c Ges ejv hvq, Rxeb bvU¨g‡Â Zvi Awfbq Zvi R‡b¥i c‡i, R‡b¥i c~‡e© bq| Zvi wcZvgvZv †hB nDK, Zvi gvgv, PvPv ev c~e© cyiæl hvivB nDK, Zvi fvB‡evb †hB nDK, Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx ev mgvR hv-B nDK, gvby‡li Rb¥ wb®úvc wn‡m‡e| G‡Z A¯^xKvi Kiv nq gvby‡li Avw` cvc‡K, Zvi Rb¥MZ Aciva‡K, A‡b¨i `vwqZ¡ enb‡K, Zvi R‡b¥i c~‡e© AZx‡Zi NUbvq gvby‡li †MvÎMZ ev AvšÍR©vwZK mswkøóZv †_‡K|14 11. Avwg Avgvi AvgvbZ ivL‡Z †P‡qwQjvg, b‡fvgÛj, c„w_ex I ce©Zgvjvi Dci, wKš‘ Iiv Zv enb Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i Ges GB `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Y fxZ wQj| hvB nDK, gvbyl Zv MÖnY Kij (33: 72)| 12. Avjøvn, hLb †d‡i¯Ív‡`i ej‡jb, ÒAvwg gvbyl m„wó Ki‡Z hvw”Q Ges Avgvi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e c„w_ex‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡Z hvw”QÓ, Zviv ejj, Zzwg wK c„w_ex‡Z Ggb KvD‡K m„wó Ki‡e †h AkvwšÍ NUv‡e I i³cvZ Ki‡e, AvgivBZ †Zvgvi cÖksmv ¯‘wZMvb I cweÎZv †NvlYv Kwi; Avjøvn e‡jb, Avgvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q, hv †Zvgiv Rvbbv (2: 30)| 13. Avjøvn Av`g‡K mg¯Í wKQzi bvg wkLv‡jb (2: 31) †d‡i¯Ív‡`i ejjvg, Av`‡gi cÖwZ bZ n‡Z, Zviv mK‡jB bZ nj Bewjm Qvov, †m Agvb¨ Kij I AnsKvi Kij, myZivs †m mZ¨ cÖZ¨vL¨vbKvix‡`i AšÍfy©³ nj (2: 34)| 14. †Kvb gvbylB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx bq....| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li Rb¨ i‡q‡Q, †m hv K‡i‡Q Zvi fvj g›` Kg©B (53: 38-39)| Avjøvn gvbyl‡K Zvi mva¨vZxZ fvi Ac©Y K‡ibv| †m fvj hv DcvR©b K‡i, Zv ZviB Ges g›` hv DcvR©b K‡i, ZvI ZviB (2: 286)| 76 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡liB Rb¥ wb®úvciƒ‡c, G n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi `vex Ges G `vexi wfwË n‡”Q gvby‡li wbisKzk e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv|15 KziAvb †NvlYv K‡i, Ò†Kvb gvbylB Zvi wb‡Ri †evSv Qvov A‡b¨i †evSv enb Ki‡ebv|Ó16 gvbyl e¨w³MZfv‡e hv AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv fvj nDK, g›` nDK Zv ZviB cÖvc¨,17 †KDB A‡b¨i K‡g©i Rb¨ wePv‡ii m¤§yLxb n‡ebv Ges †KDB A‡b¨i c‡¶ mycvwik Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|18 Bmjvg m¤ú~Y©fv‡e gvby‡li wb‡Ri K‡g©i A‡_©B gvby‡li KZ©‡e¨i msÁv wbiƒcY K‡i, Ges Kg©‡K GB e‡j msÁvwqZ K‡i †h, gvbyl, my¯’ eq¯‹ gvbyl, K‡g© Ask MÖnY K‡i, Zvi kixi w`‡q m‡PZbfv‡e Ges †¯^”Qvq, hv‡Z K‡i †m †`k Kv‡ji cÖev‡ni g‡a¨ m„wó K‡i wKQzUv weNœ ev wek„sLjv, GB Aciva Ges `vwqZ¡kxjZv †h bxwZg~jK K¨v‡UMix Ges hv †Kej ZLbB N‡U hLb ¯^vaxb I m‡PZbfv‡e Kg©wU m¤úbœ nq-G n‡”Q ˆbwZK ˆPZ‡b¨i GKwU KwVb wb‡iU Z_¨| wKQz msL¨K AvaywbK wLª÷vb †jLK cÖvPxb Avw` cv‡ci gZev`wU‡K GKwU bZzb eY©bvi wfwËi Dci `uvo Kwi‡q cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuviv `vex K‡ib, GB wfwËwU cvIqv †M‡Q RxeweÁvbx I g‡bvweÁvbxi Avwe®‹vi †_‡K Ges Zv‡`i Øviv gvbe cÖK…wZi we‡kølY †_‡K| Zuv‡`i RxebaviY I †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv, mnRvZe„w˸‡jvi Pvwn`v c~ib Avb›` I Avivg-Av‡q‡mi evmbv, gvby‡li jv‡fi B”Qv, Zvi AvZ¥cÖPv‡ii †jvf, GgbwK Zvi Am¤ú~Y©Zvi Ab¯^xKvh©Zv Ges Avjøvn †_‡K Zvi ¯^vZš¿¨, m¤¢eZ G me wKQzB Zv‡`i g‡Z, gvby‡li Avw` cv‡ci 15. Avwg †Zvgvi cÖwZ bvwhj K‡iwQ (†n †gvnv¤§`) wKZve mZ¨mnKv‡i| AZtci †h mrc_ AbymiY K‡i, †m Zv K‡i wb‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ges †h wec`Mvgx nq, †m †Zv wec`Mvgx nq wb‡RiB aŸs‡mi Rb¨, ej (†n †gvnv¤§`) Avgv‡`i cÖwZcvj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K mZ¨) G‡m‡Q Ges my¯úó n‡q‡Q| myZivs hvi B”Qv wek¦vm KiæK, hvi B”Qv mZ¨ cÖZ¨vL¨vb KiæK (18: 29)| 16. cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^xq K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ `vqx Ges †KD Ab¨ KvnviI fvi enb Ki‡ebv (6: 164) Dnv GRb¨ †h G‡K Ac‡ii K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ `vqx n‡ebv| Ges gvbyl ZvB cvq, hv †m K‡i| Zvi Kg© cixw¶Z n‡e (53: 39)| hviv mr c_ Aej¤^b K‡i, ZvivI wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ mrc_ Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K Ges hviv c_ åó nq Zviv †Zv c_åó nq wb‡R‡`i aŸs‡mi Rb¨| †KD Ab¨ KvnviI fvi enb Ki‡ebv| Avwg ivm~j bv cvVv‡bv ch©šÍ KvD‡K kvw¯Í †`Bbv (17: 15)| 17. †h †KD mrKg© K‡i †m wb‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B Zv K‡i Ges g›` Kg© Ki‡j Zvi cÖwZdj †m wb‡RB †fvM Ki‡e, †Zvgvi cÖwZcvjb Zvi ev›`v‡`i cÖwZ †Kvb AwePvi K‡ib bv (3: 46)| 18. ej Avgv‡`i Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †Zvgv‡`i Revew`wn Ki‡Z n‡e bv Ges †Zvgiv hv Ki †m m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Revew`wn Ki‡Z n‡e bv (34: 25)| wePvi w`e‡m †Kv‡bv gvbylB Ab¨ gvby‡li Kv‡R Avm‡e bv, fvj wKsev g›`, hviv Ab¨vq K‡iwQj Zviv wbw¶ß n‡e AwMœ‡Z, hv Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zv bv (34: 42)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 77 KZ¸‡jv †K›`ªxq Dcv`vb Ges GB mgy`q‡K Zviv mgy`q cÖvK…wZK I g‡bvRvMwZK cÖeYZvi AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK wb‡`©kbv e‡j msÁvwqZ K‡i _v‡Kb|19 wbðqB, ˆRe weÁvbx, kvixi weÁvbx, †ivMweÁvbx, g‡bvweÁvbx Ges meKÕwU weÁvb gvby‡li g‡a¨ hv wKQz Aa¨qb K‡i, gvbyl †m mKj wb‡qB MwVZ Ges Zv‡`i Abykxj‡bi welq‡K wbðqB R‡b¥i c~‡e© wba©vwiZ Ab¨ GKwU ÔKwVb Z_¨ †`Iqv nq|Õ wKš‘ Gmg¯ÍB, kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmK nDK, G¸‡jv cÖvK…wZK Ges Awbevh©| gvbyl Zvi B”QvgZ G¸‡jv AR©b K‡ibv, wkï Ges eq¯‹ e¨w³ Df‡qiB mvg_©¨ kvixwiK KvVv‡gvi Øviv cybtwba©vwiZ ev GKRb cvnv‡o Av‡ivnY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, Ab¨Rb n¯Íx enb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, wKš‘ Zv‡`i ce©Z Av‡ivn‡Y e¨_©Zv A_ev n¯Íx en‡b Amvg‡_©¨i Rb¨ Zv‡`i ÔAcivaxÕ MY¨ KiY n‡e A‡hŠw³K| KziAvb †NvlYv K‡i‡Q, gvbyl hv enb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi †P‡q †ekx wKQz enb Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K `vqx Kiv nq bv|20 cÖKw… Z ev ¯^fve KZ©„K c~e© wba©viY n‡”Q gvby‡li Acvcwe×Zvi m‡½ m½wZc~Y©, Gi Rb¨ KvD‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kivi †Kvb ˆea hyw³ †bB| †Kbbv, ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ n‡”QÑ GKRb gvby‡li ˆPZ‡b¨i Øviv aviYvK…Z welqwU NUv‡bvi Rb¨ gvby‡li mnRvZ ¯^vfvweK ¶gZv wbqwš¿Z e¨env‡i mvg‡_©¨i Rb¨ h‡_vchy³| †hLv‡b mvg_©¨ †bB †mLv‡b ¯^vaxbZv †bB Ges †m Kvi‡Y `vwqZ¡ ev Aciva †KvbUvB _vK‡Z cv‡ibv| Avw` cv‡ci AvaywbK cÖe³viv Zv‡`i Z‡_¨i †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvqB AvkÖq †bb cÖK…wZi `v‡bi Dci| Zv‡`i me‡P‡q mvaviY hyw³ GB: beRvZ wkïi AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv‡KB we‡ePbv Kiæb| eq¯‹ e¨w³i K_v bv nq ev`B _vK‡jv| mKj AvaywbK Lªxóxq AvZ¥c¶ mg_©‡bi m‡e©v”P `„óvšÍ n‡”Q cj wUwj‡mi mvo¤^i `vex, whwb Avw` cvc‡K e¨w³MZ Aciva ev cvc e‡j msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb, G fv‡e †h, Aciva msMwVZ nq gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Avjøvni aviYv wbh©vm †_‡K Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Avjøvni g‡bi g‡a¨ hLb Av‡m|21 wKQz msL¨K fviZxq wPšÍvwe‡`i, GLv‡b Avgiv †eŠ× †MŠZg‡KI fyjebv, wbwe©Pvi `vex, cÖK…wZi mgMÖ RMZB Avm‡j g›` Ges Aev¯Íe Df‡qB, GKB ai‡bi|22 19. Barth Church Dogmancs. Part-1 Aa¨vq-4, Aa¨vq-14, pp. 35 ff. Tillich: Systematic Theology, Vol. 2. pp 44 ff: Reinhold. Neibuhr. The Nature and Destiny of Man. A Christian Interpretation (New York: Scribner 1941) pp 245. 263-269 20. KvD‡K Zvi mva¨vZxZ fvi Ac©Y Kiv n‡ebv| †n Avgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK Avgv‡`i‡K GB `qv Ki, †hb Avgv‡`i mva¨vZxZ K‡g©i dj Avgv‡`i enb Ki‡Z bv nq (2: 286)| 21. Tillich. Systematic Theology Vol. 2 29-44. 22. T.R.V Murti. The Central Philosophy of Buddhism (London: Allen and Unwin. 1955) 330-331. also Radhakrishnan. Indian Philosphy 362 ff. 78 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 4. †`eZvi cÖwZK…wZ‡Z Bû`x Ges wLª÷vb `„wófw½i m‡½ GKgZ n‡q KziAvb `vex K‡i †h, gvbyl‡K Avjøvni cÖwZK…wZ‡Z m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|23 Aek¨, Bû`x a‡g©i gZB Ges wLª÷vb ag© †_‡K wfbœfv‡e, Bmjvg GB cÖwZK…wZ‡K mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ mnRvZ Ges wPišÍb e‡j MY¨ K‡i| A_©vr cÖK…wZi Ask wn‡m‡e Bnv KL‡bv nvwi‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibv| Bmjvg GKwU ¯^vfvweK ˆ`e cÖK…wZ Ges GKwU ˆbwZK cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z wM‡q wLª÷vb gZev`‡K AbymiY K‡i bv| Bmjvg Dfq‡K wKsev Gi †Kvb GKwU‡K Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒcg~jK gh©v`v †`qbv, kv¯¿xq Inquinamentum kãwUi Øviv hv eySvq| GB wLª÷vb cv_©‡K¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq gvby‡li cZb‡K wKQzUv Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^iƒc welqK Ges wKQzUv mKj gvby‡li c‡¶ mZ¨ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨| KviY, G‡Z K‡iB Ggb GKwU `y`©kv ev wecvK N‡U hv †_‡K †Kvb gvby‡li c‡¶B wb‡Ri †Póvq cwiÎvY m¤¢e bq| hxïiƒ‡c Ck¦‡ii Avwe©fv‡ei aviYv BnvB|24 Bmjvg Gme aviYv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ibv, Avi G Rb¨B mKj mg‡q mKj gvbyl‡K Hkx cÖwZK…wZi iƒc e‡j Bmjvg MY¨ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avjøvni cÖwZK„wZi †h aviYvi Dci Bmjvgx wPšÍvaviYvi wfwË, Zv g~jZ `vk©wbK Anthropology KziAvb †NvlYv K‡i †h, Avjøvn gvbyl‡K GKwU AvZ¥v `vb K‡i‡Qb Ges G AvZ¥v‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avjøvni wbtk¦vm e‡j|25 AZtci gvby‡li gb‡K `yfv‡M we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡QÑ GKwU Rš‘i Ask, hv gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Q Zvi ¶gZv Ges evmbv, Ges Avi GKwU Ask n‡”Q Zvi hyw³ev`x w`K, hv gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Q Zvi ¶gZv Ges evmbv, Ges Avi GKwU Ask n‡”Q Zvi hyw³ev`x w`K, hv 23. hLb Avjøvn gvby‡li m„wó m¤ú~Y© Ki‡jb Ges Zvi g‡a¨ Zvi iƒn dzu‡K w`‡jb, †d‡i‡¯Íiv Zvi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Kij (15: 29)| AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡`i‡K GB c„w_ex w`‡q‡Qb emev‡mi Rb¨, AvKvk‡K K‡i‡Qb Qv` Ges wZwb †Zvgv‡`i AvK…wZ MVb K‡i‡Qb, †Zvgv‡`i AvK…wZ K‡i‡Qb DrK…ó, †Zvgv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡Qb DrK…ó Rxeb DcKiY, GB †Zv Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK Ges KZ gnvb wek¦ RM‡Zi cÖwZcvjK Avjøvn (40: 64)| wZwb mZ¨mnKv‡i AvKvk Ges c„w_ex m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges †Zvgv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡Qb my›`iZg Aeqe, cwiYv‡g Zuvi wbKUB †Zvgv‡`i cÖZ¨veZ©b (64: 3)| 24. †m›U AM¨vwób, Ô†cjvwRqvb‡`i `ywU wPwVi weiæ‡×Õ Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co 1948). First series, vol. 5. p. 378. wKš‘ Avwg Avgvi A½ cÖZ¨‡½ Ab¨ cÖKv‡ii GK e¨e¯’v †`k‡K cvw”Q, hv Avgvi gb †m AvBb‡K mg_©b K‡i, Zvi weiæ‡× hy× K‡i, Ges cv‡ci †h e¨e¯’v Avgvi A½ cÖZ¨‡½ Av‡Q, Avgv‡K Zvi `vm evbvq| `yf©vM¨, gvbyl Avwg, GB g„Zz¨i †`n †_‡K †K Avgv‡K wb¯Ívi Ki‡e| cÖksmv Avjøvni, whwb Avgv‡`i cÖfy L„‡ói gva¨‡g Zv m¤úbœ K‡ib| AZGe, GB AvBb Avgv‡`i e¨e¯’vi Avwg wb‡R Avcb gb w`‡qB †Kej Avjøvni e‡›`Mx Ki‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ Avgvi gvbe cÖK…wZ w`‡q cv‡ci †Mvjvgx Kwi (Romans 7: 23-25)| 25. Ges hLb Avwg gvbyl‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c MVb Kijvg, ZLb Avwg Zvi g‡a¨ Avgvi iƒn dzu‡K w`jvg (15: 19)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 79 gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Q Zvi gb| KziAvb gvbyl‡K Zvi Bw›`ªq `vb Kivi K_v e‡j| KziAvb AviI e‡j, gvbyl‡K †`Iqv n‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ, Avjøvn Ges Zvi AwfcÖvq‡K Rvbvi ¶gZv, †h ¶gZv GZB kw³kvjx †h Zv wbf©i‡hvM¨| Kvh©Z hv cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki weKí wKsev Zvi mgvb n‡Z cv‡i|26 gymwjg `vk©wbKMY me©ÎB G `ywUi g‡a¨ mgxKiY K‡i‡Qb| hyw³ ev eyw× n‡”Q gvby‡li †mB Ask hv gvbyl‡K K‡i Zz‡j †`eZzj¨ Ges Avjøvni wbtk¦vm nIqv‡Z G n‡”Q gvby‡li me‡P‡q †`eZzj¨ A½, hvi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi cÖwZiƒc‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i gvbyl, Rvb‡Z cv‡i Avjøvn‡K| GB Hkx Qvqv mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKB m‡½ we`¨gvb G‡K KL‡bv aŸsm Kiv hvqbv wKsev KL‡bv Zv nvwi‡q hvq bv| gvby‡li †gŠwjK gvbeZv Gi ØvivB MwVZ| G n‡”Q gvby‡li gnËg I g~j¨evb m¤ú`| Bnv Hkx m¤§Z| †hLv‡b Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB †mLv‡b gvbyl †bB Ges †hLv‡b Gi NvUwZ i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b †ivMxi Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ| GLv‡b Bmjvgx gvbeZvev` Avi MÖxK gvbeZvev` (m‡µwUm, †c­‡Uv, GwióUj) GKB| cv_©K¨ †Kej GB †h, †hLv‡b MÖxK hyw³ev‡`i m‡e©v”P welq wQj ms¯‹…wZ, (Paideia) †mLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i m‡e©v”P j¶¨ n‡”Q ZvKIqv (avwg©KZv, m`vPiY)| Aek¨ Av‡iv GKUz g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ZvKv‡j †`Lv hv‡e MÖxK ms¯‹…wZI Bmjvgx avwg©KZvi AšÍM©Z| KviY Bmjv‡g Avjøvn wn‡m‡e Avjøvni ¯^xK…wZ, A_©vr mªóv, cÖfy I wePviK wn‡m‡e, Zuvi Dcjwä n‡”Q wPiKvjB m‡e©v”P hyw³ev`| Bmjvg MÖnY gvbeZv †_‡K gyjMZfv‡e wfbœ, KviY MÖxK gZev` AvRv` bvMwiK‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i `vm †kÖYxi Rb¨ wba©viY K‡i‡Q Ab¨ GKwU wbgœZi ¯’vb| Bû`x gvbeZvev` †_‡KI Bmjvg GKBiƒc wfbœ, hv cÖK…wZMZfv‡e mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ †`eZvi cÖwZK…wZi Dcw¯’wZ †NvlYv K‡i I Zvi wb‡Ri Abymvix‡`i cÖwZ Ac©Y K‡i GKwU wbe©vwP‡Zi gh©v`v| wLª÷vb gvbeZv †_‡KI Bmjvg ¯^Zš¿; †Kbbv wLª÷vb gvbeZv hv cÖK…wZMZ Zelem iƒ‡c mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨B we`¨gvb, Zvi cv_©K¨ wba©viY K‡i AwR©Z Demuth Gi m‡½ hv †Kej wLª÷vb a‡g©i AbymvixivB Zv‡`i wek¦vm I `x¶vi e‡`Šj‡Z AR©b K‡i| cwi‡k‡l, Bmjvg ag©-wbi‡c¶ BD‡ivcxq gvbeZvev` †_‡K wfbœ; KviY BD‡ivcxq gvbeZvev` wb‡Ri msÁvi Rb¨ †KejgvÎ BD‡ivcxq mvs¯‹…wZK cwifvlvB e¨envi K‡i Ges G‡Z K‡i, Gwkq, Avwd«Kvb Ges BD‡ivcxq‡`i Rb¨ gvb‡eZi gh©v`v w¯’i K‡i| GgbwK, 26. hLb Avwg gvby‡li m„wó m¤ú~Y© Kijvg Ges Zvi g‡a¨ dzu‡K w`jvg Avgvi iƒn| AvjøvnB m„wó K‡i‡Qb †Zvgvi kÖeYkw³, `„wókw³, P¶z KY© I wePvi eyw× m¤úbœ ü`q| †Zvgiv AwZ mvgvb¨B K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Ki (32: 4)| †h wel‡q †Zvgvi †Kvb Rvbv †bB, †m wel‡q Abygvb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡qbv| KY©, P¶z, ü`q G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbKU ˆKwdqZ Zje Kiv n‡e (17: 36)| Avwg Zv‡`i‡K †`Lve Avgvi wb`©kbmg~n wek¦RM‡Z Ges I‡`i wb‡R‡`i AšÍ‡ii AšÍt¯’‡j| d‡j I‡`i wbKU cÖZ¨q R‡g DV‡e †h Avj KziAvb mZ¨ (41: 53)| 80 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© gnvb K¨v›U, whwb wQ‡jb hyw³ I weÁv‡bi weKvkKv‡ji gnËg ivRKzgvi Ges wbtkZ© Avï-KZ©‡e¨i AbyÁvi cÖe³v, wZwbI Zvi wbR¯^ hyw³ev`‡K Zvi ˆbqvwqK wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Ges Gwkq I Avwd«Kvb‡`i Rb¨ nxbZi gh©v`v wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bmjvg mKj gvbyl‡K GKBfv‡e †`‡L Ges KziAv‡b Avjøvn evi evi gvbyl‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡”Qb, ÒAvwg †Zvgv‡`i mevB‡K m„wó K‡iwQ a~wjKYv †_‡K, †h m`vPvi‡Y, mrKg©kxjZvq Ges Áv‡b gnËi, †m-B †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ D”P gh©v`vi AwaKvix|Ó27 Òhviv Rv‡b Ges hviv Rv‡bbv Zviv wK mgvb?Ó KziAvb evi evi wRÁvmv K‡i AvjsKvwiK fvlvq|28 we`vq n‡¾i w`‡b gnvbex (mv.) GKwU Inx jvf K‡ib hvi gva¨‡g Inx Ges Bmjv‡gi cwic~Y©Zv †NvwlZ nq| †mB gnvb w`‡b, hLb †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQj Rv‡Zi w`K w`‡q cÖvq mKj Avie Ges fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z e¨wZµgnxbfv‡e Avi, gymwjg RbZv‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`Iqv wZwb Zvi KZ©e¨ g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| †Kej m`vPviY Qvov GKRb Avie Ges GKRb Abvi‡ei g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨B †bB|29 gb A_ev hyw³ wn‡m‡e wØZxq †h kw³wUi Øviv gvbe AvZ¥v NwUZ Zv n‡”Q gvby‡li `vwqZ¡kxjZvi mvg_©¨| gymwjg `vk©wbKMY GB ¶gZv‡K ÔK¡`iÕ (Kg©¶gZv) wn‡m‡e msNe× Kivi Rb¨ †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb Ges ag©ZË¡we`MY GB ¶gZvi Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb ÔKmeÕ wn‡m‡e, (K‡g©i cÖwZdjb AR©‡bi mvg_©¨) K¡`i Ges Km‡ei g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨, Zv GKwU ag© kv¯¿xq m~² cv_©K¨ gvÎ| bxwZMZ ¯Í‡i DfqB mgvb, KviY `yB‡qi g‡a¨B wbwnZ i‡q‡Q gvby‡li K‡g©i Rb¨ gvby‡li `vwqZ¡kxjZvi GKB cwiYwZ| DËg Z_v Avjøvni AwfcÖvq‡K Rvbvi ¶gZv, wbtkZ© AbyÁv cvjb Kiv ev bv Kivi mvg_©¨ Ges Zvi wbR K‡g©i Rb¨ Zvi `vwqZ¡kxjZv wb‡q gvby‡li gvbweK DcKiYvw` MwVZ: e¨wZµgnxbfv‡e mKj gvbylB GB m¾v ev DcKiY m¤¢vi cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡g †Kvb Soteriology †bB, Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z ÔcweÎvYÕ n‡”Q GKwU åvšÍ agx©q aviYv; Bmjvgx kã‡Kv‡l hvi Abyiƒc †Kvb cwifvlv †bB| gvbyl Ggb †Kvb wecv‡Ki g‡a¨ cwZZ †bB, hvi †_‡K Zviv ÔcwiÎvYÕ †c‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g gvbyl Av`g GKwU fyj K‡iwQ‡jb, (wZwb wbwl× e„‡¶i dj †L‡qwQ‡jb) wKš‘ wZwb 27. †n gvbe RvwZ, Avwg GKwU gvÎ hyMj †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i‡K m„wó K‡iwQ, †Zvgv‡`i‡K K‡iwQ wewfbœ RvwZ I †MvÎ, hv‡Z †Zvgiv G‡K Aci‡K wPb‡Z cvi| Avjøvni `„wó‡Z †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †mB n‡”Q m‡e©vËg †h me‡P‡q b¨vqwbô, b¨vqevb (49: 13)| 28. ej, hviv Ges hviv Rv‡bbv, Zviv wK mgvb? wbðqB bv, †evakw³ m¤úbœ †jv‡KivB Dc‡`k MÖnY K‡i (39: 9)| 29. Amin Duwaydar. Suwer min hayat-al Rasul (Cairo: Dar al Maarif bi Misr 1372. 1953) c., 593. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 81 AbyZß nb Ges Zuv‡K ¶gv K‡i †`Iqv nq|30 Zvi Kg©wU wQj GKwU mvaviY gvbweK fyj| G wQj bxwZMZ wePv‡i cÖ_g fyj, cÖ_g Ab¨vqvPiY, cÖ_g Aciva| wKš‘ me©‡¶‡Î Zv cÖ_g n‡jI G wQj GKwU gvby‡liB Kg© Ges †m Kvi‡Y †m wQj wb‡R e¨w³MZfv‡e `vwqZ¡kxj, †m wb‡R Qvov Avi KviI Dc‡i Gi cÖwZwµqv wQjbv| Gi †h †Kej †Kvb gnvRvMwZK cÖwZwµqv wQjbv ZvB bq, Zvi wb‡Ri mšÍvb‡`i DciI Gi †Kvb cÖfve wQjbv| Gi Øviv Av`‡gi wb‡Ri ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv ÔcZbÕ nqwb| Aek¨ Gi d‡j Av`g †e‡n¯Í †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z †cÖwiZ nb, wKš‘ G‡Z K‡i Zuvi cÖwZK…wZi, Zuvi mvg‡_©¨i, Zuvi m¤¢vebvi, Zuvi †ckvi ev fv‡M¨i †Kvb cwieZ©bB nqwb| gvby‡li ÔcZbÕ nqwb Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zvi cwiÎvY ev gyw³c‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nqbv, eis gvbyl `uvwo‡q Av‡Q GKwU wbtkZ© AbyÁv, GKwU JwP‡Z¨i AvIZvq, Ges GB wbtkZ© AbyÁv cvjb Kiv ev bv Kivi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Q Zvi g~j¨| Bmjvg cZ‡bi K_v bv e‡j †Rvi †`q Zvi `vwqZ¡kxjZvi Dci, Zvi cwiÎv‡Yi †P‡q Zvi cwiZ…wß ev cig my‡Li Dci| gvby‡li cig myL ev cig `ytL Zvi wb‡RiB Kg©dj| GB cig myL Kv‡iv AbyMÖn ev ga¨ewZ©Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡ibv| G †Kvb `x¶v `v‡bi dj bq, wKsev wLª÷vb a‡g© †hgb, †Kvb inm¨gq †`‡n Ask MÖn‡Yi cwiYvg bq| Bmjvg Dfq †_‡KB gy³| gvbyl †h ˆbwZK AbyÁvi Aaxb Zv †Kvb AZxZ NUbv, Zv cZbB nDK ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv Øviv gyw³cÖvßB nDK, Zvi w`‡K `„wó †divqbv ev Zvi D‡jøL K‡ibv| GB ai‡bi AZxZ NUbv †_‡K GB ˆbwZK AbyÁv m~wPZ nqbv, eis Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e NwUZ eZ©gvb wKsev fwel¨Z wKQzi Øviv| GKvi‡Y Bmjvg wek¦vm Øviv †hŠw³KZv weavb mg_©b K‡ibv, ¯^xKvi K‡ibv cwiÎvY| BwZnvm (Heilsgeschichte) GKgvÎ cÖvmw½K AZxZ; hv Bmjv‡gi ¯^xK…Z Zv n‡”Q, Hkx Av‡`k wb‡l‡ai cÖZ¨v‡`k Ges GBme Av‡`k gvb¨ ev Agvb¨ Kivi Rb¨ AZx‡Zi gvby‡li myL A_ev Kó| AZx‡Z †h cwiÎv‡Yi bvUK g¯’ gymjgv‡bi GB wek¦v‡mw dj n‡”Q gvby‡li ˆbwZKZv| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ n‡q‡Q, Zv‡Z wek¦vm †_‡K gvby‡li ˆbwZKZv m„wó nqbv, wKš‘ Avjøvn Av‡Qb n‡”Q mZ¨ I g~‡j¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Df‡qB `vex K‡i Zvi AvbyMZ¨ I Kg©¶gZv| GB `vex wbwnZ i‡q‡Q †`k Kv‡ji g‡a¨ Hkx cwiKíbv‡K ev¯Íeiƒc w`‡Z wM‡q †h BwZevPK weNœ Drcbœ nq Zv‡Z| †h wek¦vm Ges Zvi mn‡hvMx mKj kw³i Øviv g~j¨‡eva I Zvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© cÖZ¨¶ nq Ges Zv‡`i DcKiY¸‡jv wbe©vwPZ I wba©vwiZ nq, †m mg¯ÍB Hkx cwiKíbv‡K wb‡iU iƒc †`evi cÖ¯‘wZ gvÎ| Bmjvg `vex K‡i, †Lv` iƒnvwbqvZ Ges Zvi mgMÖ †¶ÎwUB Amvi, hw` bv ev¯Í‡e bi Ges bvixi g‡a¨ Zv wb‡iU iƒc 30. Av`g Zvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K wKQz evYx cÖvß n‡jb, Ges AbyZvc cÖKvk Ki‡jb, Avjøvn Zvi cÖwZ ¶gv ciek n‡jb, KviY wZwb AZ¨šÍ ¶gvcÖeY I `qvjy (2: 37)| 82 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© jvf K‡i| Bmjv‡g a‡i †bIqv nq †h, Rb¥ gyn‡~ Z© gvbyl ˆbwZKZvi ØvicÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb K‡i, hv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ˆbwZKZvi gvÎvi k~b¨ we›`y| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Bmjvg gvby‡li KZ©e¨‡K BwZevPK Kg© e‡j aviYv K‡i, bZzb wKQz Kiv wn‡m‡e AZx‡Z K…Z wKQz‡K bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ bq; Bmjv‡gi ˆbwZKZv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e fwel¨ZgyLx, GgbwK hLb Zv Pig i¶Ykxj I ¯’wei, ZL‡bv GB bxwZMZ BwZevPK ¯^xK…wZB gymwjg‡K w`‡qwQj Zvi cÖvYkw³| AZx‡Zi k„sL‡ji fv‡i byB‡q bv c‡o, gymjgvb n‡q D‡VwQj RMZgyLxZv I Kg©PÂjZvi `„óvšÍ, mb¨vmev` Ges BwZnvm Aeg~j¨vq‡bi cig kÎæ| 5. Kg©ev` †Rwiwgqvi AšÍgy©Lx ˆbwZK AšÍi`„wó‡K Ges cieZx© a‡g©i †mwgwUK e¨w³e‡M©i AšÍgy©LxbZv‡K Zv‡`i †hŠw³K wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ Bû`x‡`i wbKU nhiZ Cmv‡K cvVv‡bv nq †dwiwm Ges †mwWDwm‡`i eZ©gvb ewngy©LxbZv Ges Av¶wiKZvi †gvKv‡ejvq, AwfcÖv‡qi e¨w³MZ ˆbwZKZv cÖwZôv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨| Bnv ¯^vfvweK †h G ai‡bi evovevwo, ˆecixZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i wecixZ evovevwoi Rb¨ weåvwšÍKi evûj¨ Dw³i ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vPb Kivi Rb¨| nhiZ Cmv GB wk¶v w`‡jb †h, GKwU K‡g©i ˆbwZK PwiÎ n‡”Q Zvi wµqv, cÖwZwµqv ev cwiYwZi bq, hvi g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv nq Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~‡j¨i Øviv; eis G n‡”Q mnMvgx Ges m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖeZ©bvg~jK AwfcÖvq| eû Kvwnbxi gva¨‡g wZwb my›`ifv‡e GB welqwU e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb †h, Kg©wU wµqvi w`K w`‡q g›` e‡j cÖwZfvZ n‡jI Avm‡j wKš‘ Zv mZ¨ bq, Gi cÖ‡Yv`bvi Kvi‡Y, †hLv‡b wbq¨Z cweÎ, †hLv‡b ü`q cwiPvwjZ nq Avjøvni cÖwZ gnr †cÖg I Gi AvbyM‡Z¨i Øviv, †mLv‡b Zvi Kg©wU wb‡`©vl Ges e¨w³wU myiw¶Z|31 G Kvi‡Y AMvw÷b ej‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, ÔAvjøvn‡K fvjevm Ges Zzwg hv B”Qv Ki Zv m¤úv`b KiÕ| Avi Bgvby‡qj K¨v›U e‡jwQ‡jb, g~jZ fvj wRwbm n‡”Q GKwU mw`”Qv| nhiZ Cmvi gnr cÖqvm wQj, e¨w³i AšÍM©Z †gŠwjK AvZ¥-weeZ©‡bi w`‡K wbeÜ; GB ˆbwZKZvi Ask wQjbv ˆbwZK wµqvi cÖwZd‡ji wb›`v Kiv Ges †m Kvi‡Y, †`k, Kvj I BwZnv‡mi Ges c„w_exi cÖwZ weZ…òv cÖKvk| Gi kw³ wbwnZ i‡q‡Q mKj K‡g©i g~j Drm ev B”Qv‡K cwi¯‹vi I cweÎ Kivi Rb¨ Gi GKgyLx `„pZvi g‡a¨| Bnv hLb ˆbwZK ïf‡K wbq¨‡Zi GKwU Ae¯’v iƒ‡c msNe× Kiv nq, wbq¨ZwU hLb Avjøvni †cÖg Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq, ZLb Zv wVK KvRB K‡i; KviY GB bxwZi mvgvb¨Zg wePz¨wZ Kvh©Z †h †Kvb K‡g©i `ylY e‡j MY¨ nq| 31. †`Lyb, GB MÖš’Kv‡ii Christiam Ethics. Aa¨vq-6| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 83 e¨vcK evn¨-me©¯^Zvi GB wQj nhiZ Cmvi Hkx Reve, G‡Z K‡i wZwb GKwU AvB‡b cÖvY mÂvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, hv AvB‡bi gg©‡K nviv‡Z e‡mwQj|32 Bmjvg nhiZ Cmvi cÖZ¨v‡`k‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges Gi ˆbwZK AšÍ`„©wó‡K AvMÖ‡ni m‡½ mg_©b K‡i| ej‡Z wK, GB AšÍ`„©wó‡K cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ BwZnv‡mi Zvrch©c~Y© K‡g© cÖ‡ek Kivi c~‡e©, Bmjvg Zvi Abymvwi‡K †gŠwLK GB dig~jv †NvlYv Ki‡Z Av‡`k K‡i ÒAvwg B”Qv Kwi cwiKwíZ GB KvRwU Ki‡Z †Kej AvjøvniB D‡Ï‡k¨ÓÑ †m AvbyôvwbK Bev`‡Zi †¶‡ÎB †nvK A_ev Rbc` †_‡K †Kvb AveR©bv ev KuvUv miv‡bvB †nvK| Bmjvg †Kvb KvR‡KB ˆbwZKfv‡e g~j¨evb g‡b K‡ibv hw` bv Zv Gfv‡e ïiæ nq, Gfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ nq, Avjøvni cÖmbœZvi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L| Gfv‡e Bmjvg gnZ AwfcÖvq‡K GKwU cÖwZôv‡b iƒc w`‡q‡Q Ges GB cÖwµqvq G‡K cÖvq ewngy©Lx K‡i Zz‡j‡Q, †h ixwZwU‡K Bmjv‡gi cÖfv‡e ga¨hy‡M Bû`xiv MÖnY K‡i, Gi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z ˆbwZK Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨| Gm‡Z¡I Bmjvg AwfcÖvq‡K AwZµg K‡i K‡g©i ˆbwZKZvev‡` DËxY© nq, ïf AwfcÖvq‡K ˆbwZKZvi GKwU Acwinvh© kZ© w¯’i Kivi ci, Bmjvg AwfcÖvq †_‡K B”Qvi DËi‡Yi weavb †`q, †`k Kv‡ji e¨w³MZ ˆPZ‡b¨i GjvKv †_‡K nvU evRv‡ii RwUjZvi g‡a¨ Ges wbgx©qgvb BwZnv‡mi AÜKvi Kg©Kv‡Û| g~j¨‡eva ev Hkx B”Qv, hv‡Z gvbweK AwfcÖv‡qi wKQzB †bB, Zv GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ n‡Z cv‡ibv, G¸‡jv‡K n‡Z n‡e ev¯Íe Ges gvbylB n‡”Q †mB m„wó, hvi m„wói D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q †m¸‡jv‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges Avjøvni Iqv‡¯Í ev¯Í‡e iƒc`vb| Kv‡RB Zv‡K m„wói ZvwË¡K fvimvg¨ Aek¨B jsNb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K Aek¨B Zvi Kv‡Q Hkx c¨vUv‡Y©i †h ˆbwZK AvqZb DrNvwUZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡K cÖK…wZ‡Z ev¯Í‡e iƒc †`evi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ‡K Avevi `jvB gjvB K‡i I KvUQuvU K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq ej w`‡Z n‡e| c„w_exi AšÍM©Z cÖeYZv¸‡jv Aek¨B c~Y©iƒ‡c cÖùzwUZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB j¶¨ AR©‡b †h hZUzKz mdj n‡e, ZvB n‡”Q Zvi dvjvn-Gi gvb`Û †hLv‡b ïf B”Qv n‡”Q ˆbwZK cÖ‡Póv I cÖqv‡mi †¶‡Î cÖ‡e‡ki wU‡KU, †mLv‡b Kg©ev` A_ev BwZnv‡m cig m‡Z¨i mv_©K ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q, †e‡n‡¯Í cÖ‡e‡ki wU‡KU| Zvi gv‡b n‡”Q, †mLv‡b Avjøvni mvwbœ‡a¨ emwZ| ïf B”Qv c~e©v‡ýB ¯^xK…Z e‡j Gi Øviv Kg©d‡ji ˆbwZK †nZzev‡` cÖZ¨veZ©b eySvqbv| GwU GKwU c­vm c‡q›U, GRb¨ †h, Bmjvg †Kvb weKí †hgb Pvqbv, †Zgwb wKQz eR©bI Ki‡Z Pvqbv| nhiZ Cmvi bxwZ‡Z¡ mwVKfv‡eB wPwýZ n‡q‡Q †h, c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li ˆbwZK gh©v`vi P‚ovšÍ wePviK n‡”Q e¨w³MZ we‡eK‡eva Ges Gi wePviB †Kej cv‡i B”Qv‡K mwVK c_wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z| c¶všÍ‡i, cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB Kg© n‡”Q cÖKv‡k¨ 32. cÖv¸³| 84 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© civ_©‡Kw›`ªK Ges Zv Ans‡K AwZµg K‡i me c„w_exi Kv‡Q Zv `„wó MÖvn¨ Ges evn¨ Dcv‡qi mvnv‡h¨B Zvi cwigvc Kiv hvq, Zvi D‡Ïk¨ Ang, Aci e¨w³iv A_ev cÖK…wZ †hB †nvK| GKvi‡Y Bnv Avek¨K †h, Kg© wbqwš¿Z n‡e cvewjK AvBb A_©vr kixqv Øviv, hv cwiPvwjZ n‡e cvewjK c` A_ev iv‡óªi Øviv, Ab¨ K_vq wLjvdZ Øviv Ges Gi weev` wem¤^v‡`i gxgvsmv n‡e GKwU cvewjK wePvi wefvM KZ©„K, A_©vr KvRxi Øviv| GK_v ¯§i‡Y †i‡L Bmjvg †NvlYv K‡i †h, Kg© n‡”Q Cgv‡bi Avewk¨K mncš’x|33 KziAvbyj Kwi‡g K‡g©i Rb¨ Avjøvni Av‡`k n‡”Q AmsL¨ Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z m‡›`‡ni †Kvb AeKvk †bB| °zD` (Av‡qk, wbw®ŒqZv) Gi cÖwZ Avjøvni wb›`v Kg ¸iæZ¡cY© bq, GgbwK hLb wbR©b evm| AvZ¥wbMÖn A_ev Kg©eR©b‡K †e‡Q †bIqv nq AšÍR©M‡Zi e¨w³K ¸Yvejxi Abykxj‡bi Rb¨, hv †`Lv hvq, Lªxóxq mb¨vmev‡`, †m‡¶‡ÎI Bmjvg Zvi wb›`v K‡i‡Q D”P K‡É| KziAvb e‡j, mb¨vmev` n‡”Q cv`ªx‡`i Avwe®‹vi, G †Kvb Hkx e¨e¯’v bq, (AwaKš‘) Iiv (wLª÷vbMY) Ace¨envi K‡i‡Q|34 6. D¤§ZZË¡ Avgiv †`‡LwQ, Kg©ev` Pvq gvbyl Zvi wb‡R‡K AwZµg K‡i, hv †m wb‡R bq, A_©vr Ac‡ii g‡a¨ DËxY© n‡e| †h‡nZz-gvby‡li evB‡ii G mZ¨B n‡”Q cÖK…wZ, ZvB Bmjvgx Kg©ZË¡ Pvq GB c„w_ex‡K †e‡n‡¯Í iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z| GB ai‡bi iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖK…wZ-weÁvb Ges KvwiMwi weÁvb hv wKQziB wb‡`©k †`q cÖ‡Z¨K gymjgv‡bi Rb¨ Zv GKwU Acwinvh© agx©q KZ©e¨ n‡q `uvovq| c¶všÍ‡i, hLb e¨w³- gvby‡li An‡gi evB‡ii A‡b¨iv n‡”Q Ab¨ GKRb e¨w³ ev e¨w³MY, ZLb Bmjvgx Kg©ev‡`i A_© n‡e gvbe RvwZ‡K exi, mvay-`i‡ek I cÖwZfvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv, hv‡`i Rxe‡b Ges Kg©ZrciZvq Hkx AwfcÖvq cwic~Y© nq| wKš‘ D¤§Zev` Øviv hv eySvq, Ab¨ gvby‡li m‡½ m¤ú„³Zv Aek¨B n‡Z cv‡i, †hgbwU †`Lv hvq eû‡¶‡Î, A-D¤§Z‡`i m‡½, Ges GgbwK, mš¿vmx‡`i m‡½| Lªxóxq wgk‡ii cÖ_g w`‡K, GB ai‡bi civ_©ciZvi Lªxóxqvb cÖ‡qvRb c¨v‡Kvwgqv‡mi cÖavb we‡eP¨, G‡›UvwmU wQ‡jb wbqv‡mi e¨w³K mb¨vmev‡`i †gvKv‡ejvq|35 33. Cgv‡bi Acwinvh© mnMvgx †h Acwinvh© Kg©, Zv KziAv‡b ¯úóiƒ‡c cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q, evi evi Cgv‡bi m‡½ mrKg©‡K hy³ Kiv‡Z, hv †`Lv hvq eû Avqv‡Z; †hgb, hvi Cgvb Av‡Q Ges †h mrKg© K‡i (18: 88) hv‡`i Cgvb Av‡Q Ges hviv †bK KvR K‡i (4: 173)| 34. wbðqB Zviv mgvb bq: †hme wek¦vmx mvg_©¨ _vKv m‡Z¡I hy‡× Ask MÖnY K‡ibv Ges hviv Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ †Rnv` K‡i, Rvbgvj w`‡q, Avjøvn Zv‡`i cÖ_‡gv³‡`i †_‡K A‡a©K gh©v`v w`‡q‡Qb (4: 95)| 35. The New Scaff Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledg, Samed Macauley Jackson (Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House 1977) S. V. Monastiasm, vol 8, pp. 462-3. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 85 K‡g©i KZ©v wn‡m‡e KZ©v ev G‡R›U‡`i m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î, Bmjvg Avbqb K‡i D¤§‡Zi bZzb aviYv, hv‡Z KZ©v Zvi K‡g© Ab¨‡`i‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i Zv‡K mnKgx© ev mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e| Gi j¶¨ wQj Kg©ev`‡K GKwU mvgwóK welqK‡i †Zvjv, Ab¨ e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©‡K KZ©v wn‡m‡e K‡g© AskMÖnYKvix K‡i †Zvjv Ges Gfv‡e Gi ˆbwZK g~j¨ ev ÎæwUi fvMx nIqv| hw` gvbyl‡K j¶¨ wn‡m‡e DbœZ Ki‡Z ev m¤ú~Y©Zv `v‡b civ_©ciZvev` m¶g bv nq, Zvn‡j GKUv †iwR‡g‡›UW mgvR, hvi m`m¨iv Af¨vme‡m ixwZ cÖ_vi `vmZ¡ K‡i A_ev GK ivR‰bwZK ˆ¯^ivPvixi f‡q GKm‡½ KvR K‡i, ZvI mdj n‡ebv| †h‡nZz evwÃZ j¶¨wU n‡”Q ˆbwZK, †m Kvi‡Y KZ©v‡K Zv Aek¨B AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi ˆbwZK ¯^vaxbZvq| Kg©‡K hw` ˆbwZK n‡ZB nq, Zvn‡j †m K‡g©i wcQ‡b wbq¨Z ev AwfcÖvq _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Zv Ki‡Z n‡e GKgvÎ AvjøvniB Iqv‡¯Í| hvwš¿Kfv‡e KZ©e¨ m¤úv`b ˆbwZK wePv‡i g~j¨nxb| †Zgwb n‡”Q evB‡ii Rei`w¯Í‡Z eva¨ n‡q KZ©e¨ cvjb| †h Kg©, KZ©vi gy³ `„wó Ges AwfcÖv‡qi wfwˇZ m¤úvw`Z nq, †Kej †mB K‡g©iB ˆbwZK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ Bmjvg weavb †`q †h, Ab¨‡`i‡K AvnŸvb Rvbv‡Z n‡e, wkw¶Z Ki‡Z n‡e, mZwK©Z n‡Z n‡e, Ges h_v_©fv‡e Zv‡`i‡K AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e, j¶¨f~Z mswkøó mgl¨vwU‡K MÖnY K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨| †Rvi Rei`w¯Í K‡iI cÖK…wZi AšÍM©Z wnZKi g~j¨¸‡jvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i Ges †iwR‡g‡›Uk‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li AšÍM©Z civ_©ci ˆbwZK j¶¨wUi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †Kej gvÎ ev¯Íevqb I iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ Zv ˆbwZK c`evP¨ n‡ebv| Zv m‡Z¡I Bmjvg mwVKfv‡e GB ˆbwZKZviB `vex K‡i| GB ˆbwZKZv AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i †Kej ZLbB hLb Ab¨‡`i‡K AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq Kg©wUi evÃbxqZv m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨q m„wói Rb¨, Ges hLbB Zviv G wel‡q cÖZ¨qkxj n‡e, Zviv I‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡e, †¯^”Qvq Ges m‡PZbfv‡e g~‡j¨i cÖK…Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K iƒc †`‡e| Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi iƒcvqY ev ev¯Íevqb, †h‡nZz mxgvi g‡a¨ e›`x bq, Ges Zv mKj Kv‡j Ges mKj ¯’v‡b, mKj Kg©KvÛ Ges mKj e¨w³i †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K ZvB G †_‡K GB wm×všÍ Acwinvh© †h, Bmjvg †h mgv‡Ri cÖe³v Zv wbiew”Qbœfv‡e Zrci i‡q‡Q Ab¨‡K Ges wb‡R‡K cÖZ¨qkxj Kivi cÖqv‡m, ¯^vaxbfv‡e g~‡j¨i AbymiY I ev¯Íevq‡bi †Póvq| G ai‡bi GKwU mgvRB n‡”Q h_v_© A‡_© D¤§vn, hvi gv‡b m¤cÖ`vq, †RvUe× gvby‡li `j A‡_© bq, Giƒc mgvRB n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi DwÏó D¤§vn|36 Gi m`m¨iv wÎgyLx HK¨gZ MVb K‡i-gb‡b wKsev `„wó‡Z, AwfcÖvq ev B”Qvq Ges ev¯Íevqb cÖqv‡m A_ev 36. gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ m„ó †ZvgivB n‡”Q me©‡kÖô D¤§Z, †Zvgiv mrKv‡Ri wb‡`©k `vI, g›`Kg© wb‡la Ki, Ges Avjøvn‡Z wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki (3: 110)| 86 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© K‡g© kixqvi e܇b, G n‡”Q wek¦vmx‡`i åvZ…Z¡, hv wbišÍi MwZkxjZvq AMÖmigvb, G n‡”Q GKwU wk¶v †hLv‡b gvby‡li g‡b cÖZ¨q ev wek¦vm Drcv`bB n‡”Q wPišÍb cvV¨ welq| GwU n‡”Q ü`wc‡Ûi GKwU µxov‡K›`ª, †hLv‡b gvby‡li B”Qv‡K weiew”Qbœ wbqgvbyeZx©Zv I Abykxj‡bi AbyeZx© ivLv nq| GwU Ggb GKwU †¶Î †hLv‡b gvbe fvM¨‡K Nv‡o a‡i wbqš¿Y Kiv nq Ges ˆZix nq BwZnvm| D`vi‰bwZKZvi ivR‰bwZK w_Iix †_‡K D¤§vni w_Iixi Zdvr GB †h, GLv‡b ivóªxq BLwZqvi me‡P‡q †ekx, me‡P‡q Kg bq, †hLv‡b mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gvwjK Avjøvn Ges Zuvi AvBb msL¨v¸iæi †Lqvj-Lykxi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ bq, P‚ovšÍ Kj¨vY n‡”Q Hkx bgybv, m`m¨‡`i hyw³ kvwmZ Kg©gq Rxe‡bi myL bq| D¤§vni GKRb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e, e¨w³ gymwjg eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e wiµzU †Kvb ˆmwbK bq eis AvRxeb †¯^”Qv‡mex, c„w_ex‡Z cig m‡Z¨i ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ hv‡K wbZ¨ mgv‡ek Kiv nq|37 D¤§vn n‡”Q Ggb GK mgvR †hLv‡b Kg© n‡”Q mK‡ji Rb¨, †Kvb GK mgynev`x `‡ji bq-KZ©„Z¡kxj wKš‘ KZ©„Z¡ev`x bq| Gmg¯ÍB KziAv‡bi †NvwlZ GB m‡Z¨i Abywm×všÍ †h, gvbe Rxeb †Ljvayjv bq, gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ GKwU µxov bq, eis GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|38 cÖwZÁve× gymwjg n‡”Q GK wmwiqvm e¨w³, †h GK gnr j‡¶¨i Rb¨ †eu‡P _v‡K| Avjøvn Zvqvjv Zuvi MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, Ò†n gvbe RvwZ, Avgiv †Zv †Kej G D‡Ï‡k¨ †Zvgv‡`i m„wó K‡iwQ †h, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i K‡g©i Øviv †Zvgv‡`i †kÖôZ¡ cÖgvY Ki‡e|Ó39 GRb¨ gymjgv‡bi Rxeb wec` msKzj| wKš‘ Zvi GB AwbwðZ Aw¯ÍZ¡ Zvi M‡e©i welq Ges Hkx AwfcÖvq `k©bB n‡”Q Zvi Lv`¨cywó| cÖwZg~n‡~ Z© Avjøvn m¤ú‡K© Zvi RvMiZv GKwU k~b¨ †gvn bq| GiB AvIZvq wb‡R‡K †m †`L‡Z cvq Avjøvn Ges m„wói g‡a¨ gnvRvMwZK gva¨g wn‡m‡e; GKvi‡YB gvbyl n‡”Q gnvRvMwZK BwZnv‡mi N~Y©veZ©| 7. wek¦RbxbZv Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi mvgwMÖKZvi evB‡i †Kvb gvby‡li GB Ae¯’vb †bB; wVK †hgb GB cÖvmw½KZvi evB‡i A_ev Gi †`kKv‡ji evB‡i †Kvb we›`yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| †MvUv wek¦B n‡”Q D‡Ïk¨ Ges †MvUv gvbeRvwZ n‡”Q ˆbwZK cÖqv‡mi D‡Ïk¨ I KZ©v| 37. wek¦ D¤§vni ˆbwZK f~wgKvi Dci Av‡iv Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ †`Lb On the Raison d'etre of the Ummah. Islamic Studies Vol. 2. No 2 (Ryb 1963)| 38. ZvivB wbôvevb, b¨vq civqY, hviv `uvwo‡q, e‡m, ï‡q Avjøvn‡K ¯§iY K‡i Ges b‡fvgÛj Ges c„w_exi m„wó m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i, Avi e‡j: †n Avgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK| Zzwg Bnv wbi_©K m„wó Kiwb, Zzwg cweÎ, Zzwg Avgv‡`i‡K AwMœi kvw¯Í n‡Z euvPvI (3: 191)| Avwg b‡fvgÛj Ges c„w_ex‡Z Ges Df‡qi ga¨eZx© hv wKQz Av‡Q, †Ljvi ¯’‡j m„wó Kwiwb (21: 16)| 39. AvjøvnB †Zv m„wó K‡i‡Qb Rxeb Ges g„Zz¨, hv‡Z K‡i †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i K‡g©i Øviv wb‡R‡`i‡K †hvM¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi| wZwb `qvgq, wZwb civµgkvjx, ¶gZvkxj (67: 2)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 87 ZvB c„w_ex n‡”Q gvby‡li cÖqv‡mi †¶Î Ges †MvUv gvbeRvwZ‡KB c„w_exi Ges Zv‡`i iƒcvšÍi‡Y AskMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmjv‡gi wek¦RbxbZv n‡”Q wbisKzk Ges Zvi evB‡i †KD bq| wVK †hgb Avjøvn n‡”Q mK‡ji cÖfy I gvwjK Ges Zv‡Z †Kvb e¨wZµg †bB, GKvi‡Y c„w_exi Ae¯’vb n‡e Bmjv‡gi wek¦e¨e¯’vi Af¨šÍ‡i, bv nq evB‡i| GKvi‡YB, Bmjv‡gi K¬vwmKvj w_Iix‡Z c„w_ex Ô`viæj BmjvgÕ kvwšÍ Ges Ô`viæj nieÕ (hy×M„n)Ñ GB `yB fv‡M wef³| KviY ˆbwZK ¯^vaxbZv, `vwqZ¡ Ges kvwšÍi e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ Z…Zxq †Kvb weKí †bB Ges †hLv‡b G¸‡jv A¯^xK…Z, KzÄ †mLv‡b AvBbvbyMZZv I AvBb weiæ×Zv ev h‡_”QvPv‡ii g‡a¨ ga¨eZx© †Kvb Ae¯’vb †bB| wVK †hgb e¨w³i `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wb‡R‡K AwZµg K‡i Ab¨‡`i g‡a¨ DËiY, †Zgwb n‡”Q mgv‡Ri `vwqZ¡, e¨w³ Ges mgvR Df‡qi Rb¨ msmM©-cwiZ¨vM ev wew”QbœZvev` n‡”Q ˆbwZK Avjm¨ Ges `vw¶‡Y¨i Afve, Ges AwePvi, AvMÖvmb, Aciva, ¶zav, AÁZv, I g~‡j¨i ev¯Íevq‡bi AcÖqv‡mi †gvKv‡ejvq hLb gvbyl I mgv‡Ri msmM© Z¨vM K‡i `y‡i _v‡K ev wbw®Œq _v‡K, ZLb Zv n‡q D‡V GKUv wbR©jv Aciva, hv‡Z ejv hvq Avjøvni weiæ×Zvq wb‡Ri bvK _veov‡bv| ˆeivM¨ev` n‡”Q Avjøvni D‡Ïk¨gqZv, hv wKQz we`¨gvb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi A_©gqZvi e¨vcv‡i Avjøvni `vexi m¤ú~Y© mivmwi weiæ×Zv| hvB †nvK, wek¦RwUjZvi cÖK…Z wecixZ n‡”Q ˆe‡kvwlKZv hv AZx‡Z Henotheism Ges UªvB‡ewjR‡gi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡iwQj Ges Avgv‡`i Kv‡j hv iƒc wb‡q‡Q RvZev`, RvwZ-†ei I RvZxqZvev‡`| wneªæ, Bû`x HwZn¨ KL‡bv Particularism ev ˆewkóKZvev‡`i m~Î †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³ n‡Z cv‡iwb, hvi cÖfv‡e Bû`xiv g‡b K‡i, †Kvb †hŠw³K ev ˆbwZK Kvi‡Y bq, †Kej Avjøvn Zv‡`i‡K wbe©vPb K‡i‡Qb GB `vex‡Z Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K Avjøvni wbe©vwPZ e‡j MY¨ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i AvaywbK eska‡iiv wewfbœ RvwZ GZKvj hviv Zv‡`i, mggh©v`v w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvwb‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i †gvKv‡ejvq Bû`x‡`i ˆReZvwZ¡K msÁv‡K D‡”P Zz‡j a‡i‡Q|40 BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, Lªxóv‡biv †gvUvgywUfv‡e †m›U c‡ji civgk© AbymiY K‡i‡Q †h, ÒwLª‡ói g‡a¨ Bû`x e‡j wKQz †bB, MÖxK e‡j wKQz †bB|Ó41 wKš‘ GK_v Aek¨B ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AMvwób †_‡K µz‡mW, jy_vi, †Kjwfb Ges gvwK©b wcDwiUvwbRg ch©š,Í A`„óev`, Ab¨vb¨ wLª÷vb Ges AwLª÷vb‡`i weiæ‡×, ¯’yj cÖRvwZMZ ˆeixfvevcbœ Avovj wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| BwZnv‡m wLª÷vb‡`i G‡Ki 40. `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc †`Lyb, Obert Gordis, A Faith for Moderns (New York; Bloch Publishing Company 1971) pp 322 ff. Av‡iv m~² we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb Martin Buber Gi On Judaism Gi †kl Aa¨vq (New York, Schoken Books 1972) 41. myZivs Bû`x Ges MÖxK‡`i g‡a¨, `vm I ¯^vaxb gvby‡li g‡a¨, bvix Ges cyiæ‡li g‡a¨, †Kvb ˆelg¨ †bB, †Kbbv, †Zvgiv mK‡jB L„ó hxï‡Z wgj‡b GK (MvjvZxq 3: 28)| 88 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cÖwZ A‡b¨i e¨envi Ges MZ K‡qK kZvãx‡Z Avwd«Kvb, Gwkqvb Ges Av‡gwiKvb‡`i cÖwZ AvPiY, †m›U cj Ges Cmvi cÖwZ, Am¤§v‡bi KviY n‡q‡Q, hviv ¯^Rb‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb, †Kbbv Zviv n‡”Q Beªvnx‡gi eskai, Avjøvn GB me cÖ¯iÍ †_‡KI Beªvnx‡gi mšÍvb m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g|42 Bmjvg me©`vB wek¦RbxbZvq wek¦vmx Ges GB mgm¨vi †¶‡Î BwZnv‡m gymjgvb‡`i †iKW© n‡”Q me‡P‡q cwi”Qbœ Ges Zv cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Kvjv‡gi m‡e©v”P A_wiwU Z_v, Hkx cqMvg ev KziAv‡bi gva¨‡g, hv P‚ovšÍ ¸iæZ¡ I ¯^”QZvi m‡½ e‡j: Ò†n gvbeRvwZ Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K m„wó K‡iwQ GKwU hyMj bvix I cyiæl †_‡K Ges †Zvgv‡`i‡K wewfbœ RvwZ Ges Rb‡Mvôx‡Z iƒc w`‡qwQ hv‡Z †Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cvi| †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kej †m-B †kÖôZi, †h AwaKZi mKg© civqY|43 Ges †n gvbyl †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK‡K fq Ki, whwb †Zvgv‡`i m„wó K‡i‡Qb GKB mËv †_‡K|44 †hme ¸Yvejx I Dcv`vb, DcKiY wb‡q gvbweKZv MwVZ, cÖK…wZMZfv‡e †MvUv gvbeRvwZB Zvi AwaKvix| GB me ¸Yvejx, DcKiY KL‡bv we`¨gvb wQjbv A_ev †Kvb GK Kv‡j _vK‡jI e¨w³i Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y A_ev Zvi c~e© cyiæl‡`i wKsev msMx-mv_x‡`i Aciva †nZz, cieZx©Kv‡j Zv nvwi‡q †M‡Q, G me hyw³‡Z Bmjvg †Kvb gvby‡li weiæ‡× ˆelg¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ibv, wKsev GB mgZvev`‡K we‡kl †Kvb ms¯‹…wZ ev mf¨Zvi g‡a¨ mxwgZ K‡ibv| Bmjvgx gvbeZvev`, †h me ˆbwZK †gŠj bxwZgvjvi Øviv MwVZ, †Kvb gvby‡li Rb¨B Bmjvg †m¸‡jv‡K wbwl× g‡b K‡ibv, hw`I ev †m Ab¨ a‡g© wek¦vmx nq, Ab¨ ms¯‹…wZ, mf¨Zv ev Kv‡ji gvbyl nq, wKsev BwZnv‡m Zvi RvwZi RwoZ nIqvi †Kvb AvKw®§K Kvi‡Y †m `vm n‡q _v‡K, A_ev GL‡bv †m `vm|45 Bmjv‡gi wek¦RbxbZvev` gvby‡l gvby‡l mKj †f`Ñ ˆelg¨‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq Ges Gfv‡e Zv †cuŠQvq ÔwdZiv‡ZÕ- †hLv‡b Bmjvg w¯’i K‡i wdZivZ 42. Ges g‡b K‡ivbv †h, Beªvnxg †Zvgv‡`i c~e© cyiæl, †Zvgiv GK_v e‡j kvw¯Í †_‡K †invB cv‡e| Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K ejwQ †h, Avjøvn GB me cv_i n‡Z, Beªvnx‡gi Rb¨ mšÍvb Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib (gvw_ 3: 9)| 43. †n gvbe RvwZ, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K m„wó K‡iwQ GKwU gvÎ hyMj †_‡K, bvix I cyiæliƒ‡c, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K wewfbœ RvwZ I †Mvôx‡Z wef³ K‡iwQ, hv‡Z †Zvgiv G‡K Aci‡K Rvb‡Z cvi| †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †mB e¨w³ Avjøvni wbKU AwaK gh©v`vevb, †h AwaK mveavbx| Avjøvn mewKQz Rv‡bb, mewKQzi Lei iv‡Lb (49: 13)| 44. †n gvbe RvwZ, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK‡K fq Ki, whwb †Zvgv‡`i‡K GK e¨w³ mË¡v n‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb (4: 1)| 45. Avey nvwg` Avj MvRvjx Al Munquidh ... c„. 58 mnxn Avj-‡evLvixi nvw`mwU Gfv‡e DׄZ K‡i‡Qb: ÔcÖ‡Z¨K wkïB cÖK…Z a‡g© Rb¥MÖnY K‡i; wcZvgvZvB cieZx©Kv‡j wkïwU‡K Bû`x, wLª÷vb A_ev AwMœcyRK evbvq|Õ AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 89 ev cÖK…wZ wK w`‡q‡Q A_ev R‡b¥i Kvi‡Y Zvi AwaKvi wK?46 wbðqB Bmjvg AMÖvwaKvi †`q Ávb I cÖÁv‡K, mrKg©kxjZv, ag©vbyivM I mr¸Y‡K, mrKg©civqYZv‡K, mrKg©‡K Ges Avjøvni Iqv‡¯Í AvZ¥mshg‡K| hviv Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i ab-m¤ú` e¨q K‡i‡Q Ges Rxeb w`‡q msMÖvg K‡i‡Q, Zviv Ges hviv cðv‡Z c‡o i‡q †M‡Q, Zviv mgvb bq|47 Ges Bmjvg ب_©nxb fvlvq †NvlYv K‡i, †Kej ZLb ch©šÍ GB cv_©K¨ eRvq _v‡K hZ¶Y Ges †h ch©šÍ Bmjv‡gi AbyMvgx e¨w³wU AwaKZi cÖvÁ, AwaKZi avwg©K, AwaKZi mrKg©civqY Ges ¯^Z:ù~Z© msMÖvgx _v‡K| hw` Giv GB j¶¨ †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q †bq Zvn‡j (Zv‡`i ¯’‡j) Avjøvn Avbqb Ki‡eb Avi GK RvwZ‡K, hviv I‡`i gZ n‡ebv|48 meKÕwU †mwgwUK a‡g© AvjøvnI gvby‡li m¤úK© e¨³ n‡q‡Q GKwU Pzw³iƒ‡c, †hLv‡b gvbyl Avjøvni `vmZ¡ Ki‡e Ges Avjøvn gvbyl‡K km¨, mšÍvbmš‘wZ, ¯^v”Q›`¨ Ges myL w`‡q cyi¯‹…Z Ki‡eb Ges mK‡jB Gi wecixZ Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K©I wQj m‡PZb A_©vr gvbyl †hLv‡b Avjøvni `vmZ¡ K‡ibv †mLv‡b gvby‡li fv‡M¨ RyU‡e Kó I kvw¯Í| †KejgvÎ Bû`x Ges wLª÷vb ag©‡B Pzw³i aviYvwU‡K, hvi gv‡b n‡”Q, Avjøvn Ges gvby‡li wØgyLx Kg©, Zv‡K i`e`j K‡i cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z| Bû`x a‡g©i †¶‡Î G n‡”Q Avjøvni GKwU GKgyLx cÖwZkÖæwZ, Bû`x‡`i‡K AbyMÖn Ki‡eb e‡j Zv‡`i avwg©KZv ev mrKg©civqYZvi K_v we‡ePbv bv K‡iB, GgbwK, Hosea Gi cÖwZ”Qwei `„óvšÍ w`‡q ejv hvq, Ab¨vb¨ †`e‡`exi m‡½ Zv‡`i eviewbZvmyjf gvLvgvwL m‡Z¡I, Ges wLª÷vb‡`i †¶‡Î G n‡”Q Avjøvni GKK cÖwZkÖæwZ †h, wZwb Zvi m½x A_©vr gvbyl‡K fvjevm‡eb Ges gyw³ †`‡eb, hw`I †m gvbyl cvc K‡i GgbwK †m hw` cvc K‡i Avjøvni weiæ‡×I| Bmjvg †g‡mvc‡Uwgq Pzw³‡K envj †i‡L‡Q, hvi d‡j `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z nq Dfq c‡¶i Dci, GKc¶ `vmZ¡ Ki‡e, Ab¨c¶ Zvi cyi¯‹vi †`‡e, Ges Dfqc‡¶iB i‡q‡Q we‡klvwaKvi, GKc¶ Agvb¨ Ki‡e, `vmZ¡ Ki‡ebv Ges Ab¨c¶ kvw¯Í †`‡e|49 46. Zzwg GKwbô n‡q wb‡R‡K Øx‡bi cÖwZwôZ Ki, Avjøvni cÖK…wZi AbymiY Ki, †h cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wZwb gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Avjøvni GB cÖK…wZi †Kvb cwieZ©b †bB, BnvB mij w`b, wKš‘ AwaKvsk gvbyl Zv Rv‡bbv (30: 30)| 47. wbðqB Zviv mgvb bq, †h me wek¦vmx mvg_©¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I †Rnv‡` Ask MÖnY K‡ibv Ges hviv Avjøvni c‡_ ab, cÖvY w`‡q †Rnv` K‡i; hviv N‡i e‡m _v‡K, Avjøvn Zv‡`i Dci gh©v`v w`‡q‡Qb, hviv †Rnv` K‡i Zv‡`i| Avjøvn mKj‡KB Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡q‡Qb, hviv N‡i e‡m _v‡K Zv‡`i Dci hviv †Rnv` K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Avjøvn gnvcyi¯‹v‡ii †¶‡Î †kÖóZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb (4: 95)| 48. Ges hw` †Zvgiv (Avjøvni c‡_ †Zvgv‡`i m¤ú` e¨q Kiv †_‡K) gyL Nywi‡q bvI, wbðqB Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i ¯’v‡b Ab¨‡`i‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡eb, Zviv †Zvgv‡`i gZ n‡ebv (47: 38)| 49. hviv (GB cÖZ¨v‡`‡k) wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q hviv Bû`x n‡q‡Q Ges wLª÷vb Ges hviv mv‡iBb, hviv Avjøvn I †kl w`e‡m wek¦vm K‡i I mr KvR K‡i, Zv‡`i Rb¨ cyi¯‹vi Av‡Q Zv‡`i cÖwZcvj‡Ki wbKU, Zv‡`i †Kvb fq †bB Ges Zviv `ytwLZI n‡ebv| †Zvgv‡`i A¯^xKvi wb‡qwQjvg Ges †Zvgv‡`i Dci †Zvgv‡`i E‡aŸ© Zzi‡K ¯’vcb K‡iwQjvg| A½xKviwU GB 90 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 8. Rxeb Ges RMZ ¯^xK…wZ Bmjv‡g agx©q AwfÁZvi g~j †_‡K G aviYv Rb¥ †bq †h, Avjøvn gvbyl‡K ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Ggb GK c„w_ex‡Z hv n‡e Zvi cÖwZ e‡›`Mxi i½gÂ| Avjøvn hw` Ag½jKvgx †auvKvevwR bv nb Zvn‡j gvby‡li e‡›`Mx Aek¨B m¤¢e| GB m¤¢ve¨Zvi `vex GB †h, RMZ n‡e bgbxq, gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ MÖn‡Y m¶g Ges Avjøvn †h bgybv ev b·v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb †mB bgybv‡Z Zvi iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e| Hkx e¨e¯’vcbvi Avewk¨K dj n‡”Q, gvbyl Ges RM‡Zi ci¯ú‡ii m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î GKwU m¤ú~Y© ZvwZ¡K Dchy³Zv| Kíbvme©¯^ wn›`y wPšÍvaviv Ges †eŠ×ag©, ˆRb a‡g©i m‡½ Bmjv‡gi cv_©K¨ GB †h, Bmjvg c„w_ex‡K b¨vqcivqYZv ev agx©q cig my‡Li Rb¨ we‡`k g‡b K‡ibv| c„w_ex wn‡m‡e c„w_ex A¯^xK…Z bq, Ges cÖwZØ›Øx bq| c¶všÍ‡i c„w_ex n‡”Q wb®úvc Ges ïf, hv †Kej gvbyl KZ©„K e¨eüZ Ges Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨B m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb g›` †bB, g›` †Kej gvbyl KZ©„K Gi Ace¨env‡ii g‡a¨B| GB Ace¨enviB n‡”Q Villain ev `y®‹w… ZKvix hv‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges hvi †gvKv‡ejv Acwinvh©| A_©vr c„w_exi ˆbwZK e¨envi Avek¨K, GRb¨B Bmjv‡gi bxwZkv‡¯¿ ˆeivM¨ev‡`i †Kvb ¯’vb †bB| gnvbex (mv.) Zvi D¤§Z AbymvixMY‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb, Bev`Z e‡›`Mxi AvPvi AvbyôvwbKZvi e¨vcv‡i evovevwoi weiæ‡×, wPi‡KŠgv‡h©i weiæ‡×, AwZ`xN© Dcev‡mi weiæ‡×, ˆbivk¨ev` I wegl© AmvgvwRK gvbwmKZvi weiæ‡×| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb gvMwi‡ei Av‡MB †ivRv f½ Ki‡Z, Zv‡`i kixi cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z, `uvZ eªvk Ki‡Z, PzjÑ `uvwo cwicvwU ivL‡Z I myMwÜ e¨envi Ki‡Z, Ges Rvgv‡Z mvjv‡Zi mgq me‡P‡q DËg Kvco e¨envi Ki‡Z, we‡q Ki‡Z, wekÖvg MÖnY Ki‡Z I Nygv‡Z Ges †Ljvayjv I wkíKjvi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i mRxe mwµq ivL‡Z| ¯^fveZB Bmjvg Zvi Abymvix‡`i‡K Zv‡`i e„wËmg~‡ni Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡QÑ Av‡`k w`‡q‡Q, wb‡R‡`i‡K, cÖK…wZ‡K Ges †h c„w_ex‡Z Zviv evm Ki‡Q, Zv‡`i eySvi †Póv Ki‡Z, Zv‡`i Lv`¨, AvkÖq, Avivg-Av‡qk, †hŠbwgjb I Rb¥`v‡bi mnRvZ AvKv•¶v c~iY Ki‡Z, gvbyl Ges cÖK…wZi m‡½ Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ I mvgÄm¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z| c„w_ex‡K GKwU Drcv`bkxj evMvb, GKwU De©i Lvgvi Ges my›`i D`¨v‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z, bv›`wbK †mŠ›`h©K‡g© Zv‡`i Dcjwä, AvKv•¶v, µxovKvÛ, Zv‡`i iƒcvqb cÖKvk Ki‡Z| GmeB †hgb BwZnvm †Zgwb Zv ms¯‹…wZI e‡U| Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi g~j K_vB nj BwZnvm wewbg©vY, wQj †h, Zviv Avgvi cÖZ¨v‡`k‡K `„pfv‡e Aej¤^b Ki‡e, Ges me mgq †g‡b Pj‡e, Avjøvni f‡q (2: 62-63)| †Zvgiv mrKg© Ki‡j mrKg© wb‡R‡`i Rb¨B Ges g›`Kg© Ki‡j ZvI Ki‡e wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ (17: 7)| Ges †Zvgiv hw` cybivq g›` K‡g© cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki, AvwgI †Zvgv‡`i‡K Avevi kvw¯Í w`e (17: 7-8)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 91 ms¯‹…wZ m„wó Ges Zv Kiv my›`i n‡e| BnvB mZ¨wbôZv, mrKg©kxjZv, hZ mvgvb¨B †nvK, gnvwe‡k¦ mgMÖ g~‡j¨i m‡q cÖwZwU Kg©B Bmjv‡gi g‡Z wKQz bv wKQz †hvM Ki‡Z m½g-Avjøvni Bev`Ziƒ‡c Zvi e‡›`Mx wn‡m‡e hw` Zv Kiv nq †Kej Avjøvni Iqv‡¯Í| G Kvi‡Y Zvi †`n m¤ú‡K© gymjgv‡bi †Kvb AvwZeóZv †bB Ges Zvi mnRvZ Kvgbv evmbv c~i‡Yi e¨vcv‡iI|GKRb m‡PZb gywgb wn‡m‡e Kvgbv evmbvi GBiƒc cwic~iY n‡”Q, Zvi Rb¨ fvix, AbvMZ Rvbœv‡Zi Avb‡›`i ¯^v`we‡kl, hw` †m Avjøvi cÖwZ Zvi KZ©e¨ Kg© m¤úv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| KziAvb AvjsKvwiKfv‡e wRÁvmv K‡i, ÒGB c„w_exi †h †kvfv I †mŠ›`‡h©i e¯‘mg~n Avjøvn m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges my¯^v`y weï× RxweKvi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb, †K Zv wb‡la Kivi `ytmvnm iv‡L|Ó Ges AvjøvnB Gi Reve w`‡q‡Qb ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i| ÔwbðqB G¸‡jv GB c„w_ex‡Z wek¦vmx‡`i Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ ˆea Ges wePvi w`‡b G¸‡jvi AwaKvix †Kej ZvivB n‡e|50 evi evi KziAvb Av‡`k K‡i‡Q LvI, wcI Ges Dc‡fvM Ki, wKš‘ AwgZvPvi K‡ivbv|51 G‡Z ¯úóB ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖK…wZ‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi mvdj¨ I K…wZZ¡ m¤§v‡bi e¯‘| c„w_ex n‡Z hw` dj Av`vq Ki‡Z nq Aek¨B c„w_ex‡K Pvl Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Avjøvni cÖwZ K…wlKv‡h©i gva¨‡g e‡›`Mxi †g‡mc‡UwgI †Kvf‡b›U ev Pzw³g~jK †gŠjbxwZ‡K Avevi bZzb K‡i ¯úóiƒc †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| c„w_ex‡K GKwU d‡ji evMv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi gva¨‡g gvbyl cv‡e Zvi cywó I Avb›`| KziAvb ¯^xKvi K‡i, Avjøvn c„w_ex‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb gvby‡li Rb¨| G Kvi‡Y m„wói mg¯Í wKQzB gvby‡li e¨envi Ges Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨| mgy`ªmg~n, b`b`x, ce©Zgvjv, GgbwK fygÛj ZviKvivwR, m~h© I P›`ª, mg¯Í wKQzB m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q gvby‡li e¨envi I bv›`wbK Z…wßi Rb¨|52 Bmjv‡gi D¤§vnZš¿ gvby‡li K‡g©i B”Qv‡K Avwke©v` K‡i, Ò†h Kgc‡¶ GKevi evqv‡Z (Lwjdv ev ivóªcÖav‡bi wbe©vP‡b, ixwZm¤§Z wbe©vP‡b) AskMÖnY K‡iwb Zvi g„Zz¨ n‡”Q GKRb Agymwj‡gi g„Zz¨Ó ivmm~jj y vø i (mv.) 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Avjøvn Avcb `vm‡`i Rb¨ †h me †kvfvi e¯‘ I weï× RxweKv m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv †K wbwl× Kij? ej, hviv cvw_©K Rxe‡b Ges cieZx© Rxe‡b weï×fv‡e wek¦vm K‡i Gme Zv‡`iB Rb¨ (7: 32)| 51. †n ebx Av`g, cÖ‡Z¨K mvjv‡Zi mgq my›`i cwi”Q` cwiavb Ki‡e Ges Avnvi I cvb Ki‡e, wKš‘ AwgZ AvPvi Ki‡e, Avjøvn AwgZvPvix‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv (7: 31)| 52. wZwb mgy`ª‡K †Zvgv‡`i eva¨ K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z †Zvgiv Zv n‡Z ZvRv gvQ †L‡Z cvi Ges AvniY Ki‡Z cvi iZœvejx, hvi Øviv †Zvgiv AjsK…Z nI, Ges †Zvgiv †`L‡Z cvI mgy‡`ªi eyK wP‡i †bŠhvb PjvPj K‡i, G Rb¨ †h †Zvgiv †hb Avjøvni AbyMÖn mÜvb Ki‡Z cvi| Ges †Zvgiv nq‡Zv Zuvi cÖwZ K…ZÁ n‡e (16: 14)| Ges Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i M„n‡K K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡`i Avevm¯’j, wekÖvg ¯’vb; RxeRš‘i †jvg, ckg I Pg©‡K K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡`i †cvkvK-cwi‡”Q`; Zveyi Dcv`vb, Ges hv †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i cvw_©K Rxe‡b †c‡Z cvi bvbv DcKvwiZv (16: 80)| 92 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© n‡q‡Q|53 AvjøvnB ivóª I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb, ZvB ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY n‡”Q GKwU agx©q ev Øxwb KZ©e¨| Avjøvni AvBb‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡”Q kvm‡Ki `vwqZ¡ Ges kvwm‡Zi KZ©e¨ n‡”Q AvBb †g‡b Pjv Ges kvmK‡K civgk© †`Iqv I AvBb ejer Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv| Df‡qiB `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q mg‡MÖi cÖ‡qvR‡b Gi cÖ‡qvM‡K Mfxi g~j ch©šÍ m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i cÖqvm‡K msnZ Kiv Ges wek¦RbxbZvi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Zv e¨vcK cwim‡i cÖmvwiZ Kiv| Avi Bmjvg ZvB †NvlYv K‡i GB n‡”Q Bmjvg, hv cig j‡¶¨i Awfmvi, hv GB c„w_ex‡Z Ges †`kKv‡j m¤¢e e‡j, Zvi P‚ovšÍ ev¯Íevqb, c„w_exi ivR‡Z¡i weKí wn‡m‡e Avjøvni ivR‡Z¡i †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb Bmjv‡g †bB| GB n‡”Q GKwU †gmvqvi hyM ev Kvj hv GRM‡Z A¯^xK…Z, wKš‘ Ab¨ RM‡Z ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e, †hLv‡b eZ©gvb c„w_exi g~‡j¨ Rxe‡bi cig j¶¨ AR©bxq; GBiƒc m¤ú~Y© ciRvMwZK a¨vb aviYv‡K Bmjvg m¤ú~Y© cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| GB cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi m‡½ hyMc_ mgfv‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv n‡q‡Q mKj ˆ`wnK wbMÖn, RMr A¯^xK…wZ, mb¨vmev` I ˆeivM¨ev`| Bmjvg KZ©„K GB cÖZ¨vL¨vb GZ cÖej Ges RMZ G‡Zv ¯^xK…Z, G‡Zv `„p wQj †h, cÖvqB Awf‡hvM Kiv nZ, Bmjvg n‡”Q weï× RvMwZKZv| mZ¨ GB †h, Bmjv‡gi GB RvMwZKZv weï× RvMwZKZv bq, eis Zv wgkÖ Ges Avjøvni Dcjwä Ges Bmivgx Rxe‡bi Ava¨vwZ¥K †eva Avm‡j GB f~wgKvB cvjb K‡i| Bmjvg wb‡`©k †`q, RvMwZK Rxeb‡K Aek¨B AR©‡bi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| RMZ‡K AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z Avjøvni Av‡`k c~Y© Kivi AwfcÖvq c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e, Avjøvni Ab¨vb¨ Av‡`k Øviv †h ˆbwZK mxgv wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q, Zvi cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i gva¨‡g| cÖK…Zc‡¶ G-B n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi Ava¨vwZ¥KZv| †`n wegy³ wbišÍi Dcvmbv a¨v‡bi Rxeb bq, AvZ¥-A¯^xK…wZ I RMZ A¯^xK…wZi Rxeb bq, †`k Kv‡ji g‡a¨ hvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e bq †Zgb †Kvb iv‡R¨i Rb¨ AvwZ© Rxeb bq| eis GB c„w_exi c~Y© Dc‡fv‡Mi Rxeb, hvi m‡½ hy³ i‡q‡Q c„w_ex‡K Av‡iv my›`i Ges DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ Aweivg Kg©ZrciZv, hv ˆbwZK bxwZgvjvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z, hv AvwZkh¨, c‡ii ¶wZ, Ab¨vq, wnsmv Ges ˆel‡g¨i we‡ivax| 53. mwnn gymwjg, Avjgyhwnix KZ©„K mvig‡g© D‡jøwLZ, wØZxq LÐ, c„ôv 94, nvw`m bs- 1233, nvw`‡mi cvVwU GBiƒc, Ò‡h †Kvb e¨w³‡K (GKUv Bmjvgx mgvR e¨e¯’v I iv‡óªi) AvbyMZ¨ †_‡K ewn®‹vi K‡i, †m wePvi w`e‡m, Avjøvni gyLvgywL n‡e| AvZ¥c¶ mg_©‡bi †Kvb hyw³ Qvov evqvZ MÖnY bv K‡i †h †KD gyZz¨eiY K‡i, Zvi g„Zz¨ n‡e Rvwnwj (GKRb Agymwjg) g„Zz¨| Avãyjøvn Be‡b Dgi KZ©„K ewY©Z GB nvw`mwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb bvdx| mßg Aa¨vq mgvR e¨e¯’vi †gŠjbxwZ 1. Bmjv‡gi Abb¨Zv mvgvwRK AvqZb I cwim‡ii w`K w`‡q, c„w_ex‡Z hZ ag© I mf¨Zvi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q Bmjvg †h m‡ei g‡a¨ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKK I Abb¨| Bmjvg `ywbqvi Ab¨vb¨ ag© †_‡K Avjv`vfv‡e Øxb ev ag©‡K Rxe‡bi g~j e¨vcvi e‡j MY¨ K‡i| †`kKv‡ji g~j welqe¯‘ BwZnv‡mi g~j cÖwµqv e‡j MY¨ K‡i Bmjvg Zv‡K wb‡`©vl, Kj¨vYKi Ges wbR ¸‡YB evÃbxq †NvlYv K‡i- GmeB n‡”Q †bKKvR I mrKg©civqYZv, hw` Zv Kiv nq my›`i I DrK…ófv‡e, Ges GmeB AcweÎ, Ab¨vq, Am`vPiY, hw` Zv Kiv nq wecixZfv‡e| G Kvi‡Y Bmjvg wb‡R‡K †`kKv‡ji mg¯Í wKQzi m‡½ cÖvmw½K g‡b K‡i Ges mgMÖ gvbeRvwZmn †MvUv BwZnvm‡K mgMÖ m„wói Rb¨ wm×všÍ w`‡q _v‡K| cÖK…wZ †_‡K AvMZ ev Zvi m‡½ hv m¤úwK©Z Zv wb‡`©vl, Kj¨vYKi Ges Avcwb‡Z evÃbxq| cÖK…wZ ev RM‡Zi wb›`vi Dci †bKKvR ev ˆbwZKZvi wfwË n‡Z cv‡i bv| Bmjvg Pvq cÖK…wZ †_‡K jf¨ mg¯Í wKQzB gvbyl AR©‡bi †Póv Ki‡e, †m Lv‡e, cvb Ki‡e, †m M„nevm Ki‡e, Avivg-Av‡qk †fvM Ki‡e, c„w_ex‡K GKUv D`¨v‡b cwiYZ Ki‡e, `v¤úZ¨ wgjb Dc‡fvM Ki‡e| Rxe‡bi mg¯Í DËg wRwbm Dc‡fvM Ki‡e| weÁv‡bi weKvk NUv‡e| wkL‡e, Ávb AR©b Ki‡e, cÖK…wZ‡K e¨envi Ki‡e, ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| ms‡¶‡c GB mg¯Í KvRB †m Ki‡e, wKš‘ Ki‡e b¨vqm½Zfv‡e, wg_¨v I cÖZviYvi AvkÖq bv wb‡q, Pzwi I Ab¨‡K †kvlY bv K‡i; wb‡Ri cÖwZ, cÖwZ‡ekxi cÖwZ, cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Ges BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ AwePvi bv K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ G Kvi‡YB Bmjvg gvbyl‡K Lwjdv e‡j| G mg¯Í KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b n‡”Q Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi cwic~iY I iƒcvqY| Gi cwiYvg ¯^iƒc Avgiv †`L‡Z cve Bmjvg Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ j¶¨¸‡jv‡K mKj gvby‡li mvaviY j¶¨, Zv‡`i †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi e‡j MY¨ K‡i Ges G¸‡jvi wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z Pvq| GB j‡¶¨i Dci Bmjvg Zvi mgvRZ‡Ë¡i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| †Kej GB j¶¨, Av‡`Š ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡jB, Bmjv‡gi gZ mgvRe¨e¯’v Avek¨K| hw` ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv nq †h, gvby‡li msN ev mgvR n‡”Q cÖK…wZMZ, Bmjvg Zvi m‡½ hy³ K‡i Avek¨KZvi ¸Y| †`kKv‡ji cwim‡i Bmjv‡gi P‚ovšÍ j¶¨ n‡”Q mgvR e¨e¯’v Ges Zvi cwiZ…wß, D¤§vn ev `viæm mvjvg (kvwšÍwb‡KZb) Gi m‡½ Øxb Bmjv‡gi cÖvmw½KZv †Kej AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq, P‚ovšÍI e‡U| Bmjvgx AvB‡bi GKwU ¶z`ª AskB agx©q AvPvi Abyôvb Ges Dcvmbv I †bnvZ 94 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© e¨w³MZ ˆbwZKZvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z|1 Bmjvgx AvB‡bi e„nËi As‡ki m¤úK© n‡”Q mgvRe¨e¯’vi m‡½| Ggb wK, AvB‡bi e¨w³MZ w`K¸‡jv, hvi welqe¯‘ Dcvmbvi AvPvi Abyôvb Ges †Lv` AvPvi Abyôvbmg~n Bmjv‡g GZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK AvqZb AR©b K‡i †h, †mB cwim‡ii A¯^xK…wZ ev `ye©jZv †m¸‡jv‡KB Kvh©Z Awm× K‡i †`q| hvKvZ Ges n‡¾i gZ †Kvb †Kvb ixwZ ev AvPvi-Abyôvb Zv‡`i cÖK…wZ Ges cwiYv‡gi w`K w`‡q ¯úóZB mvgvwRK ai‡bi| mvjvZ Ges mvI‡gi gZ Ab¨ cÖ_v¸‡jvi mgvRgyLxbZv Gi †P‡q mvgvb¨ Kg| wKš‘ mKj gymjgvb GK_v ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, cÖv_©bvi Øviv Dcvm‡Ki Ôg›` cÖeYZvi wbe„wËÕ eySvqbv, Zv Awm×|2 Ges n¾hvÎxi Rb¨ †h n¾ mvgvwRK Kj¨vY enb K‡ibv Zv Am¤ú~Y©|3 Bmjv‡gi ü`wcÛ n‡”Q mgvRe¨e¯’v Ges Zvi ¯’vb, e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi c~‡e© ev A‡MÖ| Avm‡j Bmjvg e¨w³MZ Ae¯’vb‡K mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi cÖvK kZ© g‡b K‡i Ges g‡b K‡i gvbe PwiÎ Ae¸wÉZB †_‡K hvq, hw` Zv mxwgZ _v‡K e¨w³M‡Zi Dci Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i MwÛ AwZµg K‡i, mgv‡Ri e„nËi †¶‡Î DËxY© bv nq| †h mKj ag© e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK ¸Yvejx Kl©Y K‡i, Bmjvg †m¸‡jvi m‡½ GKgZ Ges g‡b K‡i, G me ¸Yvejxi (Avjøvni fxwZ, Cgvb, ü`‡qi cweÎZv, bgªZv, Kj¨vY e`vb¨Zvi cÖKvk K‡i, †cÖg I A½xKvi, Bgvby‡qj Kv›U Ôïf B”QviÕ Øviv hv eywS‡q _vK‡eb) m¤ú~Y©B Avek¨K; Avm‡j Bmjvg G mKj mr¸Y I b¨vqwbô mrKg©‡K ag©civqYZvi Acwinvh© kZ© e‡j MY¨ K‡i, wKš‘ G mg¯Í‡K Ges G¸‡jvi AbymiY‡K k~b¨ Me© e‡j Ávb K‡i, hw` bv G m‡ei PP©v hviv K‡i Zviv mgv‡Ri Ab¨ gvby‡li g½j I Kj¨vY e„w× K‡i| K. fviZxq ag©¸‡jv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ KZK¸‡jv a‡g©, we‡kl K‡i, Dcbwl`xq wn›`y ag© Ges †eŠ× ag© RMZ‡K cvc MY¨ K‡i Ges RM‡Zi A¯^xK…wZ‡KB cwiÎvY ev cig myL e‡j wek¦vm K‡i| A_©vr RMZ †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cvi‡jB cwiÎvY jvf I gnvmyL N‡U| AwaKš‘ GB ag©¸‡jv cwiÎvY‡K GKwU e¨w³K ev e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi e‡j `vwe K‡i| KviY Zviv cwiÎv‡Yi msÁv †`q, ˆPZ‡b¨i ev Dcjwäi cwifvlvq, hv †Kej e¨w³MZfv‡eB 1. 2. 3. Bmjvgx AvB‡bi, AvBb welqK MÖš’mg~‡ni †ekxifv‡MiB welq gy-AvgvjvZÑ hv A‡_©i w`K w`‡q ¯úóZB mgvR welqK| hw` ivóª, cwievi, mgvR, wePvi wefvM Ges †dŠR`vix `Ûwewa, hv GKBfv‡e mgvR welqK Zv gy-Avgvjv‡Zi m‡½ †hvM Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv †mB me MÖ‡š’i †Kej GKwU mvgvb¨ fMœvs‡kB n‡e, hv AvPvi Abyôvb Ges e¨w³MZ ˆbwZKZvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| mvjvZ Akøxj Ges g›`Kg© †_‡K gvbyl‡K weiZ iv‡L (29: 45)| mK‡ji Rb¨ n‡¾i K_v †NvlYv K‡i hvI (n¾ m¤úv`b) Ki‡Z gvbyl Avm‡e cv‡q †n‡U A_ev evn‡b P‡o, c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨wU †KvY †_‡K, hv‡Z K‡i Zviv G †_‡K dvq`v AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i (22: 28)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 95 AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i| RM‡Zi Dbœqb Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zvi m¤úªmviY, RM‡Z AšÍwb©wnZ e¯‘‡Kw›`ªK cÖwµqv‡K MfxiZi Kivi Rb¨ RM‡Zi m‡½ bvbv wµqv cÖwZwµqvq wjß nIqv n‡”Q cvc| D‡Ïk¨ hLb Gi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ, †Kej ZLbB RM‡Zi m‡½ wµqv cÖwZwµqvi m¤úK©‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv nq, A_©vr c„w_exi Kej †_‡K Ges Gi ÔKg©Õ †_‡K c~Y© gyw³ AR©b N‡U, ZvB (wb‡R‡K wejywß †_‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi AvBb ev weavb)Ñ wn›`y a‡g© †Kej gvÎ KZ©vi †¶‡Î, A_ev †eŠ× gZev‡` KZ©v I Ab¨‡`i Rb¨ Ges †m Kvi‡Y wgkbvix Kg©Zrci e¨w³‡`i †ejvq-Dfq †¶‡Î e¨w³MZ AvqZbwU †Kej Avw` e¨vcviB bq, eis ˆbwZKZv I cwiÎv‡Yi mgMÖ cÖwµqvwU G wb‡qB MwVZ| c¶všÍ‡i, gvby‡li mvgvwRK Kg©KvÛ GKUv ivR‰bwZK wKsev A_©‰bwZK †¶‡ÎB nDK, g~jZ cvc ev g›`, †Kbbv cÖK…wZMZfv‡e Zv RM‡Zi ¯’vwqZ¡ ev mg„w× Pvq| A_©vr ˆReZvwË¡K, ˆelwqK, A_©‰bwZK Ges ivR‰bwZK RxebÑ ms‡¶‡c RM‡Zi ¯’v‡qË¡ I mg„w× Zvi j¶¨|4 wn›`yiv hw` GKUv mgvR e¨e¯’vi weKvk mvab K‡i _v‡K, GKUv ivóª, GKUv mvgªvR¨, GKUv mf¨Zv Ges GLb ch©šÍ we`¨gvb GKUv wewkó gvbe m¤cÖ`vq m„wó K‡i _v‡K, Zv Zviv K‡i‡Q Dcwbl`xq `„wófw½ eR©b K‡i| hw` Zv‡`i agx©q HwZ‡n¨ Zv‡`i mgvRe¨e¯’v ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q _v‡K, Zv †c‡q‡Q hv Awbevh©Zvi m‡½ Av‡cvm K‡i| Bnv Ggb GKwU ¯^xK…wZ hv bv gvbv ev MÖnY bv KivB eis eªvþ‡Yi c‡¶ †kÖq| c¶všÍ‡i, `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc †eŠ×iv A‡kv‡Ki ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I cÖqvm †g‡b wb‡Z I Zvi cÖwZ BwZevPK mg_©b w`‡Z †c‡i‡Q| c„w_ex †_‡K evwÃZ myL AR©‡b Ab¨‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ G‡¶‡Î ey× msN bv‡g GKUv mgvRe¨e¯’v MVb K‡i‡Q, hv n‡”Q cwiÎvYKvgx mb¨vmx ev e¨w³‡`i cÖ_g m¤cÖ`vq|5 L. Bû`x gZev` †_‡K wfbœZv GB `„k¨ ev cwim‡ii Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ, hv fviZxq ag©‡eva †_‡K m¤ú~Y© ˆecwi‡Z¨i w`K †_‡K Kg bq, i‡q‡Q wneªæ‡`i welqwU, Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K †hfv‡e cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡`i ag©MÖš’ ZvIiv‡Z Zv‡`i ¯^cœ †hfv‡e wjwce× n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z K‡i, gvbe RvwZ †_‡K i‡q‡Q Zviv n‡”Q GKwU wfbœ Rb‡Mvôx| Zviv n‡”Q †Lv`vi ÔcyÎ Ges Kb¨vÕ, mªóvi m‡½ Zv‡`i we‡kl m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y evwK mK‡ji †_‡K Zv‡`i ¯^vZš¿¨ I cv_©K¨| Inxi gva¨‡g cÖvß AvBb †Kej Zv‡`i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, Ab¨‡`i bq GB weavb Av‡`k wb‡l‡ai gva¨‡g †h mgvRe¨e¯’v‡K Zz‡j a‡i, Zvi AwaKvix †Kej wneªæivB| I‡`i ag© wQj GKwU UªvBe (Tribe) †Kw›`ªK ag©, hv‡Z fvj-g›` cvc-cy‡Y¨i msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q GKwU UªvBe ev Rb‡Mvôxi wnZ Ges ¶wZi 4. 5. Murti. The Central Philosophy vol-1 P 19. Robert Zachner. Hinduism (New York Oxford University Press 1966) pp. 125-26. John B. Noss. Man's Religions (New York: Macmillan 1974) 5th ed pp. 126-27 96 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cwifvlvq| Zv‡`i mgvR e¨e¯’vi wQj GKwU ˆReZvwZ¡K wfwË| †Kej Rb¥MZ Bû`xivB Bû`x Ges H Bû`x‡`i Bû`x a‡g© ag©všÍi MÖnY K‡Vvifv‡e wbiærmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv ivL‡Z n‡e GKwU b~¨bZg ch©v‡q| G n‡”Q Rvwnwjqvi †iwmRg, esk ev RvwZMZ †kÖôZ¡‡eva, hvi g‡a¨ g~‡j¨i †Kvb PP©v †bB, gyiæqvn (mvnm, exiZ¡, gnvbyfeZv) †bB, hv Gi g~jMZ g›` cÖK…wZ ev cvc‡K jvNe Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY wneªæ BwZnvm, hv ZvIivZ KZ…©K Av`k©vwqZ ev mnR K_vq cwewÎK…Z, cÖZ¨v‡`k Øviv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †mme mvwnZ¨ hv wb‡q Iì †U÷v‡g›U MwVZ, Ges †hfv‡e Zv mvaviYfv‡e ÁvZ, Zv n‡”Q Hme g~‡j¨i m¤ú~Y© wecixZ g~‡j¨ cwic~Y©|6 G‡¶‡Î wneªæ Ges Zv‡`i eskai Bû`x‡`i †ejvq, m¤§vb A_ev b¨vq wePv‡ii †h †Kvb g~‡j¨, UªvB‡ei D`eZ©b ev Ae¨vnZ Aw¯ÍZ¡B n‡”Q j¶¨| †bK Kg© ev ˆbwZKZvi †h †Kvb g~‡j¨ †im ev es‡ki D`eZ©b ev Ae¨vnZ Aw¯ÍZ¡B n‡”Q evÃbxq| GgbwK, BmivB‡ji wbR mvgvwRK AvB‡bi g‡a¨ Zv cweÎZg, †hgb AMZ¨v wbKU AvZ¥x‡qi m‡½ †hŠb msmM© Ges e¨wfPviI AjsNbxq bq, hLb ÔBeªvnx‡gi eskavivi weiew”QbœZv wecbœ nIqvi cÖkœ D‡V|7 M. wLª÷vb ag© †_‡K cv_©K¨ wLªóa‡g©i Afy¨Ìvb N‡U GB gvivZ¥K b„ZË¡ †K›`ªxKZvi weiæ‡× cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e hv nhiZ Cmvi mg‡q wb®úÖÖvY AvBb me©¯^Zvq dwmwjK…Z n‡q D‡VwQj| Acwinvh©fv‡eB nhiZ Cmvi AvnŸvb wQj wek¦gyLx Ges e¨w³ AwfgyLx ev AšÍgy©Lx| Bû`x‡`i RvwZMZ Kzj †MŠi‡ei g›` cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© Cmv GZUvB m‡PZb wQ‡jb †h, Zuvi AvZ¥xqiv, †h‡nZz ZuviB AvZ¥xq, GRb¨ AwaK cvevi `vex`vi Ggb Bw½Z gv‡ÎB wZwb µzä n‡Zb|8 Cmvi GB AvnŸvb hv mvieZ¡vi w`K w`‡q m¤úyY©iƒ‡c ˆbwZKZvwfwËK (†Kbbv Zvi †Lv`v Ges wKZve Bû`x‡`i †Lv`v Ges wKZve g~jZB Awfbœ) Zv cwiYZ n‡Z cvi‡Zv GKwU ¯’vqx Av‡›`vj‡b hv‡Z Bû`x‡`i evovevwo¸‡jv ms‡kvab n‡Z cvi‡Zv, hw` Gi Abymvixiv †mwgwUK A_©vr wdwjw¯Íbx Ges Zv‡`i cokx‡`i g‡a¨ mxwgZ _vK‡Zv| wKš‘ MÖxK‡`i Øviv M„nxZ nevi d‡j 6. 7. 8. Ismail R. al-Faruqi. Usul al-Sahyuniyah fi al Din al Yahudi (Cairo Mahad al Dirasat al Arabiyah al Aliyah 1963) Kwbôv Kb¨vwUiI GKwU cyÎ wQj, hvi †m bvg w`‡qwQj Benammi (Genesis. 19: 38)| hxïi gv Ges fvB‡qiv hLb G‡jb, ZLbI wZwb †jvKR‡bi m‡½ K_v ejwQ‡jb, Iiv evB‡i `uvwo‡qwQj Ges †P‡qwQj Zvi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z| ZvB Zv‡`i GKRb Zv‡K ejj, †`L †Zvgvi gv Ges fvB‡qiv evB‡i `uvwo‡q Av‡Q Ges Zviv †Zvgvi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z Pvq| Dˇi wZwb ej‡jb, Avgvi gvZv †K, Avgvi fvBqviv ev Kviv| Gi ci wZwb Avcb wkl¨‡`i w`‡K nvZ evwo‡q e‡jøb, GB †`L Avgvi gvZv Ges åvZviv Avgvi wbKU c~e© †_‡K hv wKQz e‡jb, †h Zv cvjb K‡i, †mB Avgvi fvB, †evb I gv (gw_ 12: 49-50)| GB Kvwnbxi cybive„wË n‡q‡Q gvK© (3: 31-35)-G| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 97 Cmvi GB `vIqvZ bZzb GKwU Ôinm¨ a‡g©Õ9 iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| †mgvBU‡`i †jv‡KvËi †Lv`v n‡q DV‡jb wÎZ¡ev‡`i g‡a¨ GK ÔwcZvÕ, †h Îqxi wØZxq Rb‡K wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q wgÎ Ges G‡Wvwb‡mi cÖwZK…wZ‡Z, †h g„Zz¨eiY K‡i Avevi †eu‡P D‡V, Av‡eM gyw³ ev †gv¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cwiÎvY G‡b †`evi Rb¨|10 hxïi AšÍgy©LxbZvi cwiYq eÜb wQj e¯‘i cÖwZ Amy¯’ N„Yvi m‡½ hv eyw×me©¯^ ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i GKwU ˆewkó¨, cwiYq eÜb wQj mgMÖ ivR‰bwZK Rxeb Z_v iv‡óªi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mvgwMÖK wb›`vev‡` Bû`x UªvB‡ewjó ivRbxwZi cÖwZ Zvi mskqx `„wófw½i mwnZ| gy³ bvMwiK‡`i `vm mgvR †_‡K c„_KxKiY Ges gy³ bvMwiK‡`i mvgvwRK I ivóª‰bwZK bcysmKZv wQj PP©v ev ag© †_‡K iv‡óªi c„_KxKi‡Yi m~Pbv| wLª÷vb PvP© ev ag© ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ AR©b K‡i, Ges GK mg‡q `yB Zievixi ZË¡ mvaviYfv‡e M„nxZ nq GKwU ivR‰bwZK w_Iix wn‡m‡e, wKš‘ Zv wQj Avw` wLª÷vb we‡e‡Ki cwicš’x| GB we‡e‡Ki we‡`ªvn N‡U jy_v‡ii gva¨‡g Ges PvP©‡K Avevi wb‡q e›`x Kiv nq †mB LuvPvi g‡a¨, hv Pv‡P©i cÖ_g w`‡Ki gZev` wbg©vY K‡iwQj Zvi Pvi cv‡k| AvR K`vwPrB †Kvb wLª÷vb ag©vbymvix ga¨hy‡Mi w_Iwi‡K MÖnY K‡i| K`vwPr †Kvb wLª÷vb ivRx n‡e ivóªxq Rxe‡b ag©‡K GKwU Ask w`‡Z, `~i †_‡K mgv‡jvPbv Kivi AwaKvi †`Iqv Qvov|11 eZ©gv‡b wLª÷vb a‡g©i †Kvb mgvR weqmK w_Iix †bB|12 †`kKvj Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqvi wb›`v, cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvMwZK Kg©KvÛ, GgbwK †Lv` mgvR e¨e¯’v‡K Amvi Ges cwiÎvY jv‡fi cÖwµqvi m‡½ AcÖvmw½K MY¨ Kivq wLª÷vb a‡g© †Kvb w_Iixi AeKvk †bB| mgvR e¨e¯’v‡K Acwinvh© cvc e‡j MY¨ Kiv Qvov, Kj¨vY-weav‡bi evB‡i `uvwo‡q, GgbwK Zvi RvMwZK Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wLª÷vb ag© hZUzKz mswkøó (Cmvi kixi wn‡m‡e Gi evn¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡ hv GB c„w_exi bq, wKsev G c„w_ex‡Z †bB) Zv‡Z K‡i wLª÷vb ag© n‡”Q GKwU A¯’vqx cÖwZ‡laK, †hLv‡b `vb`w¶Yv Ges wek¦vm n‡”Q ˆ`bw›`b weavb| wKš‘ G‡Z †cÖvMÖvg wfwËK Kg©KvÛ A_ev AvBb Kvby‡bi Rb¨ cÖqv‡mi †Kvb g~j¨ †bB, †hLv‡b BwZnvm wb‡RB AcÖvmw½K Ges ¸iæZ¡nxb| Avgv‡`i ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h, wkí weí‡ei mgq †_‡K BD‡iv‡c Ges DËi Av‡gwiKvq wLª÷vb wPšÍvwe`iv wLª÷vb a‡g©i bv‡g µgea©gvb 9. Franz Cumont. Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism (New York ... Dover Publications 1956) p 210. 10 Ibid. pp. 117 134. M. John Robertson. Pagon Chrissts (Secaucus N. University Books 1911) p. 108. ff. Carl Clemen. Primitive Chritianity and Its Non-Jewish Sources tr. Robert G. Nisbet (Edinburgh T & T Clark 1972) pp. 182ff. 11. Karl Barth. Against the Stream (London: SCM Press 1954) pp 29-31. 12. Reinhold Nicbur, Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York Scribner's 1955)| 98 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© nv‡i mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡ii D”PZi e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ cwiKíbv AvnŸvb K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv Kvh©Ki K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ GLb ch©šÍ Zv‡`i G mg¯Í Kg© RMZ wegyLZv †_‡K wLª÷vb ag©‡K bov‡Z cv‡iwb| `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K Ges AZ¨šÍ wnZKi n‡jI, wKsev eyw×wfwËK w`K w`‡q GKwU ˆbwZKZv I b¨vqcivqYZv‡eva mÂvwiZ Kivi cÖqvm m‡Z¡I Zv‡`i Kg©KvÛ Amvi cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|13 hv wek¦v‡m †gŠwjK m~θ‡jvi ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb, Zv mva‡bi Rb¨ AvR ch©šÍ K`vwPr †KD `ytmvnm K‡i‡QÑ †hgb Avjøvni cÖK…wZ, m„wói j¶¨, gvby‡li cÖK…wZ I MšÍe¨| hZ w`b bv Zv Kiv n‡q‡Q ZZw`b wLª÷vb wPšÍvaviv ¯^Z¡twe‡ivaxB †_‡K hv‡e, mvgvwRK b¨vqcivqYZvi bxj b·v wb‡q Zviv hZB AMÖmi †nvK-bv-†Kb| N. AvaywbK †mKz¨jvwiRg †_‡K wfbœZv ¯úóZB Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’v n‡”Q AvaywbK †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi (ag©nxb wbi‡c¶Zv) m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| eZ©gvb ag© wbi‡c¶Zv Pvq a‡g©i m¤¢ve¨ mKj wbqš¿Y †_‡K mgv‡Ri cvewjK ev ivóªxq mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z| cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi BwZnv‡m hv †`Lv hvq, Zvi cÖavb hyw³ n‡”Q ag© Ab¨ mK‡ji Dci mgv‡Ri GKwU Ask ev Pv‡P©i GKwU Kv‡qgx ¯^v_©, †h‡nZz Pv‡Pi Af¨šÍixY MVb Ges Zvi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv KZ©„Z¡ev`x, hv‡Z e¨w³¯^vaxbZv D‡cw¶Z, Ges †h‡nZz Zv‡Z mgMÖ mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡ †bB, ZvB PvP© KZ©„K ivóªxq e¨vcvi wbqš¿Y wba©viY AZ¨vPv‡ii mvwgj, GKwU MÖæc ev `j KZ©„K RvwZi †kvlY Ges `g‡bi GKwU cÖKvi| cvðv‡Z¨i †¶‡Î hyw³wU wbðqB mZ¨, †hLv‡b cÖv_wgK PvP© RbmsL¨vi †Kej GKwU As‡kiB cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, †mLv‡b K¨v_wjK wLª÷vb gZev` wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ we‡ivax KZ©„Z¡ev`x kw³iƒ‡c Ges RbM‡Yi m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq M‡o Zz‡j Kv‡qgx ¯^v_©| eû kZvãx a‡i K¨v_wjK PvP© †h‡nZz BD‡iv‡c me‡P‡q †ekx ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK kw³i AwaKvix wQj †mKvi‡Y mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i †h †Kvb Av‡›`vjb ¯^fveZB Pv‡P©i weiæ‡× GKwU msMÖv‡gi iƒc †bq|14 AwaKZi mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j, †mKz¨jvwiRg ej‡Q, ag© †_‡K D™¢yZ g~j¨mg~‡ni Øviv ivóªxq Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Y wba©vi‡Yi we‡ivaxZv Zvi j¶¨| †Kbbv, Drm wn‡m‡e ag©‡K 13. See this author's Christian Ethics pp. 279 ff. 14. wewfbœ w_qwii `xN© ZvwjKv Ges hviv wid‡g©kb‡K Zvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ivóªxq I b„ZvwË¡K L‡Û e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb, Zvi †idv‡i‡Ýi Rb¨ †`Lyb: The New Schaff-Herrzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. S. V. Reformation (1.Theories of the Reformation) vol.9.417-418. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 99 cvðvZ¨ wek¦v‡mi A‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i|15 `vwe Kiv nq, GB Drm n‡”Q A‡hŠw³K K…ms¯‹vic~Y© Ges wbwe©Pvix| ejvevûj¨, GB me Awf‡hv‡Mi cÖwZ gvbyl mnvbyf~wZkxj ZLbB n‡Z cv‡i, hLb Awf‡hvM¸‡jv DÌvwcZ nq wLª÷vb ag© Ges †mB me a‡g©i weiæ‡× †hme gZev‡`i wfwË n‡”Q AÜwek¦vm A_ev †mB me a‡g©i weiæ‡× BwZnv‡mi wbw`©ó †Kvb †Kvb hy‡M hv‡`i Ae¶q N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ Gme Awf‡hvM †mB me a‡g©i †¶‡Î AcÖvmw½K, †h¸‡jv ¯^fvemsMZ A_©vr †hŠw³K ag©, ZvwË¡K e¨vL¨vi AwaKvix hv hyw³ wePv‡ii gvb`‡Ûi mve©Rbxb ˆeaZv ¯^xKvi K‡i| A_ev †mB me a‡g©i †¶‡ÎI Zv AcÖmvw½K †h¸‡jv Zv‡`i ¯’weiZv I Ae¶‡qi hyM wZµg Kivi cÖqvm cvq me †cÖwgm ev cÖ¯vÍ ebv ev‡K¨i cÖwZ mgv‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K †hŠw³K Av‡e`b Rvwb‡q, mKj cÖK…Z gvbweK g~j¨‡eva †h me †cÖwg‡mi AšÍM©Z| Aek¨ †ekxifvM †¶‡ÎB †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi AbymiY Kiv nq AMfxi gyw³‡Z| Zv‡`i gyw³ GB †h, weÁv‡bi hyM †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi ev¯ÍeZvev` I cÖMwZi m‡½ Awfbœ g‡b K‡i| A_P a‡g©i weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM GB †h, ag© †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi wecixZ g~j¨mg~n Rvwi K‡i, Avi GwU Ggb GKUv `vex hvi Ae¯’vb mZ¨ †_‡K P‚ovšÍ `yi‡Z¡| cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖvq mKj †¶‡ÎB GB `vexwU n‡”Q KcUZvg~jK, †Kbbv †Kvb mgvR `vex Ki‡Z cv‡ibv †h, †Kvb g~‡j¨i mvnvh¨ QvovB Zvi wµqvKvÛ wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq, ev Ggb me g~‡j¨i Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq hv Zvi wbR a‡g©i DËivwaKvi †_‡K †gv‡UB AwR©Z bq| 2. AvZ ZvInx` Ges mgvRev` ÔAvjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bBÕ, GK_v ¯^xKvi Kivi gv‡bB n‡”Q wZwbB we‡k¦i GKgvÎ cvjbKZ©v I wePviK, G K_vi ¯^xK…wZ| GB mv¶¨ †_‡K G wm×všÍ m~wPZ nq †h, gvbyl‡K GKUv D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q, KviY Avjøvn Ah_v m„wó K‡ib bv, Ges †m D‡Ïk¨wU n‡”Q GB c„w_exi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi iƒcvqY, †h c„w_ex n‡”Q gvbe Rxe‡bi i½gÂ| GB ¯^xK…wZi d‡j GKRb gymwjg, †`k Ges Kvj‡K AwZ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ MÖnY Ki‡Z cÖwZÁve× nq| †Kbbv, G n‡”Q, †h †`k Ges Kv‡j †m Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj Zvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Hkx c¨vUvY© ev bgybvi iƒcvqY, hvi d‡j †m jvf K‡i cig cwiZ…wß ev ¯^w¯Í| Avjøvn Zv‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb, Zvi m½x-mv_x‡`i mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvq KvR Ki‡Z| ZvInx‡`i AvIZvq gymjgv‡bi Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq wbiew”Qbœ ch©‡¶‡eYi Aax‡b| mg¯Í wKQz Rv‡bb Ges mg¯Í wKQzB wjwce× nq, Avi gvbyl gvbyl fv‡jv wKsev g›` hv wKQz K‡i, Zvi wnmve ivLv nq| Avjøvni AwfcÖvq Aek¨B cÖvmw½K I msMZ Ges Zvi wPwýZ c¨vUvY© ev 15. Harvey Cox. The Secular City (New york: Macmillan. 1956) 100 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© bgybv Aek¨B AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB gvby‡li j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ mviv we‡k¦ Hkx bgybvi ev¯Íe iƒc`vb| Avi cweÎ MÖ‡š’ Avjøvn Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb, Ò†Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb GK D¤§vn nDK hviv Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K AvnŸvb Ki‡e Ges mrKv‡Ri wb‡`©k †`‡e I Amr KvR wb‡la Ki‡e| GivB mdj Kvg|Ó16 GB Av‡`kB n‡”Q D¤§vni mb` hvi Øviv GB D¤§‡Zi m„wó n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi msweavb †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| ev¯Í‡e Avjøvni B”Qvi iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ G n‡”Q GKwU gvbe msN| GwU GKwU ˆea RvMwZK cÖwZôvb, †Kbbv †Kej GB ai‡bi ms‡Ni gva¨‡gB D”PZi, Z_v Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi ˆbwZK AskwU BwZnvm n‡q DV‡e| †h‡nZz ˆbwZK nIqvi Rb¨ Kg©KZ©vi ¯^vaxbZv Avek¨K ZvB D¤§vn, hv wKbv ˆbwZK Kg©KZ©v‡`i GKwU msN ZvI Aek¨B n‡e ¯^vaxb I gy³| GB D¤§vn Zvi Rxe‡b Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq, KviY GB AwfcÖvqB n‡”Q Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i GKgvÎ kZ©|17 Avjøvni AwfcÖvq e¨³ n‡q‡Q KziAv‡b Ges gnvbexi mybœv‡Z| GwU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ‡Z, hv gvby‡li Ávb eyw× Avwe®‹vi Ki‡e Ges cÖwZwôZ Ki‡e AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g ev ev¯Í‡e| m¤¢vebvi AvKv‡i Bnv cÖK…wZ‡ZB wbwnZ i‡q‡Q| hv hyw³-eyw× I †ev‡ai gva¨‡g Abyaveb ev Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e| AwaKš‘ KziAv‡b Aviex fvlvq Hkx AwfcÖvq e¨³ n‡q‡Q Ges gnvbexi K‡g© I AvPi‡Y Zv ev¯Í‡e iƒc †c‡q‡Q| g~jZ nvw`m n‡”Q GiB evn¨iƒc, wbZ¨w`b G¸‡jv cvjb Kievi Rb¨ GB AwfcÖvq‡K wewa-weav‡bi iƒc`vb K‡i‡Qb gnvbex, Zvi mvnvevMY Ges D¤§vni AvBb‡eËvMY| Av`k©MZ iƒ‡ci w`K w`‡q GB AvBb n‡”Q Hkx Ges AjsNbxq| wKš‘ Bnv Zvi †cÖw¶‡Z iƒ‡ci w`K w`‡q memgqB mywePvi I b¨vqcivqYZvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Aaxb, e¨w³ Ges D¤§vni AwfÁZv I Ava¨vwZ¥K dvq`vi c‡¶| ZvB D¤§vn Zvi wbqgKvbyb Øviv kvwmZ bq, wKsev Gi kvwmZ RbMY Øviv kvwmZ bq, DfqB AvB‡bi Aaxb| kvmK n‡”Q AvB‡bi Gw·wKDUi ev Kvh©Ki kw³ gvÎ| †h Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i †m KZ©vB †nvK A_ev A‡b¨i Kg©Kv‡Ði Kvi‡Y †m cxwoZB †nvK| Df‡qi †¶‡ÎB AvBb n‡”Q wewa-weavb‡K gyn‡~ Z© ev Awfj‡¤^ Kvh©Ki Kivi nvwZqvi| D¤§vn GKUv AvBb cwil` bq, D¤§vn AvBb cÖYqb K‡ibv, wKsev Rbmvavi‡Yi mvaviY B”Qvi Awfe¨w³ bq AvBb| AvBb n‡”Q Hkx m¤¢yZ| Bnv Av‡m Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K Ges †m Kvi‡Y AvBb n‡”Q m‡e©v”P| hLb gymjgvb e‡j Avjøvn Qvov Kv‡iv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †bB ev ÒAvjøvn n‡”Qb GKgvÎ Aaxk¦i, mve©‡fŠg cÖwZcvjK Ges gvwjKÓÑ hv GKRb gymwj‡gi agx©q AwfÁZvi 16. †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU D¤§Z nDK hv gvby‡l‡K mrKv‡h©i w`‡K AvnŸvb Ki‡e Ges g›`Kg© wb‡la Ki‡e| GivB mdjKvg (3: 104)| 17. gvbe RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ †Zvgv‡`i †K me©‡kÖô D¤§Z wn‡m‡e Avbqb Kiv n‡q‡Q, KviY †Zvgiv mrK‡g©i wb‡`©k `vI, g›` Kg© wb‡la Ki Ges Avjøvn‡Z †Zvgiv wek¦vmx (3: 110)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 101 mvi I gg©K_v, ZLb †m Avjøvni cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZÁve× nq| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi gvwjK Avjøvn mgMÖ m„wói Dci mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| D¤§vni Af¨šÍ‡i ivóªxq ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡”Q Hkx AvBb ev Avjøvni AvBb, kvmK bq, †h †Kej Zv Kvh©Ki K‡i| ZvB D¤§vn n‡”Q GKwU b‡gvµ¨vwm, GKwU wicvewjK, †hLv‡b kvmb ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡”Q AvBb| D¤§vn GKwU w_‡qvµ¨vwm ev cy‡ivwnZZš¿ bq, KviY, G‡Z †KD Avjøvni bv‡g Hkxc` Ges kvmb ¶gZvi Aw`Kvix nq bv| G GK ÔMYZš¿Õ, Ô†MvôxkvmbÕ ev Ôˆ¯^ikvmbÕ bq, hv‡Z e¨w³, `j ev mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôx wbR AwaKvi e‡j kvmb Kivi AwaKvi AR©b ev Dc‡fvM K‡i| Gi †KvbwUB AvB‡bi Drm bq, hv‡Z K‡i Ggb `vex Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, ivR‰bwZK kvm‡bi j¶¨ n‡”Q, †mB e¨w³ ev mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi PwiÎv_©Zv| D¤§vni Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Kg©KvÐ ZLbB ˆea e‡j M„nxZ nq hLb Zv Hkx wb‡`©kgvjv c~iY K‡i| †h gyn‡~ Z© D¤§vni Kg©Kv‡Û Bmjvgx AvBb Avi ejer bq, D¤§vn ZLbB Zvi Bmjvgx cÖvwaKvi nvwi‡q †d‡j| ZLbB wecø‡ei Ae¯’v m„wó nq| e¯‘Z Ggb Ae¯’vq gymwjg bvMwiK‡`i KZ©e¨B n‡”Q wecøe mvab hv Ô‡Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU D¤§vn nDK...Ó18 Avjøvni GB Av‡`k‡K c~iY Kivi B”Qvq m¤úvw`Z n‡e| 3. ZvwË¡K Zvrch© Hkx AwfcÖvq ev Avjøvni B”Qvq Dcjwä I ev¯Íevqb wKsev g~‡j¨i ev¯Íe iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ D¤§vn Avek¨K, A_©vr Ggb GKUv gvbe msN cÖ‡qvRb hv Hkx B”Qvi Øviv ci¯úi HK¨e× Ges K‡g© AbycÖvwYZ| Gi GB Avek¨KZv wbgœ ewY©Z we‡ePbvi Øviv wb‡`©wkZ, hvi mg¯Í wKQzB m~wPZ nq Bmjv‡g agx©q AwfÁZvi cÖK…wZ †_‡K| K. Bmjvgx Rxe‡bi Rb ev MY cÖK…wZ B”Qvi ˆbwZK †¶‡Î, †hLv‡b ˆbwZK ¸Y n‡”Q †Kvb e¨w³i e¨w³MZ cÖwZwU gyn~‡Z©i `vwq‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ ev A½xKvi Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zv Kg©KvZ©vi Dcjwäi Ae¯’vB ZvB Kg©KZ©vi wbR¯^ we‡eK Ges Avjøvn Qvov Avi †Kvb wePviK n‡Z cv‡ibv| †Kbbv †h‡nZz welqwU m¤ú~Y© e¨w³MZ Ges g‡bvMZ Ges ü`‡qi weï×Zv m¤ú‡K© †KD wKQz Rv‡bbv, Rv‡bbv Gi cÖ‡Yv`bv I AvšÍR©vwZK wµqv m¤ú‡K©, ZvB Kg©KZ©v wb‡R Qvov ˆbwZK AwfcÖv‡qi Dci wfwËg~j †h †Kvb mgvRe¨e¯’vB PvwjZ n‡e, GKwU Ôm¤§vb i¶viÕ Av‡jv‡K, †hLv‡b me mgqB wePviK n‡”Q e¨w³i we‡eK| GB cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ Ab¨ Aci †Kvb e¨w³i †KejgvÎ civgk©`vZvi f~wgKvB _vK‡Z cv‡i; GgbwK †hLv‡b we‡eK (ˆbwZK G‡R›U‡K) Acivax †NvlYv K‡i‡Q, Ges Kvddviv ev ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ ivq `vb K‡i‡Q †m‡¶‡ÎI, we‡eKB n‡”Q, †mB ivq Kvh©KiKi‡Yi GKgvÎ wePviK| †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq, iƒcvšÍ‡ii Kvg¨ n‡”Q we‡e‡Ki AbyÁv Abyhvqx, we‡e‡Ki AvIZvq 18. cÖv¸³| 102 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Ges we‡e‡Ki gva¨‡g iƒcvšÍi| ¯úóZB Aciva wbiƒcY Ges ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ †KejgvÎ we‡eKB Avek¨K, cokx ev Ab¨ e¨w³i ev¯Íe Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avek¨K bq| cÖwZ‡ekx ev Aci e¨w³‡`i ÔAvBwWqvÕ Giƒc n‡Z cv‡i †Kbbv GB Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ GB AvBwWqvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z (hw` †Kej `„wóweågI nq) Zvi B”QvB Kg© A_ev AwfcÖvq‡K bxwZ msMZ e‡j MY¨ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó| K‡g©i ˆbwZKZvi †¶‡Î Zv wfbœ, †hLv‡b †`kKvj wewNœZ n‡q‡Q Ges cwigvc‡hvM¨ cwiYvg m„wó n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z K‡i K‡g©i fvj wKsev g›` m„wó nq| G Ae¯’vq AvBb ev wewaweavb m¤¢e bq| AvB‡bi M‡elYv, cÖYqb, cÖeZ©b, ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í GKwU wePviK e¨e¯’v Ges GKwU kvmbhš¿mn AvBb n‡”Q Avek¨K| mgvR ev D¤§vn †h me kvLv cÖkvLv wb‡q MwVZ Ges †h me Kg©KvÛ I KZ©‡e¨i wfwˇZ cÖwZwôZ, G¸‡jv n‡”Q GiB kvLv cÖkvLv Ges hš¿| Gi Øviv Aek¨ we‡eK Abvek¨K n‡q c‡obv, KviY, G‡¶‡Î †hgb, †Zgwb gvby‡li wbq¨‡Zi ˆbwZKZvi g‡a¨I Zv mwµq _v‡K| G QvovI Ges Gi evB‡iI bZzb mgvR hš¿wU (AvBb cÖYqbg~jK, wePvi welqK I cÖkvmwbK) cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Gme †¶‡Î, Ges gvby‡li Rxeb‡K kvmb Ki‡e| gvby‡li wbq¨Z ev AwfcÖvq bq, m„wói Kvh©KiY eÜb †_‡K wePz¨wZ ev RvMwZK fvimvg¨ webó, ïfgyLx nDK A_ev g›`B nDK, Zvi Av‡jv‡KB wePvh© _v‡K| ZvB we‡e‡Ki evB‡iI Bmjvg ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q AvBb ev weavb| PvP© I gyieŸx Ges wk¶K I Av`k© wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e cy‡ivwnZ ev †gvjøv‡`i wWwO‡q, Bmjvg ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q wePvivjq I ivóª| L. ev¯Íe-Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj, KsµxU, mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi Avek¨KZv †`k Kv‡ji iƒcvšÍi Ges ˆbwZK g~j¨ wn‡m‡e Avgvb‡Zi (Hkx AvgvbZ) cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Bmjvgx a¨vb-aviYvi ˆbwZK agx©q wb‡`©k †_‡K G wm×všÍ ¯^vfvweK n‡q D‡V †h, gvbeRvwZ Ges RMZ‡K ev` w`‡q Bmjvg Am¤¢e| GUv ¯úó †h, †`kKvj bv _vK‡j Ges we‡k¦i e¨enviKvix wn‡m‡e gvby‡li m‡½ Giƒc m¤úK© we`¨gvb bv _vK‡j ¯’vb ev †`‡ki iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv gvbyl RMZ‡K Kv‡R bv jvMv‡j RM‡Zi cwieZ©b A_©nxb n‡q c‡o| GB iƒcvšÍi ev cwieZ©‡bi dj gvbyl e¨envi bv Ki‡j, Bmjv‡gi `vex g‡Z GB iƒcvšÍi GKev‡ii †ekx Ges wbðqB me©Kv‡j mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡ibv| Zvnn‡j cwikÖgx, Kó‡fvMx Ges Dc‡fvMKvix gvbeRvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avek¨K| mgvR e¨e¯’v Qvov †m gvbeRvwZ euvP‡Z ev wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡ibv| Hkx AwfcÖvq ev Avjøvni B”Qvi ˆbwZK w`KwUi Dcjwäi †ejvq Zv m¤¢e †Kej GKwU mgvR e¨e¯’vi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ AšÍg©vbweK m¤ú‡K©i cUf~wgKvq| KviY GKwU ˆbwZK g~‡j¨i mwVK DcKiY n‡”Q gvbweK m¤úK©mg~‡ni KvVv‡gv 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Suwar .. p. 593 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 107 P‚ovšÍ Drm Ges †m Kvi‡Y MÖæc‡K AwZµg K‡i Ggb †Kvb gvb`Û †bB hv ˆea, hvi Av‡jv‡K we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi mgm¨v I cv_©K¨¸‡jv `~i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKvi‡YB msNl© Abygvb Øviv Amgva¨| hw` wbR wbR A‡_© we‡ivax cÖ‡Z¨KwU `j msNl©‡K P‚ovšÍ e‡j MY¨ K‡i, †Zgb Ae¯’vq ad baculum Qvov Avi †Kvb m¤^jB _v‡Kbv, hvi d‡j GK MÖæc KZ©„K Aci MÖæ‡ci civfe ev aŸsm Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| Aek¨ Av‡cw¶KZvev`x g~j¨Z‡Ë¡ weRqx, †h Zvi cÖwZc¶‡K civf~Z K‡i‡Q Zvi Rb¨ †Kvb kvwšÍi AeKvk †bB| †h‡nZz †mB MÖæcwU †KejgvÎ GKwU msnZ MÖæc nevi Kvi‡YB wb‡Ri j¶¨‡K cÖwZwôZ I i¶v Ki‡Z m½g n‡q‡Q, ZvB GB MÖæ‡ci AšÍM©Z †h †Kvb m`‡m¨iB mgvb AwaKvi Av‡Q, wfbœ j‡¶¨, wb‡R‡K GKwU wfbœ MÖæc wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Kivi| e„nËi MÖæcwUi Zvi wb‡Ri `jQzU ¶z`ª Dc-MÖæc¸‡jvi weiæ‡× wb‡R‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ kw³ cÖ‡qvM Qvov Avi †Kvb A¯¿ _v‡Kbv| d‡j AwP‡i mgv‡Ri KvVv‡gvB aŸ‡m c‡o| Avie †`‡k Bmjvg wVK †h cwiw¯’wZi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj mßg kZ‡K, ZviB Abyiƒc wewfbœ cÖwZØ›Øx †Mvôx A_ev GKB †Mvôxi AšÍM©Z wewfbœ esk, ci¯ú‡ii weiæ‡× `Ûvqgvb nq, AšÍnxb Ges ˆbivR¨RbK, mgvav‡bi AZxZ msN‡l© wjß nq| wid‡g©kb cieZx© BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm †gv‡UB Gi †_‡K †Zgb wfbœ wKQz bq, hw`I ؇›Ø wjß `j Dc`j¸‡jv wQj AvKv‡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e e„nËi| Avgiv GB wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi †h, Bmjv‡g GK gvby‡li m‡½ Avi GK gvby‡li ˆel‡g¨i †Kvb AeKvk †bB| Bmjvgx mgvR GKwU gy³ mgvR Ges cÖ‡Z¨K gvbylB GB mgvR MVbKvix GKRb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e A_ev wRw¤§iƒ‡c G‡Z †hvM w`‡Z cv‡i (Pzw³e×)| wØZxqZ Bmjv‡g mgvR Aek¨B wb‡R‡K Ggbfv‡e m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ †PwóZ n‡e hv‡Z †MvUv gvbeRvwZ n‡Z cv‡i Gi AšÍM©Z, Ab¨_vq GB mgv‡Ri Bmjvgx mgvR nevi `vex †av‡c wUK‡e bv| Aek¨ G mgvR GKwU gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e wU‡K _vK‡e, Ab¨ GKwU Bmjvgx A_ev A-Bmjvgx m¤cÖ`vq KZ©„K AvZ¥xf~Z nevi A‡c¶vq| L. mewKQzB cÖvmw½K mgv‡Ri †¶‡Î AvZ&-†ZŠnx‡`i wØZxq cÖv‡qvwMK Zvrch© Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri `„p msKí‡K gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wefvM, w`K I m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ e‡j msÁvwqZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mKj ïfB Avjøvni B”Qv ev g~‡j¨i AšÍM©Z, †hLv‡bB Zv cvIqv hvKbv †Kb, Ges ïf wbðqB me©Î we`¨gvb hv Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU kvLvq cvIqv hvq ev cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G †_‡K GB wm×všÍ m~wPZ nq †h, Hkx AwfcÖvq ev Avjøvni B”Qv, mgvR †hLv‡bB †cuŠQz‡Z m¶g nDK bv †Kb, mKj †¶‡ÎB Zvi ev¯Íe iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ Ges †mB †¶ÎwU‡K DbœZi ¯Í‡i wb‡q hvevi 108 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e|25 Gi A_© G bq †h, mgvR Zvi j‡¶¨i †¶‡Î AMÖMY¨ welqvw`i †Kvb ¯Íi web¨vm K‡ibv, Ges mgvR Zvi mgMÖ kw³i GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask Ô`vIqvÕ, †`ki¶v, wk¶v ev A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki Rb¨ wb‡qvM Ke‡j, Zv‡Z †KD AvcwË Zzj‡ebv| Bmjvgx AvBbkv¯¿ Ges bxwZkv¯¿ gvby‡li Kg©‡K myweavRbKfv‡e cuvPwU †kÖYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Q: eva¨Zvg~jK, wbwl×, AbyK‚‡j mycvwik cÖ`Ë, cÖwZK‚‡j mycvwik cÖ`Ë Ges wbi‡c¶| Bmjvg cvewjK AvBb A_©vr kixqv cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q cÖ_g `ywU †¶‡Î, wØZxq †RvovwUi †¶‡Î Bmjvg gnvbexi e¨w³Z¡ I Zvi mvnvevM‡Yi AvPi‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU e¨envwiK Av`k© †ck K‡i‡Q Ges Zvi Abymvix bvix-cyiæl mevB‡K Zv AbymiY Ki‡Z e‡j‡Q, wØZxq †RvovwUi AbyKi‡Y| AwaKš‘ Bmjvg †jvKMv_v, Kve¨, `ievix RvKRgK Ges MY Kvhvejxi gva¨‡g Rxeb hvc‡bi GKwU ˆkjx weKwkZ K‡i‡Q| G me hviv f½ K‡i Zv‡`i †ejvq `gb Ges wZi¯‹v‡ii gvÎvi w`K w`‡q GB e¨e¯’v¸‡jv hw`I G‡K A‡b¨i †_‡K c„_K Ges hviv G¸‡jv †g‡b P‡j, Zv‡`i cÖksmv Ges m¤§v‡bi †¶‡ÎI G¸‡jv †hme Kg©KvЇK kvmb K‡i, Zvi m‡½ Bmjv‡gi cÖvmw½KZvi aviYvi w`K w`‡q G¸‡jv GK| †h †Kvb Bmjvgx mgvRB Bmjvgx nIqvi Zvi `vex †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e hw` †m Zvi Kg©KvÛ‡K GKwU wKsev `ywU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLevi †Póv K‡i| GgZve¯’vq, GwU ch©ewmZ n‡e GKwU cvewjK K‡c©v‡ikb-K¬v‡e A_ev GKwU †mvmvBwU‡Z, hvi †hŠw³KZv n‡”Q Zvi m`m¨‡`i GK ev GKvwaK A_‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK ev ivR‰bwZK Pvwn`vi PwiZv_©Zv| Bmjvgx mgvR GKwU c~e©vci m½wZc~Y© mgvR, KviY GwU GKwU Av`wk©K mgvR| G mgvR wb‡Ri Rb¨ †h weavb w`‡q‡Q, Zv ivóª KZ©„K Kvh©Ki n‡e Bmjvg Zv Avkv K‡i, ZvB mgv‡Ri Rb¨ †UvUvwjRg †Kej GKwU AwfKvw•¶Z bq, iv‡óªi Rb¨ (wLjvdZ) GKwU cÖkvmwbK cwjwmI e‡U| G ai‡bi c~e©vci m½wZ cvðvZ¨ mgv‡R Abycw¯’Z, KviY †mLv‡b mgvR Ges iv‡óª wfbœ wfbœ f~wgKv cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b cvðvZ¨ mgvR¸‡jv Avm‡j, Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi Rb¨ Ges bevMZ‡`i wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZi AvIZvq Avbvi Rb¨, wecyj ¶gZv LvwU‡q _v‡K, †mLv‡b Zv‡`i gh©v`v Zv‡`i ¶gZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡ÎB †Kej mxwgZ _v‡K, hvi cÖavb †nZz n‡”Q ¶gZvi Ace¨envi Ges ivRZš¿, mgvRZš¿, PvP© Ges MYgvby‡li g‡a¨ msMÖv‡gi `xN© BwZnvm| cwiYv‡g Zv‡`i Rb¨ msweavb wfwËK wbqgZvwš¿KZvi gv‡b n‡”Q ivóª †Kej 25. Gai‡biB eû AvqvZ i‡q‡Q KziAvbyj Kvix‡g hv‡Z Zviv wek¦vmx Ges mrKg© K‡i, wKsev ag©wbô I mrKg©civqY, Zv‡`i mvdj¨ †NvlYv K‡i, hviv gvbe RvwZi mvaviY wb›`vev` ev mvaviY AegvbbvKi eY©bv †_‡K gy³ (22: 41)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 109 b~¨bZg †mB cwigvY ivR‰bwZK kw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv Af¨šÍixY kw³ cÖwZôv, ewntkÎæi nvZ †_‡K †`k i¶v Ges RbKj¨v‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b b~¨bZg‡mevi e¨e¯’v Kivi Rb¨ Avek¨K|26 †KejgvÎ AwZ mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡jB ivóª KZ©„K `yt¯’ I wbt¯^‡`i Kj¨vY mvab, gvby‡li Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv` Ges Aemi we‡bv`b, eywbqv`x wkímg~n I †mev e¨e¯’v wbqš¿‡Yi aviYv Rb¥ †bq|27 AZx‡Z ivóªxq ¶gZv hvi wfwˇZ wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv †mB g~jbxwZwU GB †h, cÖvK mvgvwRK, cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v n‡”Q ïf I Kj¨vYKi, Avi G Rb¨B mse× mgvR KZ©„K Zvi Kg©Kv‡Û n¯Í‡¶‡ci †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB, †Kbbv GB ai‡bi n¯Í‡¶c g›` I AKj¨vYKi, Avi GKvi‡YB Gi wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †Kej b~¨bZg kw³iB cÖ‡qvRb|28 †k‡lv³ GB gZwU hv AwaKZi Kgb Zv mskqev`xi GB `vexi d‡j cÖejfv‡e DrmvwnZ nq †h, ïf ev Kj¨vY A‡Rq, Avgiv hv cvw”Q Zv‡Zv †Kej Kvgbv evmbv I ˆbwZK j‡¶¨i wewfbœZv| Avi GRb¨B Av‡cw¶KZvev`, Ges A‡b¨i e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡¶c Kiv hv‡ebv| GB ZË¡ Ryjygkvnxi GKgvÎ weKí| GB hyw³wfw˸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUB Bmjv‡gi GB `„wófw½i m‡½ GKgZ bq †h, mgMÖ cÖK…wZ ïf, Kj¨vYKi Ges wb‡`©vl, Hkx bgybvi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖK…wZi bZzb iƒc`vb Avek¨K Ges Hkx AwfcÖvq ev Kj¨vY hyw³ I Inx Df‡qi gva¨‡gB †Áq| cÖK…wZ‡K bZzb K‡i GB iƒc`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl mwVK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ryjyg Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ges Df‡qi †¶‡ÎB †m wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx| M. `vwqZ¡ mgv‡R¨i Rb¨ †ZŠnx‡`i Z…Zxq e¨envwiK Zvrch© n‡”Q `vwq‡Z¡i †gŠjbxwZ| mgMÖZvev` me mgqB n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i mg~nev` ev GK`jev`, †h e¨e¯’vq †iwR‡g‡›Ukb Ges †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv mgvR‡K Zvi ˆbwZK g~j¨ AR©‡bi cÖqvm †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i| ZvB GB ai‡bi AebwZ‡K †ivLvi Rb¨ Avi GKwU †gŠj bxwZ Avek¨K| Bmjvg Avgv‡`i e‡j cÖ‡Z¨K gvbylB n‡”Q gy³vjød (`vwqZ¡cÖvß)| Avjøvni AwfcÖvq ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Zvi GB ZvKwj‡di g~‡j¨ i‡q‡Q cÖK…wZMZfv‡e AwR©Z †mB Ae`vb, hv‡K ejv nq mgvR msnwZ (Avj Avmvweqv) hv‡Z mgMÖ gvbe RvwZi m‡½ Zvi Ask i‡q‡Q| GB mnRvZ A_P wk¶Yxq msnwZ †PZbv n‡”Q †mB e„wË, hvi mvnv‡h¨ †m Zvi mªóv‡K †P‡b GesZvi AwfcÖvq‡K wbR Rxe‡bi AbymiYxq KZ©e¨ e‡j ü`q½g K‡i| ZvB Bmjvg †h †Kej cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx e‡j †NvlYv K‡i ZvB bq, eis ب_©nxbfv‡e G aviYv‡‡K 26. eZ©gvb MÖš’Kv‡ii Christian Ethic) MÖ‡š’, mßg Aa¨vq 248 c„óvq mgv‡Ri m‡½ wLª÷vb a‡g©i cÖvmw½KZvi we‡kølY †`Lyb| 27. cÖv¸³, c„ôv 293-294| 28. cÖv¸³, c„ôv 254-256| 110 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© A¯^xKvi K‡i †h, wkï wKsev ¯^v¯’¨MZfv‡e A¶g Qvov †Kvb gvbyl GB Kg© cÖqvm †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †c‡Z cv‡i| Gi `vex GB †h, cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl m¤ú~Y© mÁv‡b wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ `vwqZ¡ I †evSv MÖnY Ki‡e Ges †mB `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b Zvi mvd‡j¨i AbycvZ Abymv‡i Bmjvg Zv‡K m¤§vb w`‡q _v‡K| Avjøvn gvbyl‡K †h AvgvbZ w`‡q‡Qb Zvi cÖK…wZ †_‡KB Zv Awbevh© n‡q D‡V| wbðqB Avjøvn Ggb GKwU c„w_ex m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb, †hLv‡b g~‡j¨i Dcjwä nq AcwieZ©bxqfv‡e cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi Awbevh©Zv mnKv‡i| Avm‡jB wZwb Ggb GKwU RMr m„wó K‡i‡Qb, hvi bvg cÖK…wZÑ †KejgvÎ gvbyl‡KB wZwb iƒc w`‡q‡Qb wfbœfv‡e, Zv‡K w`‡q‡Qb ¯^vaxbZv Hkx AwfcÖvq‡K cvjb ev jsNb Kivi Rb¨ Ges Gfv‡e Zv‡K Zvi cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv w`‡q‡Qb| G `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q ˆbwZKZvi mviwbh©vm, †Kbbv †hLv‡b GB ˆbwZKZv Abycw¯’Z †mLv‡b gvby‡li †Kvb ˆbwZK g~j¨ _vK‡Z cv‡ibv Ges Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi D”PZi I e„nËi Ask †mLv‡b ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ n‡Z cv‡ibv| cwiYv‡g Hkx AwfcÖvq e¨_© n‡e| wKš‘ †h Avjøvni AwfcÖvq e¨_© nq wZwb AvZ& †ZŠnx‡`i GK AwZµgx cig wbtkZ© cig Avjøvn bb| mvgwMÖK Ges wek¦Rbxb n‡jI Bmjvgx mgvR KZ©„K g~‡j¨i ev¯Íe iƒcvqY Aek¨B `vwqZ¡c~Y© n‡Z cv‡i, hw` Zv‡K ˆbwZKZvi w`K w`‡q †hvM¨ n‡Z nq| KziAvb `vwq‡Z¡i e¨w³MZ cÖK…wZi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q Ges fvj wKsev g‡›`i Rb¨ Ab¨ †KD †mB `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi mKj m¤¢vebv A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q|29 G Rb¨ KziAvb †NvlYv K‡i‡Q †h, †Kvb Rei`w¯Í ev ej cÖ‡qvM Pj‡ebv|30 Ges Kg©KZ©vi †¯^”Qvq `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi P‚ovšÍ cÖgvY wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡K Zvi cÖwZwU ag© msMZ K‡g©i c~e©v‡ý Zv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wbq¨Z Ki‡Z n‡e (e¨w³MZ AšÍM©Z wm×všÍ)| `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¥ nq ˆbwZK `„wó †_‡K, A_©vr cÖZ¨¶Y †_‡K †m m‡ei JwPZ¨ I KZ©e¨‡K Zv‡`i h_vh_ ¯’vb Abyhvqx ü`q½g †_‡K| KviY gvby‡li Dci wKQz Kivi Rb¨ ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ KL‡bv Rei`w¯Í K‡i wKQz Zv‡K cÖZ¨¶ Kiv‡Z cv‡ibv; ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ wb‡RB Zvi wbðqZv weavb K‡i| †h †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b `vwqZ¡ Abycw¯’Z Ges Kvh©Z ˆbwZKZv‡K jsNb Kiv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ g~‡j¨i cÖZ¨¶Y ej cÖ‡qv‡M m¤¢e bq, GK_v ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡jI wbðqB wk¶vi gva¨‡g aviYvi mvnv‡h¨B nDK A_ev Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjä 29. Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K GBgvÎ †h Inx bvwhj n‡q‡Q †h †KD Zv AbymiY K‡i‡Q, †mB-B myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ, Gi cÖwZdj †m cv‡e, Ges hviv c_åó n‡e Zvi g~j¨ Zv‡`i‡KB w`‡Z n‡e, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K †Rvi K‡i Avgvi AbymiY Kivi Rb¨ †cÖwiZ nBwb (10: 108)| †KD A‡b¨i K‡g©i Rb¨ `vqx bq (17: 15)| †h †KD AYy cwigvY fvj wKsev g›`Kg© Ki‡e Zvi wePvi Z`bymv‡i n‡e (99: 7-8)| 30. Øx‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Rvi Rei`w¯Í †bB (2: 256)| Zzwg wK A‡b¨i Dci †Rvi Rei`w¯Í Ki‡e wek¦vm ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ (wbðqB bv) (10: 99)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 111 e¯‘i mvnv‡h¨B nDK, wk¶v I `„óv‡šÍi gva¨‡g g~‡j¨i cÖZ¨¶Y AR©‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv, mnvqZv `vb m¤¢e| G‡Z K‡i wbgœewY©Z Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri Kv‡Ri msÁv wg‡j| Avjøvni AwfcÖvq †hme g~j¨ m„wó K‡i, mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ hv‡Z †m¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖZ¨¶ Kivi ci Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡Z †MvUv gvbeRvwZ‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv gnËg Ges †kÖôZg A‡_© BnvB n‡”Q wk¶v Bmjvgx mgvR n‡”Q AvKv‡i GKwU gnvRvMwZK cvVkvjv, †mLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖ‡Póvi D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q wk¶YxqÑ GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h, Gai‡bi wk¶v cwiYv‡g g~‡j¨i †h ev¯Íe iƒcvqY NUv‡e Zv †hb `vwqZ¡c~Y© Ges †m Kvi‡Y ˆbwZKZvc~Y© nq| KviY †Kej Gfv‡eB Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi D”PZi ¯Íi¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ n‡e| mgvRZ‡Ë¡i †¶‡Î AvZ&-ZvInx‡`i GB n‡”Q Zvrch©| Gi d‡j GB Zvrch©¸‡jv †_‡K Rb¥ †bq D¤§vn, GKwU †hŠ_ ci¯úi m¤úK©h³ y bvMwiK ms¯’v, hv f~wg, Rb bi‡Mvôx I ms¯‹w… Zi g‡a¨ mxwgZ bq, eis Zv wek¦Rbxb, mvgvwRK Ges Zvi wgwjZ Rxe‡b †hgb, †Zgwb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU m`‡m¨i Rxe‡bI `vwqZ¡kxj; Ges GB RvMwZK Rxe‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li myL kvwšÍ AR©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx †`kKv‡j Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi cÖwZwU ev¯Íe iƒc `v‡bi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡evb| Aóg Aa¨vq D¤§vni †gŠjbxwZ 1. cwifvlv Bmjv‡gi mgvR e¨e¯’v GKwU GKK Abb¨ e¨e¯’v; cvðvZ¨ fvlv¸‡jv‡Z cwiwPZ †Kvb cwifvlvB Bmjv‡gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Bs‡iRx fvlvq Social Order ev mgvR e¨e¯’v Øviv GKwU g~j¨ ev †gŠjbxwZ c×wZ eySvq, hv mgvR Rxeb‡K kvmb K‡i; g~j¨ wKsev bxwZi †h †Kvb c×wZi †¶‡ÎB GB Awfav cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY hv wek„sLjv e‡j ewY©Z n‡Z cv‡i ZvI mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi GKwU iƒc ev e¨e¯’v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cyuwRev`x, MYmvg¨ev`x, MYZvwš¿K, d¨vwmó mgvR e¨e¯’v ejv †hgb wbfy©j, †Zgwb Bs‡iR, gvwK©b, divwm, Pxbv ev fviZxq mgvR e¨e¯’v ejvI m½Z| hLb Avgiv Social kãwUi cÖm‡½ Avwm, hv Society kã †_‡K wb¤úbœ GKwU we‡klY, ZLb Gi Zvrch©wU Av‡iv mxwgZ n‡q c‡o| Society GB kã ev cwifvlvwU Øviv eySvq ¯^ZtcÖe„Ë KZ¸‡jv gvby‡li GKwU `j, hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wbw`©ó KwZcq j¶¨ AR©b| (Rvg©vbiv hv‡K Av‡iv mwVKfv‡e e‡j mgvR (Gesellschaft)| G‡K KwgDwbwU ev m¤cÖ`vq A‡_© eyS‡j Pj‡ebv, hv wKQz-msL¨K gvby‡li B”Qv ewnfy©Z GKwU `j, hviv fvlv, RvZ, BwZnvm, ms¯‹…wZ I f~‡Mv‡ji w`K w`‡q GK ev m`„k| Rvg©vbiv G‡`i‡K e‡j Gesellschaft m¤cÖ`vq ev mw¤§wjZ ms¯’v| †mvmvBwU Ges KwgDwbwU GKB n‡Z cv‡i ev wfbœI n‡Z cv‡i| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc divmx Ges Bs‡iR‡`i †¶‡Î GB `y‡qi A_© GKB| wKš‘ Rvg©vb, køvf Ges Pxbv‡`i †¶‡Î Zv GK ev Abyiƒc bq| KwgDwbwU m`m¨Z¡ ¯^vfvweK Ges Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j Awfevmb b¨vPvivjvB‡Rmb Ges wbqwgZfv‡e ms¯‹…wZi AšÍM©ZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g m`m¨Z¡ AwR©Z nq| wecixZc‡¶, †mvmvBwUi m`m¨c` Zvr¶wYK, KviY GB m`m¨Zv n‡”Q GKwU wm×v‡šÍi dj| GRb¨B cÖvq mKj †¶‡ÎB m`m¨c` MÖæ‡ci mKj m`m¨ KZ©„K mgfv‡e e¨eüZ †Kvb bvg ev †kÖYxi Øviv mxwgZ n‡q _v‡K| GB ai‡bi †kÖYx ev bvg GKwU mgevq M„nvqY mwgwZi m`m¨‡`i Avw_©K ¯^v_© †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mvs¯‹w… ZK g~‡ji mgy`q cwimi ch©šÍ wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡iÑ hLb Avgiv MÖæ‡ci AšÍM©Z †Kvb †kÖYx ev MÖæc‡K eySv‡Z PvB;1 ivR‰bwZK mË¡v K`vwPr GKwU mgvR e‡j MY¨ n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb 1. AvaywbK Kv‡j cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z Gi †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY cÖ‡qvRb I wm×všÍ wewfbœ ms¯’vi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q †hgb evwYwR¨K †Kv¤úvwbmg~n, K‡c©v‡ikbm Ges mKj iK‡gi mgevq mwgwZ¯^iƒc Avw_©K ms¯’vmg~n (evwK‡Z cY¨ weµq, e¨q ms‡KvP, †fv³vMY, M„nvqY, †ePv‡Kbv BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ KL‡bv †Kvb iv‡óªi Rb¨ bq, GwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB G_&wbK ˆewk‡ó¨i AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 113 †Kvb †¶‡Î e¨wZµg cvIqv †M‡j (†hgb-myBRvij¨vÛ, hy‡Mv‡køvwfqv, Ges mv‡eK (USSR) G‡`i mK‡jiB m~Pbv mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Ges Giv we‡kl Dcv`v‡bi dj| cÖvq mKj ivR‰bwZK mË¡vB KwgDwbwUi m‡½ Awfbœ| Zv‡`i GB wgj mvgwMÖK bv n‡jI cÖvq mvgwMÖK| GKvi‡Y ivR‰bwZK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ÔRvwZÕ Awfav †hŠw³KZv jvf K‡i| G Kvi‡Y cvðv‡Z¨i ivRbxwZZ‡Z¡ ivóª‡K wbw`©ó PZztmxgvi g‡a¨ GKUv AÂj e‡j msÁvwqZ Kiv m¤¢e, †h PZzmxgvi g‡a¨ GKUv KwgDwU evm K‡i, hvi Kg©KvÛ Ggb GKwU mve©‡fŠg kw³ KZ©„K kvwmZ nq †h Zvi wm×všÍ ejer Ki‡Z ¶gZv iv‡L|2 Bmjv‡g KwgDwbwUi Abyiƒc `ywU kã n‡”Q kvÕ¯Í Ges KIg| G`ywU cwifvlvi A_© ¶zbœ bv K‡i, A_©vr Awfavq wb‡`©wkZ Rb‡Mvôxi ˆPZb¨‡K AvNvZ bv K‡i, GB cwifvlv `y‡Uv‡K †mvmvBwU eySv‡Z e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|3 Avie, ZzKx© Ges cvwm©qvbiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K GKwU kvÕ¯Í ev KIg-hw` Avgiv Gi Øviv GK‡K Ab¨ †_‡K Avjv`v KwgDwbwU eySv‡Z PvB, hw` fvlv I ixwZbxwZ, f~‡Mvj Ges esk jwZKvi w`K w`‡q Zv‡`i cv_©‡K¨i Dci †Rvi †`IqvB Avgv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ nq| wKš‘ Avjv`v ev c„_K c„_Kfv‡e G¸‡jv †mvmvBwU bq, †Kbbv GB †kÖYxZ¡ †Kej Zv‡`i †¶‡ÎB Zv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq, eis GKB m‡½ gvjq, fviZxq, nvDm, ev›Uz Ges køvf mK‡ji †¶‡ÎB Zv cÖ‡hvR¨| GB mKj m¤cÖ`vq Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K, hviv Bmjv‡gi cwigÛjfy³ Ges Gi ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvq Askx`vi e‡j `vex K‡i Zviv, Bmjv‡gi GK Ges Awfbœ D¤§vn ev †mvmvBwUi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½| D¤§vn n‡”Q GKwU wek¦Rbxb †mvmvBwU ev mgvR, hvi m`m¨‡`i AšÍf³ y© i‡q‡Q m¤¢ve¨ e¨vcKZi ˆewP‡Îi RvwZ‡Mvôx ev m¤cÖ`vqmg~n|4 Z‡e Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ Zvi A½xKvi, Zv‡K GKwU we‡kl mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi ej‡q GKÎ K‡i| welqwU G Kvi‡YB Av‡iv RwUj n‡q D‡V †h, cÖwZwU gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vqB ¶z`ª AvKv‡i GKwU D¤§vn| †Kbbv wek¦D¤§vn hZw`b bv wewam¤§Zfv‡e Ggb GKwU miKvi ev ms¯’vi iƒc MÖnY Ki‡Q, hv BmjvwgK AvBb‡K ejer Ki‡Z cv‡i, wek¦D¤§vni cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Kvh©Kifv‡e ev Zvi c‡¶ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZZw`b wek¦D¤§vni 2. Dci wbf©i K‡i| GB ˆewk󨸇jv mvaviY Ges †m Kvi‡Y wPišÍb, `ª: Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glcncoe Illinois. The Free Press 1962) c„: 393| cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹w… Z‡Z BnvB iv‡óªi wPivPwiZ Ges K¬vwmK¨vj msÁv| Bnv Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wecixZ| KviY, Bmjvgx ivóª AÂj Ges G_wbK ms¯‹w… ZK agx©q ev ivR‰bwZK †PŠnwÏi Øviv mxwgZ bq| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc: 't George H. Sabine. A History of Political Theory. (New York: Henry Holt and Co 1947) c„ôv 746-65, Ges James B. Hastings, Encyclopedia of The Social Sciences, s.v. ''The State". 3. Al Zubaydi, Taj al Arus. vol. 9 4. BnvB †Zvgvi D¤§vn, GK, HK¨e× Ges ci¯úi AšÍwb©wnZ Ges Avwg †Zvgv‡`i cÖfy Ges AvgviB Bev`Z Ki (21: 92)| 114 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© c‡¶ K_v ejv Ges KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU D¤§vnB Avek¨Kfv‡e Ges AvBbZ `vqx| Gi KviY, GB ev¯ÍeZv‡K BmjvgB ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi, mvgvwRK cv_©K¨ I †kÖYxKi‡Yi, mKj e¨w³MZ I cÖvq mKj mvgvwRK AvšÍtmvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g~j¨gvb¸‡jv mieivn K‡i| G Kvi‡Y, Bmjv‡gi wfwˇZ G me wPwýZKi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv A‡bK †ekx, †Kbbv KwgDwbwU ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi wfwˇZ bq, eis wek¦ gymwjg åvZ…‡Z¡i Askx`vi wn‡m‡eB Zv‡`i GB cwiPq| Zv‡`i wbR wbR KwgDwbwU †h me Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡Y wfbœ wfbœ ˆewkó¨ aviY K‡i †m¸‡jv A¯^xK…Z nq bv| wKš‘ Bmjvg Zv‡`i Rb¨ hvi e¨e¯’v K‡i †m¸‡jvi Zzjbvq A‡c¶vK…Z ¸iæZ¡nxb nIqvq, †m¸‡jv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv nq Ges Zv‡`i h_vh_ ¯’v‡b †m¸‡jv ¯’vcb Kiv nq| D¤§vn kãwU Abyev` Kiv hvqbv; GwU‡K Gi g~j Bmjvgx Aviexi iƒ‡cB Aek¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU ÔRb‡MvôxÕ ev ÔRvwZÕ ev Ôiv‡óªiÕ mgv_©K bq| GB kã I cwifvlv¸‡jv me mgqB wbiƒwcZ nq race, f~‡Mvj RvwZ I BwZnvm, A_ev G¸‡jvi †Kvb mswgkÖY Øviv| Ab¨w`‡K D¤§vn n‡”Q †`k ev AÂj AwZµgx, hv †gv‡UB †fŠ‡MvwjK we‡ePbvi Øviv wba©vwiZ bq| Gi GjvKv †Kej mgMÖ c„w_ex bq eis †MvUv m„wó| D¤§vn †Kvb bi‡Mvôxi Øviv mxwgZ bq| D¤§vn, race ev bi‡Mvôx‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq Ges mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡K Gi ev¯Íe A_ev m¤¢ve¨ m`m¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i| D¤§vn ivóªI bq, KviY Zv mKj ivóª‡K AwZµg K‡i wek¦iv‡óªi iƒc cwiMÖnY K‡i, hvi g‡a¨ ¯’vb †c‡Z cv‡i A‡bK¸‡jv ÔivóªÕ| GKBfv‡e D¤§vni Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡qB MwVZ nq D¤§vnÑ hw`I †m¸‡jv †Kvb iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AvIZvq bvI c‡o, GgbwK Bmjvgx iv‡óªi AšÍf³ y© I bv nq| D¤§vn GK ai‡bi RvwZmsN, hvi _vK‡e GKwU `„p Ges mvgwMÖK ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Av`k©, GKwU wek¦ miKviy, GKwU wek¦ mvgwiK evwnbx, Zvi wm×všÍ mg~n ejer Kivi Rb¨| D¤§vn n‡”Q Bmjvgx mgvR e¨e¯’v Ges †hAv‡›`vjb GB mgvR e¨e¯’v‡K AbymiY K‡i ev Gi j¶¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi †Póv K‡i, Zv n‡”Q D¤§vnZš¿|5 2. D¤§vni cÖK…wZ K. b„ZË¡‡K›`ªxqZvi weiæ‡× Bmjv‡gi mgvRe¨e¯’v wek¦Rbxb, †MvUv gvbeRvwZ Gi AšÍM©Z, †KDB Gi evB‡i bq| gvbyl gvbyl e‡jB Ges Zvi R‡b¥i Rb¨B cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ n‡”Q mgvR e¨e¯’vi 5. †`Lyb †jL‡Ki On Arabism: Urubah and Religion: An Analysis of the Fundamental Ideas of Arabism and of Islam as its Highest Moment of Consciousness (Amsterdam: Djambaton 1962) Aa¨vq-6| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 115 cÖK…Z ev m¤¢ve¨ m`m¨, Zv‡K wiµzU Kivi `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q evwK mKj m`‡m¨i|6 cwievi, †Mvôx Ges RvwZ‡Z gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK wefvM‡K, Bmjvg Avjøvni m„wó Ges Avjøvni wb‡`©wkZ e¨e¯’v e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i|7. Z‡e GB ai‡bi MÖæc‡K gvby‡li P‚ovšÍ iƒc e‡j Bmjvg ¯^xKvi K‡ibv, †h-iƒc‡K fvj Ges g‡›`i GKwU P‚ovšÍ gvb`Û MY¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Bmjv‡g cwiev‡ii Kvbybx aviYvq mKj AvZ¥xq¯^RbB AšÍf³ ~© , hviv h‡Zv `~‡iiB nDKbv †Kb, G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e esk m~‡Î m¤úwK©Z| †Kej AvBb bq, Bmjvg Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK DËivwaKviMZ m¤úK©I wbqš¿Y K‡i, Ges AvB‡bi mg_©¨b `vb K‡i| G †hgb mZ¨, †Zgwb Bmjvg †Mvôx Ges RvwZi e„nËi MÖæc cÖwZwôZ K‡i G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK I mvnvh¨Kvix kw³ wn‡m‡e mK‡ji Kj¨v‡Y KvR Kivi Rb¨|8 e¨w³eM© A_ev MÖæc †nvK mKj gvby‡li Dci ¯’vb n‡”Q AvB‡bi| b„ZvwË¡K wfbœZv I ˆewPÎ n‡”Q GKwU ev¯Íe welq, Bnv wKQzUv AwZkq evwÃZ welq e‡U, Avi GUzKz ev` w`‡j Bmjvg G‡K GKwU ev¯Íe welq e‡jB g‡b K‡i, hvi ¯’vb AvB‡bi wb‡`©‡ki GLwZqv‡i| b„ZvwË¡K ˆewkó¨ hLb b„ZË¡ me©¯^ n‡q D‡V, Bmjvg Zv‡K Kzdi ev ag©Z¨vM e‡j wb›`v K‡i| KviY G‡Z K‡i AvB‡bi Ges fvj g‡›`i wfbœZi GKwU Drm ¯’vwcZ nq, †hgb †Lv` b„ZvwË¡KZv; AvBbZ‡Ë¡i w`K w`‡q b„ZvwË¡K we‡ePbv †gvevn (Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨) Gi AvIZvi g‡a¨ c‡o Ges GKw`‡K Zv nvivg (wbwl×) gvKiƒn e‡j MY¨, Ab¨ w`‡K Zv IqvwRe (eva¨Zvg~jK) Ges gvb`ye (mycvwikK…Z, Aby‡gvw`Z)| Bmjvg b„Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZ kÎæfvevcbœ bq, hv A‡Zv`yi AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i †h, G wbR Lwjdv wbe©vwPZ ev hv Zvi wbR¯^ ivóª MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avj-gvIqv`x©i mgq †_‡K GB Ae¯’vb ˆea wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q Avm‡Q|9 AbyKiY m¤ú~Y© kixqvn m¤§Z nq, hZ¶Y Zv GBiƒc AbymiY GKwU b„ZvwË¡K mve©‡fŠg mË¡vi DciB †Kej wbf©i K‡i, mgMÖ D¤§vni m‡½ GKgZ n‡q kvwšÍ I hy‡×i `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi 6. 7. 8. 9. kixqvi eva¨Zvg~jK cÖK…wZ Hkx wb‡`©‡ki †¶‡Î mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨, e¨wZµgnxbfv‡e Ges †Kvb ˆelg¨ bv †i‡LB, KviY Bmjvgx g~j¨mg~‡ni j¶¨ n‡”Q mKj gvbyl| GRb¨ gymjgvb KZ©„K mKj gvbyl‡K Bmjv‡g †hvM †`evi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Kiv DwPZ, KviY gymjgvb Bmjvgx Inxi GB Av`wk©K Dcv`vb¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wb‡Riv m‡PZb| GB welqwUi Av‡iv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †`Lyb, GB MÖš’Kv‡ii "On the Nature of Islamic Dawah," Intenational Review of Mission, Vol. 65, No. 260 (October 1976) | †n gvbeRvwZ, Avgiv †Zvgv‡`i‡K cyiæl I bvix K‡i m„wó K‡iwQ, †Zvgv‡`i‡K RvwZ Ges †Mv‡Î wef³ K‡iwQ hv‡Z †Zvgiv G‡K Aci‡K wPb‡Z cvi, †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †h e¨w³ me‡P‡q b¨vqcivqY I m`vPvix †mB-B Avjøvni Kv‡Q DËg (49: 13)| cÖv¸³| GKvwaK †Ljvd‡Zi ˆeaZv Avj AvkAvix mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Avj-gvIqvw`© wb›`v K‡iwQ‡jb, hvB nDK, †m mg‡q Bmjvgx AvBbkv¯¿we`‡`i AwfgZ cÖvq HK¨g‡Z DcbxZ n‡qwQ‡jvÑ mnbkxjZvi AbyKz‡j| cÖkœwU wQj K‡W©vfvi D¤§vBqv wLjvdZ I wgk‡ii dv‡Zgx wLjvd‡Zi| 116 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© KZ©e¨ Ges Gfv‡eB Zvi Kg©KvÛ‡K cwiPvwjZ Kivi `vwqZ¡Ñ hv‡Z K‡i A‡b¨i g›` wbeviY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡`i Kj¨vY mvab m¤¢e nq| GB cš’v¸‡jv Qvov Bmjvg †Kvb ˆe‡kwlKZv‡K ei`vkZ K‡ibv Ges Gi weiæ‡× †hLv‡b Ges hLbB ˆe‡kwlKZv gv_vPov w`‡q D‡V, mKj gymjgv‡bi Dci mKj kw³ wb‡q †Rnv` Kivi agx©q `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i|10 Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Drm †h‡nZz Hkxm¤¢yZ A_©vr AvjøvnB †h‡nZz GB AvB‡bi Drm, ZvB GB AvBb mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb, wVK †hgb Avjøvn GKK, wZwb mKj m„wói Ges wbðqB mKj gvby‡li Avjøvn| ZvB Zvi AvBb GK Ges Awfbœ| KviI cÖwZ Zvi c¶cvwZZ¡ †bB, Zvi AvB‡b †Kvb e¨wZµg †bB| Bmjvg b„ZË¡‡K›`ªxqKZv‡K wePz¨wZ MY¨ K‡i| KviY c¶cvwZZ¡ n‡”Q Avjøvni Amxg mË¡vi Dci AvµgY| Avjøvn hw` cig mZ¨ P‚ovšÍ wePviK nb, (A_©vr P‚ovšÍ bxwZ, gvb`Û I Drm nb) Zvn‡j mKj m„wói †gvKvwejvq Zvi Ae¯’vb GK Ges Awfbœ n‡e| †Kvb b„ZvwË¡K MÖæc ev †Mvôx‡K Zvi wcÖq e‡j MY¨ Kiv, A_©vr Zuvi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î wfbœ MY¨ Kiv Zvi AvB‡bi †¶‡Î, Zvi wek¦ e¨e¯’vi †¶‡Î, Zvi cyi¯‹vi I kvw¯Í `v‡bi c×wZi †ejvq, Kvh©Zt Zvi cigZv ev †jv‡KvËiZv‡K ¶zbœ Kiv| cig mZ¨ GKvwaK G `vex ¯^Ztwe‡ivax Ggwb `vex †h GKwU ¶z`ª g‡biI Zv we‡ePbvi A‡hvM¨| GKB K_v Lv‡U ˆbwZK Av‡cw¶KZvev‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU wewfbœZvi †¶‡Î, Zv gvbweKB nDK, †hgb Eudaemonism (GwióU‡ji GKwU gZev`, myL n‡”Q hyw³kvwmZ mwµq Rxe‡bi dj) wKsev ms¯‹…wZKB nDK, †hgb wnZev`, ivR‰bwZK D`vi‰bwZKZvev‡`i Gs‡jv-m¨vKkb HwZn¨, Ges RvZxqZvev` A_ev11 †cÖvUvMwiI gZev`, †hgb myLev`, cvðv‡Z¨i bZzb mbvZb ag©B nDK| L. wek¦RbxbZv cÖebZv ev Pwi‡Îi w`K w`‡q Bmjv‡gi mgvR e¨e¯’v wek¦Rbxb,12 hw`I eZ©gv‡b Zv †Kvb bv †Kvb RvwZ †_‡K, K‡qKwU RvwZi GKUv MÖæc †_‡K ev KZ¸‡jv e¨w³i GKwU `j †_‡K GB cÖeYZv wbtm„Z n‡q _v‡K, ZeyI GwU Ggb GKwU PwiÎ ev cÖeYZv hv †MvUv gvbeRvwZ‡K aviY Ki‡Z Pvq| ZvB Bmjv‡gi †gŠjbxwZi w`K w`‡q ej‡Z †M‡j †Kvb Avie, ZzKx©, cvwm©qvb, cvwK¯Ívbx A_ev 10. Ges wek¦vmx‡`i `ywU `j hw` ci¯úi hy‡× wjß nq, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡cvl gxgvsmvi †Póv Ki, Gi ciI hw` `yÕ`‡ji †Kvb GKwU AvMÖvmb Pvjvq, Zv‡`i weiæ‡× hy× Ki, hZ¶Y bv Zv‡`i †ev‡av`q nq Ges `yB‡qi g‡a¨ mywePv‡ii wfwˇZ gxgvsmv K‡i `vI, b¨vq civqY nI Ges mylg AvPiY Ki, KviY Avjøvn b¨vqPvix‡K cQ›` K‡ib (49: 9)| 11. `ª: GB MÖš’Kv‡ii cÖeÜ On the Metaphysical Status of Values in the Western and Islamic Tradition, Studia Islamica, Fascicle xxviii 19681, pp. 29-62 12. gywg‡biv Aek¨B ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii fvB, Zviv mevB wg‡j GKB åvZ… mgvR (49: 10) ... GB †Zvgv‡`i D¤§vn GK, HK¨e× I Awe‡”Q`¨ Ges Avwg †Zvgv‡`i cÖfy, AvgviB Bev`Z Ki (21: 92)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 117 gvjq mgvR e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z cv‡ibv, †Kej GKwU gvÎ mgvR e¨e¯’v _vK‡eÑ Zv n‡”Q Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’v| Aek¨ †h †Kvb GKwU †`k ev MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’vi m~Pbv n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zv Da©v‡ivnb K‡i A‰bmjvwgK n‡q c‡o hw`bv Zv mgMÖ gvbe RvwZ‡K Zvi cwigÛ‡j Avbq‡bi Rb¨ wbiew”Qbœ cÖqvm Pvwj‡q hvq| wKk¦ m¤cÖ`v‡qi Av`k© n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi Av`k©, hvi Awfe¨w³ N‡U‡Q wek¦ D¤§vq| Bnv mg‡qi mv‡_ msMwZwenxb GKwU ga¨hyMxq wbisKzk Pig Av`k© bq| cwðgv RM‡Z wek¦ m¤cÖ`v‡qi Av`k© †`o nvRvi eQi ejer wQj †ivgvb‡`i ÔBg‡cwiqvg gywÛÕ (wek¦ miKvi) †_‡K wid‡g©kb ch©š|Í divmx wecø‡ei GbjvB‡Ub‡g‡›Ui `„wó‡Z Avevi Gi †Póv Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Zvi c‡i Avevi †Póv Kiv nq MYZš¿ Ges KwgDwbR‡gi wek¦Rbxb `„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K| GB me NUbvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †¶‡Î Gi Av`‡k©i kÎæ‡`i ˆe‡kwlK RvZxqZvev`x I b„ZvwË¡K bvkKZvg~jK Kv‡h©i Øviv Av`k©wU weK…Z, jswNZ, I wbnZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡K mgvwa¯’ K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| GB me Av‡›`vj‡bi †KvbwUB wek¦Rbxb Av`‡k©i cÖwZ kÎæZvfvevcbœ bq| A_ev Av`k© wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv †h cÖK…Zc‡¶ Av`‡k©i we‡ivax †Zgbfv‡eI G¸‡jv‡K eY©bv Kiv hvqbv| ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq †h me G_wbK kw³, Zv‡`i ivRv ivRov‡`i Pvicv‡k RbMY‡K msNe× K‡iwQj, Zviv †ivgvb PvP© KZ©„K Av`k© weK…wZi we‡ivax wQj, Ges RvZxqZvev`x †h me kw³ divmx wecø‡e hyw³ KZ©„K Av`k© weK…wZi †gvKv‡ejv K‡iwQj, Zviv wQj B‡¯úwiqvj d«v‡Ýi cPb `~l‡Yi we‡ivax| GKBfv‡e cÖ_g Ges wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i ci GB Av`‡k©i wech©q N‡U Bû`xev` e¨_© I be¨ Dcwb‡ewkK mvgªvR¨ev‡`i lohš¿ I †RvU Pv‡ji Kvi‡Y| Ab¨ K_vq, Av`k©wU e¨_© nq, Av`‡k©i cÖwZ mwZ¨Kvi AvbyM‡Z¨i Afv‡e, GB Av`‡k©i Abymvix‡`i mœvqyZš¿ APj n‡q hvevi Kvi‡Y| Av`‡k©i cÖwZ ckPvZ¨ RbM‡Yi wek¦vm Aek¨ Ae¨vnZB _v‡K| wKš‘ mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji mskqev‡`i n‡¯Í P‚ovšÍ wech©q N‡U‡Q GB Av`‡k©i, †Kbbv GB mskqev‡` †Kvb wKQyB †h cweÎ bq, ïay ZvB bq, †Kvb wKQziB †Kvb mwVK ev mywbw`©ó gvbI †bB| M. mgMÖZvZË¡ Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’v GKUv mvgwóK mgvRe¨e¯’v GB A‡_© †h, gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖ‡Z¨KwU hy‡Mi Rb¨B Bmjvg cÖvmw½K| GB mgvRe¨e¯’vi eywbqv` n‡”Q Avjøvni AwfcÖvq| GB AwfcÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU m„wói †¶‡ÎB Acwinvh©fv‡e cÖvmw½K, †Kbbv Avjøvn cÖwZwU m„wó‡K w`‡q‡Qb Zvi MVb, GKwU KvVv‡gv, GKwU we‡kl Kg©|13 13. (KziAvb 25: 2) Bmjv‡gi wek¦RbxbZv GB m‡Z¨ D™¢vwmZ †h, gvbyl wn‡m‡eB mKj gvbyl‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Bmjv‡gi wewa weavb¸‡jv †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| Gi mvgwMÖKZvI my¯úó GB m‡Z¨ †h, †hLv‡b Bmjvg gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †Kvb AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e †Kvb AvBb cÖYqb 118 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© gvbyl Zv‡`i ˆ`wnK, ew³MZ mvgvwRK I Ava¨vwZ¥K cÖK…wZi w`K w`‡q Aek¨B Avjøvn cÖ`Ë GKwU weav‡bi AwaKvix, hv cvjb Kiv Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡| Zv‡`i †Kvb KvRB Avjøvni AwfcÖvq‡K Gwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibv, Zviv Zv‡`i †Póv mva‡bi †Kvb †¶‡ÎB wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Ggb †Kvb j¶¨ ev cÖKí w¯’i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, hv kixq‡Zi IqvwRe I nvivg K¨vUvMwii AvIZvq c‡obv| AwaKš‘, †gvnve (Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨) †¶ÎwU, hv Bmjv‡gi evÃbxq welq Øviv h_vm¤¢e AwaK…Z, Zv weKwkZ gvbwmKZv Ges gvwR©Z `„wófw½i cwiPvqK| my¯úó weavb Qvov (wbqg n‡”Q AbygwZ‡hvM¨Zv), †Kvb wKQz wbwl× n‡Z cv‡ibv|14 AvB‡bi GB weavb n‡”Q wbwl× wel‡qi mxgv‡K Ab¨vq Ges A‰eafv‡e m¤cÖmvi‡Yi weiæ‡× GKwU wbe„wËg~jK AvBbÑ Z‡e ÁvZ Z_¨vw` wePv‡ii gva¨‡gÑ Gm‡ei AÁvZ †Kvb wKQzi g~j¨ wePv‡ii weiæ‡× bq| Bmjv‡gi AvBbmg~‡ni e¨vL¨v, wm×všÍ, cÖeZ©bv, m¤cÖmviY Ges AÁvZ Z‡_¨i AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g we`¨gvb I Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj mg¯Í wKQzi †¶‡Î Gm‡ei cÖvmw½KZv cÖwZwóZ Kivi cÖqvm, †hgb g~j¨evb †Zgwb Avek¨K| Ab¨_vq P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q kixqZ Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi †h mvgwMÖK e¨vcKZvi Dci `uvwo‡q Av‡Q, Zv msk‡qi welq n‡q DV‡e| GB m‡Z¨i Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e †mB mgvRe¨e¯’vB n‡”Q m‡e©vËg mgvRe¨e¯’v, hv gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi m¤¢ve¨ mg¯Í wKQz‡K myweb¨¯Í K‡i, m¤¢ve¨ Kg msL¨K welq‡K bq; Ges †mwU n‡”Q DËg MfY©‡g›U, hv me‡P‡q †ekx kvmb K‡i, me‡P‡q Kg bq| Avgv‡`i‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’v †Kej GKwU K¬ve Ges wkw¶Z mgvR, GKwU e¨emv evwY‡R¨i †P¤^vi, GKwU †UªW BDwbqb, GKwU †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ ev cvðvZ¨ A‡_© GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j bq| G mg¯ÍB Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’vi AšÍM©Z Ges Av‡iv AwaK Gi GLwZqvfy³| †hgb, nvmvb Avj evbœv GB hyw³‡Z ej‡Zb †h, mg¯Í wel‡qi †¶‡Î Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi cÖvmw½KZvi Kvi‡YB Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’vi GB e¨vcKZv|15 Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’vi mgMÖZ¡ †KejgvÎ mKj †`k I Kv‡ji gvby‡li eZ©gvb KgKv‡Ûi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z bq, eis G me Kg©Kv‡Ûi KZ©v †h mKj gvbyl Ges K‡iwb, †m‡¶‡Î Zvi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i‡Q gymwjg mgv‡Ri Dci, gymjgvb Zvi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi mKj Kg©KvÛ Ges mgm¨vi †¶‡Î Inx ev cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z eva¨| Avjøvn †hiƒc KziAv‡b †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb (6: 38) †m g‡Z DRwZnv` n‡”Q mKj gymjgv‡bi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK GKwU wek¦Rbxb `vwqZ¡| 14. GwU n‡”Q AvBb cÖYq‡bi mvaviY †gŠjbxwZi Ab¨Zg (Al-qawid al – kullah) Subhi al Mahmasani: Falsafat al Tashri fi al Islam (Beirut, Dar al-Ilm al Malayin, 1380/1961) c„ôv 261 ff. Ave`vj Iqvnnve Lvjøvd G¸‡jv‡K e‡j‡Qb, "Al qawaid al usuliyah al tashriiyah" Gi mvaviY bxwZgvjv, e‡j _v‡Kb| `ª: Zvi Ilm al Usul al Fiqh (Cairo: Dar al Qalam 1392/1972) pp 197 ff. 15. Ishaq Misa al Husayni, Al Ikhwan al Musliman (Beirut: Dar Beirut al Tibaah wa al Nashr 1955) p. 79 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 119 hv‡`i‡K Bmjvg Gi Acwinvh© m`m¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i Zv‡`i mK‡jB G mgvRe¨e¯’vi k„sLjvi AšÍM©Z| †hLv‡b Bmjvg mKj gymjgvb‡K Zvi mKj †cÖvMÖvg I cÖK‡íi eva¨Zvg~jK m`m¨ e‡j `vex K‡i, †mLv‡b G `vexI K‡i †h AgymjgvbivI n‡”Q Gi m¤¢ve¨ m`m¨, hv‡`i‡K Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri m`m¨ nevi Rb¨ `vIqvZ Rvbv‡Z n‡e| ZvB Bmjvg mgvRe¨e¯’vi †Kvb †kl mxgv †bB, †Kbbv G c„w_ex‡Z Rxeb Ges Kg©KvÛ n‡”Q AšÍnxb| Kv‡RB `vwqZ¡ GB †h, hv wKQz we`¨gvb ev Pjgvb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †¶‡ÎB mwµq f~wgKv ivL‡Z n‡eÑD‡Ïk¨: Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj ev MwZkxj cÖ‡Z¨KwU mË¡v| bvix ciæl wbwe©‡k‡l, ev Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi AwaKZi Ges DrK…óZi c~Y©Zv cvjbKvix K‡i †Zvjv|16 dvjvn n‡”Q G `ywbqv‡K Avjøvni GKwU Rvbœv‡Z cÖK…Z iƒcvšÍi, hv n‡”Q KziAv‡bi ÔBw¯Ígvi Avj-Avi`Õ, (GB aviYvwUi cÖK…Z gv‡b-c„w_exi cybM©Vb) Ges gvbeRvwZ‡K exi, cÖwZfv I AvDwjqv‡Z DbœxZKiY, hv‡Z K‡i Avjøvni Cw¯úZ b·v ev bgybv mv_©K nq| Avgv‡`i‡K Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, ˆbwZKZv wemR©b w`‡q Zv Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv dvjvn n‡ebv| dvjvn `vex GB †h, GB iƒcvšÍi mva‡bi Kg©KvÛ¸‡jv Avjøvni AvBb‡K cvjb K‡i, †Kbbv GB Kg©KvÛ¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q, Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ ev j‡¶¨i g‡a¨ dvivn&i iƒcvqb| N. ¯^vaxbZv Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’v GKwU ¯^vaxb mgvRe¨e¯’v| hw` kw³ e‡j GB mgvR cÖwZwôZ nq A_ev RbM‡Yi Dci Rei`w¯Íi gva¨‡g Zvi Kg©m~wP Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j †mB mgvRe¨e¯’v Zvi Bmjvgx K¶ †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡e| †iwR‡g‡›Ukb †Zv Avek¨K n‡ZB cv‡i; wKš‘ Zv ˆea n‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv †Kej ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡ÎB mxwgZ _v‡K| Gi c~‡e©, Bmjv‡g †iwR‡g‡›Ukb cÖeZ©‡bi †¶‡ÎB m~ivi (k~ivgk©) wm×všÍ Avek¨K Ges †iwR‡g›Ukb †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq †Kej mvgwqK Ges we‡kl cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K n‡Z cv‡i| hLb †iwR‡g‡›UkbB wbqg n‡q `uvovq Ges bxwZMZfv‡e †Rvi Rei`w¯Íi Dci wbf©i Kiv nq, Zvi dj Hkx bgybvi mdj ev¯ÍevqbI n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G Ggb GK ai‡bi ev¯Íevqb hvi g~j¨ n‡”Q Dc‡hvMxZvg~jK, bxwZm½Z bq; KviY G ev¯Íevqb ˆbwZKZvm¤úbœ n‡Z n‡j GB cÖqv‡m hviv AskMÖnY Ki‡e Zv‡`i‡K Zv Ki‡Z n‡e †¯^”Qvq cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q, g~‡j¨i cÖwZ ev mswkøó Hkx bgybvi cÖwZ e¨w³MZ A½xKvi †nZz GKUv ¯^vaxb wm×všÍ wn‡m‡e|17 G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB †h, Dc‡hvMxZv Ges ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva 16. wKfv‡e Avgiv wKQzB ev` †`Bwb, mg¯Í wKQzB wjwce× i‡q‡Q Ges wePvi w`e‡m mKj‡K Avjøvni mvg‡b nvwRi Kiv n‡e wePv‡ii Rb¨ (6: 38)| 17. Avgiv †Zvgvi cÖwZ wKZve bvwhj K‡iwQ mZ¨mnKv‡i, †h †KD G wKZve Øviv PvwjZ n‡Z Pvq, †m‡Zv Zv K‡i Zvi wb‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B Avi †h †KD åvšÍ c‡_ P‡j Zv‡Z †Zv Zvi wb‡RiB ¶wZ nq| †n †gvnv¤§`, Zzwg G mZ¨ cÖPvi I mZK© Kiv Qvov AwZwi³ wKQz Ki‡Z cvibv (39: 41)| 120 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Df‡qiB ev¯Íevqb Bmjv‡gi j¶¨| wKš‘ ˆbwZKZv‡K ev` w`‡q Dc‡hvMxZv‡K Bmjvg mn¨ K‡ibv Ges Gi cÖwZ †Kvb m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡ibv| Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z `ywU GKB m‡½ iƒcvwqZ n‡jB Zv nq h_v_© ev¯Íevqb| Avjøvn Zvqvjv Avgv‡`i‡K KziAv‡bi GB wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb my®úó fvlvq| gvbyl‡K m„wó Kiv n‡”QÑ GB Bw&½Z †c‡q †d‡i¯Íviv, hviv †Kvb Ab¨vq Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, †Kej Avjøvni Av‡`k cvjb K‡i, Zviv AvcwË K‡i emj, ÔZvn‡j wK Avcwb (†n Avjøvn) Ggb †Kvb cÖvYx‡K m„wó Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb †h `ybx©wZ, SMov d¨vmv` I LybvLywb Ki‡e, A_P Avgiv Avcbvi ¯‘wZ I cÖksmvq wbq¨Z AvwQ? Avjøvn Rev‡e ej‡jb, Avgvi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q hv †Zvgiv Rvbbv|18 gvby‡liv hw` †d‡i¯Ív‡`i gZ g›` K‡g© A¶g nZ, Zv‡`i Kg©KvÛ Aewk¨ Avjøvni cÖ‡Z¨KwU B”Qv ev wb‡`©k‡K cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡ZvÑ wKš‘ Zviv ˆbwZK Rxe n‡Zvbv| ˆbwZKZv n‡”Q Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi kxl©we›`y| Zvn‡j wbðqB gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K `vex Kiv nq Zvi m‡e©vËg Ask, KviY †h AwfcÖv‡qi g‡a¨ ˆbwZKZvi wb‡`©kbv †bB Zv Hkx AwfcÖvq n‡Z cv‡ibv, Zv ¯^we‡ivax n‡q co‡e| KziAv‡bi Ab¨ GKwU Avqv‡Z GKB m‡Z¨i Dci cÖ_‡gv³ AvqvZwU †_‡K Av‡iv bvUKxqfv‡e Ges GKBiƒc cÖvÄj fvlvq †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡QÑ ÒAvgiv AvKvkgÛjx, c„w_ex Ges ce©Zmg~‡ni Dci Avgv‡`i AvgvbZ Ac©Y K‡iwQjvgÓ Avjøvn ej‡jb| ÒwKš‘ Zviv f‡q Zv‡Z m¤§Z njbv, gvbyl Zv enb Kij|Ó19 Avmgv‡b Ges Rwg‡b Avjøvni AwfcÖvq cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi Awbevh©Zvq Kvh©Ki n‡”Q, AvKvk I c„w_exi †Kvb m„wóB Zv cvjb Ki‡Z ev jsNb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv ¯^vaxbfv‡e| ZvB Zv‡`i GB iƒcvqY ˆbwZKZvgwÛZ bq| †KejgvÎ gvbylB ˆbwZK mË¡v, KviY Avjøvni wb‡`©kbv cvj‡bi †¶‡Î †KejgvÎ †m-B ¯^vaxb, GRb¨ †Kej gvbylB Avjøvni ÔAvgvbZÕ enb K‡i|20 g~‡j¨i ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Rei`w¯Ífv‡e GB iƒcvq‡Y eva¨ Kiv bv n‡j, Gi gv‡b Aek¨ GB n‡e †h, gvbyl hv‡Z †¯^”Qvq G‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K `vIqvZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi A_© GB †h, g~j¨ ev¯Íevqb ˆbwZKZvgwÛZ n‡Z n‡j, Zvi Zvrch© G Qvov Avi wKQzB n‡Z cv‡ibv †h, gvbyl‡K wkLv‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi g‡a¨ G cÖZ¨q m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e †h, g~j¨¸‡jv n‡”Q ¯^Ztwm×fv‡e g~j¨evb Ges Hkx wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv n‡”Q evwÃZ bgybv| G‡Z K‡i, Bmjvgx mgvRe¨e¯’v 18. Ges hLb †Zvgvi cÖwZcvjK wdwikZv‡`i ej‡jb, wZwb Av`g m„wó Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb Ges c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡K Zuvi cÖwZwbwaiƒ‡c ¯’vcb Ki‡eb, ZLb wdwikZviv ejj, Avcwb †Kb c„w_ex‡Z Ggb GK cÖvYx‡K m„wó Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb †m i³cvZ NUv‡e Ges Lvivc Kg© Ki‡e; A_P Avgiv Avcbvi Bev`Z Ges wbZ¨ Avcbvi gwngv KxZ©b Kwi| Avjøvn Reve w`‡jb, Avgvi Ab¨ GKwU j¶¨ Av‡Q, hv †Zvgiv Rvbbv (2: 30)| 19. Avgiv Avgv‡`i AvgvbZ-AvKvkgÛj, c„w_ex Ges ce©Zgvjvi Dci Ac©Y Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjvg, wKš‘ Zv‡Z Iiv fxZ n‡q c‡o Ges †m AvgvbZ MÖn‡Y A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq, Aek¨ gvbyl †m AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Ges enb K‡i (33: 72)| 20. cÖv¸³| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 121 wekvj cwim‡i GKwU †mwgbvi ev cvVkvjv n‡q D‡V, †hLv‡b MfY©‡g›U Ges †bZ…‡Z¡i KvR n‡”Q wk¶v`vb, wkw¶Z K‡i †Zvjv, wek¦vm Rb¥v‡bv, Afxó w¯’iKiY, Ávb`vb I cwiPvjbv| O. wgkb D¤§vn cÖK…wZi †Kvb AvKw¯§K D™¢e bq, Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wb‡Ri Rb¨ bq, Ges m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ †Zv bqB, †Kej gvÎ Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi GKwU gva¨g wn‡m‡eB Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡, hv D¤§vni gva¨‡g †`k I Kv‡ji g‡a¨ ev¯Íe iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| G n‡”Q Avjøvni P‚ovšÍ Inxi QK, Zvi AwfcÖv‡qi GKwU gva¨g| G n‡”Q †mB we›`y †hLv‡b RM‡Zi m‡½ Hkx mËvi wgjb N‡U| GLv‡b RM‡Zi m~Pbv Kiv n‡q‡QÑ Hkx j¶¨ iƒcvq‡bi c‡_ Zvi AšÍnxb AMÖhvÎvq| Avj KziAvb †hgb ¯úó fvlvq e‡j‡Q, D¤§vni Aw¯ÍZ¡ GB Rb¨B hv‡Z Avjøvni Kvjvg n‡Z cv‡i me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|21 3. D¤§vni AšÍM©Z cÖvYkw³ K. D¤§vn&‡K ev` w`‡q Bmjv‡gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Avjøvn Zvqvjv Av‡`k Ki‡Qb Ò†Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ GK D¤§vn& †nvK †h AvnŸvb Ki‡e Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K, cyY¨K‡g©i wb‡`©k †`‡e Ges g›`Kg© wb‡la Ki‡e| hviv Zv K‡i ZvivB mdjKvgÓ (cweÎ KziAvb 3: 104)| ¯úóZB gymjgvbiv Avw`ó n‡q‡Q wb‡R‡`i‡K D¤§vn&‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z A_©vr GKwU mvgvwRK ms¯’viƒ‡c MwVZ n‡ZÑ GKwU we‡kl cš’vq| Avj KziAv‡bi cvV Avgv‡`i †`q Ggb Av‡`k wb‡`©‡ki ÔBjøvnÕ ev BjøvZ (cÖ‡qvRbxq hyw³), A_©vr ÔKj¨v‡Yi w`‡K AvnŸvb Ges cyY¨K‡g©i ZvwK` w`‡Z I g›`Kg© eviY Ki‡Z|Ó Aek¨ GB Bjøvn n‡”Q GKgvÎ P‚ovšÍ KviY ev cig j¶¨, D¤§vn& hv mvab Ki‡e| Gi PvB‡Z GKwU wbgœZ‡iv P‚ovšÍ KviY ev hyw³ (Ges †m Kvi‡Y wbwg˯^iƒc KviY) n‡”Q GB mZ¨ ev ev¯ÍeZv †h, D¤§vn&B Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K AvnŸvb Ges cyY¨K‡g©i wb‡`©k I g›` K‡g©i wb‡la m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j| D¤§vn& n‡”Q gymwj‡gi AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i Drm Ges G ms¯’vi ev msMV‡bi g‡a¨B Gme AwaKvi AR©b I KZ©e¨ m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i| gnvbex (mv.) GB weavb w`‡q‡Qb, Ò†Kv‡bv †`‡k ev ¯’v‡b wZbRb gymjgvb _vK‡Z cv‡ibv, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb‡K Bgvg ev †bZv wbe©vPb bv K‡i| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q AwaKvimg~n msi¶Y, Avjøvni wb‡`©kvejx Kvh©KiKiY, b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôv, û`y` ev AvB‡bi mxgv ev¯Íevqb Ges G c„w_ex‡Z G Ab¨RM‡Zi 21. †Zvgiv hw` †gvnv¤§` (mv.) †K mvnvh¨ bv Ki, Zv‡Z wKQz Av‡m hvqbv, KviY Avjøvn Zuv‡K GB mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡q‡Qb, wZwb Awek¦vmx‡`i‡K AebwgZ K‡ib Ges Avjøvni evYx‡K D”PZg gh©v`v `vb K‡ib, wZwb me© ¶gZvm¤úbœ Ges Ávbgq (9: 40)| 122 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© myL kvwšÍ cwic~iY, ZvB Zv‡`i Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i‡K GKwU D¤§vn& ev GKwU mymse× mgv‡R msMwVZ nIqv Qvov MZ¨šÍi †bBÑ †h D¤§vn&i _vK‡e wbR¯^ miKvi|22 †KD †KD AvcwË DÌvcb K‡i ej‡Z cv‡ib, e¨w³MZ g~j¨mg~‡ni ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ D¤§vn& Avek¨K bq| c¶všÍ‡i Zviv G `vex cÖejfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, g~j¨ †h‡nZz ZLbB m‡e©v”P hLb Zv †Mvcb _v‡K, ZvB mgvR G ai‡bi iƒcvqY‡K bó K‡i †`q| gymwjg wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i Reve GB †h, G `„wófw½ n‡”Q GKwU wLª÷vb `„wófw½| wbðqB Bmjvg ew³MZ g~j¨mg~‡ni ZvwM` †`q, mgwóMZfv‡e †h g~j¨¸‡jv‡K ejv nq BLjvm, (wbq¨Z, wm`&K, Be&wZMv, IqvRû Avjøvn, Zyûi, AvgvbZ BZ¨vw`), wKš‘ mgfv‡eB Bmjvg mb¨vmeªZ‡K wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i‡Q (KziAvb 56: 27)| Gi Abb¨Zv GLv‡bB †h, Bmjvg `vex K‡i, †Kv‡bv BLjvmB wek¦vm‡hvM¨ bq, hw` bv †`k I Kv‡ji g‡a¨ Zv `„wóMÖvn¨ Kg©iƒ‡c cÖwZfvZ nq Ges †mB m‡½ mgMÖ mgv‡Ri Dci Zv Bmjv‡gi ZvwM‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| wLª÷vb a‡g© mgvR I ivóª n‡”Q mxRv‡ii GjvKv (gwmn 22: 27, gvK© 12: 17, jyK 20: 25), wjwLZ mymgvPv‡ii †køv‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i wLª÷vb ag© HwZn¨MZfv‡e GB wek¦vm K‡i G‡m‡Q| mgv‡Ri †¶‡Î hv‡Z cÖvmw½K Ges e¨envh© n‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ wLª÷vb bxwZ-`k©‡bi cwimi e„w×i Rb¨ †Rv‡i †kv‡i †Póv ïiæ nq wid‡g©k‡bi c‡i †_‡K Ges K¨vjwf‡bi gZev`‡K a‡i †bIqv nq Av`k© `„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ GmeB msL¨v¸iæ †jvKR‡bi Øviv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nq Ges KL‡bv Zv wek¦v‡mi Ask n‡Z cv‡iwb, †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i wbR¯^ `jxq gZev‡`i Abymvix‡`i `„wó‡Z Qvov| Bsj¨v‡Û wkí wecø‡ei ci hLb gvby‡li Dci †kvlY, wbg©gZv I Aa:cZ‡bi P‚ovšÍ ¯Í‡i DcbxZ n‡jv, †Kej ZLwb wLª÷vb we‡eK RvMÖZ nq, mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K© I Rb AvB‡bi iƒcvq‡Yi m‡½ wLª‡ói cÖvmw½KZv m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨| †KejgvÎ MZ wek, wÎk eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Ges cÖavbZ †iwmRg, Kgy¨wbRg Ges `ywU wek¦h‡y ×i cÖwZwµqvi d‡jB GB D‡`¨vM ZLb mvaviY e¨vcvi n‡q D‡V| Zv m‡Z¡I wLª÷vb gb-gvbwmKZv mivmwi D¤§vn&-m`„k GKwU wLª÷vb bxwZ kv¯¿‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqwb| †hLv‡b ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ch©v‡q wLª‡ói Avewk¨KZv Abyf~Z nq †mLv‡bI wLª‡ói cÖvmw½KZv m¤ú‡K© G `vex ب_©‡evaK, †Kbbv, G `vex 22. Avgiv Avgv‡`i im~jMY‡K cvwV‡qwQ, cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvYmn| Avgiv Zv‡`i cÖwZ bvwhj K‡iwQ wKZve Ges w`‡qwQ wgRvb (b¨vq wePv‡ii †ZŠj`Û) hv‡Z K‡i gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z b¨vq cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv Zv‡`i‡K w`‡qwQ †jŠn hv wekvj ¶gZvi GKwU nvwZqvi, hv‡Z K‡i Zvi Øviv gvby‡li cÖwZ Zvi dvq`v Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i Ges hviv Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ mnvqZv Ki‡Z B”QzK Ges Zviv im~jMY‡K Zv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avjøvn me© kw³gvb Ges D”PZg gh©v`vi AwaKvix (57: 25)| †n †gvnv¤§`, Avgiv †Zvgvi cÖwZ bvwhj K‡iwQ wKZve, mZ¨ mnKv‡i hv‡Z Zzwg Zvi cÖZ¨vw`ó-b¨vq`Û Abymv‡i gvby‡li cÖwZ b¨vq wePvi Ki‡Z cvi (45: 10) ... Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wePvi Ki, †h †gvnv¤§`, †Zvgvi cÖwZ Avjøvn hv bvwhj K‡i‡Qb Zvi mvnv‡h¨ Ges Zv‡`i Kzms¯‹vi AbymiY Kibv (5: 49)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 123 g‡Z, wLªó n‡”Qb, c„w_ex‡Z wmRviMY hv K‡ib Zvi wecixZ| G KL‡bv wmRviM‡Yi wK Kiv DwPZ23 †m wel‡q wLªó‡K wKQzB ej‡Z †`‡Lbv| Bmjv‡gi mg¯Í wKQzB Avjøvni m‡½ m¤úK©h³ y Ges mewKQzB agx©q wb‡`©‡ki cwim‡ii g‡a¨ c‡o| e¯‘Z: D¤§vn& n‡”Q mKj cyY¨Kg© I ˆbwZKZvi Acwinvh© kZ©| GRb¨B Avjøvn gywgb‡`i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ò‡mB me bvix I cyiæliƒ‡c hviv G‡K A‡b¨i i¶KÑ hviv G‡K Ab¨‡K mrK‡g©i wb‡`©k †`q Ges g›`K‡g© wb‡la K‡iÓ (cweÎ KziAv‡b 9: 71)| Av‡iv mivmwi wZwb Avgv‡`i wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb ÒmrKv‡R Ges cyY¨ AR©‡b G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z (cweÎ KziAvb 5: 3)| Acic‡¶ Avjøvn Avgv‡`i wb‡`©k †`b g›`K‡g© GKgZ bv n‡Z Ges ci¯ú‡ii we‡ivaxZv Ki‡Z, Aciva eR©b I AvMÖvmb e‡Üi Rb¨ (cweÎ KziAvb 5: 3)| wk¶vg~jKfv‡e wZwb †mB me †jvK‡K, Acivax mve¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb, hviv Zv‡`i g‡a¨, †h me g›`Kg© PjwQ‡jv G‡K Aci‡K Zv wb‡la K‡iwb (KziAvb 5: 79)| GRb¨B gnvbex (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡hLv‡b gvbyl, hviv GKwU g›`Kg© AbywôZ n‡Z †`‡L Ges Zv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv †Póv K‡ibvÑ Avjøvn Zv‡`i Dci kvw¯Í bvwhj Ki‡eb|Ó Ges wZwb G hyw³‡Z Zvi wePv‡ii e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb †h, cvc ev g›` Kg© hLb †Mvc‡b Kiv nq, Zv †h g›`Kg© K‡i, †Kej ZviB ¶wZ K‡i, wKš‘ hLb Zv cÖKv‡k¨ K‡i Ges †KD Zv wb‡la K‡i bv, ZLb Zv mK‡jiB ¶wZ K‡i|24 D¤§vn&i Av‡iv †hŠw³KZv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i, bxwZkv¯¿xq †PZbv Ges e¨w³MZ bxwZ`k©‡bi e¨vL¨v we‡kølY †_‡K| cÖ_gwU †_‡K G Z_¨ D`NvwUZ nq †h, ˆbwZK wb‡`©k n‡”Q Ggb GKwU wRwbm hv †KejgvÎ ˆbwZKZvi AwaKvix KviK ev KZ©v, cÖK…wZ I Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i AvIZvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb hvcb K‡i, †KejgvÎ Zvi †_‡KB Zv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i, Zvi g‡a¨B e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges †KejgvÎ Zvi cUf~wgKv‡ZB Zvi gv‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Avjøvni †L`gZ n‡”Q Zuvi B”Qvi ev¯Íev¯Íevqb Ges Hkx AwfcÖvq †h‡nZz †mB me g~j¨ ev †gŠjbxwZ, hv mewKQz‡K g~j¨evb K‡i †Zv‡j, ZvB G †_‡K G wm×všÍ m~wPZ nq †h, gvbyl‡K hw` Avjøvni e‡›`Mx Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K Aek¨B AvšÍtgvbweK m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi gva¨‡gB †Kej ˆbwZK g~j¨¸‡jvi ev¯Íe iƒc`vb m¤¢e| wVK †hgb Dc‡hvMx wKQzB g~j¨mg~‡ni ev¯Íe iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ †`kKv‡j †PŠnwÏfy³ c„w_exi m‡½ m¤úK©nxb GKwU †`n wegy³ AvZ¥vi Avek¨KZv-A_©nxb, wVK †Zgwb ˆbwZKZvi ev¯Íevqb gvby‡li m‡½ e¨emv evwYR¨, eÜzZ¡, weevn, cokx, RvMwZK `ªe¨vw`i Drcv`b I †fvM, hy× I kvwšÍ, wePvi I ivq, wgkb I wk¶v, AeKvk I bv›`wbK Dc‡fvM åvZ…m¤ú‡K©i e¨vcv‡i Ab¨ gvby‡li mv‡_ m¤úK©nxb GKRb M„nZ¨vMx, mvay mb¨vmxi Kv‡Q cÖZ¨kv Kiv hvq bv| 23. Barth, Against the Stream pp. 29-31. 24. Ismail ibn Kathir Tafsir al Quran al Azim (Beirut: Dar al Ma 'rifah, 1388/1969) s.v Quran 5: 79, vol. 2, pp 83-84 124 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© ˆbwZK g~j¨¸‡jv n‡”Q GKwU AwZµgx-w`e¨ Ae¯’vq KZ¸‡jv Av`k© mvi wbh©vm gvÎ, hw`bv †m¸‡jv Gai‡bi AvšÍtgvbweK m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ nq| ˆbwZKZvi c~‡e©B Gme m¤úK© ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv nq Ges G¸‡jv‡K ev` w`‡q ˆbwZKZv Am¤¢e| GB me m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU A¯^xK…wZ ev cÖZ¨vnv‡ii gv‡b n‡”Q Gi cÖvmw½K g~j¨wU, A_©vr †h g~‡j¨i m‡½ H m¤úK© n‡”Q wfwËg~j ev evnK, Zv‡ZB Aev¯Íevq‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY| GKRb e¨w³, mb¨vmx ev mvay, †h wbR©b Rxeb hvcb K‡i, P‚ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y Zvi wfwË n‡”Q g~‡j¨i GjvKvi Ae‡”Q`‡bi Dci| †Kbbv G Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nq G bxwZi Øviv †h, m‡PZbZv ev KZ©vi †Lv`AvZ¥v †h g~j¨¸‡jvi evnb, `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc Zvi Abb¨Zv I wbR©bZv, †Kej G¸‡jv wb‡qB g~‡j¨i RM‡Z MwVZ, A_ev GmeB n‡”Q m‡e©v”P g~j¨‡eva, hvi ¯^v‡_© Ab¨ me g~j¨ jsNb Kiv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU n‡”Q Ab¨vb¨ g~‡j¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wel‡q my¯úó AÜZv, GKUv Rei`w¯Í g~j¨MZ I ˆØZev` ev eR©bKi gZev`| †k‡lv³wU n‡”Q Ab¨vb¨ g~‡j¨i cÖK…Z PvwjKv kw³ m¤ú‡K© ms‡e`bkxjZv, Zv‡`i ¯Íiweb¨vm m¤ú‡K© GKwU åvšÍ wm×všÍ, cÖK…Zc‡¶ hv g~j¨ZvwË¡K P‚ovšÍZviB A¯^xK…wZ| G‡Z wel‡qi wKQz †bB †h, wbtm½ cÖwZwU gvbyl, weL¨vZ mvay mb¨vmxMY Ges BwZnvm wekÖæZ mb¨vmxMY mK‡jB K‡Vvi, Amshgx Ges cÖvqkt wb`©q Rxeb hvcb K‡i‡Qb|25 hLbB e¨w³K A‡_© ˆbwZK cwim‡ii msÁv †`Iqv nq, Gi Awbevh© cwiYwZ N‡U e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`, hvi †hŠw³K mgvwß N‡U AvZ¥cÖPv‡i| KviY P‚ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y Aek¨B Zv wbf©i Ki‡e ˆbwZK KZ©©vi Af¨šÍixY wba©viYmg~n ev Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Dci, hvi wePviK †Kej Zvi wb‡Ri we‡eKB n‡Z cv‡i| ˆbwZK e¨w³ ev G‡R›U Kvgbv Ki‡Z cv‡i m‡e©v”P Ges gnËg civ_©ev`x Av`k©| B”Qv †h Kvi‡Y ˆbwZK n‡q D‡V Zv aviYvi w`K w`‡q B”QvK…Z Dcv`vbwUi gnZ¡ ev civ_©ciZv bq, eis B”Qv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvi wb‡Ri e„wË †hfv‡e e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zvi DciB Zv wbf©i K‡i Zvi e¨w³MZ †h Af¨šÍixY cÖwZÁv ˆbwZKZv MVb K‡i, Zvi GB AMÖvwaKvi ev msKxY© ˆewkó¨B Zv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j AvZ¥cÖPvikxj, me©¶Y wb‡R‡K wb‡q e¨¯Í| hw` G `vex Kiv nq †h, wb‡R‡K wb‡q AvweóZvi g~‡jI i‡q‡Q civ_©ciZvi cÖeZ©bv, †hgb †`Lv hvq AvZ¥CwáZ `„óv‡šÍi g‡a¨, GK_v Aek¨B ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h, †h‡nZz ˆbwZK G‡R‡›Ui AvPiY hZB cÖK…wZ Ges Ab¨ gvby‡li m‡½ †ekx K‡i mswkøó n‡e, ZZB Zvi wb‡Ri wKsev gvbeRvwZi AvPiY m¤ú‡K©, †h `„óv‡šÍi fwel¨ØvYx Kiv nq, RwoZ bv n‡q †mB `„óvšÍ AR©‡bi cÖeYZv †`Lv hv‡e| HwZnvwmK w`K w`‡q mKj hy‡Mi Ges RvwZi `i‡ek Ges msmviweivMx mvaymšÍ‡`i ˆbwZK Af¨šÍixY cÖwZÁvi `„wóvšÍ n‡”Q GB me `i‡ek I mvaymšÍ, 25. William James. The Variety of Religious Experience (New York: Mentor Books, New American Library, 1953) pp. 269 ff pp 276 ff. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 125 hv‡`i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq c„w_ex †_‡K wew”Qbœ _vKvi ˆbwZKZvi Øviv RMr wegyLZv, RMr eR©b I †`n‡K wbMÖni| GwU mvaviY Áv‡bi welq †h, Bmjvg GKwU e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi ag©, e¨w³ I iv‡óªi ag©, cÖvZ¨wnK Ges Ab¨ gvby‡li m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i Rv‡ji g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i, G‡K A‡b¨i Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Ges ci¯úi cÖfvweZ nq, Ab¨ gvbyl m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i Ges A‡b¨ivI Zvi m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ †bq, Zv‡K ev` w`‡q Bmjvg m¤¢e bq| e¯‘Zc‡¶ gnvbexi (mv.) gkûi Dw³, Òag© n‡”Q Ab¨ gvby‡li m‡½ m¤úK©, e¨env‡ii welqÓ, n‡”Q G c„w_ex‡Z Ab¨ gvbyl‡`i wel‡qi m‡½ mswkøó nevi Bmjvgx cÖeYZvi cÖKvkK|26 Avgiv BwZc~‡e© †hiƒc D‡jøL K‡iwQ, mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ÔnvB Be‡b BqvKRv‡biÕ GB AvKzwZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, mZ¨ Avwe®‹v‡ii ci Ges e¨w³MZ AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g, m¤¢ve¨ Zvi mKj myL I Avb›` jv‡fi ci|27 L. GK Ges GKgvÎ D¤§vn& Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb, Ò†Zvgv‡`i GB D¤§vn& GKwU gvÎ D¤§vn&Ó (KziAvbyj Kwig 21: 29), 23: 53)| GB †NvlYvi Øviv Avjøvn ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, gywgb‡`i _vK‡e GKwU gvÎ D‡Ïk¨, GKwU wfwËcÖ¯iÍ ¯^iƒc g~j¨gvb hv, Zv‡`i mg¯Í Kg©cÖvqvm‡K ¯’vcb K‡i GKwU me©cwie„Z Zvrc‡h©i Aax‡b, hv n‡”Q Avjøvni Bev`Z| D¤§vn&GK Ges memgqB Zv GKB _vK‡e, †Kbbv Avjøvn GK Ges Zvi Bev`Z GK I AwefvR¨| KziAvb Ges gnvbexi mybœvq wjwce× Ges kixqvq ev¯Íeiƒ‡c cÖwZdwjZ, gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ Avjøvni AwfcÖvq mKj ¯’v‡b Ges mKj mg‡q GK Ges Awfbœ| Zvi AwfcÖvq n‡”Q mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ Ges Zvi `„wó‡Z mKj gvbyl n‡”Q m¤ú~Y© mgvb| wZwb we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³ ev RvwZi KvQ †_‡K Kg ev †ekx cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv, hv wZwb cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib Ab¨ mK‡ji Kv‡Q †_‡K| ZvB D¤§vn&i GB GKZ¡ n‡”Q agx©q Ges ˆbwZK; ˆRweK, †fŠ‡MvwjK, ivR‰bwZK fvlvMZ ev mvs¯‹…wZK bq| G Kvi‡YB ivm~jj y vø n (mv.) Bû`x‡`i‡K GKwU D¤§vn& e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hw`I Zviv gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ GKB A‡j emevm Ki‡Zv Ges GKB ivR‰bwZK, fvlvMZ Ges mvs¯‹…wZK MÖæ‡ci AšÍM©Z wQ‡jv| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i Av`k© agx©q Ges ˆbwZK Df‡qB c„_K, †m Kvi‡Y wZwb Zv‡`i‡K GKwU D¤§vn& e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Zb| Bmjvg Rxewe`¨v, f~‡Mvj, ivRbxwZ, fvlv A_ev ms¯‹…wZi wfwˇZ †Kvb D¤§vn& ¯^xKvi K‡ibv, †Kej a‡g©i wfwˇZ D¤§vn& ¯^xKvi K‡i| GRb¨ AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z mycwiwPZ b¨vkvb, RvwZ‡Mvôx (Race) ivóª, gnv‡`kÑ GB ¯Íiweb¨vm¸‡jv Bmjv‡g ¯^xK…Z bq| 26. A_ev eis Ôag© n‡”Q Ab¨‡K fvj KvR Kivi civgk© `vb|Ó 27. Ibn Tufayl, Havy ibn Yaqzan tr. Goorge N. Atiyah in A Source Book in Medeval Political Philosophy, ed Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi (Glenceo Il: The Free Press 1936). 126 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© GK_v ejvi Zvrch© G bq †h, D¤§vn&i agx©q HK¨ Gai‡bi wfbœZi HK¨¸‡jvi Øviv Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq bv ev G¸‡jv cwic~iK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ibv| ¯’vb I f~‡Mv‡ji HK¨, fvlv Ges ms¯‹w… Zi HK¨, ˆRweK Rb¥ Ges Rb‡Mvóxi HK¨, agx©q H‡K¨i mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Kvh©Z K‡iI _v‡K| ÒBmjvgx AvB‡bi GKwU g~jbxwZ n‡”Q NwbôZi AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡biv, gvby‡li mrK‡g© AwaKZi nK`vi|Ó28 Bmjvg ej‡Z Pvq †h, agx©q Ges ˆbwZK Dcv`vb‡K wWwO‡q e¨w³ gymjgvb ev gymwjg MÖæ‡ci AvPiY wKQz‡ZB ˆ`wnK ˆbK‡U¨i Øviv wba©vwiZ n‡Z †`Iqv n‡ebv| Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvwg mKj‡K m„wó K‡iwQ GK cyiæl Ges GK igYx †_‡K Ges †Zvgv‡`i‡K wfbœ †MvÎ I RvwZ‡Z wef³ K‡iwQ hv‡Z †Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ fvB-fvB wn‡m‡e †gjv‡gkv Ki‡Z cvi| †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †mB n‡e gnËg †h me‡P‡q cyY¨evb (KziAvbyj Kixg 40: 13)| ¯úóZB ˆ`wnK ˆbK‡U¨i ¯’vb, mr¸Y I †bK K‡g©i bx‡P, ˆbwZK †hvM¨Zv Ges e¨w³MZ †gavi Zzjbvq Gi ¯’vb †MŠY, g~L¨ bq| ZvB D¤§vn& Rb¥, f~‡Mvj Ges fvlvi welq bq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q gvby‡li B”Qvwbi‡c¶ Ges Z¾b¨ Acwinvh©| GKwU agx©q Ges åvZ…mgvR wn‡m‡e D¤§vn& n‡”Q e¨w³e‡M©i GKwU ¯^vaxb RvgvZ, hvi j¶¨, Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Ges gvbe RvwZi g‡a¨ mKj g~‡j¨i RMZ ev¯Íevqb, hv HwZwn¨K Bmjvgx cwifvlvq, ÒDfq evm¯’v‡b myL I kvwšÍ, G Rxe‡b Ges ciRxe‡b|Ó gvbyl GKwU AÜ my‡hv‡M D¤§vn&i g‡a¨ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ibv, eis GKwU eyw×gvb hyw³ev`x mË¡v wn‡m‡e Zvi D¤§vn‡K †m †e‡Q †bq Ges Zv‡Z †hvM`v‡bi wm×všÍ †bq| D¤§vn& GKwU m¤cÖ`vq bq, GKwU mgvR; cÖK…wZMZfv‡e Bnv GKwU m¤cÖ`vq bq, eis †¯^”Qvq MwVZ GKwU m¤cÖ`vq, GKwU mgvR| wVK cÖ_g wnRivi c‡i Bmjvgx Av‡›`vjb hLb ïiæ nj, †m mg‡q m¤cÖ`v‡qi mnR iƒc, †MvÎ Ges mvgªvR¨, hv RvwZ‡Mvôx, fvlv ms¯‹w… Z I BwZnv‡mi Dci ¯’vwcZ GKwU ivR‰bwZK mgvR, Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj Ges G¸‡jvi Ziw° nw”Qj, Bmjvg Dfq‡KB av°v w`‡q a~wjmvr K‡i| Bmjvg cÖwZwôZ K‡i GKwU weï× mgvR, agx©q I ˆbwZK weav‡bi Aax‡b GKwU wek¦Rbxb åvZ…Z¡ Ges Zv‡Z †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ †MvUv gvbeRvwZ‡K AvnŸvb K‡i| gvby‡li mvgvwRK BwZnv‡m GwU wQj, GL‡bv i‡q‡Q gnËg beaviv| GUv mZ¨ †h, m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ag© Ges ˆbwZKZvi Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU mgvR cÖwZôvq mdj n‡q‡Q wLª÷vb ag©| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨µ‡g wLª÷vb‡Z¡i Rb¨ Acwinvh© agx©q Ges ˆbwZK Dcv`vb‡K ch©ewmZ Kiv n‡q‡Q b~¨bZg we›`y‡Z; A_©vr a‡g©i Awbe©Pbxq cix¶vg~jK mvabv Ges B”Qv ev AwfcÖv‡qi weï×Zg ˆbwZKZvq| G DfqB e¨w³MZ, †Mvcb ev Af¨šÍixY Ges 28. Al aqrabun awla bt al ma'ruf. GwU n‡”Q AvBb cÖYq‡bi GKwU mvaviY bxwZ| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 127 Gi m¤úv`b, wePvi I g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©i K‡i e¨w³i we‡eK eyw×i Dci Ges †h gyn‡~ Z© G‡K †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© cÖKvk¨, mve©RwbK ev mgvRwfwËK Dcv`vb Ac©Y Kiv nj, †m gyn‡~ Z©B ivRZ¡ †f‡½ UzK‡iv UzK‡iv n‡q †M‡jv Ges AskZ Zv wd‡i †Mj, mv¤cÖ`vwqK wfwˇZ ¯’vwcZ cÖvPxbZi mvgvRiƒ‡c| wLª÷vb a‡g©i cÖ_g w`‡Ki wefvM¸‡jv, hv N‡UwQj bvBwmqv Ges †KjwmW‡b, cÖavbZB Zv mswkøó wQj D”PZi gvÎvq, GK w`‡K †m‡gwUK Ab¨w`‡K mvaviY gvby‡li MÖxK, `j Dc`jevRxi g‡a¨| GKBiƒ‡c, 1058 wLªwóq kZ‡Ki gnvgZwe‡f` wQj cÖvP¨ ebvg cÖZx‡P¨i g‡a¨| P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q †lvj kZ‡Ki ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡b Rvg©vb, Bs‡iR, divmx, BZvjxq, I WvP‡`i RvwZMZ cÖeYZv¸‡jvB, e¨w³MZfv‡e gb¯Í‡Z¡i w`K w`‡q weeªZ K¨v_wjK mb¨vmx jy_vi Zuvi AvkÖg ¸iæ‡`i Kv‡Q †h 95wU w_wmm Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb, †m¸‡jvi dj wba©viY K‡iwQj|29 ZvB Bmjv‡g D¤§vni Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv agx©q we‡f` Ges †Kv‡bv ˆbwZK ¯^vaxbZv ev wefvM ˆea bq| D¤§vni ag© †_‡K wewQbœZvI †e`vAvZ, KviY agx©q I ˆbwZK A‡_© D¤§vn& n‡”Q m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡eB GKwU GK wkjvq ˆZix ¯Í‡¤¢i gZ e¨e¯’v| Gi wecixZ wKQz‡Z wek¦v‡mi gv‡bB n‡”Q Ggb me ag© cvjb I Ggb me ˆbwZK bxwZ AbymiY hv Bmjvg †_‡K wfbœ, ¯úóZ:B Zv A‡hŠw³K Ges nvm¨Ki| AwaKš‘ Bmjv‡gi Af¨šÍ‡i agx©q ˆbwZK wewfbœZv Aby‡gv`b Kivi gv‡bB n‡”Q ZvInx`‡K cwiZ¨vM Kiv, †h ZvInx` n‡”Q mKj mZ¨ Áv‡bi GK‡Z¡i g~jbxwZ| G n‡e m‡Z¨i cÖwZ `ywU wfbœ `vexi mnve¯’vb Aby‡gv`b Kivi bvgvšÍi| GB wePvi †gv‡UB †hŠw³K bq, †Kbbv GLv‡b †h mgm¨vwU weivR Ki‡Q Zv `vex Ges cÖwZ`vexi m¤¢vebv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv bq, eis †mZze‡Üi gZ eyw×i mvnv‡h¨ m‡Z¨i AwaMg¨Zvi m¤¢ve¨Zv †g‡b †bIqv, hvi A‡_© `vex Ges cÖwZ`vexi g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i Ges wewfbœZv `~i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wbwðZfv‡e Bmjvg cigm‡Z¨i eû‡Z¡i we‡ivax, mZ¨ m¤ú‡K© g‡Zi wewfbœZvi we‡ivax bq| Bmjv‡gi `vex Abymv‡i gZvgZ n‡Z n‡e `vwqZ¡kxj| Bmjvg wb‡Ri c_ wba©vi‡Y G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ BRgvi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q (HK¨g‡Zi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q)| Bmjvgx AvBb kv‡¯¿ D¤§vn&i cÖ‡Z¨KwU HK¨gZ‡K m„Rbkxj D™¢vebkxj e¨vL¨vZv KZ©„K jsNb Kivi AwaKvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zrm‡½ Bmjvg G weavbI w`‡q‡Q †h, e¨vL¨vKvi‡K Gi Rb¨ D¤§vn&i HKgZ¨ PvB‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq Zv †e`vAvZ wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡e| hv‡nvK, agx©q ˆbwZK w`K w`‡q D¤§vn& GK, GK_v ejvi Zvrch© G bq †h, D¤§vn& †Kv‡bv cÖkvmwbK wefvM ¯^xKvi K‡ibv| e¯‘Z `¶Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b I ¯^v‡_©, D¤§vn&i g‡a¨ hZ¸‡jv cÖkvmwbK wefvM cÖ‡qvRb D¤§vn&i Af¨šÍ‡i ZZ¸‡jv wefvMB m¤¢e| 29. Henry Bettenson -Gi WKz‡g›Um MÖš’wU Pv‡P©i AvBwW‡qkbvj BwZnv‡mi LywUbvwUi Rb¨ co‡Z cv‡ib| 128 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© kv‡dqx gvhnve igvRv‡bi cÖ_g w`b wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ C`yj wdZi Gi w`b wbY©‡qi Rb¨, Ges hvKvZ Znwe‡ji weZi‡Yi Rb¨, 24 dvm©vL Gi BDwbU (192 wK‡jvwgUvi) ¯^xKvi K‡i|30 AvR msMZfv‡eB G hyw³ DÌvcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, †hvMv‡hvM †UK‡bv‡jvwR‡Z AmvaviY DbœwZi d‡j mviv c„w_ex GKwU gvÎ cÖ‡`k n‡q D‡V‡Q| hv‡nvK RbcÖkvmb †KejgvÎ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU welq bq| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i `¶Zv I †mevi `vex Abymv‡i D¤§vn& Aek¨B wefvR¨| GUv j¶¨ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, D¤§vn&i GKwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖkvmwbK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb †mB wefvM‡K AvBb cÖYq‡bi ¯^vqZ¡kvmb `vb K‡ibv| Bmjv‡g AvBb cÖYqb GKwU c~Y©v½ wdKvn ev kixqZ Øviv kvwmZ| GB c×wZ‡Z mvaviY bxwZgvjv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvM †_‡K| mvaviY bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨ †Kvb cwieZ©b ¯^xKvi Kiv nqbv, KviY G bxwZgvjv Avjøvn KZ©„K RvixK…Z Ges hyw³MÖvn¨| gvby‡li m„RbkxjZvi cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡bB nq †hLv‡b GKwU bxwZ ev g~j¨‡K AvPi‡Yi wbw`©ó g~Z© wb‡`©‡k iƒc`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| hv‡K ejv hvq AvB‡bi wfwˇZ e¨e¯’v `v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ges cÖ‡qvRb nq †mB me wb‡`©kbv cvjb I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Yi| †KejgvÎ gnvbexi (mv.) cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kB Av`k©, Aek¨ cvjbxq| Hkx wb‡`©k Abymv‡i Zv †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q, Òbexi mybœvni g‡a¨ †h †KD Avjøvni mvnvh¨ Pvq, Zvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Avjøvni Av`k© (33: 21)|Ó Ab¨ mK‡ji Rb¨ cÖ`Ë e¨e¯’v wb‡`©kB n‡”Q GKwU gvbweK cÖqvm, hv‡K KziAvb-mybœvni m‡½ mvgĨc~Y© n‡Z n‡e Ges D¤§vni HK¨g‡Zi cix¶vq DËxY© n‡Z n‡e| D¤§vn&i †h †Kvb cÖkvmwbK wefv‡Mi m„Rbagx© cÖqvm, Zvi wb‡`©kbvi †¶‡ÎB †nvK A_ev Kvh©Kvi‡Yi †ejvqB †nvK Zv BmjvwgK AvB‡b GKwU Z‡K©i welq; GB AvB‡bi ˆeaZv m¤ú‡K© c„w_exi gymjgvb‡`i cÖZ¨qx K‡i A_ev gymwjg we‡k¦i RbgZ hLb HK¨e× n‡q, Ges weZ‡K©i weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb †bq, ZLb Zv eR©b ev cwieZ©b K‡i GB cÖqvm‡K mve©RbxbZv `vb n‡”Q cÖkvmwbK wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡|31 Avgv‡`i Kvj‡K ev` w`‡j, D¤§vn& †Zv mgMÖ BwZnvmKv‡j wQj GKwU gvÎ wkjvi Øviv ˆZix ¯Í‡¤¢i gZ GKwU HK¨; †Kbbv me mgqB Zv GK ev Awfbœ Bmjvgx AvBb Øviv kvwmZ n‡q‡Q| ivR‰bwZK w`K w`‡q †KejgvÎ †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`xb Ges DgvBqv Avg‡j (10-131 wnRiv/632-749 wLªwóq mb) D¤§vn& HK¨e× wQj, GKwU Awa-ivR‡Z¡i Aax‡b, Gi BwZnv‡mi evwK mgqUzK‡z Z 1200 eQ‡iiI 30. Abd al Rahman al jaziri: Al Fiqh ala al Mahab al Arba' ah (Cairo: Al Matalaah al Tijariah al Kubra, n.v) Beginning of Remadan And Shawwal vol. 1 pp 58485. 31. BnvB GKgvÎ c_ e‡j g‡b nq, hv‡Z K‡i MwZkxj Ges m„Rbagx©q BmwZnv‡`i mgš^q mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i GKB iKg evÂbxq GKgZ I HK¨g‡Zi j‡¶¨i m‡½| G `ywU g~j¨gvbB Bmjv‡gi wek¦`„wói Ges Gi Av`k© c×wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 129 AwaK Kv‡ji g‡a¨ D¤§vn& wef³ n‡q c‡o‡Q eû ivR‰bwZK wefv‡M; wKš‘ AvB‡bi GKZ¡ wQj Zvi †P‡q `„pZi| GB AvBb gymwjg wek¦‡K w`‡q‡Q Zvi wewfbœ Abyôvb, Zvi ˆbwZK, wfwË, Gi Rxe‡b, Ges ms¯‹…wZi ixwZ I fw½, mKj Rb‡Mvôx I ms¯‹w… Zi gymjgvb‡`i‡K GB AvBb GK Ges Awfbœ Av`‡k© wk¶v`vb K‡i‡Q Ges GKB Av`‡k© wb‡ew`Z GKwU åvZ… mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zv‡`i‡K msnZ K‡i‡Q| Bmjvgx AvB‡bi AwfbœZv I GKZ¡, Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi †PŠÏkÕ eQ‡ii LÐb I wew”QbZvi AvksKv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q mvd‡j¨i m‡½, Zrm‡½ ˆe‡`wkK kw³i weRq‡KI †VwK‡q‡Q| hyw³m½Zfv‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, wek¦e¨vcx gymwjg H‡K¨i me©vMÖeZx© kw³ Ges †giæ`Û DfqB n‡”Q kixqZ, GB mZ¨ I ev¯ÍeZvB D¤§vn&‡K K‡i Zz‡j GKwU wek¦Rbxb åvZ…mgvR, †hLv‡b mKj gvbylB n‡”Q Zvi m`m¨, g~jZ Rb¥MZfv‡e Ges Kvh©Z GB AvBb wek¦ åvZ…mgv‡R cÖ‡ek Kivi ¯^vaxb e¨w³MZ ˆbwZK wm×v‡šÍi e‡`Šj‡Z|32 M. D¤§vn&MZ HK¨ I msnwZi cÖK…wZ 1. me©e¨vcKZ¡ GUv Avkv Kiv hvq †h, Bmjvg †h Rxe‡bi GKwU mvgwMÖK me©e¨vcK e¨e¯’v I c×wZ Zv cÖgv‡Yi †Kvb Avek¨KZv †bB| Bmjvg c„w_ex‡K cweÎ-AcweÎ, cvKbvcvK GB `yB fv‡M fvM K‡ibv, Rxeb‡K agx©q Ges ag© wbi‡c¶ e‡j ¯^Zš¿ MY¨ K‡ibv| gvbyl‡K †cŠ‡ivwnZ¨ I †cŠ‡ivwnZ¨-ewnf~©Z †kÖYx‡Z c„_K MÛxf~³ K‡ibv| Bmjvg G mKj wefvM‡K K…wÎg, A¯^vfvweK, A‡hŠw³K MY¨ K‡i| BwZnv‡mi wePv‡i G mg¯ÍB Agymwjg UªvwWm‡bi AvIZvfy³, wLª÷vb UªvwWm‡bi Ask B‡¯úwiqvj †iv‡gi me©‡kÖô †mev`vm wLª÷vb a‡g©i UªvwWmb| Avi GB B‡¤úwiqvj †iv‡gB wLª÷vb a‡g©i Rb¥ nq I Zvi Aeqe wbwg©Z nq| e¯‘Z: ag© `k©‡bi m‡½ Bmjvg cÖvmw½K A_©vr civwe`¨vi m‡e©v”P bxwZgvjvi m‡½ †hgb Bmjv‡gi cÖvmw½KZv we`¨gvb, †Zgwb Zv e¨w³MZ cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi †QvULvU LywUbvwUi †¶‡ÎI Zv cÖvmw½K| cweÎ KziAv‡bB Avgiv mË¡vi ˆØZiƒ‡ci ¯^xK…wZ cvV Kwi: ev¯Íe m„wó Ges mxgvwqZµgx mªóv, cÖK…wZ Ges gvbefvM¨, gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv Ges `vwqZ¡ mKj m„wói KviKZ¡, wbwgËZ¡ Ges bgbxqZv, wek¦RM‡Zi wbqg k„sLjve×Zv, mZ¨ I g~‡j¨i GKZ¡, Ges GKB fv‡e Avgiv cvV Kwi, Awfev`‡bi Rev‡e DrK…óZi Awfev`‡bi Av‡`k (KziAvb 4: 85), †Kvb M„‡n cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡M, cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ cÖv_©bvi (KziAvb 24: 26-28), Ab¨‡`i wPrKvi bv K‡i †gvjv‡qg fvlvq m‡¤^va‡bi, (KziAvb 31: 19)| KziAvb Ges 32. GLv‡b kixqvn-Gi ALÊ f~wgKv Ges †mv‡jv‡bi AvB‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU mgvšÍivj †iLv Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i| †mv‡jv‡bi GB AvBb CwRqvb mvM‡ii Pviw`‡K emevmKvix Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv MÖxK‡`i‡K GKB mvs¯‹w… ZK H‡K¨i g‡a¨ Avbqb K‡iwQj| 130 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© mybœvn wgwjZfv‡e AvPvi-AvPiY, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, ˆbwZK bxwZgvjv Ges mgvRc×wZi GKwU cwic~Y© e¨e¯’v Avgv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡Q| GUv mZ¨ †h, KziAvb Avgv‡`i‡K mKj LyuwUbvwU †`qwb, wKš‘ w`‡q‡Q mKj †gŠjbxwZ Ges `„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e wKQz LyuwUbvwU| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î †Kvb GKwU wel‡q gg©‡K my®úó K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨, Ab¨ e¨vcv‡ii PvB‡Z †ekx LyuwUbvwU †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges mybœvnI ZvB K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Bmjv‡gi cweÎ MÖ‡š’i cÖwZwU †¶‡Î cÖvmw½KZv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`‡ni †Kvb AeKvk †bB| Avjøvn Zvqvjv wKsev Zvi bex (mv.) †h me LyuwUbvwU ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL K‡ibwb, †m¸‡jvi we‡kølY, e¨vL¨v I we‡kl iƒc`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z n‡q‡Q gymjgvb‡`i Dci| wbðqB gymjgvbiv †hvM¨Zvi m‡½B `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Q Ges mvgwMÖK AvBb e¨e¯’v wek`iƒc ˆZix K‡i‡Q gvby‡li BwZnv‡m, †ZgbwU hv Avi †Kv_vI nqwb|33 GB mvgwMÖK e¨vcK‡Z¡i ZvwË¡K wfwË GB ¯^Ztwm× †h, gvby‡li cÖ‡Z¨KwU K‡g©i g‡a¨B wbwnZ i‡q‡Q, †Kvb bv †Kvb g~‡j¨i m¤¢vebv, †h‡nZz D¤§vn&i j¶¨ n‡”Q GB g~‡j¨i ev¯Íevqb, Zv †_‡K GB wm×všÍ m~wPZ nq †h, †hLv‡bB GB ev¯Íevq‡bi m¤¢vebv `„k¨gvb n‡q DV‡e, †mLv‡bB D¤§vn& Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †PwóZ n‡e| Gi Zvrch© GB †h, gvby‡li cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kg©Kv‡Ûi e¨vcv‡i D¤§vn&i wKQz bv wKQz e³e¨ _vK‡eB| †h‡nZz Bmjvgx AvBb G‡¶‡Î cÖvmw½K, ZvB D¤§vn&i †Kvb cÖkvmwbK ev wePvi welqK cwim‡ii evB‡i †Kvb Kvh©B c‡obv| 2. ˆelwqKZv ev AšÍtw¯’Z welqvw` ‡h †Kvb GK‡Z¡i mvgwMÖK cÖK…wZ, AvbyôvwbK ev weg~Z© n‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘Z, e¨vcKZv hZ †ekx n‡e, GKZ¡ ZZB †ekx kixix n‡q _v‡K| Ges GKwU mgMÖ ag© ev wek¦`„wó wKsev bxwZgvjv‡K K‡qKwU weg~Z© k‡ãi g‡a¨ cy‡i †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i-hv mewKPz †evSv‡Z wM‡q wKQzB eySvq bv| Bmjv‡gi mvgwMÖK e¨vcKZ¡ ˆelwqKZv ev Dcv`vb‡K eR©b K‡i AwR©Z nqwb| c¶všÍ‡i, Gi †gvKv‡ejvq `uvo Kwi‡q‡Q wb‡iU Dcv`vb A_©vr bxwZm¤§Z cÖwZwU evwÃZ wel‡qi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v I wb‡`©k Ges †hLv‡b welqwU AvB‡bi ewnf~©Z †mLv‡b w`‡q‡Q gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖ‡Z¨KwU GjvKv I K‡g©i w`kvix wn‡m‡e we‡kl g~jbxwZ (Dicta)| Dcv`vb ev Av‡aq ewR©Z mvgwMÖK‡Z¡i `„óvšÍ eû| wn›`y Abya¨vbx wPšÍvwe` m~‡h©¨i bx‡P Ges m~h©¨‡K Qvwo‡q mg¯Í wKQzB †evSvb ÔIgÕ kã Øviv; Avgv‡`i mydx 33. Bmjvgx AvB‡bi `ywU P‚ovšÍ Drm n‡”Q KziAvb Ges mybœvn| wekvj mycwimi kixqvn Gi wewa e¨e¯’vi Aeq‡ei g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ Ges mvgvwRK ˆbwZKZvi mKj AÂjB c‡o| ¯úóZB `ywU g~j Dr‡mi †KvbwUi m‡½ m¤úK© bv †i‡L Bmjv‡gi †Kvb wewa e¨e¯’vB ˆea e‡j MY¨ n‡ebv| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 131 Abya¨vbx Abyiƒcfv‡e ÔûÕ kã Øviv Zv e¨³ K‡ib| `vk©wbK‡`i Rb¨ mg¯Í wKQz †evSvq Ggb GKwU dgy©jvi w`‡K †V‡j wb‡q hvIqv GKwU AvKl©Yxq e¨vcvi| Aek¨ `ytLRbK mZ¨ GB †h, G iKg GK ¯^i ev aŸwb wewkó g~j cwifvlvi cÖfv‡e gvbyl, cyY¨gq Ava¨vwZ¥KZv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj cÖKvi cvcKg© Ges †cŠËwjKZvi c‡_ wePiY K‡i‡Q| wn›`y Ges mydx DfqB Rv‡b GB cwifvlv Gai‡bi weP~¨wZ _vgvevi kw³ iv‡L bv| GKBfv‡e, †hLv‡b nhiZ Cmvi cÖv_wgK j¶¨B wQj wkjxf~Z wb®úÖvY AvBb me©¯^Zv †f‡½ †djv, A_©vr Bû`x‡`i Av¶wiKZvi Drmv`b, †mLv‡b Zuvi wkl¨iv hv w¯’i Kij Zv g~jZ ˆbwZK Ges HwkK AšÍ`©w„ ó‡K GKwU cig c×wZ‡Z mÂvwiZ Kivi cÖqvm, †hLv‡b mg¯Í ˆbwZKZvB AšÍM©Z gvbwmK welq| wn›`yi civZvwË¡K GKgvÎ eywj ÔIgÕ ¯’‡j wLª÷vbiv cÖwZwôZ Kij jvf ev †cÖg, †h ˆbwZK †kÖYx‡Z c‡o mg¯Í wKQzB| AMvwó‡bi ÒAvjøvn‡K fvjevm Ges †Zvgiv hv B”Qv KiÓ n‡q `uvovj mK‡ji Rb¨ GK wn‡Zvc‡`k, hv †h †Kvb e¨w³, †h †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨i †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i Aek¨B G wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Avjøvn n‡”Qb a‡g©i GKRb PgrKvi BwZnvmwe`, whwb ÎæwU weP~¨wZ¸‡jv Rv‡bb Ges a‡g©i ÎæwU¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib| hvi cÖgvY †g‡j KziAvbyj Kwi‡gi eû Avqv‡Z| GRb¨ GUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK †h, Bmjvg, hvi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q HwZnvwmK ag©¸‡jvi ms¯‹viiƒ‡c, Zv‡Z Avjøvn Avgv‡`i‡K †Kej GK ev GKvwaK mvaviY bxwZ `vb K‡ib bvB, eis w`‡q‡Qb ˆbwZKZvi wbw`©ó welq¯^iƒc Dcv`vb ev Av‡aq Ges we‡kl Av‡`k I wb‡la, †hLv‡b we‡kl Dcv`vb ev Av‡aq Abycw¯’Z †mLv‡b Bmjv‡gi weavb n‡”Q AbymÜvb K‡i Zv †ei Kiv Ges cÖwZwôZ Kiv gvby‡li KZ©e¨| ¯úóZB Bmjvg †h‡nZz mvgwMÖK, Ges Dcv`vb ev Av‡a‡qi aviK, ZvB Bmjvg n‡”Q GK wkjvq wbwg©Z wekvj ¯Í‡¤¢i gZB GKK| Gi j¶¨ n‡”Q LyuwUbvwU cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡q m¤ú~Y© GKwU c×wZ M‡o †Zvjv, hv‡Z Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ gvby‡li Rxeb n‡e wbqwš¿Z| Agymjgvbiv kixqvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib, KviY kixqvn n‡”Q m¤ú~Y© (A_©vr mvgwMÖK)|34 Zuviv wVKB e‡j _v‡Kb, Bmjv‡gi mvgwMÖKZ¡ Ges Av‡aqZ¡ GK m‡›`nvZxZ ev¯ÍeZv, wKš‘ Gi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q Bmjvg a‡g©i ˆewkó¨, Gi Abb¨Zv I g~j¨I| 34. William Mac Neil. The Rise of the West (Chicago University Press. 1964) s.v "The Shariah" 132 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 3. MwZkxjZv msÁvi w`K w`‡q g‡bvwjw_K e¨e¯’v n‡”Q eR©bagx© GKUv e¨e¯’v, hv Pvi w`K †_‡K Ave× Ges we‡`kx AcwiwPZ ev bZzb mKj Dcv`v‡bi †¶‡Î iæ×Øvi, †Kvb wKQz‡KB MÖnY Ki‡Z ev ey‡K ¯’vb w`‡Z ivRx bq| GB n‡”Q cÖvP¨we‡`i kixqvi mvgwMÖKZ¡ I Dcv`v‡bi †h mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡Kb Zvi mvigg©| Zviv e‡j _v‡Kb, kixqvn Zvi BwZnv‡mi GKwU GKgvÎ cÖK…Z gnr gyn‡~ Z©B, A_©vr hLb Zv Zvi c~Y©Zvq †cuŠ‡QwQj ZLbB, GKwU cwic~Y© I m¤ú~Y© c×wZ wn‡m‡e, Zvi j‡¶¨ DcbxZ n‡qwQj| hLb GB kxl© we›`y‡Z †m †cuŠQj ZLbB ïiæ nq Ae¶q, Zvi wbgœMwZ, KviY Gi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K evi evi cybRx©weZ Kivi †h kvk¦Z PwiÎ i‡q‡Q Zv‡K Zv AwZµg K‡i AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ g‡bvwjw_K c×wZ bZzb bZzb Ae¯’vi m‡½ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ e`jv‡Z cv‡ibv Ges GRb¨ Zv Aek¨B bZzb cÖeZ©bvi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU cwieZ©bvB n‡”Q Ô†e`vqvZÕ, GwUI GKwU ˆea mgv‡jvPbv; wKš‘ †m mgv‡jvPbv kixqvi mgv‡jvPbv bq, gymwjg dKxn I Zv‡`i AbymiYKvix‡`i mgv‡jvPbv; huviv B”QvK…Zfv‡eB kixqvi weKv‡ki c_‡K iæ× K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avm‡j Avgv‡`i ga¨hy‡Mi c~e©ciy ælMYB Bmjvg‡K GB c‡_ Zz‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zviv BRwZnv‡`i `iRv eÜ K‡i †`b, Ges †NvlYv K‡ib, cÖ_g BRgv n‡e mvjv‡di BRgv, (mvjvd gv‡b Avw` cÖRb¥), A_©vr mvnvev‡`i BRgv, bexi mnPi‡`i BRgv, hv‡Z K‡i †Kvb †e`vqvZ cÖewZ©Z n‡Z bv cv‡i| AvR Avgiv Zv‡`i mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i `„wófw½i cÖwZ mnvbyZ‚wZ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Zv‡`i‡K ¶gv Ki‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i `„óv‡šÍi AbymiY nvm¨Ki| wdKvn&-Dmy‡ji †h me cwÛZ ga¨hy‡M kixqvn-Gi ¯úó iƒc`vb K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡K DbœxZ K‡iwQ‡jb c~Y©Zvi m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i Zviv Gi g‡a¨ AvB‡bi ¯^qswµq beiƒc AR©‡bi m~²Zg hš¿ AšÍf³ ©y Ki‡Z hZœevb wQ‡jb|35 Zviv gymjgvb‡`i w`‡qwQ‡jb mnxn AvBb Ges Zvi m‡½ w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡K bZzb iƒc`v‡bi cÖwZôvb I Dcvqmg~n, Ges Zv h‡ZvUv mnxn wQj Zvi PvB‡Z Zv‡K Av‡iv wbLyuZ Ki‡Z A_ev mKj mgq I mKj Kv‡ji Rb¨ AvB‡bi GB m¤ú~Y©Zv cÖvmw½Kfv‡e hv‡Z Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i Zv eRvq ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK Kv‡j ¯^í K‡qKwU 35. Self-renewal hš¿wU LyuwUbvwUi Rb¨ cov †h‡Z cv‡i Dmyj Avj wdKvni Dci †h †Kvb cvV¨ cy¯Í‡K, Avj BmwZnv`, Avj wKqvm, Avj BmwZnmvb, Avj gvmvwjn, Avj gyimvjvn jvn, wk‡ivbv‡gi Aax‡b †Zvgiv K…cY n‡qvbv, e×gywó n‡qvbv Ges AwgZe¨qx n‡qvbv, †hb †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i mg¯Í m¤ú` wewj‡q w`‡q †Zvgiv wb‡RivB bv me©nviv n‡q co (17: 29)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 133 cÖqvm Qvov gymjgvbiv kixqvn-Gi bevq‡bi GB ¯^qswµq hš¿wUi †Kvb e¨enviB K‡iwb (A_©vr BRwZnv`, wKqvm, BRgv, BmwZnmvb, Avj gvmvwjn, Avj gyimvjvn BZ¨vw`)| †mB hš¿wUi we‡køl‡Yi ¯’vb GwU bq, Z‡e †h ZË¡MZ eywbqv‡`i Dci Zv `uvwo‡q Av‡Q Zv Aek¨B wePvi K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| Bmjvg n‡”Q †mvbvjx ga¨cš’vi ag©: ÒGes Gfv‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K (gymjgvb‡`i‡K) K‡iwQ DËg ga¨cš’x D¤§vn hv‡Z †Zvgiv gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ n‡Z cvi cÖZ¨¶ `„óvšÍ Ges ivm~j n‡Z cv‡ib †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ `„óvšÍÓ (KziAvb 2: 143)| GB bxwZ we‡kl Ges wbwe©‡kl, wek¦Rbxb Ges wbw`©ó we‡kwl‡ZK I Dcv`vbc~Y©, g‡bvwjw_K, Ges eûgyLx, e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK Ges we‡klvZ¥K DfqB, Ges BnvB Gi kw³| Bmjvg Avgv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡Q mvaviY AvBb Ges Zvi m‡½ Avgv‡`i‡K AbygwZ w`‡q‡Q †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb †mLv‡b Zv f½ Ki‡Z| A_©vr hLb mvaviY AvB‡b wea„Z GKwU g~j¨‡K Abymi‡Yi d‡j, GKwU D”PZi g~j¨ jswNZ nq, Pzwi, binZ¨v, k~Ki gvsm f¶‡Yi weiæ‡× KziAv‡bi wb‡`©kgvjv, mvjvZ, †ivRv, wcZvgvZvi Rb¨ m¤§vb, GgbwK n¾ m¤ú‡K© KziAv‡bi weavbmg~n GmeB Ges Av‡iv †ekx †¶‡Î jsNb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hLb GB Av‡`k wb‡`©‡ki cvjb GKwU D”PZi Bmjvgx g~j¨‡K jsNb K‡i A_ev Gai‡bi g~‡j¨i ev¯Íevqb‡K wewNœZ K‡i| †KejgvÎ †h bxwZwUi †¶‡Î Bmjv‡g †Kvb e¨wZµg †bB, Zv n‡”Q ZvInx`| ÒAvjøvn wki‡Ki Aciva KL‡bv ¶gv K‡ibbv, wKš‘ hv‡K B”Qv wZwb Gi PvB‡Z Kg ¸iæZi †h †Kvb cvc ¶gv K‡i †`bÓ (KziAvb 4: 47, 155)| Bmjv‡gi Av‡`kÑ wb‡`©‡ki †¶‡Î n¯Í‡¶‡ci AeKv‡ki g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q Bmjv‡gi MwZkxjZv| hw` weMZ kZK¸‡jv‡Z gymjgvbiv GB Pvwe¸‡jv e¨envi bv K‡i wb‡R‡`i‡K e× N‡i Ave× K‡i †i‡L _v‡K, G Rb¨ †Kej gymjgvb‡`i‡KB Acivax mve¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e, Avi KvD‡K bq| GQvov Avi †Kv‡bv bxwZB P‚ovšÍ I AjsNbxq bq, Bmjvg n‡”Q fvimv‡g¨i ag©| †hgb Zv wk‡íi †¶‡Î, mvwnZ¨mn Gi mKj wk‡íi †ejvq hv M‡o D‡V‡Q ZvIqvRyb (fvimvg¨) Gi GB bxwZi Dci, Zvi †Lv` g~j¨ZZ¡B n‡”Q ci¯úiwe‡ivax `ywU g~‡j¨i m~² wgkÖ‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU m~² fvimvg¨ ¯’vcb| Be‡b ZvBwgqv wK my›`i K‡iBbv Zuvi Avj wmqvmv Avj kixqv‡Z e‡j‡Qb ÒBmjvg n‡”Q Avjøvni g‡bvbxZ ag©, †h †ekx K‡i Ges †h Kg K‡i, Zv‡`i ga¨ ¯’‡j hvi Ae¯’vb|Ó GB ¸YwUB wb‡R‡K ØxwbDj wdZivZ (Avjøvni Øxb, ¯^fve I hyw³i Øxb, fvimv‡g¨i Øxb Ges †mvbvjx ga¨cš’v) e‡j `vex Kivi †hvM¨Zv `vb K‡i Bmjvg‡K| Bmjv‡gi GB ZvIqvRyb Z_v fvimvg¨ †mvbvjx ga¨cš’v Ges MwZkxjZvi GKwU AZzjbxq Awfe¨w³| Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, ivm~jj y vø ni (mv.) Rev‡e hLb, Bmjv‡gi GKwU Drmvn DÏxcbv wb‡q wKQz 134 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© msL¨K †jvK Zuv‡K e‡jwQ‡jv, ÒGLb †_‡K Avgiv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`b †ivRv ivL‡ev, mivivZ e‡›`Mx Ki‡ev Ges Avgiv KL‡bv Avgv‡`i ¯¿x‡`i‡K ¯úk© Ki‡evbvÓÑ gnvbex ZLb ej‡jb, ÒwKš‘ Avwg‡Zv eQ‡ii wKQz msL¨K w`‡b †ivRv ivL‡ev, evwK w`b¸‡jv‡Z LvIqv `vIqv Ki‡ev| Avwg Bev`Z Ki‡ev Ges wb`ªvI hve, Ges Avwg ¯¿x‡jvK‡`i weevn Ki‡ev, hviv Avgvi `„óvšÍ AbymiY Ki‡Z PvB‡e bv Zviv Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ MY¨ n‡ebv|Ó ZvwjKv Kiv hvqbv Ggb eûmsL¨K Avqv‡Z KziAvb Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j‡Q, †mB me gyj¨MZ Dcv`v‡bi †gvKv‡ejvq hyw³MÖvn¨ KvÛÁvb wn‡m‡e Bmjv‡gi mvigg©- †h Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kj¨vY Ges AKj¨vY Df‡qiB mgvb m¤¢vebv, c„w_exi mKj ïf e¯‘B Gi g‡a¨ c‡o|36 KziAvb GigvÎ K‡qKwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Q Ò†hgb igYx, wkï, ¯^Y-© †iŠc¨, Ak¦ivwR, M„ncvwjZ RxeRš‘ Ges †¶Z Lvgvi|Ó Ges Gfv‡e gvbeg‡b c„w_exi m‡½ †h m‡ei m¤úK© ZLb wQ‡jv Ges GL‡bv mvaviYfv‡e mswkøó i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i‡Q (3: 14)| eû msL¨K Avqv‡Z G¸‡jv Ag½jKi e‡j †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q Ges gymjgvb‡`i‡K Gme m¤ú‡K© ûwkqvi K‡i w`‡q‡Q| A_P (7: 31) Avqv‡Z G¸‡jv †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q Kj¨vYKiiƒ‡c Ges Gme AR©‡bi Rb¨ gymjvgb‡`i cÖqvm‡K mg_©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j wbqvgK bxwZwU †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (9: 25) Avqv‡Z, †hLv‡b wZi¯‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q åvšÍ †kÖYxwefvM‡K, ÔAvjøvn I Zuvi bexi Dci G †kÖYxwefvM‡K, gvbyl KZ©„K cÖvavb¨ `v‡b Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨... AvZ¥wb‡qv‡Mi Dc‡i| ¯úóZB †mvbvjx ga¨cš’vi gv‡b n‡”Q `ywU A-g~‡j¨i ga¨eZx© cš’v; wKš‘ Zv GK Ges Awfbœ g~‡j¨i Abymi‡Yi †¶‡ÎI GKwU fvimvg¨ hvi g‡a¨ mgš^q N‡U, Ab¨ mKj g~‡j¨i bq, hv cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K †`q Zvi h‡_vwPZ cÖvc¨|37 4. Avw½KZv D¤§vn&i HK¨ n‡”Q A½ cÖZ¨½gq GKwU Rxe‡`‡ni H‡K¨i gZ; A_©vr D¤§vn& n‡”Q A½ cÖZ¨½gq GKwU †`‡ni gZ hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU A½-cÖZ¨½ G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ Ges mg‡MÖi Dci ci¯úi I Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e wbf©ikxj| GKwU A½ hLb wb‡Ri KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv †hgb Ab¨vb¨ A‡½i Rb¨I KvR K‡i, †Zgwb Zv wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b mg‡MÖi Rb¨I KvR K‡i| Dnv hLb wb‡Ri KvR K‡i, ZLb Bnv wewfbœ A‡½i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ KvR K‡i| Avjøvn Zvqvjv Zv‡`i‡K mdjKvg e‡j eY©bv 36. K…cYZv I AwZ e`vb¨Zv ev AvwZ‰k‡h¨i ga¨eZx© †mvbvjx cš’vi Dci Bmjv‡gi D”PKÉ ¸iæ‡Z¡i †NvlYv †g‡j Avj KziAv‡b (17: 29)| 37. See the Phenomental nalysis of Contradictory Values in Nicolary Hartaman. Ethics Abyev Stanton Coin (New York Macxmillan 1932) vol. 2. section 2 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 135 K‡i‡Qb, Òhv‡`i m¤ú‡` Zviv AfveMÖ¯’ I ew‡Zi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡iÓ (5: 19)| Ges gnvbexi D¤§Z‡`i eY©bv K‡ib Gfv‡e †h ÒZviv Awek¦vmx‡`i †¶‡Î K‡Vvi, wKš‘ wb‡R‡`i †ejvq G‡K A‡b¨i cÖwZ †Kvgj I `qvjy; G Ggb GKwU åvZ…mgvR hv‡Z Avjøvn‡K †K›`ª K‡i G‡K A‡b¨i cÖwZ cvi¯úwiK fvjevmvi Øviv Zv‡`i ü`q HK¨e× n‡q‡QÓ (48: 29)| gnvbex (mv.) †gv¶g K_v e‡jwQ‡jb, hLb wZwb D¤§vn‡K eY©bv K‡ib ÒGKwU myw¯’Z msnZ BgviZiƒ‡c, gReyZ BgviZiƒ‡c, hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask Ab¨ mKj Ask‡K a‡i iv‡L, gReyZ K‡i Ges Zv‡K Zzjbv K‡ib GKwU †`‡ni m‡½ hvi GKwU A½ Amy¯’ n‡j mg¯Í †`nB wb›`ªvnxbZv I R¡‡i KvZi nq|Ó D¤§vn&‡K GKwU A½ cÖZ¨½gq RxešÍ †`‡ni m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, GB †kl nv`xmwU‡Z, hv m¤¢eZ Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q h‡_vwPZ eY©bv| A½ cÖZ¨½gq †`n n‡”Q RxešÍ Ges wewfbœ cÖZ¨½ wb‡q Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ n‡”Q Gi mwZ¨Kvi Rxeb| A_©vr mgMÖ †`n‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ A½ cÖ‡Z¨‡½i cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv Ges mgMÖ KZ©„K A½ cÖZ¨½¸‡jvi wbiew”Qbœ jvjb cvj‡bi g‡a¨B GB RxešÍ †`‡ni Rxeb wbwnZ| A½gqZv ev Avw½KZv Rxe‡bi †Kej GKwU ¸YgvÎ bq, eis GwUB Rxeb| D¤§vn& hw` GB ˆewkó¨ Z¨vM K‡i Ab¨wKQz n‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j Zv Avevi wd‡i hv‡e giæf~wgi Bmjvg-c~e© †MvÎev‡`| GgbwK †mB e¨e¯’vI †Mv‡Îi A½gqZvi aviYvi Dci cÖwZwôZ, KviY GB A½gqZv ev` w`‡q Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤¢e wQjbv; †Mv‡Îi G aviYv‡K †KejgvÎ m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ Zvi AvIZvq Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GB A½gqZv‡K ev D¤§vni cÖ‡qvRb‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi gv‡bB n‡”Q e¨w³i wew”Qbœ Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ïf g‡b Kiv| Ggbfv‡e Zv‡`i ci¯úi wew”Qbœ e‡j g‡b Kiv, hvi d‡j, †Kej †h BmjvgB Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o Zv bq, eis mgfv‡e mf¨Zv, cÖK…Z cÖ¯vÍ ‡e gvby‡li RxebB Am¤¢e Ges AwPšÍ¨bxq n‡q `uvovq| cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv‡K wb‡q AwZ evovevwo Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, KviY GB wbf©ikxjZv‡K evwo‡q Ggb GKwU we›`y‡Z †cuŠQz‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b GKwU e„nËi A½ ev h‡š¿i PvKvi †Kej GKwU LuvR ev `uv‡Z cwiYZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i gvbe e¨w³‡K, hv‡Z †mB Luv‡R, Z_v e¨w³i wb‡Ri weKv‡k AvZ¥c~Y©Zv Ges my‡Li †Kvb AeKvkB _v‡Kbv| †MvÎ cÖvav‡b¨i gv‡bB nDK wKsev bMi, RvwZ A_ev wek¦m¤cÖ`v‡qi RgvbvB nDK, †iwR‡g‡›Ukb Ges †hŠ_Lvgvi I gvwjKvbv cÖ_vi Awfkvc me mgqB gvby‡li †PZbvq GKwU `ye©n cvlvY fv‡ii gZ †P‡c e‡m‡Q| GLv‡bI Avevi Bmjvg ZvIqvRyb A_©vr †mvbvjx ga¨cš’vi e¨e¯’v w`‡q‡Q Ges Zv e¨w³ I MÖæc Df‡qiB mvdj¨ AR©‡bi j¶¨ e‡j †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| wLª÷vb a‡g©i P‚ovšÍ e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿ev` Ges Bû`x ag© I Bmjvg-c~e© P‚ovšÍ †MvÎev‡`i g‡a¨ 136 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Bmjvg cÖK…Z cÖ¯vÍ ‡e GKwU ga¨eZx© Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li m¤ú‡K©i mywe¯Í…Z cwim‡ii g‡a¨, ga¨eZx© ¯’‡j Dfq g~‡j¨i Aew¯’wZ †NvlYv K‡i Ges †mB cwim‡ii †kl cÖv‡šÍi A-g~j¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| N. m¤¢vebv Dc‡i ewY©Z Gai‡bi GKwU D¤§vn& †h †KejB m¤¢e Zv bq, ej‡Z †M‡j GB n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi mdjZvi GKgvÎ kZ©| GB D¤§vn&i bxwZi †Kvb bv †KvbwU‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ bv K‡i †Kvb mgvR Ges †Kvb ag©B, †Kvb †MvÎ Ges †Kvb ivóªB, †Kvb mvgªvR¨ Ges †Kvb BwZnvmB KL‡bv m„wó nqwb, ev mdj nqwb| D¤§vn&i †gŠjbxwZ hZ †ekx Abym„Z n‡q‡Q ZZ †ekx Ges ZZ ¯’vqx n‡q‡Q GB ev¯Íevqb| D¤§vni Av`k© hZ Kg Abym„Z n‡q‡Q, mvdj¨ n‡q‡Q ZZ †ekx mvgwqK ev e¨_©Zv n‡q‡Q ZZ †ekx e„nr| GgbwK †Lv` kqZv‡bi mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ D¤§vn&i bxwZgvjv GKwU wbðqZv, hw`I Zv mvgwqK| hw` kqZvb Ges Zvi evwnbx D¤§vn&i Av`‡k©i cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©¸‡jv c~iY K‡i †m Ges Zvi evwnbx Aek¨B mdj n‡e, hw`I gvbeRvwZi BwZnv‡m Zv‡`i mvdj¨ P‚ovšÍ ev wm×všÍg~jK n‡Z cv‡ibv| Rvqbev`xiv †hgb mdj, dvw`©bv›` Ges Bmv‡ejv, hv‡`i Aax‡b †¯úbxqiv Avgv‡`i‡K ewn®‹vi K‡iwQj ZvivI mdj, †¯úb †_‡K Zviv Ges weªwUk, divmx, BZvjxq, WvP BZ¨vw` hviv Avgv‡`i †`k‡K Avgv‡`i f~wg‡K K‡jvbx evwb‡qwQj, GgbwK wnsmª ZvZviiv hviv j¶ j¶ †jvK‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj Ges Avgv‡`i gnËg Ges e„nËg bMix¸‡jv‡K f®§xf~Z K‡iwQj, Zviv mK‡jB mdj n‡qwQj, KviY, Zviv wQj ev i‡q‡Q AwaKZi D¤§vn&cš’x, AZx‡Zi wKsev eZ©gvb Kv‡ji gymjgvb‡`i †_‡K A‡bK †ekx| GLv‡bB Avgv‡`i `ye©jZv, AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨ evievi GB cÖkœ DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q, ÒGi KviY wK? hLb †Kvb gymjgvb ÔIqv BmjvgvÕ e‡j wPrKvi K‡i, †KDB mvov †`qbv?Ó Gi Reve n‡”Q Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ D¤§vn&i Abycw¯’wZ, D¤§vn& e¨e¯’vi aviv Ges †gŠjbxwZ¸‡jv‡K c~iY Kivi e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i e¨_©Zv| Kv‡RB, Awbevh© cÖkœwU n‡”Q GB: wK K‡i Avgiv gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ D¤§vn&i Av`k© m„wó Ki‡ev? D¤§vn& m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb a‡i wb‡q Ges D¤§vn&i wk¶v Z_v Bmjvgx Av`k© m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb i‡q‡Q GK_v ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q Avgiv ev¯Íe cÖkœwUi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cvwi| D¤§vn&i j¶¨‡K µgvš^‡q wK K‡i Avgiv Kvh©Ki I cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cvwi, cÖkœwU hZB ev¯Íe nDK, GB cÖ‡kœi DciB mydxMY Zv‡`i mg¯Í cÖwZfv‡K wbt‡kl K‡iwQ‡jb P‚ovšÍ j¶¨ we¯§„Z n‡q| Be‡b evÕRv G‡`i GB fyj ai‡Z †c‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb M‡elYv-g~jK MÖš’ ÔwimvjvZ Zv`wei Avj AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 137 †gvZvIqvn&`Õ hvi Rb¨, wPšÍvavivi BwZnvmwe` wn‡m‡e Avgiv D™¢veb Ki‡Z cvwi GKwU cwifvlvi ÒmgvRwfwËK mydxev`Ó| AvaywbK Kv‡j †mbywmqvn Av‡›`vjb GB ai‡bi D¤§vn&wfwËK mydxev‡`i G‡Kev‡i KvQvKvwQ †cuŠ‡QwQj| `yB, gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ D¤§vni mvgwMÖK GKvZ¥Zv‡eva, Kx K‡i Avwg m„wó Ki‡Z cvwi, †m cÖkœ †Zv Avm‡j `yÕR‡bi g‡a¨ Kx K‡i Avwg GKwU ivmvqwbK wgjb m„wó Ki‡Z cvwi, Zv wRÁvmv Kiv| Gai‡bi ivmvqwbK m¤ú‡K©i djB n‡”Q ÔZvnveyeÕ (cvi¯úwiK fvjevmv) ÔAvZ& ZvIqvmxÕ Iqv AvZ&ZvbvnxÕ (civgk©`vb) ÔAvZ&ZvqvLxÕ (åvZ…m¤úK© ¯’vcb) AvZ&ZvIqvDb (mn‡hvwMZv) AvZ&Zvqvjygm (wk¶v`vb) AvZ&ZvRvDh (†gjv‡gkv), AvZ& ZvIqvmx (kvšÍbv`vb), AvZ& Zvmv`yK Iqv ZvËvbDm (eÜzKiY), Kx ai‡bi wµqv Ges wb®ŒxqZv, ev¯ÍeZv A_ev Aev¯ÍeZv, Kg©ZrciZv A_ev wb®‹g©Zv, D¤§‡Zi GB eÜb m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv GKevi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ G‡jB, GB g~j¨¸‡jv m~wPZ n‡e Ges Gfv‡e D¤§vn&i Rb¥ n‡e| ms‡¶‡c `yB ev Z‡Zvw`K e¨w³ ev Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wKfv‡e GB cvi¯úwiK fvjevmv m„wó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, BnvB cÖkœ| gvby‡li g‡a¨ G iƒcvšÍi m„wó Kiv gvby‡li KvR bq, eis Avjøvni `vwqZ¡, KziAv‡bi kZvwaK Avqv‡Z hv †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q,38 KviY †kÖqi w`‡K †h †Kvb iƒcvšÍi I D¤§‡Zi aviYvi w`‡K †h †Kvb Db¥yLZvi wZwbB n‡”Qb MÖš’Kvi| G‡¶‡Î gvbyl hv Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv n‡”Q Zvi cÖ¯vÍ ebvi mvg_©¨ A_©vr ev¯Íe I ˆelwqK †cÖw¶Z m„wó Kiv, hvi g‡a¨ Hkx D‡`¨vM Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| Bnv wbðqB m¤¢e †h, Hkx K‡g©i Rb¨ Gai‡bi gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ KL‡bv †Kvb dj Drcv`b bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GK_v †m‡¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨ †hLv‡b gvbweK D‡`¨vM n‡”Q ¯úwa©Z, AeÁvc~Y© Ges wb‡Ri mg„‡Ü Ah_vB AwZ Av¯’vevb, wKš‘ hLb GB D‡`¨vM wgwkÖZ nq Hkx ¶gZvi webxZ ¯^xK…wZi m‡½, ZLb Zv mdj bv n‡q cv‡ibv| Ab¨_vq †h †Kvb gvbweK wµqvi Rb¨ Hkx Av‡`k Amvi n‡q c‡o Ges GKBfv‡e Zv n‡q `uvovq AnsK…Z| Avgiv Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i cÖkœwU‡K bZzb K‡i MVb Ki‡Z cvwi| Hkx D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ wK we‡kl Kg© ev cwiw¯’wZ, e¯‘MZ †cÖw¶Z ev cUf~wgKv n‡Z cv‡i? GLv‡b GKgvÎ m¤¢ve¨ Reve GB †h, GB gvbyl¸‡jv G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ wgwjZ n‡eÑ Avjøvn‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡e Ges GK‡Î Zvi Bev`Z Ki‡e, hyM¥fv‡e Ávb I cÖÁvi mÜvb Ki‡e, GK‡Î ¯úk©MÖvn¨ mywbw`©ó d‡ji Rb¨ KvR Kiv I Zv AR©b Ges 38. Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ k㸇jv †h me Avqv‡Zi AšÍM©Z Zvi Rb¨ co–b †gvnv¤§` evivKvZ iwPZ Al Murshid ila Ayat al Quran al Karim (Cairo Al Malataba al Hashimyah 1957) 138 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q LvIqv `vIqv Drme Kiv, Dc‡fvM Kiv Ges wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ we‡qkv`x Kiv| hw` GB KvR¸‡jv m¤úvw`Z nq AKc‡U Ges Avjøvni mš‘wó Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ZvwoZ bv n‡q, Zvn‡j G wek¦vm wbðqB Kiv hvq †h, G¸‡jv m„wó Ki‡e D¤§vn&i eÜb| Ab¨ †Kvb cš’vqB G eÜb m„wó Ki‡ebv| Aby‡gq †h ¯’vbxq, AvÂwjK Ges RvZxq ch©v‡q Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri ˆeVK I Rjmv¸‡jvi c`‡¶c GB j‡¶¨B; wek¦e¨vcx Bmjvgx msN, mwgwZ I †K›`ª¸‡jvi Rygvi RvgvZ¸‡jvI Zv-B| Aek¨ GLb ch©šÍ GmeB LwÛZ, AwbqwgZ, weij, AcwiKwíZ, Awbqwš¿Z Ges Am¤ú~Y©| Avgiv GLb ch©šÍ hv Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ Zvi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ekx Kiv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ Avek¨K A_©vr D¤§vn&i Rjmv I RvgvZ¸‡jv‡K cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc`vb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ GB civgk© †`Iqv hv‡”Q †h, †h †Kv‡bv gymwjg †h wb‡R‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ m¤¢vebvc~Y© g‡b K‡i, †h Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ Ggb GKwU A½xKvive× e‡j MY¨ K‡i, hv Zvi e¨w³MZ Ges cvwievwiK ¯^v_©‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq, †m GKRb Avwgj n‡e| (GKRb cÖwZôvZv, GKRb msMVK Urwah Wuhqa Gi †bZv [10 Rb eq¯‹ gymjgv‡bi GKwU RvgvZ, hv‡Z Zvi cwiev‡ii †jvKRbI _vK‡e|] GKwU Urwah Wuhqa Gi GKwU D‡Ïk¨ Ges GKwU kZ©B n‡”Q Bmjvg| Av‡gj 10 Rb m`m¨‡K wPwýZ I AvnŸvb K‡i, †m GB 10 R‡bi m‡½ m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ G‡K A‡b¨i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ges wb‡R‡`i I D¤§vn&i e„nËi ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| Avwgj Zvi wb‡Ri Diæqv‡Z ïµev‡ii gvMwi‡ei Rvgv‡Zi e¨e¯’v K‡i †hLv‡b wZb †_‡K Pvi N›Uv Bmjvgx åvZ…‡Z¡i cÖwk¶Y P‡j| Acwinvh©fv‡eB GB mvܨRvgv‡Zi AšÍf³ y© _v‡K Gkvi mvjv‡Zi RvgvZ, KziAv‡bi wKQz As‡ki cVb, Bmjv‡gi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wKQz welq Av‡jvwPZ nq Ges †kl ch©v‡q wKQz Lvevi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq I mvgvwRK Av`vb cÖ`vb nq| GB PviwU AvB‡UgB m¤ú~Y© Avek¨K| wKš‘ j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ †hb †Kvb KvwVb¨ Ges GK‡Nu‡qgx bv _v‡K| KziAvb †ZjvIqvZ, Bmjvgx Áv‡bi Abykxjb, Lv`¨ Ges mvgvwRK Av`vb-cÖ`vb GB †k‡lv³ wZbwU AvB‡Ug AvbyôvwbK mvjvZ ev` w`‡j, n‡Z cv‡i AmsL¨ iK‡g ˆewPΨc~Y©| hZ kxNÖ myweavRbK Ges m¤¢e mvܨRvgvZ AbywôZ n‡e Aci GKRb m`‡m¨i M„‡n| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i evox‡Z mvܨRvgvZ AbywôZ nIqvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| me‡P‡q fvj nq hLb GKwU wbw`©ó Diæqvi cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i evox‡Z ch©vqµ‡g mvܨRvgvZ AbywôZ nq| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 139 Diæqvi m`m¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z wM‡q Avwgj‡K Aek¨B Zvi wb‡Ri evox †_‡K m`‡m¨i evoxi `~iZ¡ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmjv‡g fvlvMZ Ges mvs¯‹…wZK wgj RvZxq I †MvÎMZ cUf~wgKv Ges ms¯‹…wZi ¯Íi ˆel‡g¨i †Kvb wfwË n‡Z cv‡ibv| Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri GKwU kw³ wQj Ges memgq kw³ n‡e GB ˆewkó¨ †h, G mgvR GKwU Db¥y³ mgvR, eû‡Mvôxi mgvR, ms¯‹…wZMZfv‡e ˆewPÎgyLx, is-Kvbv, Ges cÖRb¥MZ wew”QbœZv †_‡K gy³| mvܨ Rvgv‡Z eq¯‹ m`m¨‡`i gZB wkïMY Ges wcZvgn I wcZvgnxiv n‡e Avewk¨K Ask| †hLv‡b Abxnv, Avjm¨, Aeva¨Zv, gZwe‡iva ev weiæ×Zv †`Lv †`q, Zv mvܨRvgvZ m¤ú‡K©B nDK ev bMix, ivóª A_ev RvZxq ch©v‡q gymwjg Kg©Kv‡Ûi †¶‡Î nDK, †mLv‡b Avwg‡ji Avcb b¨vq‡eva, Zvi Drmvn, mvšÍbv, D‡`¨vM, †bZ…Z¡ e¨w³MZ `vwq‡Z¡i DciB GKgvÎ wbf©i K‡i| Diæqv-åvZ…mgvR¸‡jvi msL¨v e„w× cÖvwßi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e †m¸‡jv‡K msMwVZ Kiv, Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jvi cwiKíbv ˆZix Kiv Ges †mB me cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Kiv| G‡Ki AwfÁZvq kixK n‡e A‡b¨iv Ges †gav, Z_¨, cÖfve, Avw_©K e¨e¯’vcbv Ges †bZ…‡Z¡i mvaviY gymwjg fvÐv‡i Kg‡ekx mg‡qi e¨eav‡b Aek¨B MVb Ki‡e mgMÖfv‡e Bmjvgx Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb †K›`ª| GLv‡b †cuŠ‡QB Av‡›`vjb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i wekvj †evSv, Avwgj‡`i Rb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q †mwgbvi msMVb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i Zviv G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ Zv‡`i AwfÁZvq kixK n‡Z Ges AwaKZi mdjfv‡e Ges `¶Zvi m‡½ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ Zviv cÖwkw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU †fŠ‡MvwjK BDwb‡Ui AšÍM©Z Bmjvgx †bZ…Z¡ Diæqvi Rb¨ w`‡Z cv‡i GKwU Òmßv‡ni Rb¨ gyw`ªZ cvVÓ, hv‡Z KziAv‡bi Ask _vK‡e wbw`©ó-hv‡Z K‡i wbe©vwPZ AvqvZ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Bmjv‡gi GKwU c×wZe× iƒc cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Ges Zrm‡½ me©Î gymjgvb‡`i Rxeb †h me NUbvq AvµvšÍ Zvi †gvev‡ejvi Bw½Z _vK‡e| Diæqvi msL¨v hZB evo‡Z _v‡K Ges Av‡›`vjb hZB we¯Í…Z n‡Z _v‡K ZZB bZzbZi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| `kwU ÔDiæqvÕ wg‡j n‡e GKwU ÔDgivÕ, `kwU Dgiv wb‡q MwVZ n‡e GKwU ÔRvwiqvÕ Ges `kwU Rvweqv wb‡q GKwU ÔRvgvZÕ| msMV‡bi GB cÖ‡Z¨KwU ch©v‡q GKwU cÖkvmwbK A½msMVb cÖwZwôZ n‡e mswkøó Diæqv¸‡jvi AvÂwjK cÖ‡qvRbmg~n c~i‡Yi Rb¨| hv msMVb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Avmvi ciB msMVb Ges KvVv‡gv wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i Ajmfv‡e e­vK‡ev‡W©i Dci KvVv‡gv ˆZwi Ki‡j Pj‡ebv eis j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i KvVv‡gv¸‡jv M‡o D‡V µgea©gvb ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K| me©ÎB 140 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Avgv‡`i‡K GB cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡Z n‡e †h, wK K‡i G ev¯ÍeZv¸‡jv m„wó Kiv hvq| cybive„w˯^iƒc DËi GB †h, cÖ‡Z¨K gymjgvb‡K Zvi mnhvÎx gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ wb‡`©vl KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡eÑ mK‡ji m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q Bev`‡Zi wµqvKjv‡c, wbiew”Qbœfv‡e Bmjvgx wk¶vi Abykxj‡b Ges Kj¨v‡Yi we¯Ív‡i I g‡›`i cÖwZ‡iv‡a (Avj Avgi wej gviæd Iqv Avj bvwn Avb Avj gybKvi)| beg Aa¨vq cwievi cÖ_vi g~jbxwZ 1. c„w_ex‡Z cwievi cÖ_vi Ae¶q K. mgZv KwgDwbóMY mgv‡Ri DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i wbR¯^ gZev‡`i Øviv AbycÖvwYZ n‡q B”QvK…Zfv‡e cwiev‡ii we‡jvc mvab K‡i Zvi ¯’‡j Kgy¨b cÖwZôvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQj| KwgDwbóiv gvbe Rxe‡bi †mB Av`k© Ae¯’v‡KB wPwÎZ K‡iwQ‡jv hv‡Z gvbyl GKm‡½ WiwgUix‡Z evm K‡i, †g‡mi n‡j GKm‡½ LvIqv `vIqv K‡i Ges mšÍvb-mš‘wZ‡K iv‡óªi mšÍvb e‡j MY¨ K‡i| A‡bK Kgy¨b m„wó n‡qwQj e‡U, wKš‘ KwgDwbóiv kxNÖB ÔeyS‡Z cvi‡jv e¨w³MZ msMV‡bi GB †hŠ_ c×wZ e¨_© n‡Z eva¨, ZvB wPivPwiZ cwiev‡ii iƒcwU‡Z _vK‡jv mvaviYZ evev gv Zv‡`i mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ fvjevmv †mœn I ¯^vfvweK ggZv e‡k †h me KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb, ivóª Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kivq cwiev‡ii eÜb wkw_j n‡q c‡o| GLb Ggb Ae¯’v n‡q‡Q †h, †Kej gvÎ Zv‡`i ˆkk‡ei wbf©ikxjZv Ges mvnP‡h©i ¯§„wZ Qvov Ggb Avi †Kvb wfwË Ly‡u R cvIqv `y®‹i hvi Dci cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv Zv‡`i m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡e|1 cwðg BD‡ivc Ges DËi Av‡gwiKvi RxweKv I PvKzixi mÜv‡b wekvj bMi †Kw›`ªK Rbmgwói w`‡K RbZvi avweZ nIqvi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡KB n‡q c‡o‡Q bvg cwiPqnxb| bvix cyiæ‡li †gjv‡gkv, wkw_j ˆbwZKZv, bvix‡`i Avw_©K ¯^v_xbZv, GK ai‡bi e¨w³¯^vZš¿ev` Ges mnRvZ AvZ¥¯’ cÖK…wZi wPivPwiZ h‡_”Qvi, me wKQz wg‡j cvwievwiK e܇b am bvgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| eZ©gvb kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© h‡_”Qvi Ges Aeva †hŠb †gjv‡gkvi g‡a¨ cwievi cÖ_vi †h wK AatMwZ n‡q‡Q Zvi KiæY Ae¯’vi cÖKvk †`L‡Z cvB| GB gyn‡~ Z© bMix¸‡jv‡Z †h me wkï Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡Q Zvi kZKiv cÂvk fv‡Mi †ekx A‰ea mšÍvb| cwievi n‡q D‡V‡Q Rš‘i cwievi| GB A‡_© †h †KejgvÎ ZZ¶YB Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avek¨K hZ¶Y wkïiv ˆ`wnKfv‡e Amnvq Ges evev gvÕi wbiew”Qbœ hZœ g‡bv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| †h gyn‡~ Z© Zviv ev‡jM nq ZLbB ˆelwqK cÖ‡qvRb dzwi‡q hvq Ges cvwievwiK eÜb wQbœ-wewQbœ n‡q c‡o| †Kej ZvB bq Zvi †P‡qI Lvivc, M„‡ni evB‡i evev gvi Kg© e¨¯ÍZv, Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwZ¡K K¬vwšÍ I Aemv` I M„‡ni evB‡i Av‡eM c~i‡Yi Rb¨ 1. `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc †`Lyb Norman W. Bell Ges Ezra F. Vogel. eds. The Family (Glencoe. Illinois: The Free Press 1960) Aa¨vq-4| 142 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© gvbwmK Pvc, mšÍvb mš‘wZi AwZ Aí eq‡m cvwievwiK eÜb wkw_j K‡i †`q, cwievi e‡j `xN©Kvj hv cwiwPZ wQj Kvh©Z Zv GLb gyg~l© Ae¯’vq g„Zz¨kh¨vq ayK‡Q|2 b„ZË¡we‡`ivI cwievi cÖ_vi cZ‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q, GB wk¶v cÖ`vb K‡i †h, gvby‡li wfbœZi mgvR I m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e, †hgbwU RxeRš‘ I Avw`g bibvix‡`i g‡a¨ mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li Ae¯’v we‡ePbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv †h µgvMZB Rš‘ RM‡Zi D‡jøL K‡i _v‡K Zv‡Z gvby‡li gMR †avjvB nevi d‡j, Zviv GLb fvi‡Z ïiæ Ki‡Q †h, Rš‘i m‡½ gvby‡li cv_©K¨¸‡jv n‡”Q A¯^vfvweK, Ges wfbœZi gvbweK msN, †hgb gvZ…Zš¿ I GKB m‡½ eûcwZ MÖnY cÖ_vi wbqg, BZ¨vw`i Kíbv-me©¯^ w_Iixi eb¨v cwievi cÖ_v‡K wPivPwiZ m¤§v‡bi ¯’vb †_‡K wePz¨Z Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †MvUv KwgDwbó we‡k¦ Ges cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z cwievi cÖ_vi GK †gŠwjK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, hv eZ©gv‡b mgv‡Ri mvaviY Ae¶‡qi m‡½ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e mswkøó| ˆbwZKZvi Ae¶q, mgvR msnwZ Ges cyiæl ci¯úivq HwZ‡n¨i avivevwnKZvi Ae¶‡qi Dci †hgb GB cwieZ©b cÖfve †d‡j‡Q, †Zgwb GB cwieZ©b‡K cÖfvweZI Ki‡Q| †KvbwU KviY wKsev †KvbwU dj GK_v aZ©‡e¨i g‡a¨ bv G‡bB mf¨Zv Ges cwievi cÖ_v g‡b nq GKB m‡½ wU‡K _vK‡e, bv nq aŸsm n‡e| †h‡nZz gymwjg wek¦ Ges Aewkó Z…Zxq wek¦, KwgDwbRg Ges cvðvZ¨ gZev‡`i aŸsmKi AvNvZ †_‡K Zv‡`i AvZ¥cwiP‡q wbR¯^Zv i¶v K‡i P‡j‡Q, †m Kvi‡Y GB me mgv‡R GL‡bv cwievi cÖ_v Zvi gh©v`vi Avmb wb‡q wU‡K Av‡Q| Bmjvgx ms¯’vi wU‡K _vKvi m¤¢vebv e„nËi, KviY Zv BmjvwgK AvB‡bi Øviv ejer Ges AvZ&-†ZŠnx‡`i m‡½ Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i Øviv w¯’ixK…Z, hv Bmjvgx agx©q AwfÁZvi mviK_v| 2. mgv‡Ri GKwU MVbg~jK GKK wn‡m‡e cwievi cÖ_v gvby‡li c‡¶ Avjøvni D‡Ïk¨ cwic~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GB †h, gvbyl we‡q-kvw` Ki‡e Ges mšÍvb Rb¥ †`‡e Ges GKm‡½ emevm Ki‡e Ges Gfv‡e gvbweK m¤ú‡K©i bvU¨g cÖwZôv Ki‡e, †hLv‡b gvbweK wm×všÍ Ges K‡g©i gva¨‡g Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi ˆbwZK w`KwU mv_©K n‡e| GB bvU¨gÂwU‡Z i‡q‡Q PviwU ¯Íi h_v †m wb‡R, cwievi, †MvÎ ev RvwZ ev Rb‡Mvôx Ges wek¦Rbxb D¤§vn&| cÖ_g ¯ÍiwUi Avek¨KZv ¯^ZtcÖKvwkZ, †h †Kvb ˆbwZKZvi †h †Kvb iK‡gi cwic~i‡Yi Rb¨ Avek¨K n‡”Q wb‡Ri An‡gi m‡½ KZ©vi GKwU ˆbwZK m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡ek| †mB Ang‡K †evSv, Zv‡K i¶v Kiv I Zvi weKvk mvab Ges Zv‡K ˆbwZK g~‡j¨i 2. William F. Kenkel. 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The Life of Mohammad "Farewell Pilgrimage" p. 446) mv¶x wn‡m‡e `ªóe¨ GKgvÎ eû msL¨K AvqvZ hv‡Z 'qurba' kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q (2: 77, 4: 7) BZ¨vw`| cwievi n‡”Q GKgvÎ GjvKv †hLv‡b KziAvb mvaviY bxwZgvjv I P‚ovšÍ LyuwUbvwU wewa weav‡bi Øviv wbqš¿Y Kiv Avek¨K MY¨ K‡i‡Q, hv Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB weevn, ZvjvK, I AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 145 3. mgmvgwqK mgm¨vmg~n K. mgZv Avjøvn †h bibvix‡K Zv‡`i agx©q, ˆbwZK Ges bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii †ejvq KZ©e¨ I `vwq‡Z¡i w`K w`‡q mgvb K‡i m„wó K‡i‡Qb G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|10 Z‡e ¯^í KqwU e¨wZµg Av‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv wcZv-gvZv wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ I K‡g©i m‡½ mswkøó| agx©q ch©v‡q Avjøvn Zv‡`i mgZv cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb 3: 195, 9: 71-72 Ges 16: 97 msL¨K Avqv‡Z| GB AvqvZ¸‡jvB Zv‡`i ˆbwZK mgZv cÖwZwôZ K‡i| bvMwiK mgZvi wel‡q 60: 12, 5: 38, 24: 2 Ges 4: 32 msL¨K AvqvZ¸‡jv‡Z †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| 4: 34 msL¨K Avqv‡Zi wfwˇZ Bmjvg Amvg¨ mg_©b K‡i, GB `vex we‡kølY Ki‡j wePv‡i wU‡Kbv| cÖ_gZ Gi m¤úK© †Kej cvwievwiK N‡ivqv m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î, GKB Avqv‡Zi evwK As‡k Gi cÖgvY i‡q‡Q, †h AskwU cÖ_g AskwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi k‡Z©i m‡½ m¤úwK©ZÑ hv mg¯ÍUzKzB N‡ivqv cvwievwiK m¤úK© welqK| mvaviYZ AevwÂZ mvaviYxKi‡Yi c_ cÖk¯Í Kivi Rb¨ hyw³ ZK© †_‡K Avqv‡Zi GB Aci AskwU eR©b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB m¤ú‡K©i †ejvq cyiæ‡li wbðqB AMÖeZx©Zv i‡q‡Q †Kbbv wcZ…Zvwš¿KZvB cwievwiK Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ iƒc hv gvbe RvwZ wb‡RB cix¶v K‡i‡Q m„wói ïiæ †_‡K Ges cvjb K‡i G‡m‡Q| cwievi n‡”Q GKwU M„n, hvi wW‡d‡Ýi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges hv‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ M„‡ni evB‡i mve©¶wYK msMÖv‡gi Avek¨K nq| ¯úóZB cyiæl G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ igbxi †P‡q cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB AwaKZi ¶gZvevb| wØZxqZ, Amv‡g¨i hviv IKvjwZ K‡i Zv‡`i aviYvq GB AvqvZwUi e¨vL¨v n‡”Q Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ †h me AvqvZ ag©, ˆbwZKZv I bvMwiK Rxe‡bi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi¸‡jv‡Z bibvixi mvg¨ cÖwZôv K‡i, †m¸‡jvi wecix‡Z Zvi cÖwZ¯’vcb| L. f‚wgKvi wfbœZv Bmjvg g‡b K‡i bvix Ges cyiæl‡K m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q c„_K A_P cvi¯úwiK cwic~iK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨|11 gvZ…Z¡, cwiev‡ii hZœ Ges †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i jvjb cvjb, Gme `vwqZ¡ I Kg©, Ges wcZ…Z¡, cwiev‡ii i¶Y, RxweKv AR©b| Avi DËivwaKvi m¤úwK©Z KziAv‡bi AvBb Kvbyb I Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î (†hgb ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î)| KziAvb †Kej mvaviY bxwZgvjv w`‡q‡Q Ges AwZ mvgvb¨ LyuwUbvwU wewa-weavb w`‡q‡Q, wKsev †gv‡UB †Kv‡bv LyuwUbvwU weavb †`qwb| 10. cyiæl ev bvix †h †Kn nDK, †h Cgvb Avbqb K‡i Avjøvni mš‘wói Rb¨ mr KvR K‡i, Zv‡K †`Iqv n‡e GKwU gnr Rxe‡bi gh©v`v Ges Zviv †h me mrKg© K‡i‡Q Zvi Abycv‡Z Zv‡`i‡K DcK…Z Kiv n‡e (16: 97)| 11. Avjøvn KvD‡K KvD‡K hv w`‡q‡Qb Ges KvD‡K KvD‡K hv †`bwb, †Zvgiv Cl©vekZ Zv Kvgbv K‡ivbv| cyiæl Ges bvix cÖ‡Z¨‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e †h Kg© K‡i‡Q Zvi K‡g©i `vwqZ¡ ZviB| Avjøvni Kv‡Q Zvi cÖvPzh© †_‡K cÖv_©bv Ki, wZwb mewKQz Rv‡bb (4: 32)| 146 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© mvgwMÖK `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨, cyiæl Ges bvixi g‡a¨ c„_K ˆ`wnK gb¯ÍvwZ¡K Ges Av‡eMvZ¡K MVb Avek¨K| Bmjvg GB wfbœZi cv_©K¨‡K bi-bvix Df‡qi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv_©KZvi Rb¨ Avek¨K e‡j kÖ×v K‡i|12 f‚wgKvi ¯^vZš¿¨, ˆelg¨ wew”QbœKiY †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ wRwbm| Dfq f‚wgKvB GKBfv‡e agx©q Ges ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i ev gvb`‡Ûi Øviv wbqwš¿Z; Ges Df‡qi c‡¶ Avek¨K, bvix wKsev cyiæ‡li mva¨gZ mKj eyw×, †gav, kw³ I cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvM| GKBfv‡e f‚wgKvi G wfbœZv bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Kg©KvÛ †hLv‡b wb‡Ri mxgv wWw½‡q A‡b¨i GjvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i, †mB me GjvKv m¤ú‡K© wKQz e‡jbv, †hgb e‡jbv Ab¨ me GjvKv m¤ú‡K©, †hLv‡b wb‡Ri GjvKv †_‡K Aci GjvKvq cÖ‡e‡ki K_v D‡Vbv| †hLv‡b cÖK…wZMZ gvbwmK cÖeYZvi Kvi‡Y Zv evÃbxq ev cÖqvR‡b Zv Dc‡hvMx g‡b nq, †mLv‡b bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Kg©KvÛ G‡K Ac‡ii GjvKvq Abyc‡Ö ek Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avjøvi cÖK…wZ‡Z f‚wgKvi †h wfbœZv cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb Zv jsNb bv K‡i| Ab¨_vq KziAvb igYx‡`i‡K †h me bvMwiK AwaKvi w`‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv w`Zbv, Ges Gme bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© †KD KL‡bv †Kvb cÖkœ †Zv‡jbv| M. cÖ`k©bx Ges M„ne›`xZ¡ G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb m‡›`n †bB †h, Avjøvn Zvqvjv Pvbwb, gymwjg gwnjviv c`©vi AšÍiv‡j A_ev nv‡i‡gi †PŠ‡`qv‡ji g‡a¨ mgvR †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q ¸wU †cvKvi †Lvj‡mi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K e›`x Ki‡e, eis GB mv¶¨B i‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i miKvi cwiPvjbvq Ask MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi _vK‡e †hgbwU †`L‡Z cvB 60: 12 msL¨K Avqv‡Z, AwaKvi _vK‡e RbRxe‡b Ask MÖn‡Yi, †hgbwU D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q 9: 7172 msL¨K Avqv‡Z, GgbwK hy× weMÖ‡n, hvi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q 3: 195 msL¨K Avqv‡Z| ¯úóZB G ai‡bi AskMÖnY †eviKv Ges mgvR wew”QbœZvi wecixZ, Ges gymjgvb gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ AwPšÍ¨bxq| Bmjvg hv cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ me‡P‡q hZœevb Zv n‡”Q †mB ai‡bi cÖ`k©bx hv ˆbwZKZvnxbZv I e¨wfPv‡ii c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i|13 GLv‡b `ywU Av‡`k i‡q‡Q, GKwU mvaviY Av‡`k hv bvix Ges cyiæl Df‡qi Rb¨ mgvb ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ e¨³ n‡q‡Q, hw`I ev cyiæ‡li Rb¨ AwaKZi ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Av‡jvwPZ bv n‡q _v‡K, †Kbbv cyiæ‡li K_v cÖ_‡gB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|14 wØZxq Av‡`kwUi welq, ¯¿x †jv‡Ki hv Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ h_v 12. 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ZvInx` Ges wLjvdZ Dc‡i †h D¤§vn&i msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q, †m D¤§vn& n‡”Q Avjøvn B”Qv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wek¦ cybM©Vb ev wek¦ ms¯‹v‡ii evnb| G n‡”Q m„wó‡Z Avjøvni wLjvdZ, †Kbbv gvby‡li wel‡q m„wói m~Pbv j‡Mœ cÖ`Ë GB fwel¨Z evYx Aek¨B m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡e D¤§vn& ch©šÍ Ges Zvi hyw³ n‡”Q cye©eZx© As‡k D‡jøwLZ hyw³mg~n| mgfv‡e D¤§vn& GKwU ivóª, mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i A‡_© Ges mve©‡fŠg kw³i Rb¨ †h me A½ I ¶gZv mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K ejer Kivi Rb¨ `vIqvZ wn‡m‡e bq| Bmjvgx HwZ‡n¨i Rb¨ wLjvdZ n‡”Q wbKUZi Ges ZvInx‡`i NwbôZi, †h ZvInx` GKwU mivmwi Ges KziAvwb wm×všÍ|8 wØZxqwU n‡”Q Ô`vIqvZÕ GKwU AvaywbK aviYv hvi Ae¯’vb KziAv‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ ev wLjvd‡Zi aviYv †_‡K mePvB‡Z `~iZg e¨eav‡b| Avi 8. wLjvdvn, Lyjvdvn, Lvjv‡qd, Bqv¯ÍvLwjdzKzg cÖf„wZ k㸇jvi Øviv KziAv‡bi Avqv‡Z Gi Bw½Z †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 153 wLjvd‡Zi GB aviYvwU n‡”Q D¤§vn&i g~j kZ©| Avgiv hLb wLjvdZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z ivóª‡K eySvB ZLb D¤§vn& Ges cvðv‡Z¨i iv‡óªi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| ZvB D¤§vn&i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ejer Kivi †¶‡Î wLjvdZB n‡”Q D¤§vn&| GB mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cÖ‡qvM m¤ú~Y©fv‡e bv n‡jI D¤§vn&i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Gi ØvivB MwVZ| wLjvd‡Zi we‡kølY Øviv Avgiv ivóªZ‡Z¡i †¶‡Î †ZŠnx‡`i Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki‡Z PvBwQ| wLjvdZ n‡”Q wÎgyLx HK¨gZ¨Ñ `„wói HKgZ¨, ¶gZvi HKgZ¨ Ges Drcv`‡bi HKgZ¨| K. BRgv Avi-iæBqvn& ev `„wói HKgZ¨ BRgv Avi-iæBqvn& ev `„wói HKgZ¨ n‡”Q gvbwmK HK¨ ev ˆPZb¨ Ges Gi i‡q‡Q wZbwU Dcv`vb| cÖ_g n‡”Q, †h me g~j¨vqb wb‡q Avjøvni B”Qv NwUZ †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Ávb Ges Zv‡`i ev¯Íe iƒcvqb BwZnv‡m †h Av‡›`vjb m„wó K‡i‡Q, †m wel‡q Ávb| ¯úóZB Bnv c×wZe× Ges HwZnvwmK, `„wói Dcv`vb¸‡jv cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB Acwimxg, AšÍnxb| ZvB mg¯Í wKQz m¤ú‡K© mwVK `„wói cÖ‡qvRb †bB, †KejgvÎ Zvi mvi wbh©v‡miB cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRb nIqv DwPZ| GwU n‡”Q GKwU KvVv‡gv, GKwU c×wZ, ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i web¨vm Ges wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ Avek¨K hvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¯’vcb, hv GKevi AvqZ¡ n‡j GK R‡bi c‡¶ mgwš^ZZvi g‡a¨ hv nvwi‡q wM‡qwQj, Zv Avwe®‹vi Kiv Ges cÖwZwôZ Kiv m¤¢e nq| g~j¨gv‡bi c×wZe× Ávb m¤ú‡K© G n‡”Q we‡kl K‡i mZ¨| Avi GB Áv‡bi Drm n‡”Q cÖZ¨v‡`k A_©vr KziAvb Ges mybœvn Ges hyw³, eyw× Gi wbR¯^ cÖwµqvi Dcjwäi gva¨‡g, b¨vqkv¯¿ I ÁvbZË¡ Ges mvaviYfv‡e mZ¨ m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä (civZZ¡) wbmM© m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä (cÖK…wZ weÁvb), gvby‡li m¤ú‡K© Ávb (b„ZË¡, gb¯ÍZ¡ Ges bxwZkv¯¿), Ges mgvR m¤ú‡K© Ávb (mgvR weÁvbmg~n)| cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki †¶‡Î †hgb bq, †Zgwb eyw×i †¶‡Î `„wói GKv‡WwgK dj Avek¨K bq, hv Dcv`v‡bi c×wZMZ aviYv wb‡q MwVZ, eis Zv n‡Z n‡e BbUzBwUf& ¯^Ávjä, A_©vr Ggb GKwU Dcjwäi Av‡jvi AwfÁZv n‡Z n‡e hv, †h †Kvb AÂj‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, `„wói Rb¨ Bmjv‡gi m‡½ cÖvmw½K Ggb GKwU Qwe cÖwZwôZ K‡i|9 GKw`‡K BwZnv‡m Bmjvgx g~j¨gvbmg~n †h Av‡›`vjb m„wó K‡iwQj, †mB Av‡›`vjb Ges Bmjvgx g~j¨gvb¸‡jvi ev¯Íevqb m¤ú‡K© Ávb gyL¨Z GKwU AwfÁZvi e¯‘|10 G Rb¨B cÖ_g w`‡Ki gymjgvbiv gnvbex m¤ú‡K© mKj weeiY †Zvgv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKwU D¤§vn& nDK †h mrK‡g©i wb‡`©k †`q Ges g›` Kg© eviY K‡i, cÖK…Zc‡¶ ZvivB mdjKvg (3: 104) 10. Bmjvgx AvBb-Kvby‡bi KsµxU iƒc`vb I ev¯Íevq‡bi GB Z¨vMx‡`i Bmjv‡g Ges BD‡Uvwcqvev`x ag©¸‡jvi m¤ú~Y© wecix‡Z, GKwU ev¯Íe ag© wn‡m‡e Bmjvg L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| 9. 154 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© Ges Zuvi mvnvev‡`i Rxeb †_‡K AvnwiZ NUbvejx Rvbvi Rb¨ Aweivg †Póv K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi †¶‡ÎB Gai‡bi Pvwn`v †`Lv hvq, KviY Abymvix‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i wek¦vm Abyhvqx aviYv wK K‡i GKwU KsµxU iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq Zvi Ávb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| g~j¨gvb ev¯Íevq‡bi we‡kl Dcv`vb¸‡jv Zv‡`i Qv·`i Dci GKwU mv_©K Ges evÂbxq wk¶Kxq cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G¸‡jv Zv‡`i c×wZMZ Aa¨q‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv †_‡K mn‡R †evSv Ges ¯§iY ivLv hvq| hvB †nvK wLjvd‡Zi Rb¨ †h `„wófw½i Drcv`b Avek¨K Zvi Rb¨ DfqwUB mgiƒ‡c Avek¨K| g~j¨gv‡bi c×wZMZ Dcjwä Ges BwZnv‡m †m¸‡jvi iƒcvqY, G `ywU welq wb‡q mgwš^Z `„wófw½ eZ©gv‡bi Áv‡bi Afv‡e Ges eZ©gvb wK K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K bZzb K‡i ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mB Ávb Qvov cÖvq GLb Am¤ú~Y©| †h‡nZz wLjvdZ cðvrgyLx n‡Z cv‡i Ges eZ©gv‡bi g‡a¨ evm Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges fwel¨‡ZI Kvh©Ki n‡e, †mRb¨ eZ©gv‡bi m‡½ g~j¨gvb‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv Avek¨K| w¯’i Ki‡Z n‡e ev¯Í‡e Aw¯Í¡Z¡kxj †Kvb Dcv`vb †Kvb g~j¨gvb‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡e †m¸‡jv iƒcvq‡bi †ejvq †Kgb K‡i eZ©gvb Ae¯’v¸‡jv g~j¨gvbmg~‡ni †kÖYxi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| GLv‡b BRgv Avi-iæBqvni †h msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K agx©q Áv‡bi GKwU Drm e‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| ivm~jj y øvni GB nvw`m, ÒAvgvi D¤§vn& AmZ¨ ev wg_¨vi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ n‡ebv, D¤§vn&i Rbg‡Zi Dci cÖvq GKwU cweÎZv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| Zv m‡Z¡I G †Kvb Abo gZ bq eis me mgqB Db¥y³|11 GB Db¥y³Zv‡K cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc †`Iqv n‡q‡Q BRwZnv‡`, hv †Kej mvg_©¨ bq, eis cÖ‡Z¨K wePvieyw× m¤úbœ gymjgv‡bi KZ©e¨, Bmjvgx mZ¨ I g~j¨gv‡bi mgMÖ cwimi ev Zvi †Kvb Ask‡K bZzb K‡i AvZ¥mvr Kiv| cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB BRwZnv` MwZkxj Ges m„Rbagx© Ges Zvi ¯^¸‡YB Dcjwä¶g g‡bi Kv‡Q LyeB Av‡e`bkxj| BRwZnv`‡KI ivm~jj y vø n GB nv`x‡m Awfb›`b †hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb, Ò†h †KD BRwZnv` K‡i GKwU fyj wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nq †mI GKUv mr KvR Ki‡jv| †h †KD BRwZnv` K‡i m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nq, †m wظY c~Y¨ jvf K‡i|Ó BRwZnv` Ges BRgv mw¤§wjZfv‡e m„wó K‡i GKwU Øvw›`K MwZ, hv wPšÍvi iv‡R¨ Bmjvgx MwZkxjZv MVb K‡i| KviY BRgv †hLv‡b Dcjwä jv‡fi cÖqv‡m P‚ovšÍ e‡j MY¨ nq †mLv‡b Zv µgvMZB jswNZ nq BRwZnv‡`i m„Rbagx© kw³i e‡j| Ab¨c‡¶, †hLv‡b BRwZnv` Dcjwäi m‡e©v”P evwÃZ j¶¨ e‡j cweÎ e‡j 11. Bmjv‡g RbKÉ ev RbgZ‡K KL‡bv Avjøvi K‡Éi mgvb MY¨ Kiv nqwb, eis RbKÉ ev RbgZ memgqB Avjøvni wb‡`©‡ki AbyewZ© I Aax‡b i‡q‡Q, RbgZ hLb Avjøvni Av‡`‡ki m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq ZLbB Zv eva¨Zvg~jK Ges hLb Avjøvni evYx †_‡K wfbœc_ Aej¤^b K‡i ZLbB Zv wb›`bxq nq| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 155 MY¨ nq †mLv‡b Zv mKj gymjgvb‡K Gi ˆeaZv m¤ú‡K© wek¦vmx Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv nq wbqwš¿Z, ms‡kvwaZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ A_©vr mK‡ji Øviv Zv (BRgv) mgw_©Z nevi cÖ‡qvR‡b| L. 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Muhammad n. d) pp. 127 if. 156 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© cvwjZ, weKwkZ Ges cwiYZ| †KejgvÎ cÖK…wZMZfv‡e GKwU A‰bw”QK weKvk bvI n‡Z cv‡i, BD‡ivcxq †ivgvw›UwmR‡gi RvZxqZvev`x Abf‚wZi m‡½I G‡K GK K‡i †`Lv hv‡ebv hv cÖvq ewY©Z nq A‡PZb, A‰bw”QK, AeY©bxqiƒ‡c AšÍM©Z Ges M~p e‡j, cÖK…Zc‡¶ hv †MvÎ †MvôxZ‡š¿i Avmvweqv| Bmjvgx Avmvweqv B”QvK…Z, cwi¯‹vifv‡e ZvInx‡`i mKj Zvrc‡h©i c~Y© cÖfvq D¤§vn&i fv‡M¨i m‡½, wb‡R‡K Awfbœ MY¨ Kivi A½xKvi Ges Zv‡Z AskMÖnY| G `„óvšÍ cvB Avgiv Gi weï×Zgiƒ‡c g°vq n¾ hvÎx‡`i mw¤§wjZ aŸwb‡Z hLb Zviv Kvev Ni ZvIqvd K‡i A_ev hLb Avivdvi w`‡K avweZ nq; ÒjveŸv‡qK Avjøvû¤§v jveŸv‡qKÓ, (†Zvgvi AvnŸv‡b, †n cÖfy, GLv‡b Avgiv nvwRi, †Zvgvi AvnŸv‡b) Avi G n‡”Q eû kZvãx a‡i †h †fŠ‡MvwjK ev †MvÎ †Mvôx agx© ev ms¯‹…wZ‡Z ˆe‡kwlKZv Lvm cvðvZ¨ RvZxqZvi PwiÎ kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i Zvi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ|13 †h‡nZz Avmvweqv f‚gÛ‡ji GKwU we¯Í…Z A‡j we¯Í…Z wek¦Rbxb D¤§vn&-MVbKvix GKwU Dcv`vb †m Kvi‡Y Avj Avmvweqv gymjgv‡bi e¨w³MZ gyn‡~ Z©i GKwU mZ¨ gvÎ n‡Z cv‡ibv| cwiw¯’wZ Ges NUbvq mvov w`‡Z wM‡q gymjgvb hLwb mwµq n‡Z B”Qv K‡i ev eva¨ nq ZLb Zv GKwU Aeva Zi‡½v”Qvm wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ibv; Giƒc KvR n‡e RMre¨vcx wek„sLjv I ˆbivR¨ m„wói RbK| Avmvweqv Bmjvg m¤§Z Ges †m Kvi‡Y `vwqZ¡kxj n‡Z n‡j k„sLjvi Aaxb, Aek¨B n‡e wbqg MfxiZv I w`kvi w`K w`‡q Ges Ab¨ mKj gymjgv‡bi m‡½ mgevqg~jK wµqvKv‡Ûi m‡½ wb‡R‡K Awfbœfv‡e hy³ Kivi Rb¨ k„sLjvi Aaxb| GUvB n‡”Q Avb-wbRv‡gi iƒc, †h wel‡q ZvInx‡`i Zvrch© Dcjwä Ki‡Z BRgv-cÖ_v gymjgvb‡`i ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GB wbRv‡gi w`‡K j¶¨ K‡i, Avgv‡`i wcZ…ciy æ‡liv fvjfv‡eB Rvb‡Zb †h, cÖ‡Z¨K gymjgvb‡K n‡Z n‡e A¶iÁvb Ges mvwn‡Z¨i iæPxm¤úbœ Zv‡K KziAv‡bi e„nr Ask m¤ú‡K© Aek¨B Ávb ivL‡Z n‡e, bex Pwi‡Îi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e Ges mvnvev‡`i Rxeb Rvb‡Z n‡e, Zvi M„‡ni wbKUeZx© Rvgv‡Z Ges Bev`‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ (A_©vr Ab¨‡`i m‡½ mn‡hvwMZv Ges Bev`Z Ki‡Z n‡eÑ Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU wbKUeZx© gmwR‡`| mvjv‡Zi mgq †h gymjgvb‡`i Kuva ci¯úi ¯úk© Kiv DwPZ, GB ZvwM‡`i gv‡b GB †h, G‡Z K‡i, G‡Ki Kv‡Q Ac‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ RxešÍ n‡q DV‡e, G‡Ki m‡½ Ac‡ii cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I cwiPq Ges kãwUi Av¶wiK A‡_© e„nËi D¤§vn&i m‡½ mn‡hvwMZvi Dcjwä ev¯Íe n‡q DV‡e, hv‡Z K‡i Avjøvn †h mK‡ji cÖfy Ges gvwjK Bev`ZKvixi †PZbvq Zv gyw`ªZ n‡q hvq| G mg¯ÍB cwiKwíZ n‡q‡Q wLjvd‡Zi AvbyôvwbK msMV‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e| †mKv‡j gmwR` wQ‡jv Ges GKv‡jI Zv nIqv DwPZ Bmjvgx Kg©ZrciZvi †K›`ª, Bmjv‡gi Avewk¨K 13. †`Lyb GB MÖš’Kv‡ii (Christion Ethics Chap 1 Vll Urubah and Religion pp. ff. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 157 KvVv‡gvi †K›`ªwe›`y, KviY gmwR‡` gymjgvbiv ˆ`wbK wgwjZ nZ, ZvInx‡`i e܇b Zvi m½x mv_x‡`i m‡½ GKwU RxešÍ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Zv Ges jvf Ki‡Zv Ava¨vwZ¥K, ˆbwZK, ivR‰bwZK Rxebxkw³i ˆ`wbK eivÏ| GB †LvivK mieivn Kiv hvq Ges cÖK…ZB Zv mieivn Kiv n‡Zv †h †Kvb gymwjg KZ©„K, hvi AwaKZi Ávb I cÖÁv wQ‡jvZvi m½x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ fvlY †`evi, hv‡Z †Lv` Lwjdv‡KI ev` †`Iqv n‡Zvbv| Avjøvni Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q ÒAvjøvn Zvqvjvi w`‡K AvnŸvb Ki gvbyl‡K cÖÁv Ges AwaKZi my›`i hyw³i gva¨‡g|Ó14 Ges ivm~jj y vø ni (mv.) bwmnZ cÖ`v‡bi Av`‡k© ¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖ`Ë civgk©, †h bwmn‡Zi Av`k©‡K BRwZnv‡`i mgvb gh©v`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|15 m½x mv_x‡`i m‡½ GB m¤úK© I msmM© iƒc †b‡e Ry¤§vi mvjv‡Z †hLv‡b Bgv‡gi Lyrev n‡”Q GKwU MVbg~jK ¯Í¤¢m`„k| Lyrevi welqe¯‘ n‡e eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ, gymjgvb mgvR‡K †h me mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡”Q †mm‡ei DciB Lyrev †`‡eb Bgvg| Lyrev‡Z †h KziAvb Ges nvw`‡mi wKQz D‡jøL _v‡K Zvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© Bmjvgx cÖÁvi e³e¨ †ck Kiv Ges Gfv‡e Zvi cÖvmw½KZv †NvlYv Kiv| Avwgi (kvmK) wb‡RB †h Ry¤§vi mvjv‡Zi Bgvg n‡eb, GB cÖ_vi D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ mßv‡ni Avjvc Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †h HK¨g‡Zi m„wó nq Zvi my¯úó iƒc`vb wKsev HKgZ¨ AwR©Z bv n‡j †bZ…Z¡‡K wN‡i gvbyl‡K HK¨e× Kiv Ges Dcw¯’Z cÖ‡kœi Avek¨K wePvi I cÖwZev‡`i e¨e¯’v Kiv| Bmjv‡gi G mg¯Í Bev`Z c„w_ex Ges gvby‡li ev¯Íe iƒcvšÍi, †h D‡Ï‡k¨ bvwhj n‡q‡Q †Lv` KziAvb,16 c„w_ex¯^iƒc Avjøvni Rwg`vix‡Z ivqZ Ges K…l‡Ki ev¯Íe wL`gZ, giæf‚wg‡K LyuwU K‡i Dcwbl`xq ¸iæi, Z_v mb¨vmxi, kvixwiK KmiZ, Z_v †hvM mvab bq, †Kvb agx©q HwZ‡n¨i AvZ¥wbtMÖn, we‡k¦i A¯^xK…wZ Ges BwZnvm cÖZ¨vL¨vb bq| M. Avg‡ji BRgv ev Kv‡h©i HKgZ¨ Kvh©‡¶‡Î c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ mg¯Í cÖ¯‘wZi P‚ovšÍ kxl© n‡”Q BRgv Avj-Avgvj| G n‡”Q BRgv †_‡K ¯úó n‡q DVv JwP‡Z¨i iƒc| GwU Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv 14. †Zvgiv i‡ei c‡_i w`‡K AvnŸvb Ki, cÖÁv I †kvfb cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g, Awek¦vmx‡`i m‡½ msjv‡c memgq †kÖôZi Ges †kvfbZi hyw³ DÌvcb Ki (16: 125)| 15. kvm‡Ki ˆea mgv‡jvPbv‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ gnvbex e‡j‡Qb, Ò†h †KD kvm‡Ki Revew`wn eva¨ Kivi cÖqv‡m gviv hvq, †m knx‡`i g„Zz¨eiY K‡iÓ Ges †Kvb RvwZ hLb †`‡L GKwU kvmK Rei`v¯Í ˆ¯^ikvmb Pvjv‡”Q Ges Zv‡K _vgvevi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Qbv ZLb †m RvwZ Ggb GKwU Aciva K‡i hvi Rb¨ †m Avjøvni KwVb kvw¯Íi Dchy³ n‡q c‡o| 16. Avjøvn †Kvb RvwZi Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡ib bv hZ¶Y bv Zviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i cwieZ©‡bi †Póv K‡i (13: 11), ZvivB m`vPvix hviv c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i‡K ¶gZv †`Iqv n‡j mvjvZ Kv‡qg K‡i, hvKvZ †`q, mrK‡g©i wb‡`©k †`q Ges g›`Kg© wb‡la K‡i, P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q mg¯Í wKQzi cÖZ¨veZ©b Avjøvni wbKU (12: 41)| 158 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© BRgv-BRwZnv` ؇›Øi wPišÍb MwZkxjZvi gZB KL‡bv wbt‡kl n‡Z cv‡ibv| gvbyl‡K Zvi †e‡n‡¯Íi AwaKvi AR©‡bi cÖqv‡m, †`kKv‡ji g‡a¨ Avjøvni B”Qv‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv Ggb GKwU cÖqvm †Kej wePvi w`emB hwZ Uvb‡Z cv‡i| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q D¤§vn&i ˆelwqK Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~i‡Yi e¨e¯’v, Gi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K Ggb GKwU wk¶v`vb hv‡Z K‡i Zvi c~Y© AvZ¥cwiPq m¤¢e n‡e| Av‡iv i‡q‡Q D¤§vn&i mdj cÖwZi¶vi Rb¨ ˆe‡`wkK kÎæi weiæ‡× cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj cÖKvi ˆelwqK I ˆbwZK Dcv‡qi e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges Zrmn mviv c„w_ex‡Z Avjøvni AwfcÖvq iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ ˆbwZK I ˆelwqK Dcv‡qi e¨e¯’v| Avjøvni AwfcÖv‡qi mvi wbh©vm n‡”Q D¤§vn&i ˆelwqK Pvwn`v c~iY Ges †m Kvi‡Y Zv a‡g©i I gg©K_v| †h‡nZz Zvi wL`gZ Kivi Rb¨ Avjøvn gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb17 Ges Avjøvni Rwg‡b ivqZ-K…l‡Ki gZ GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb18 Zv‡Z K‡i Bnv Awbevh© n‡q c‡o †h, Avjøvn Pvb gvbyl Rwg Pvl Ki‡e, cÖK…wZi Dcv`vb Ges kw³¸‡jv‡K e¨envi Ki‡e Ges Zvi LykxgZ mf¨Zvi weKvk NUv‡e|19 GB `„wófw½‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z wM‡q KziAvb `vwi`ª‡K kqZv‡bi A½xKvi e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Q|20 Ges a‡g©i m‡½ ¶yav‡Z©i Lv`¨ `vb Ges `ye‡© ji i¶Y‡K Awfbœ MY¨ K‡i‡Q|21 we‡kl K‡i gvbyl hLb Avjøvni cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i,22 ZLb gvby‡li wLjvdZ ev cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i ¯^vfvweZ cÖwZdj GB †h, †m m„wói gvayh© Ges Avb›` Dc‡fvM Ki‡e| †g‡mvc‡Ugxq `„wó‡Z gvby‡li m„R‡bi m‡½ m‡½B Zv‡K Avjøvni Rwg‡b ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zuvi f„Z¨ wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ gvby‡li GB m„Rb Kg©B n‡”Q msNe× K…wlKg©, euva ˆZix, †mP Ges cvwb wb®‹vkb, Lvj, Lbb km¨ msMÖn I msi¶Y, wcivwgW, gw›`i wbg©vY, wjLb I wnmve i¶Y 17. Avwg R¡xb Ges gvbeRvwZ‡K Avgvi Bev`Z Qvov Rb¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó Kwiwb (51: 56)| 18. †n Rb‡Mvôx, Avjøvni Bev`Z Ki, wZwb Qvov †Kv‡‡bv Bjvn †bB, wZwb gvwU †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡Z †Zvgv‡`i‡K ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z †Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z evm Ki‡Z cvi| AZGe Zvi ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki Ges Zuvi wbKU AybZvc Ki, wZwb n‡”Qb cÖfy, wZwb wbK‡UB Av‡Qb Ges wZwb `qvjy (11: 61)| 19. hviv Cgvb Av‡b Ges mrKvR K‡i, wZwb Zv‡`i‡K c„w_ex‡Z ivRZ¡ `vb Ki‡eb †hgb wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i c~e©eZx©‡`i‡K wZwb Zv‡`i wbKU †_‡K hv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡`i †mB ag©‡K kw³kvjx Kievi Rb¨ wZwb K_v w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i AvZsK I wbivcËnxbZv‡K AvZ¥wek¦vm I wbivcËvq cwiYZ Ki‡Z| Z‡`i KvR n‡”Q Zuvi Bev`Z Kiv Ges †Kv‡bv wKQz‡ZB Zuvi kixK bv Kiv, hviv Cgvb Av‡bbv Zviv Ab¨vqPvix (24: 55)| 20. `vwi`ª n‡”Q kqZv‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ, kqZvb †Zvgv‡`i‡K Akøxj I cvcKg© Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`q, Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i‡K cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b, Zvi `qv ¶gv I AbyMÖ‡ni, wZwb mewKQz Rv‡bb| wZwb cÖvPzh©gq (2: 268)| 21. Zzwg wK Øx‡bi A¯^xKviKvix‡‡`i †`‡L‡Qv, †m n‡”Q H e¨w³ †m GwZg‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`q, †h wgmwKb‡K Lv`¨ `v‡b wb‡`©k †`qbv (107: 1-3)| 22. ej †n †gvnv¤§`, Avjøvn Zvi ev›`v‡`i Rb¨ †h me †kvfvi e¯‘ I weï× RxweKv w`‡q‡Qb, †K Zv wbwl× K‡i‡Q? ej, GB c„w_ex‡Z G¸‡jv gywgb‡`iB Rb¨ Ges ciKv‡j Zviv G¸‡jv Dc‡fvM Ki‡e| Giƒ‡c Avjøvn Ávbx m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ Zuvi wb`k©b wek`fv‡e wee„Z K‡ib (7: 32)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 159 c×wZ Ges P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q MÖvg-miKvi, bMix, cÖ‡`k, RvwZ Ges wek¦ ch©v‡q miKvi cÖwZôvi m~Pbv| ms‡¶‡c Avjøvni GB m„Rb Kg©B n‡”Q wek„sLjv †_‡K m„wó‡K k„sLjvi Aax‡b Avbqb Ges k„sLjve× RM‡Zi m„wó|23 †mwgwUK gb KL‡bv msmviZ¨vMxi msmvi eR©b ev AvZ¥wbMÖ‡ni A_© eyS‡Z m¶g bq, Bnv KL‡bv Kvg I cÖRbb, Lv`¨ I Avivg Av‡qk‡K ¯^vfvweK cvc e‡j MY¨ K‡ibv| Gi `„wó‡Z cvc n‡”Q Gm‡ei Ace¨envi, KL‡bv cÖK…wZi welq wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv cvc bq| wLª÷vb ag© e¯‘i mKj fxwZmn †h MœwóK (Gnostic) HwZn¨‡K DËivwaKvi¯^iƒc MÖnY K‡i, ZvB wLª÷vb Av‡›`vj‡b msmvi eR©b I AvZ¥wbMÖ‡ni exR ecb K‡i| Bmjvg Aek¨B kÖg ev Dcev‡mi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q `ywU: AvZ¥msh‡gi Abykxjb Ges AfveMÖ‡¯Íi cÖwZ mg‡e`bv I mnvbyfw‚ Z| GKB Avqv‡Z wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q m~h©v‡¯Íi m‡½ m‡½ cÖPzi Lv`¨, cvbxq Ges Avb‡›`i gva¨‡g Aek¨B fv½‡Z n‡e †ivRv| Lwjdv‡K hw` gvby‡li ˆelwqK Pvwn`v Aek¨B c~iY Ki‡Z nq hv cÖZ¨vkv Kiv nq Lwjdvi KvQ †_‡K, Zvn‡j cÖkœ DV‡e gvby‡li GB ˆelwqK Pvwn`v wK cwigvY n‡j h‡_ó n‡e| b~¨bZg Pvwn`v mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq; †m Pvwn`v n‡”Q mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ `ywf©¶, e¨vwa Ges wkï g„Zz¨i cÖ‡Kvc †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ hv cÖ‡qvRb ZvB n‡”Q by¨bZg Pvwn`v| wKš‘ m‡e©v”P Pvwn`v wbY©q Kiv Am¤¢e, †Kbbv cÖK…wZi e¨env‡ii mxgv A_ev cÖK…wZi Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi ¶gZv wbY©q Kiv hvqbv| G`ywUB n‡”Q gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨, Avjøvn Zvqvjv cÖK…wZ ev Zvi c×wZi g‡a¨ †h wbqg cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jvi Dci gvby‡li Kg© cÖmviYkxj KZ©„‡Z¡i welq|24 KziAvb Avgv‡`i‡K Rvbv‡”Q Avmgv‡b Ges Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯ÍB Avgv‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨| ivm~jj y øvn (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†h †KD iv‡Î M„‡n cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i hLb Zvi GKw`‡bi c‡_ †Kv_vI GKwU gvÎ gvbylI ¶zavZ© _v‡K, †m Avjøvn‡K Kó w`‡q‡Q|Ó Ges wØZxq Lwjdv Igi (iv.) †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb ÒAvwg fq Kwi †h, wePvi w`e‡m wbðqB Avjøvn Avgv‡`i‡K `vqx Ki‡eb, cÖ‡Z¨KwU L”P‡ii Rb¨ hv †nvPU Lvq ev c‡o hvq, wLjvd‡Zi me‡P‡q cÖZ¨šÍ MÖv‡gi †givgZnxb fv½vPzov iv¯Ívq|25 23. Pritchard. Ancient Near Eastern. Tests 60 24. Avmgv‡b Ges Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯Í wKQzB †Zvgv‡`i Aaxb K‡i‡Qb| hviv wPšÍv K‡i Ges wePvi K‡i, Zv‡`i Rb¨ G‡Z i‡q‡Q wb`k©b (45: 13) ... AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ awiÎx‡K K‡i‡Qb ekxf~Z, †Zvgv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ mvab I K‡g©i Rb¨ ZvB c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co, Avjøvni AbyMÖn †_‡K f¶Y Ki Ges ¯§iY ivL †h Zvi Kv‡QB †Zvgv‡`i wdi‡Z n‡e (67: 15)| 25. Mohammad Husayn Haykal-Al Faruq Umar (Cairo Matbaat Misr 1364) Vol. 2 p. 200. 160 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© wbðqB Bmjvg Ab¨ mKj a‡g©i gZB `vb Lqiv‡Zi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvg `vb LqivZ‡K e‡j mv`vKv (kvwãKfv‡e hvi A_© n‡”Q mZ¨civqYZvi GKwU LÛ hvi Øviv Bmjvg G‡K GKR‡bi Cgv‡bi mZ¨Zvi Awfe¨w³ Ges m~PK wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvq)| wKš‘ mKj a‡g©i PvB‡Z ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Bmjvg e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q hvKv‡Zi, hv evwl©K kZKiv AvovB fvM wn‡m‡e GKwU m¤ú` Ki Ges Zv Av`vq Kiv nq ivóªxq AvB‡bi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g| Bmjvg †h G‡K hvKvZ e‡j (gvayh© ev wgóZv) Gi Øviv Bmjvg †evSv‡Z Pvq †h, Avgiv hw` Avgv‡`i m¤ú‡` Avgv‡`i m½x mv_x‡`i Askx`vi bv Kwi, Zvn‡j eQ‡i †m m¤ú` n‡q D‡V †Z‡Zv| AwaKš‘ Bmjvg ewÂZ‡`i‡K GB wbðqZv w`‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡`i Rb¨ wf¶v, `vb ev AcgvbRbKfv‡e Qz‡u o gviv †Kv‡bv iæUxi UzK‡iv bq, eis G n‡”Q weËev‡bi m¤ú‡` Zv‡`i nK, Zv‡`i AwaKvi|26 Bmjvg GK‡PwUqv e¨emv †hgb wbwl× K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb wbwl× K‡i‡Q gRyZ`vix Ges gvby‡li Dci gvby‡li †kvl‡Yi cÖavb nvwZqvi¯^iƒc my`‡K D‡”Q` K‡i‡Q|27 c¶všÍ‡i †hLv‡b B”Qv Ges me©Î Avjøvni AbyMÖn mÜv‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q|28 G‡`i‡K †mB cÖK…Zc‡¶ AbyMÖn cÖvPz‡h©i mÜv‡b †`k †`kvšÍ‡i †h‡Z e‡j‡Q, Z‡e Avjøvni ˆbwZK weav‡bi AvIZvq, wek¦vmNvZKZv, cÖeÂbv, †PŠh©e„wË Aej¤^b ev jyUcvU bv K‡i Ges Gfv‡e GKevi cÖvPzh© AR©‡bi ci †mB wecyj m¤ú‡`i †Kvb Ask wKsev Zvi eû¸Y e„wׇZ hvKvZ cÖ`vb K‡i wZ³Zv `~i K‡i gayi K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| Ges Gfv‡e mv`vKvZ Øviv GB e„wËi AwaKvixi mZ¨evw`Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e|29 D¤§vn&i cÖ‡Z¨KwU m`m¨ hv‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Avjøvni wbqvgZ AR©b I †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ me wKQz KivB Aek¨ wLjvd‡Zi `vwqZ¡| wKš‘ GB j¶¨ gnr Ges Avek¨K n‡jI †h gyn~‡Z© G‡K gvbeRxe‡bi GKgvÎ ev P‚ovšÍ j¶¨ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq, ZLbB Zv ch©ewmZ nq cvkweKZvq Ges AatcZ‡b, hv‡Z gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i N‡U weK…wZ Ges †MvUv Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi cÖwZ 26. Ges Zviv Zv‡`i m¤ú‡` `wi`ª I ew‡Zi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i (51: 16)| 27. (`yfv© M¨ Zv‡`i) hviv m¤ú` cyÄxf~Z K‡i Ges g‡b K‡i †h, Zv‡`i m¤ú` AgiZv `vb Ki‡e (104: 2-3) Avjøvn µq weµq nvjvj K‡i‡Qb Ges my` nvivg K‡i‡Qb (202: 275) 28. hLb mvjvZ m¤úybœ nq, †Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co Ges Zuvi AbyMÖn mÜvb Ki Ges Avjøvn‡K evi evi ¯§iY Ki hv‡Z †Zvgiv cÖK…ZB mdjKvg n‡Z cvi (62: 10)| (†n †gvnv¤§`) Zv‡`i †_‡K GKwU Ask MÖnY Ki AfveMÖ¯’‡K †`evi Rb¨| Ges Zv‡Z Zv‡`i AšÍ‡ii mrKg©kxjZv `„p n‡e| Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avjøvni AbyMÖn Kvgbv Ki, Zv‡`i Rb¨ †Zvgvi cÖv_©bv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ m„wó Ki‡e AvZ¥wek¦vm, KviY Avjøvn me©‡kÖvZv, me©Á (9: 103)| 29. hvKv‡Zi Av‡`k welqK KziAv‡bi AvqvZ AmsL¨| †`Lyb Barakat. Al Murshid... 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(†n wek¦vmxMY) Avjøvn hv BwZnv‡mB wba©viY K‡i‡Qb Zv Qvov Avi wKQzB †Zvgv‡`i Dci AvcwZZ n‡ebv, wZwb Avgv‡`i ie, Avgiv gywgbMY memgqB Zvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡ev| ej †Zvgiv wK Avgv‡`i Rb¨ `ywU g½‡ji GKwUi cÖZx¶v Ki‡Qv (kvnv`vZ Ges RvbœvZ, A_ev hy‡× †eu‡P _vKv Ges kÎæi Dci weRq) Ges Avgiv cÖZx¶v KiwQ †h, Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i kvwšÍ w`‡eb mivmwi wbR c¶ n‡Z A_ev Avgv‡`i n‡¯Íi Øviv (9: 51-52)| GKv`k Aa¨vq A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi †gŠjbxwZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ava¨vwZ¥K cÖwZôvZv gynv¤§` BKevj, AvaywbK Kv‡j Bmjv‡gi bv‡g me© cÖ_g GB `vexi Rb¨ m¤§vwbZ †h, ÒivR‰bwZK wµqvKvÛ n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Awfe¨w³Ó|1 ZLb †_‡K wek¦e¨vcx gymjgv‡biv GB m‡Z¨i e¨vcv‡i wb‡Riv cÖZ¨qkxj n‡q‡Q Ges me©`v BKev‡ji GB K_v¸‡jvi cybive„wË K‡i P‡j‡Q M‡e©i m‡½| Bmjv‡gi bv‡g BKev‡ji mgghv`v m¤úbœ GKRb Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe‡`i ¯’vb GL‡bv k~b¨ i‡q‡Q, whwb `vex Ki‡eb ÒA_©‰bwZK wµqvKvÛ n‡”Q Bmjv‡g Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Awfe¨w³|Ó gymjgvbiv ZLb GB bZzb mZ¨ m¤ú‡K© mn‡RB cÖZ¨qkxj n‡q DV‡e, †hgb Zviv cÖZ¨qkxj n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv BKev‡ji e³e¨ m¤ú‡K©| GB c‡q›U Zv‡`i `„wó Gwo‡q hv‡ebv, †hgbwU Zv‡`i `„wó Gwo‡q hvqwb BKev‡ji Dw³i welq¯‘wU| Ab¨ K_vq, L„óvb ag© †hLv‡b PvP© I †ó‡Ui g‡a¨ we‡”Q` NwU‡q‡Q, †m‡¶‡Î Bmjvg †NvlYv K‡i Pv‡P©i `vex n‡”Q ivóª, iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡, Ges Zvi my¯^v¯’¨ n‡”Q a‡g©i mvi wbh©vm, Avi GKBfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛI| D¤§vn&i A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Ges Zvi DËg ¯^v¯’¨ n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi mviK_v|2 wVK †hgb A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K ev` w`‡j Bmjv‡gi Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡Kbv|3 Bmjv‡gi GB ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Ab¨ mKj ag© †_‡K Bmjvg ¯^Zš¿¨; †Kbbv Bmjv‡gi gZ Avi †Kvb ag© GZ Nwbô I wbweofv‡e ivR‰bwZK wµqvKv‡Ûi m‡½ wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ K‡iwb, cÖvPxb wgki I †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv Qvov, †hLv‡b ivRZš¿ n‡”Q cweÎ| wKš‘ G¸‡jv c¨vMvb ev †cŠËwjK e‡j wbw›`Z| GKBfv‡e, Bmjv‡gi gZ Avi †Kvb ag© wb‡R‡K A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi m‡½ hy³ K‡iwb KwgDwbRg Qvov, 1. 2. 3. M. Iqbal. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Labore: Sh. 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Avgiv GB AvqvZ¸‡jv DׄZ KiwQ, Gm‡ei cÖfyZ ¸iæ‡Z¡i Rb¨| GUv Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AvqvZ¸‡jv †NvlYv K‡i GwZg‡K av°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`Iqv, `wi`ª‡K Lv`¨ `v‡bi mvnvh¨ bv Kivi A_©B n‡”Q †Lv` Øxb‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv, mgMÖ Øxb‡K gZev`, g~jgš¿, bxwZ`k©b, wewa weavb, mviwbh©vmÑ mg¯Í wKQzB| wKš‘ nhiZ Cmv (Av.) Reve w`‡jb, ÔwKZve e‡j, gvbyl †Kej iæwU †L‡q †eu‡P _v‡Kbv, eis Avjøvn hv e‡jb, Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU kã Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbÓ (g¨v_y 4: 4)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 167 MœvwówmR‡g (Gnosticism) Ges `vex K‡i †h, cÖK…wZ I e¯‘i m¤ú~Y© we‡ivax n‡”Q Ava¨vwZ¥KZv|6 Mm‡c‡ji Ab¨vb¨ †h me Aby‡”Q‡` e¯‘RM‡Zi G ai‡bi wb›`v e¨³ n‡q‡Q, †hgb g¨v_y 6: 11 (msKwjZ), †m¸‡jv wb‡`©wkZ n‡qwQ‡jv MœwóK `„wófw½i Øviv, Aek¨ mswkøó cÖkœwU‡Z Øxb-Avj-wdZiv‡Zi ˆewkó¨m~PK GKwU ˆbwZK fvimvg¨ iw¶Z n‡q‡Q, KviY G‡Z e¯‘i wb›`v Kiv nqwb, eis ˆbwZKZvi jsNb‡K wb›`v Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z mivmwi G `vex A¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q †h, gvbyl †Kej fvZ iæwU †L‡q †eu‡P _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y G‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB GK †n‡jwbK RM‡Z GKwU we‡kl †m‡gwUK m¤¢eZt beyqwZ g‡bvfw½i cÖKvk| Aek¨ wLª÷vb BwZnvmwe`‡`i nv‡Z nhiZ Cmvi GB e³e¨wU e¯‘ev` we‡ivax GKwU Av`‡k©i wfwË n‡q `vovq| µ‡g Zv n‡q D‡V e¯‘, wek¦RMr Ges BwZnv‡mi m¤ú~Y© wb›`v| GB BwZnvm M‡o Zz‡j mb¨vmev`, ivR‰bwZK ˆeivM¨ev` I K…”Qeª‡Zi GK gvbe msmM© eR©bKvix ˆbwZKZv, Kv‡j Zv n‡q DV‡jv GK bZzb avwg©KZvi iYûsKvi hv nhiZ Cmvi ag©‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡jv wLªóev‡`-Bg‡cwiqvj †ivgvb Pv‡P©i cj, Av_vbvwmq~mv, ZvZz©wjqvb Ges AMvwó‡bi a‡g©|7 nhiZ Cmv‡K cvVv‡bv n‡qwQ‡jv Bû`x‡`i Kv‡Q, Zv‡`i Wvnv e¯‘ev‡`i we‡jvc mva‡bi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i ivweŸiv AvB‡bi †h K‡Vvi wbM‡o e›`x K‡iwQ‡jv Zv †_‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨| ZvB Zvi mgvav‡b Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Dci, Af¨šÍixY I e¨w³MZ Dcjwäi Dci bZzb K‡i ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Avek¨K n‡q c‡owQ‡jv, †Kbbv ivweŸ‡`i Av¶wiK i¶YkxjZvi Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv `ye©j n‡q c‡owQ‡jv ev †jvc †c‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv| Zuvi AbymvixMY Zuvi cÖPvwiZ Av`k©‡K weK…Z K‡i, Av‡iK P‚ovšÍ iƒc †`q hvi wfwË n‡”Q e¯‘, ewnR©MZ, cvewjK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi AatcZb NUv‡bvi Dci| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi Ace¨eüZ, A¯’v‡b ¯’vwcZ g~jgš¿ n‡q `uvov‡jv gvbyl †Kej fvZ iæwU †L‡q euv‡Pbv, GB e³e¨| L. Bmjv‡gi Reve 1. Bmjvg Ges wewfbœ ag© we¯Í…ZZi wek¦ cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z c„w_ex †h Abo ¯’weiZvi g‡a¨ wbw¶ß n‡qwQj Bmjvg cÖK…Zc‡¶B Zvi ey¨n‡f` K‡i Zv AwZµg K‡i hvq, †Kbbv c„w_ex ZLb wef³ n‡q c‡owQ‡jv fviZxq avwg©KZv Ges †n‡jbxq avwg©KZvi g‡a¨| fviZxq ag©ZË¡ `vex K‡i wek¦eªþvÛ wb‡RB cig mZ¨ (eªvþY), Zvi Av`k©iƒ‡c bq eis Zvi ev¯ÍevwqZiƒ‡c, e¨w³iƒ‡c Ges we‡kliƒ‡c hv Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z AevwÃZ|8 6. Hans Jonas.The Gnostic Religions (Boston Beacon Press 1958). p. 46 7. †`Lyb MÖš’Kv‡ii Cristian Ethics. part. 11. 8. Ismail R. al Faruqi, Historical Atlas.... c„ôv 237-8 168 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© cigvZ¥v eªþ‡Yi ev¯Íeiƒc ev¯Íevqb AevÂbxq| cwiYv‡g agx©q ˆbwZK wb‡`©k MY¨ nj m„wói ev¯Íe RMZ †_‡K cwiÎvY jvf, †h‡nZz ev¯Íe m„wóRMZ g›` iƒ‡c e‡jB Zv wb›`bxq| cig eªþv‡Z wbe©vbB cwiÎvY e‡q Av‡b| GB `„wófw½‡Z, e¯‘RM‡Zi Abykxjb, A_©vr cÖRbb, Lv`¨ I wk¶vi Rb¨ gvby‡li †gvwejvB‡Rkb, hv‡Z K‡i c„w_ex‡K evMv‡b my‡kvwfZ Kiv nq Ges BwZnvm wbwg©Z nq, G meB n‡e, wbwðZfv‡e cvcKg©, †Kbbv G‡Z K‡i m„wóKg© m¤cÖmvwiZ, Mfxi ev cÖjw¤^Z nq| ¯úóZB GB `„wófw½i m‡½ hv Lvc Lvq Zv n‡”Q e¨w³Zvwš¿K †eŠ× ag© Ges msmvi ˆeivM| Dcwbl‡`i GB †gŠwjK `„wófw½‡K ˆRb gZev` Ges _v‡e©`v †eŠ× ag© AwePwjZfv‡e Abykxjb K‡i Avm‡Q|9 wn›`yag© GB `„wófw½‡K MÖnY K‡i AwfRvZ ev D”P e‡Y©i wn‡Zi Rb¨| G ag© GKwU †jvKwcÖq ag©Zvwš¿KZv cÖPvi K‡i hv‡Z e‡Y©Zi †kÖYxi †jvK¸‡jv †KejgvÎ cieZx© Rxe‡b Zv‡`i `ytL-jvÃbv †_‡K gyw³ cvevi Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K wbiew”Qbœfv‡e cwikÖg Ki‡Z n‡e Zviv †h Zv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i D‡Ïk¨ c~iY Ki‡Q ZRb¨ †Kvb Avb›` ev Z…wß G Rxe‡b †fvM bv K‡iB|10 Abyiƒcfv‡e, gnvhb †eŠ×ag© GB `„wófw½‡K †i‡L‡Q cUf‚wg‡Z Ges Zvi ag©Zvwš¿KZv‡K M‡o Zz‡j‡Q ˆPwbZ-RvMwZK ˆbwZKZvi wfwˇZ Ges †evaxmËMY‡K (gvbweK c~e© cyiæl, hv‡`i‡K ÎvYKZ©vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q) wb‡qvM K‡i‡Q Rxe‡bi `ytL hš¿Yv †_‡K gvbyl‡K ÎvY Kivi Rb¨|11 †n‡jwbR‡gi g‡a¨ wgkixq Ges MÖxK a‡g©i I wgÎBRg I wbKUcÖv‡P¨i inm¨me©¯^ Kv븇jvi Dcv`vbmg~n wgwk‡q †n‡jwbRg nhiZ Cmvi †m‡gwUK Av‡›`vjb‡K MÖvm K‡i †h Av‡›`vjb Bû`x a‡g©i AvBbMZ KvwVb¨ Ges b„ZË¡†K›`ªxqZv‡K ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jv| GKvi‡Y, †h MÖxK-wgkixq Dcv`vb RM‡Zi m‡½ Avjøvn‡K Awfbœ MY¨ K‡iwQ‡jv, Zv †i‡L †`Iqv nj, wKš‘ Zv‡K ms‡kvab K‡i AeZviev‡`i gZev‡`i iƒc †`Iqv nj| GB gZev‡` Avjøvn n‡q DV‡jb gvbyl Ges gvbyl‡K w`j Avjøvni m‡½ AskMÖn‡Yi ¶gZv| Avi GKvi‡YB mvgªv‡R¨i `wjZ Rbmgv‡Ri cÖwZ m„wó nj weZ…òv I Zvw”Qj¨, e¯‘ Ges we‡k¦i bwóK N„Yv Ges wgÎBRg I Bû`xev‡`i cwiÎvY welqK cÖZ¨vkv| Gme wKQz wg‡j HwZnvwmK L„óvb ag©‡K w`j Zvi GB ivq †h, m„wó n‡”Q cwZZ, c„w_ex n‡”Q g›`, ivóª I mgvR n‡”Q kqZv‡bi Kg©KvÛ Ges ˆbwZK Rxeb n‡”Q e¨w³MZ I we‡k¦i m‡½ Zv †Kvb m¤úK© iv‡Lbv|12 9. H| 10. Nos: Man's Religions c„ôv 103-4. 11. H, c„ôv 155| 12. †`Lyb GB MÖš’Kv‡ii Christian Ethics, pp. 193 ff. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 169 Bmjvg G e¨vcv‡i †h ¯^”QZv AR©b K‡i Zv RxebcÖ`| G‡Z K‡i fviZ Ges wgki Df‡qi GB `vex‡K cwinvi K‡i †h, eªþ Ges c„w_ex GK. mªóv I m„wó Awfbœ-Zv wgki Ges cÖvPxb-MÖx‡mi gZ m„wói ¯^v‡_©B nDK Ges fvi‡Zi gZ mªôvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB nDK| G‡Z K‡i †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi †h `„wófw½ mªóv I m„wói Ges Avjøvni Rwg‡b f„Z¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li GKvšÍ cÖqv‡mi K_v e‡j, Zvi d‡j DcK…Z nq BwZnvm, ZvB BwZnvm Avevi bZzb K‡i mg_©b †cj| Bmjvg G‡Z bZzb K‡i cÖwZwôZ K‡i GB cÖvPxb cÖÁv, hv‡K KziAvb e‡j‡Q `xbyDj wdZivZ, ZviB ¯^iƒc ev iƒcvqY wn‡m‡e|13 GB cUf‚wgKv‡ZB ivm~jj y øvn (mv.) †K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib Avjøvn fvimvgª cybtcÖwZôvi Rb¨, åvwšÍ Ac‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ Ges e¯‘ I AvZ¥vi g‡a¨ mwVK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨| Avgv‡`i bex (mv.) Kx wk¶v w`‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb †h evYx †ck Ki‡jb Zvi mvi wbh©vm Kx wQ‡jv? 2. ZvInx‡`i Zvrch©: RvMwZKZvev` Pjyb Avgiv ïiæ‡ZB Bmjv‡gi †gŠj bxwZgvjvi w`‡K ev Zvi aviYv¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKvB| Bmjv‡gi agx©q AwfÁZvi mvi n‡”Q †ZŠnx`, A_©vr GB ¯^xK…wZ †h, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB (jv-Bjvnv Bjøvjøvn)| civZvwË¡K ev Awawe`¨vi †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e, †ZŠnx‡`i, we‡kl K‡i Bmjvgx ˆewkó¨wUi †mKvi‡Y bZzbZ¡ n‡”Q GB wee„wZi †bwZevPK w`K| hvi cÖwZ DjywnqZ ev cÖf‚Z¡ Av‡ivwcZ, †m Avjøvn bq, ÔAvjøvn QvovÕ GB †NvlYvwU Bû`x, wLª÷vb Ges cÖvKBmjvgx Avie‡`i Avjøvni mwnZ kixK Kivi g~‡j AvNvZ K‡i| G‡Z K‡i Bmjvg bZzb D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i: †mwU GB ¯^xK…wZ †h, AvjøvnB n‡”Qb wek¦RM‡Zi GKgvÎ mªóv Ges GB mvg¨ cÖeZ©b †h, mKj gvbylB Avjøvni ev›`v, mK‡jiB i‡q‡Q m„wóm~jf gbyl¨‡Z¡i GKB iƒc, †gŠwjK ¸Yvejx Ges GKB RvMwZK gh©v`v| ZvInx‡`i i‡q‡Q Av‡iv GKwU w`K-g~j¨ZvwË¡K w`K| jvBjvnv Bjøvjøvn-G `vevi A_© GB †h, Avjøvn ZvqvjvB n‡”Qb GKgvÎ Ges P‚ovšÍ g~‡j¨i Drm, Avi me wKQzB n‡”Q DcKiY, hvi g~j¨ wbf©i K‡i Avjøvni wePv‡i Gi g~j¨‡Z¡i Dci, hvi Kj¨vYKi‡Z¡i cwigvc nq P‚ovšÍ Hkx ïf‡Z¡i ev¯Íevqb Øviv| Gi A_© GB †h, Avjøvn n‡”Qb mKj Kvgbv evmbvi P‚ovšÍ j¶¨| wZwb GK, †KejB GKK cÖf|‚ huvi AwfcÖvq, hv wKQz Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj †m mg¯Í JwPZ¨B n‡”Q Zvi AwfcÖvq| GB `„wófw½‡Z gvbyl n‡”Q GKRb f‚Z¨, hvi †ckv Ges fvM¨ n‡”Q Avjøvni `vmZ¡, ev Hkx AwfcÖvq c~iY, Ab¨ K_vq †`kKv‡ji g‡a¨ g~‡j¨i ev¯Íevqb| 13. Zzwg GKwbô n‡q wbR‡K Øx‡b cÖwZwôZ Ki, Avjøvni cÖK…wZi AbymiY Ki, †h cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wZwb gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Avjøvni cÖK…wZi †Kvb cwieZ©b †bB| GB n‡”Q mij Øxb, wKš‘ AwaKvsk gvbyl Rv‡bbv (30-30)| 170 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© wbðqB c~‡e©I Avjøvn‡K gvbyl fvj‡e‡m‡Q Ges Zv‡K gvb¨ K‡i‡Q| Aek¨ fviZxq a‡g© Zuv‡K ˆbe¨w³K eªþviƒ‡c gvbyl fvj‡e‡m‡Q Ges gvb¨ K‡i‡Q, e¯‘ RM‡Zi wecixZ wn‡m‡e Ges Gfv‡e RMZ‡K A¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g| wgkixq Ges MÖxK a‡g© Avjøvn‡K †jv‡K fvj‡e‡m‡Q Ges gvb¨ K‡i‡Q, †Lv` e¯‘RMZ wn‡m‡e Ges †m Kvi‡Y RvMwZK †ckvi mv‡_ msMwZ ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| †KejgvÎ a‡g©i †m‡gwUK cÖev‡nB gvbyl Avjøvn‡K fvj‡e‡m‡Q Ges gvb¨ K‡i‡Q A-cÖK…wZ, Ges e¯‘i wbe©¯‘K cÖfy wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ †m‡gwUK cÖevnwU ivweŸ wbqwš¿Z Bû`x gZev‡`, eÜ Rjvq bZzb wPšÍvfvebvi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| Avie‡`‡k wb‡R‡K wbt‡kl K‡i‡Q †ivgvw›UKZv I myLev‡`i g‡a¨ Ges wgÎBRg I †n‡jwbwR‡gi m‡½ wgwk‡q MVb K‡i‡Q †ivgvb wLªwóq ag©, nhiZ Cmvi gyw³ AvbqbKvix ewjô c`‡¶c †_‡K|14 ZvB †m‡gwUK cÖevn‡K Zvi †gŠwjK Ae¯’vq cybivq ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †ZŠnx` wQj Acwinvh© A_©vr m„wó A_ev †`kKvj †h gva¨g, †h DcKiY hvi g‡a¨ Hkx AwfcÖvq n‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ| wbðqB Zv ïf Ges Zvi ïfZ¡ n‡”Q †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i ïfZ¡, hv Hkx AwfcÖv‡qi Aeqe wbg©vY ev KswµU iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh© i½gÂ| ZvB m„wói cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vbB ïf Ges m¤¢ve¨ mKj we‡k¦i g‡a¨ m„wó m‡e©vËg, †Kej ZvB bq, Bnv ÎæwUk~b¨ Ges wbLyuZ|15 Avm‡j ˆbwZK `„wó Ges wµqvi gva¨‡g gvbyl hLb m„wó‡K g~j¨vqb Øviv cwic~iY K‡i, ZLb ZvB n‡q D‡V m„wói Hkx j¶¨16 ZvB Gi d‡j m„wói Dcv`vb ev Dcv`vbRvZ A_ev wnZKix g~j¨¸‡jvi Dc‡fvM wb‡`©vl| g~j¨gq RMZ n‡”Q Avjøvni GKwU gby‡g›U, gvby‡li c‡¶ hvi msi¶Y Ges m¤cÖmviY n‡”Q cÖksmv Ges Bev`‡Zi KvR|17 14. †`Lyb MÖš’vKv‡ii "Urubbbah and Religions." 198 ff. 15. wZwb AvKvkgÛjx I c„w_ex m„wó K‡i‡Qb, hLb Zvi Avik cvwbi Dci wQ‡jv, ZLb wZwb AvKvkgÛjx I c„w_ex Qq w`‡b m„wó K‡ib, †hb gvby‡liv Zv‡`i AvPi‡Y wb‡R‡`i‡K †hvM¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i (11: 7) wZwb m„wó K‡i‡Qb Rb¥ Ges g„Zz¨ hv‡Z †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i AvPi‡Y †Zvgv‡`i ¯^v_©KZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi| wZwb gnv gwngvwš^Z, ¶gvkxj| wZwb ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í mßvKvk m„wó K‡i‡Qb; Avevi Zzwg ZvwK‡q †`‡Lv, Zzwg †Kvb GKwU LyuZ †`L‡Z cv‡ebv, KL‡bv Zzwg †Kvb ÎæwU †`L‡Z cv‡ebv| AZ:ci Zzwg evi evi ZvKvI, †Zvgvi `„wó e¨_© I K¬všÍ n‡q wd‡i Avm‡e| Avjøvni m„wó ÎæwUgy³ †m m¤ú‡K© AwaKZi cÖÁvi AwaKvix nI (67: 3-4)| 16. wZwbB †Zvgv‡`i‡K c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb, Zuvi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e Ges hv wZwb †Zvgv‡`i w`‡q‡Qb †m m¤^‡Ü cix¶vi Rb¨ †Zvgv‡`i KZK‡K Ab¨‡`i Di gh©v`vq DbœZ K‡i‡Qb| †Zvgvi cÖwZcÖvjK kvwšÍ`v‡b mZ¡i Ges wZwb ¶gvkxj I `qvgq (6: 1654)| 17. Avjøvn mgy`ª‡K †Zvgv‡`i ekxf~Z K‡i‡Qb, †hb †Zvgv‡`i RvnvR¸‡jv Zuvi AbygwZµ‡g mgy`ª AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hb †Zvgiv Zvi wbqvgZ AR©b Ki‡Z cvi Ges †Zvgiv K…ZÁ nI, b‡fvgÛ‡j hv wKQz Av‡Q me wKQz †Zvgv‡`i ekxf~Z K‡i‡Qb, Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯Í †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZ Zvi `vb, G‡Z hviv wPšÍvfvebv K‡i, Zv‡`i Rb¨ wb`k©b i‡q‡Q (45: 1213)| GKBfv‡e (GB mg¯Í wRwbm) wZwb †Zvgv‡`i wbqš¿Yvaxb K‡i‡Qb †hb †Zvgiv Zuvi gwngv KxZ©b Ki‡Z cvi Zuvi †n`vqv‡Z ev c_ cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K ab¨ev` Rvbv‡Z cvi, hviv mrKg© K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ myLei †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvi (22: 37) †Zvgiv wK †`Lbv, AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 171 cig m‡Z¨i ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ DcKiY wn‡m‡e m„wói cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘‡KB †`Iqv n‡q‡Q D”PZi RvMwZK g~j¨| wVK †hgb †`kKv‡ji wewfbœ we›`yi g‡a¨ †Kvb ˆelg¨ _vK‡Z cv‡ibv, †KejgvÎ Avjøvn GB RMZ‡K gvbyl KZ©„K iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ †h c¨vUvY© wVK K‡i w`‡q‡Qb, Zvi DcKiY wn‡m‡e Gm‡ei e¨envi e¨ZxZ, e¯‘RM‡Zi †Kvb wKQzB g~jZ g›` bq|18 Bmjv‡gi Av‡iv `ywU g~jbxwZ: Bmjvg RvMwZKfv‡e cÖ¯vÍ e‡K cÖgvY K‡ib Bmjv‡gi K‡g©i ˆbwZKZv Ges Zvi ci‡jvKZË¡| K. RvMwZKZv I K‡g©i ˆbwZKZv †ZŠnx` gvbyl‡K K‡g©i ˆbwZKZvq A½xKvive× K‡i, Ggb GKwU ˆbwZKZv †hLv‡b mvd‡j¨i gvÎvi Øviv cwigvc nq, †Kvb Kg© mv_©K wKsev Amv_©K wKbv GB ˆbwZKZvi wePv‡i| ˆbwZKZvm¤úbœ †Kvb gvbyl Zvi kix‡i Ges Zvi cwi‡e‡k †`k Kv‡ji †mªvZ‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvi Øviv †m mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i| †ZŠnx` wbq¨v‡Zi ˆbwZKZv A¯^xKvi K‡ibv, eis `vex K‡i †h, cÖviw¤¢K kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e K‡g©i ˆbwZKZv c~i‡Yi cÖqv‡m cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨| ZvB †`kKv‡ji †mªv‡Z evav cÖ`vb A_ev m„wói iƒcvšÍi n‡”Q cÖ‡Z¨K gymwj‡gi ˆbwZK KZ©e¨| Zv‡K Aek¨B BwZnv‡mi Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov Ae¯’vq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Avb‡Z n‡e evwÂZ iƒcvšÍi| AvZ¥k„sLjv Ges AvZ¥KZ©„‡Z¡i Abykxjb Qvov †m mb¨vmxi M„nZ¨vMx Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| †Zgb Ae¯’vq †`kKv‡ji icvšÍi mva‡b e„nËi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GB Abykxjb AbyKyj bv n‡j Gi Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYvg n‡e A‰bwZK AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv, †Kbbv †m Ae¯’vq j¶¨ n‡q DV‡e †KejgvÎ AvZ¥iƒcvšÍi- wek¦‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e bq| Avgv‡`i ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e †h, ivm~jj y øvn (mv.) Kg© †_‡K QzwU wb‡Zb, wb‡R‡K mevi †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i Rxeb‡K wbqgvbyewZ© Ki‡Zb, we‡kl K‡i Inx jv‡fi c~‡e©| Aek¨B GK_v ejv hvq †h, Zuvi Zvnvby‡mi kxl©we›`y wQj Inx jvf| mywdMY `vex K‡im, gnvbex †niv ¸nvq Avjøvni m‡½ †h ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡ib Zv gvby‡li cvw_©e Rxe‡b m¤¢ve¨ D”PZg AR©b Ges ¸nv †_‡K †h wZwb g°vq †b‡g G‡jb Zv wQj GKwU AeZiY| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb †h, AvjøvnB Zv‡K Av‡`k K‡iwQ‡jb, †Kej AeZiY Ki‡Z bq, Zuvi we‡ivaxMY hLb Zuv‡K nZ¨vi lohš¿ KiwQ‡jv ZLb wZwb PvZz‡h©i m‡½ Zv‡`i‡K e¨_© K‡i w`‡q GKwU m¤cÖ`vq M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wnhiZ K‡ib, Avmgvb Ges Rwg‡b hv wKQz Av‡Q mg¯Í wKQz †Zvgv‡`i Aax‡b ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖKvk¨ Ges †Mvcb wbqvgZ eR©b K‡i‡Qb (31: 20)| 18. wZwb mg¯Í wKQzB m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K w`‡q‡Qb Zvi cwiwgZ, cÖK…wZ I j¶¨ (25: 2) mvZ Avmgvb Ges c„w_ex Ges Zv‡`i ga¨eZx© mg¯Í wKQz Avjøvn‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges Zuvi gwngv KxZ©b K‡i, hw`I wKfv‡e Zviv ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges gwngv KxZ©b K‡i Zv Zzwg bvI eyS‡Z cvi| wbðqB Avjøvn mnbkxj Ges ¶gvkxj (17: 44)| 172 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© GKwU ivóª wbg©vY Ki‡Z Ges Zuvi RvwZi †jvK‡`i ˆelwqK Rxe‡bi DrKl© mvab I Zv kvmb Ki‡Z|19 nhiZ gynv¤§v` (mv.) n‡Z cvi‡Zb Av‡iK wLªóev`x Cmv, hvi m¤ú‡K© †Kej Ava¨vwZ¥K RM‡Zi m‡½ Ges µzkwe× nevi Rb¨ wZwb wb‡R‡K Zz‡j w`‡Z cvi‡Zb Zuvi kÎæ‡`i nv‡Z| GUvB n‡”Q me‡P‡q mnR c_, wKš‘ Zv bv K‡i, Avgv‡`i bex (mv.) †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi Ges m„wó K‡ib BwZnvm| wZwb ¯^vgx wQ‡jb, wcZv wQ‡jb, e¨emvqx, ¯ÍZ¡vwaKvix, ivóª‡bZv Ges wePviK, mvgwiK †bZv, `vCqvn, Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ AvnŸvqK Ges bex meB wQ‡jb GKm‡½| Zuvi Kv‡Q †h cÖZ¨v‡`k G‡jv me©cÖ_‡g wZwbB w`‡jb hvi ev¯Íe iƒc, †Kv‡bv wKQz‡KB †n`v‡qZ ev c_wb‡`©‡ki evB‡i iv‡Lbwb|20 GKwU ivóª Ges Zvi kvm‡bi Rb¨ AvB‡bi Av`vjZ Qvov Bmjvg m¤¢e bq, KviY Bmjvg n‡”Q GKwU K‡g©i ag© Ges Kg© n‡”Q cÖKvk¨ MY‡Kw›`ªK Ges mgvRwfwËKÑ †hLv‡b wbq¨‡Zi ˆbwZKZv n‡”Q e¨w³MZ Ges we‡e‡Ki MÛxi evB‡ii AMÖmi nevi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| L. RvMwZKZv Ges ciRxebZË¡ wØZxqZ Bmjv‡g ciRxebZË¡, Bû`x I wLª÷vb a‡g©i ci‡jvKZË¡ †_‡K g~j¨MZfv‡e ¯^Zš¿| Bû`x a‡g©i †ejvq Avjøvni ivR¨ n‡”Q wbe©vwmZ Ae¯’vq Bû`x‡`i Ae¯’vi weKí- hviv `vD‡`i ivR¨ †_‡K ewÂZ n‡qwQ‡jv Ges eZ©gv‡b `uwo‡q Av‡Q `vmZ¡ I AatcZ‡bi P‚ovšÍ ¯Í‡i| ZvivB `vD‡`i ivR¨‡K Gfv‡e AZxZ ¯§„wZ-weayiZvi m‡½ Zz‡j a‡i‡Q|21 wLª÷vb a‡g©i †ejvq Gi cÖavb j¶¨ wQ‡jv Bû`x‡`i Roev`x, evn¨ Ges f‚wg‡Kw›`ªK b„ZË¡‡Kw›`ªKZvi †gvKv‡ejv| GRb¨ wLª÷vb‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡owQ‡jv `vD‡`i ivR¨‡K Ava¨vwZ¥KZvgwÐZ Kiv Ges †`kKv‡ji cwimi †_‡K G‡K m¤ú~Y© `~‡i ivLv| ÒAvjøvni ivR¨Õ n‡q `uvov‡jv GK ÒAb¨ RMZÓ Ges G RMZ n‡q DV‡jv mxRvi, kqZvb Ges kixix kw³i A¯’vqx i½gÂ, Ò‡hLv‡b KxU-cZ½ Ges gixPv ¶q K‡i Ges †Pv‡i wmu` †K‡U Pzwi K‡i|Ó22 c¶všÍ‡i hv wKQz N‡U meB Zv †Kej gvby‡li gva¨‡gB NUv DwPZ, Ges NU‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvg GKwU, †Kej gvÎ GKwU ivR¨B mg_©b K‡i, GKwU, GKwUB †`kKvj ¯^xKvi K‡i; hLb Zv †kl n‡q hvq ZLb cyi¯‹vi Ges wePvi Kvh©KixKiY, cyi¯‹vi I kvw¯Íi P‚ovšÍ Ae¯’v NU‡Z 19. †`Lyb GB MÖš’Kv‡ii wbeÜ, "On the Raison d'Ere of the Ummah." 20. f~c„‡ô wePiYkxj Ggb †Kvb Rxe †bB, A_ev wbR Wvbvi mvnv‡h¨ Ggb †Kvb cvwL D‡obv hv †Zvgv‡`i gZ GK GKwU D¤§Z bq| Avjøvni wb‡`©kmg~n mKj cÖvYx Ges mKj †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges Zv‡Z †Kvb e¨wZµg †bB| AZ:ci mKj‡K ¯^xq cÖwZcvj‡Ki wbKU wnmve w`‡Z n‡e (6 38)| 21. †`Lyb GB MÖš’Kv‡ii Christian Ethics, 116 ff. 22. †Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z m¤ú` cyÄxf~Z K‡ivbv, †hLv‡b KxU †cvKvi Avµg‡Y Ges Rs a‡i m¤ú` webó nq Ges WvKv‡Ziv `iRv †f‡½ Xy‡K AcniY K‡i (g¨v_y 6: 19)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 173 cv‡i| Av` `viæj AvwLivZ ev AvwLivZ (Ab¨ c„w_ex) GB c„w_exi weKí bq| GB c„w_ex‡Z AwR©Z Avhve Avj-AvwLivZ, mIqve Avj AvwLivZ (Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z cyi¯‹vi Ges kvw¯Í) †bB, Ges ZvKIqvi gva¨‡g hv AwR©Z nq Zv GKwU †jv‡KvËi cyi®‹vi, wbK…ó iv‡R¨i e`‡j †enZi ivR¨ bq| ZvB ˆeiv‡M¨i gva¨‡g GB c„w_ex †_‡K we`vq MÖnY Øviv Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv eySvq bv|23 wZwb e‡jbwb, GB c„w_exi g~‡j¨ Ab¨ c„w_exi mÜvb Ki; wZwb Avgv‡`i‡K civgk©I †`bwbÑ GB c„w_ex‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z, wKsev Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †_‡K Zv nvwi‡q †h‡Z| GB Ask †_‡K GB wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi †h, Bmjvg n‡”Q GKwU RMrwfwËK ag©, Bmjv‡g †`kKvj Aek¨B Ggb GKwU ivR¨ †hLv‡b cig‡K ev¯Íe K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e Ges Zv Ki‡e gvbyl| Avj dvjvn ÒK‡g© DËgÓ, GB cwifvlvwU Øviv KziAvb mgMÖ m„wói D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv K‡i‡Q, hvi A_©© G Qvov Ab¨ wKQz bq †h, m„wói Dcv`vb DcKiY¸‡jv‡K †hgbÑ bibvix, b`b`x, cvnvo ce©Z, eb ebvbx Ges Mg Pv‡li gvV, MÖvg I kni, †`k Ges Rb‡Mvôxmg~n‡K bZzb iƒc w`‡Z n‡e| GB c„w_ex, GB ¯’vb I Kvj‡K g~j¨c~Y© K‡i †Zvjv, †Kej a‡g©i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq, eis GB n‡”Q a‡g©i †MvUv Kg©KvÛ|24 3. Bmjvgx RvMwZKZv Ges gvby‡li ˆelwqK cÖqvm K. ˆbwZK gvbyl Ges Zvi mwµq e¨w³Z¡ Bmjvg RMrgyLx, ˆ`bw›`b ev¯Íe KsµxU A‡_© Gi Øviv wK eySvq? Gi A_© GB †h, gymwjg-cÖK…Z gymwjg †Kej gy‡L gy‡L Bmjvg ¯^xKviKvix bqÑ †m n‡”Q Ggb GK e¨w³ hvi Kg©KvÛ wbqwš¿Z nq kixqvi Øviv| GB me AvB‡bi †Kv‡bv †KvbwU e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Zvi m‡½ m¤úwK©ZÑ †hgb †mB me AvBb, †h¸‡jvi m¤úK© cÖ_vMZ AvPvi Abyôv‡bi m‡½ hvi Øviv Zvi ˆPZ‡b¨i Ae¯’v ev Zvi kixi cÖfvweZ nq| †h¸‡jv Zvi †`‡ni Dci wµqv K‡i, †m¸‡jv cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB ˆelwqK| G¸‡jv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j A_©‰bwZK wbqg Kvby‡bi gva¨‡g KvR Ki‡Z n‡eÑ †hgb ˆbwZK e¨w³ hv Avm‡j Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv Drcv`b Kiv Ges Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡Z K‡i †mB AwZwi³ Drcbœ Zvi wb‡Ri Lv`¨, †cvkvK cwi”Q`, Avevm Ges wPwKrmv myweavw`i Rb¨ †m e¨emv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Zvi ˆbwZK cyY¨ n‡”Q, †m Avjøvni wbqvgZ AR©b 23. Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i‡K GB c„w_ex‡Z hv `vb K‡ib Zvi g‡a¨ †Zvgiv Ab¨ c„w_ex‡Z mÜvb Ki, wKš‘ GB c„w_ex‡Z †Zvgv‡`i Ask †Zvgiv eR©b K‡i bv, A‡b¨i Kj¨vY Ki †hgb Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i Kj¨vY K‡i‡Qb| c„w_ex‡Z wech©q m„wó Ki‡Z †PIbv, Avjøvn wech©q m„wóKvix‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv (38: 77)| 24. Zzwg wK Zvi K_v Rvb †h Øxb ev mKj wnmve wbKvk‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i, †m n‡”Q H e¨w³ †h GwZg‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`q Ges wgmwKb‡K Lv`¨ `v‡b mnvqZv K‡ibv (103: 1-3)| 174 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© Ki‡Z wM‡q †h mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ZviB AvbycvwZK|25 Bmjv‡gi ˆbwZKZv ¯úófv‡e wb‡la K‡i wf¶ve„wË, A‡b¨i cwikÖ‡gi Dci ciMvQvi Rxeb hvcb| Avm&-mybœvn, Avk&-kixdvq Avgv‡`i Rb¨ eû NUbvi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q hv‡Z gvby‡li Avw_©K cÖqvm cÖkswmZ n‡q‡Q Ges Avw_©K e¨vcv‡i nvjQvov fve wbw›`Z n‡q‡Q|26 kixqv‡Z e¨w³ ev iv‡óªi Dci hviv wbf©ikxj Zv‡`i eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv ¯úó †kÖYx wn‡m‡e, †hgb kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, eva©K¨, ˆkke, bvixZ¡, e¨vwa BZ¨vw` Ges Gfv‡e ¯^v¯’¨evb eq¯‹ cyiæ‡li Rb¨ Ab¨ KviI ev iv‡óªi Dci wbf©i Kiv‡K A‰ea MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z, KziAvb K‡Vvifv‡e wb›`v K‡i‡Q `yt¯’ AvkÖq cÖv_x©‡`i, hviv wb‡R‡`i eZ©gvb ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK `yie¯’vi Rb¨ wb‡RivB `vqx|27 Ab¨ †h AvBb¸‡jv gymwjg ˆPZ‡b¨i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, †hgb Bmjvgx AbyôvbMZ AvPiYvw`i m‡½ m¤ú„³ AvBb Kvbybmg~n, †m¸‡jv weï×fv‡e e¨w³MZ Abykxj‡bi evB‡i cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nqbvÑ †hgb †mB me Kg©KvÐ †h¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ ev j¶¨ n‡”Q e¨w³i LuvwU ˆPZ‡b¨i welq| G welqwU mycwiÁvZ, †h mvjvZ ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Kv‡Ûi m`vPi‡Yi Rb¥ †`qbv A_©vr gvby‡li m‡½ e¨env‡i gvbyl‡K m`vPvix K‡i †Zv‡jbv, †m mvjv‡Zi †Kv‡bv g~j¨B †bB|28 Bmjvgx AvB‡bi mvaviY D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q Ab¨ gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ges gn‡Zi w`‡K Zv‡`i cÖfvweZ I cwiewZ©Z Kiv|29 gymjgvb n‡”Q mb¨vmxi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ, †m †eŠ× nDK ev wLª÷vbB nDK, †h †Kej wb‡Ri mvabvi Rb¨ Ab¨ gvby‡li msmM© †_‡K wb‡R‡K mwi‡q †bq| KviY Zv‡`i wePvieyw× Abymv‡i cwiÎvY Ges mvdj¨ n‡”Q ˆPZ‡b¨i Ggb GKwU Ae¯’vi bvg hv gvbyl †Kej GKvB wb‡Ri g‡a¨ m„wó 25. hLb mvjvZ m¤ú~Y© nq, †Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co, Ges Zvi wbqvgZ AbymÜvb Ki, Avjøvn‡K evi evi ¯§iY Ki hv‡Z Zzwg cÖK…ZB mdjKvg n‡Z cvi (62: 10)| 26. mv`vKvn (hvKvZ) `wi`ª wgmwK‡`i Rb¨, hviv Zv Av`vq K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨, Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ hv‡`i AšÍi GLv‡b Bmjvg‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqvi A‡c¶vq i‡q‡Q, `vmgyw³ Ges FYMÖ¯’‡`i Rb¨, gymvwdi‡`i Rb¨ Ges mvaviYfv‡e Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨| mv`vKvn n‡”Q Øxwb KZ©e¨, hvi Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb Avjøvn (Avjøvn me©Á (9: 60)| 27. nv`xm‡K †hme †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ A‡a©‡Ki †P‡qI †ekx gvby‡li KvRKg©, Zvi Avq I m¤ú` e¨‡qi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z †hgb Al buyu (weµq Pzw³) Al muzaraah (K…wl‡Z Askx`vixZ¡) wRnv` (hy× A_ev AvZ¥ cÖqvm) Lv`¨vw`, cvbxq `ªe¨, †cvkvK AvkvK Ges AjsKiY, Ávb I Rv‡b Ávb BZ¨vw`| 28. hviv `ytL K‡ói g‡a¨ gviv hvq Ges Zv‡`i wel‡q wdwi¯Íviv wRÁvmv Ki‡j e‡j, †h Zviv `ywbqv‡Z AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zviv `ye©j Ges A¶g| Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq, †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ wK c„w_ex h‡_ó cÖk¯Í wQ‡jvbv hv †_‡K †Zvgiv GB Ae¯’v †_‡K wb®‹…wZ cvevi Rb¨ Ab¨ †`‡k wM‡q emevm Ki‡Z cvi| ZvB bxi‡e, wbw®‹qfv‡e, Ryjyg Ges `ye©jZv ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q Kó †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ Zv Kiv wK †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ †enZi wQ‡jvbv? wbðqB Zv‡`i evm¯’vb Rvnvbœvg Ges Dnv KZ wbK…ó AvKvm (4: 97)| 29. wbqwgZ mvjvZ cvjb Ki| mvjvZ Akøxj I cvcKvh© †_‡K gvbyl‡K i¶v K‡i (29: 45)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 175 Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges hvi wePviK †m wb‡RB GKv| c¶všÍ‡i wfbœ gvbyl‡`i e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ges †mLv‡b KziAvb I mybœvn KZ©„K wb©avwiZ j‡¶¨i w`‡K mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K cwiPvwjZ KivÑ Avi GwU Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v hv gymjgvb‡`i‡K m„wói g‡a¨ me‡P‡q m½wjáy m`‡m¨ cwiYZ K‡i| Bmjv‡g gnËg Ges cweÎZg ˆPZ‡b¨i, †hgb im~jj y øvn beyq¨wZ nv‡ji A_© wQjbvÑ nhiZ gynv¤§‡`i e¨w³MZ Dc‡fvM ev m¤ú‡K©i Av‡qvRb eis G wQ‡jv ¯^íZg msL¨K gvby‡li Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `ywbqvi mKj gvby‡li Rxeb M‡o †Zvjvi Dcvq| L. ˆbwZK gvbyl Ges Ab¨ e¨w³eM© kixqvi AvBb¸‡jv †h‡nZz Ab¨ e¨w³e‡M©i wel‡q gZvgZ †`q Ges †mB Ab¨ e¨w³iv †h‡nZz msL¨v¸iæ, ZvB kixqvi AvBb¸‡jv Avevi `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgbÑ Zv‡`i evn¨ †`n m¤úwK©Z AvBb Ges Zv‡`i ˆPZb¨ m¤úwK©Z AvBb| wØZxq kvLvi AvBbwUi cwim‡i †h GjvKv c‡o, Zv n‡”Q wk¶v Ges civgk© `vb| gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i Dci hviv wbf©ikxj Zv‡`i‡K Ges †MvUv gvbe mgvR‡K wk¶vi Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z I Zv‡`i‡K wbišÍi mr civgk© w`‡Z eva¨, Avi GmeB n‡”Q Avjøvn Zvqvjv KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ Hkx Av`‡k©i Aemv‡b, Zv‡`i Rxe‡b c~iY Kivi Rb¨, Zv‡`i wba©vwiZ j¶¨| gymwjg ˆbwZK e¨w³ KZ©„K gymjgvb‡`i wk¶v I civgk© `vb, Ggwb GK ¸iæZi welq †h, Avjøvn Zvqvjv Zv‡K cig mvd‡j¨i mgv_©K e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|30 mr Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k n‡”Q cÖK…Z wk¶v Zvi m‡e©v”P A‡_©-Bmjv‡g mKj wk¶vi P‚ovšÍ j¶¨ n‡”Q cyY¨ Kg© Ges m`vPviY, †m ag© Áv‡bi Rb¨ Ávb A_ev Kjvi Rb¨ Kjv GBgZev`‡K Av‡`Š mg_©b K‡ib| Dc‡hvwMZv m„wói Rb¨ wk¶v A_©vr cÖK…wZi e¨envi, cY¨ Ges †mbv Drcv`‡bi my¯úó m¤úK© i‡q‡Q gvby‡li ˆelwqK cÖ‡qvRb I †m me c~i‡Yi m‡½| cwi‡k‡l Avgiv AvmwQ, †mB me AvB‡bi cÖm‡½, †h¸‡jv Ab¨ e¨w³e‡M©i kixix Aw¯Í‡Z¡i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, †hgb Ab¨ gvby‡li ˆelwqK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv| GLv‡b G‡m Avgiv Avevi gy‡LvgywL nB Ges PgrK…Z nB cweÎ KziAv‡bi mKj gvby‡li D‡Ï‡k¨ †NvwlZ mvgwMÖK †NvlYvq|31 ag© Zvi mgMÖ †¶ÎwU‡KB GB ˆelwqK †kÖYxwefv‡Mi mgvb MY¨ K‡i‡Q, hv‡Z ÔGwZg‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`Iqv nqbv Ges wgmwKb‡K Lv`¨ `vb Kiv nqbv|Ó msw¶ß myivwUi mgvwß N‡U‡Q †mB me †jv‡Ki wb›`vev‡`i gva¨‡g hviv Bmjvg‡K AbymiY K‡i e‡j `vex K‡i Ges 30. Avjøvn wek¦vmx‡`i wbKU †_‡K Zv‡`i Rxeb I m¤ú` µq K‡i wb‡q‡Qb, Rvbœv‡Zi e`‡j, Zviv Avjøvni c‡_ msMÖvg K‡i wbab K‡i I wbnZ nq|... (ZvivB mdjKvg) hviv ZIev K‡i, Bev`Z K‡i, Avjøvni cÖksmv K‡i, wmqvg K‡i, iæKz I wmR`v K‡i, mr K‡g©i wb‡`©k †`q, Amr Kvh© wb‡la K‡i Ges Avjøvn KZ©„K wba©vwiZ mxgv‡iLv jsNb K‡i bv| (†n gynv¤§`) wek¦vmxMY‡K Zzwg GB mymsev` `vI (9: 111-1)| 31. †Zvgiv ci¯úi‡K m‡Z¨i c‡¶ civgk© `vI Ges ˆa‡h©i Rb¨ Dc‡`k `vI (103-3)| 176 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© Zvi mgMÖUzKzB n‡”Q gymwjg KZ©„K Ab¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi mgv_©K|32 Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡Mi BwZnvm, GB Bmjvgx `„wófw½i GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v Avgv‡`i‡K mieivn K‡i| GwU n‡”Q †hme †MvÎ ivm~jj y vø ni Idv‡Zi ci wLjvd‡Zi †K›`ªxq LvRvwÂLvbvq hvKvZ †`Iqv eÜ K‡i Zv‡`i weiæ‡× AveyeKi wmwχKi mvwe©K hy× †NvlYv| GLv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Awf‡hvMwU: Zv‡`i‡K ÔAvi&-wi`¨vÕ A_©vr Bmjvg Z¨v‡Mi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ Kiv nq, †hb ag©‡KB Zviv A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| ivm~jj y vø ni gZB nhiZ AveyeKiI ey‡SwQ‡jb †h, `xb Ges gvby‡li ˆelwqK Pvwn`v c~iY mgv_©K| AwaKš‘ Bmjvg bvix Ges cyiæ‡li Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`‡Ki cÖwZ Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM †`q Ges Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Bmjvg Zvi mvgvwRK c×wZ‡K M‡o †Zv‡j ab e›U‡bi we‡kl `„óvšÍ‡K †K›`ª K‡i| ZvB G wm×všÍ bv K‡i cviv hvqbv †h, Bmjv‡g Avw_©K cÖqvm Ges Zvi dj Dc‡fvM n‡”Q ˆbwZKZvi cÖ_g Ges †kl K_v| GB A‡_© Bmjvg cÖK…Z GKwU Av`k© †h, kixqvn Ges Zvi AvBb Avgv‡`i ˆelwqK m¤ú` e›U‡bi GKwU `„óvšÍ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, hvi Av‡jv‡K Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|33 M. RvMwZKZv Ges Homo Economicus (A_©‰bwZK gvbyl) ZvB gvby‡li hw` Zvi Avw_©K cÖqv‡mi Av‡jv‡K msÁv `vb m¤¢e nq, Zvn‡j cÖ‡kœi Reve n‡e wbðqB BwZevPK; gvbyl wbk¦qB GKwU Avw_©K Rxe, Z‡e g¨vK&m I‡qev‡ii A‡_© bq, hv‡Z gvbyl‡K MY¨ Kiv nq mve©‡fŠg A_©‰bwZK wbqg Kvby‡bi `vm e‡j, hv Zvi mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| cÖK„wZMZfv‡e A_©bxwZi AvBb Kvbyb¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i KZ©„Z¡kxj, wKš‘ gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K †h Avw_©K c¨vUv‡Y©i Aax‡b ¯’vcb K‡i Zv Zvi wb‡Ri B”QvK…Z cQ‡›`i welq| eû Avw_©K c¨vUv‡Y©i g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKwUi Øviv wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K kvmb Kivi ¯^vaxbZv gvby‡li i‡q‡Q| gvbyl Avw_©K Rxe GB A‡_© †h, †m Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K, †h Avw_©K c¨vUv‡Y©i Aax‡b ¯’vcb K‡i, Zv Zvi wb‡Ri cÖK…wZ Ges wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K©i, Zvi aviYvi, wbðqvZ¥K| ZvB Bmjvg Øxb‡K c„w_ex‡Z Rxeb hvc‡bi c×wZ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Q| GB D‡Ïk¨ Qvov Øxb ev a‡g©i Avi †Kvb KvR †bB, G n‡”Q cvw_©e Rxe‡bi GKwU AvqZb hv 32. Zzwg wK Zvi K_v Rvb †h Øxb ev mKj wnmve wbKvk‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i, †m n‡”Q H e¨w³ †h GwZg‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`q Ges wgmwKb‡K Lv`¨ `vb K‡i bv, mvjvZ K‡i A_P mvjv‡Zi A_© wK Zvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM †`qbv? `y‡f©vM †mB me f‡Ûi Rb¨ hviv AfveMÖ¯’‡K mvnvh¨ `v‡b evav †`q (107: 1-7)| 33. `ª: Muhammad Saqr. Al Iqtisad al Islam (Jeddah: Al Ma'had al 'Alam li Abhath al lqtisad al Islami. 1980). AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 177 AwZevwnZ nq c~Y© mv_©KZvi m‡½, hLb †mB Rxeb ˆbwZKZvi m‡½ AwZevwnZ nq Avjøvni wb‡`©‡ki AvIZvq, A_©vr cÖK…wZi cÖwZ, wb‡Ri cÖwZ Ges mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g| Ab¨vb¨ ag© †hLv‡b GB c„w_exi cwie‡Z© m„wó K‡i wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ GKwU †MvUv ivR¨, hv‡Z cvw_©e Rxe‡bi ci Zviv ivRZ¡ K‡i, †mLv‡b Bmjvg wb‡R‡K †NvlYv K‡i‡Q GB Rxe‡bi we‡eK e‡j| GB MÖ‡n gvby‡li Rxeb cwic~Y© mvdj¨ A_ev Kó‡fvM K‡i GK gvby‡li cÖwZ Ab¨ gvby‡li g‡bvfw½ I AvPiY Øviv| wbðqB weg~Z© A‡_© bq, AšÍZt †mB me c‡Y¨i †ejvq †h¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv Avw_©K g~j¨ †bB| c„w_ex Ges R½‡ji evwm›`v‡`i Rxeb my‡Li ev K‡ói nqbv, Zvi m½x, gvbyliv Zv‡K cÎ-cjøe, Wvjcvjv I MvQ-MvQvwj †`evi gZ D`vi nj wKbv, evZvm Ges cvwb w`j wKbv, Zvi Øviv, eis ZLwb my‡Li nq hLb Zviv †h cÖvYx wkKvi K‡i Zv‡Z Zv‡K Ask †`q, Ni‡`vi ˆZix Kivi Rb¨, KvV †Pivq mn‡hvwMZv K‡i, wKsev b`x †_‡K BwZg‡a¨ †h cvwb emZ M„‡n wb‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q Zvi Øviv| Ab¨ K_vq `v‡bi h_v_©Zvi Rb¨, †h a‡g©i D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q gvbe RvwZi Kj¨vY Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨env‡ii DcKiY n‡Z n‡j, Aek¨B Zvi j¶¨ n‡Z n‡e A_©‰bwZK g~j¨| gvby‡li Avw_©K e¨env‡ii Dci GB c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv ev e¨_©Zv wbf©i K‡i, GRb¨B ag© gvby‡li Avw_©K Kg©KvÛ‡K ˆbwZKZvi I `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai Av`‡k©i cwigÛ‡j ¯’vcb K‡i| RMr mg_©K m‡e©vrK…ó ag© Bmjvg ¯^fveZB Pvq gvbe Rxeb‡K Gfv‡e web¨¯Í Ki‡Z hv‡Z K‡i RM‡Zi mªóv RM‡Zi Rb¨ †h c¨vUv‡Y©i cwiKíbv K‡i‡Qb, Zvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e nq| GRb¨ Bmjv‡gi wWKUvg ev g~jgš¿ n‡”Q ÒBbœv Av`&-`xbv Avj gyqvgvjvÓ (cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbyl KZ©„K Ab¨ gvby‡li cÖwZ Zvi e¨enviB n‡”Q ag©)|34 2. Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wek¦RbxbZv e¯‘MZ Dcv`v‡bi †h Kj¨vYKiZv I Avek¨KZv Dc‡i ewY©Z Bmjv‡gi f‚wgKvi g‡a¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, Zv G hveZ ch©šÍ `ywbqvi mKj ag© I gZev‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Abb¨ e¨vcvi, Ges Ab¨ mevB‡K ev` w`‡q †Kvb GKwU As‡ki Kj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq| Bmjvg Øviv GI eySvqbv †h, Ab¨ †Kvb MÖæ‡ci PvB‡Z †Kvb GKwU MÖæ‡ci †ekx Kj¨vY Gi j¶¨| †MvUv gvbe RvwZ‡KB m‡¤^vab K‡i AvnŸvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †Zvgiv RvM, ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡iv, cÖvPzh©gq Rxeb jv‡fi Rb¨ K‡Vvifv‡e cwikÖg K‡iv Ges †Póv K‡iv, cÖK…wZ‡K e¨envi K‡iv Ges m„wói DËg wRwbm¸‡jv Dc‡fvM K‡iv| wek¦Rbxb Bmjgx kvwšÍi †Kvb A_©B n‡ebv, hw` bv Zv mK‡ji Rb¨ AwaKZi myLx Rxeb Avbqb K‡i| G `vex¸‡jv k~b¨ Mf© aŸwbZ n‡e, hw`bv Zv gvbyli ev¯Íe Rxeb‡K DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ †Póv K‡i| KviY 34. Bgvg gymwjg Ges Bgvg Avj eyLvixi †iIqv‡qZ| 178 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li `ytL-`y`©kv hw` AcwiewZ©ZB †_‡K hvq Zvi Ava¨vwZ¥K A_ev ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi mv_©KZv mvgvb¨B hw` Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z ev¯Íe Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K welq ci¯úi hy³ nq, Zvn‡j Gi A_© GB †h, cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li Rxe‡bB GB m‡¤§jb mZ¨ Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K ev ivR‰bwZK ch©v‡q gnËi cwieZ©‡bi `„wóMÖvn¨ cÖ¯vÍ e ev¯Í‡ei Dci Aek¨B cÖwZdwjZ nIqv DwPZ| †h †Kvb ˆelg¨ ev ÎæwU †MvUv e¨e¯’vwU‡KB `~wlZ K‡i Zzj‡eÑ me©v‡MÖ `~wlZ Ki‡e Avjøvni AwZ›`ªxqZv‡K| Hkx jvjb cvjb ev ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li †Kvb ˆel‡g¨iB AeKvk Avjøvni AwZ›`ªxqZvq †bB| e¨w³MZ cÖqvm wbi‡c¶fv‡e Avjøvni wbqvg‡Zi cÖvcK wn‡m‡eI bq|35 A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi BmjvwgK Zvrc‡h©i G `ywU cÖavb m~Î †_‡K wb®úbœ nq `ywU g~L¨ †gŠjbxwZ: cÖ_gZ †Kvb e¨w³ ev MÖæc Ab¨‡K †kvlY Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv Ges wØZxqZ, †Kvb MÖæc Aewkó gvbeRvwZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i wb‡Ri g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K ¸wU‡q wb‡Z cvi‡ebvÑ ¸wU K‡q‡Ki g‡a¨ Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡K MÛxe× Ki‡Z, Zv `ytL `y`©kvi g‡a¨B nDK ev cÖvPz‡h©i g‡a¨B nDK| gvbe cÖK…wZ, AfveMÖ¯‡Í K †hme cÖvPxi cÖvPz‡h©i AwaKvix‡`i mv‡_ ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ AskMÖnY Ki‡Z evav cÖ`vb K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K ¯^fveZB †f‡½ †dj‡Z Pvq| ZvB, Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K Ab¨ gvby‡li msmM© †_‡K wew”Qbœ ivLvi cÖqvm cv‡e, Zv Avkv Kiv hvqbv| hw` Zviv Zv K‡iI, `ytL `y`©kvMÖ¯’ RbZvi wm×všÍ Zv n‡Z cv‡ibv, eis †m wm×všÍ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i kvmK‡`i| †m Ae¯’vq RbZv ev RbMY nq †kvwlZ| ZvB Zv‡`i wew”QbœZv n‡e Ae¨kB mvgwqK Ges kxNÖB Zv n‡q DV‡e wecø‡ei welq| Ab¨c‡¶ hw` ¯^Zš¿ev`x MÖæcwU nq cÖvPzh©kvjx, Zvn‡j wm×všÍwU kvmK Ges kvwmZ Df‡qiB nevi m¤¢vebv †ekx| Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ n‡e, wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i cÖvPz‡h©i wbivcËv Ges A‡b¨iv hv‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mR‡b¨ evav `vb|36 G n‡”Q mv`vgvUv AvZ¥¯^v_©ev` hv GKwU MÖæc AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| gvb‡li BwZnv‡m GwU GKwU AwaKZi mvaviY e¨vcvi Ges Avgv‡`i Dcwb‡ewkKZvev`, be¨ Dcwb‡ewkKZvev` Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i hy‡M GB AvjvgZwUi fqsKi cÖKvk gvbyl j¶¨ K‡i‡Q| cwðg BD‡iv‡ci RvwZ¸‡jv Avwd«Kv I Gwkqvi m¯Ív gRyi Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i g~‡j¨ wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ M‡o Zzj‡Q GK myD”P Rxeb gvb| AwaKvi mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Zv‡`i m‡½ †hvM w`‡q‡Q Av‡gwiKv Ges c„w_ex wef³ 35. `ª: GB MÖš’vKv‡ii “Divine Transecendence andIits Expression” World Faith No. 107 (Spring 1997) 36. `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc BnvB n‡”Q AvaywbK we‡k¦i wewfbœ RvwZi mKj AveMvix, Kvóg, ïé Ges Awfevmb AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨| Zv‡`i RvZxqZvev`x Av`k©mg~n cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ GB weavbB K‡i _v‡K †h, gvbeRvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi Dc‡i †Kej bh, eis gvbeRvwZi Kj¨vY‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i E‡a© ¯’vb w`‡Z n‡e| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 179 n‡q‡Q cÖvPzh©kxj DËi Ges `wi`ª `w¶‡Yi g‡a¨| GK kZvãxi AwaKKvj a‡i Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kvq Jcwb‡ewkK †kvlY cywu Ri cvnvo M‡o Zz‡j‡Q cvðvZ¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z, hvi d‡j Zv‡`i wkí weKvk n‡q‡Q m¤¢e| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cÖhyw³i wecøe wPšÍvB Kiv †hZbv, wekvj wekvj Lvgv‡i Ges Lwb‡Z Kg©iZ j¶ j¶ Gwkq Ges Avwd«Kvb gRyi‡`i‡K LvUv‡bv bv n‡j, AmsL¨ Rvnv‡R K‡i Gwkqv-Avwd«Kvi m¤ú` Drcv` wn‡m‡e, KuvPvgvj ev LwbR `ªe¨iƒ‡c A_ev BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKvi Aa©mgvß Drcv` wn‡m‡e, enb bv Ki‡j|37 GwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Bmjv‡gi we‡ivax GKwU KvR, †Kbbv, Bmjv‡g me©cÖ_g †gŠjbxwZ n‡”Q cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvbylB Zvi cwikÖ‡gi dj †fv‡Mi AwaKvix: ÒcÖ‡Z¨K †jv‡Ki Rb¨ bi-bvix wbwe©‡k‡l †m hv AR©b K‡i, ZvB Zvi cÖvc¨, Ges cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ †h ¶wZ K‡i ZvB Zvi AR©bÓ (KziAvb 2: 286)| †Kvb e¨w³‡K Zvi cÖvc¨ †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡”Q GKwU Ryjyg hv Avjøvni Kv‡Q N„Y¨; GwU Ggb GKwU Ab¨vq hvi Rb¨, Rv‡jg‡K Aek¨B AbyZß n‡Z n‡e Ges ¶wZMÖ‡¯’i ¶wZc~iY Ki‡Z n‡e Ab¨_vq Avjøvn Zvi †µva Ges kvw¯Í GB Rxe‡b I cieZx© Rxe‡b bvwhj Ki‡eb Acivaxi Dci| Avjøvn me©kw³gvb; wZwbB kvw¯Í w`‡Z cv‡ib bvbvfv‡e, wKš‘ wZwb KvR K‡ib KviY ci¯úivi gva¨‡g Ges Kv‡h©i h_vh_ dj `vb K‡ib| Ryjyg Ges †kvlY GgbB wnsmv Ges we‡¶v‡fi m„wó K‡i †h, hLb wb`©q wecø‡ei gva¨‡g Zvi we‡ùviY N‡U ZLb Ab¨v‡qi †nvZvMY, Zv‡`i cÖwZôvbvw` Ges Zv‡`i nv‡Z hv wKQz K‡i‡Q mg¯ÍB aŸsm n‡q hvq Ges Zv‡`i bvg wbkvbv gy‡Q hvq|38 Bnv, cÖK…wZi AvBb m¤ú‡K© BwZnvmwe‡`iv hv e‡jb Zv †_‡K Lye wfbœ bq| hLb mgv‡Ri GKwU Ask cÖvPzh©kvjx n‡q D‡V Ges MÖæc-¯^v_©me©¯Z ^ v, cÖvPzh‡© K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ A¶zYœ ivLvi Rb¨ Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i †_‡K Zv‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †d‡j, ZLbB Zvi aŸs‡mi m~Pbv nq| Bnv GKwU mgv‡Ri Af¨šÍ‡i nDK ev gnv‡`kxq f‚gÛjxq ch©v‡q wewfbœ mgv‡Ri g‡a¨B NUzK, Zv‡Z wKQz hvq Av‡mbv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ AZx‡Z hLb †hvMv‡hvM wQj gš’i Ges wewfbœ mgvR G‡K A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K Avjv`vfv‡e Zv‡`i cÖvPzh© eRvq ivL‡Z cvi‡Zv, ZLb GB AvBb Kvh©Ki bv n‡jI eZ©gv‡bi Ae¯’v wKš‘ Zv Avi bq| c„w_exi wewfbœ mgvR Ges cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡Ri AšÍM©Z wewfbœ †kÖYx I MÖæc Zv‡`i wbR wbR A_©bxwZi gZ GKB iƒc ¯^vaxb, KviI c‡¶B 37. Isma’il “Abd Allah” World Chaos or a New Order: A Third World View. “World Faiths and the New World Order.” eds. Joseph Gremillion and William Ryan (Washingtion: The Interreligious Peace Colloquium. 1978) pp. 48-68. 38. GB kZvãx cuywRev`x my‡hvM myweav †_‡K ewÂZ †kÖYx¸‡jvi A‡bK wecø‡ei mv¶x: AvMvgx kZvãx wbðqB Av‡iv †ekx wKQz †`‡e| 180 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© `xN©Kvj a‡i, Zvi cÖvPzh© I ¯^vaxbZv i¶v Kiv m¤¢e wQ‡jvbv| Be‡b Lvj`yb, Iqvm Iqvì †¯úsjvi Ges Avb©ì U‡qbwei gZ BwZnvmwe‡`iv gvbe Rxe‡bi mvaviY AvB‡bi `„óvšÍ †ck K‡i L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb, hv cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi †h †Kvb GKRb mvaviY gvbyl eySZ, †Kej agx©q wek¦RvMwZK A‡_©|39 G e¨vcv‡i Dgi Beybj LvËve (iv.)-Gi AšÍ`„©wó m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| bZzb Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡k kvwšÍ Ges wbivcËv cÖwZwôZ nevi m‡½ m‡½ wZwb GKwUgvÎ †NvlYvi Øviv mKj mxgvšÍ ïé cÖvPxi Zz‡j †`b I e¨emv evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜK¸‡jv we‡jvc K‡ib| cÖvq GK hyM Av‡M gnvbex (mv.) cÖ‡Z¨K †MvÎ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i †h AmsL¨ e¨e¯’vi Øviv e¨emv evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv Ges jv‡fi GKUv Ask wb‡Riv †fvM Ki‡Zv †m¸‡jv D‡”Q` K‡ib| Gi d‡j Avie‡`i c‡¶ weKvk m¤¢e nj Ges c„w_exi mvgªvR¨mg~‡ni †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv Ges Zvi D‡Ïk¨‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ GKwU mvgwiK evwnbx m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv, hv Zvi `vexi h_vh_Zv cÖwZwôZ K‡i | fviZ gnvmvMi I `~icÖvP¨ †_‡K e¨emv evwYR¨ Aev‡a mgMÖ De©i Aa©P›`ª GjvKv Ges DËi Avwd«Kvq m¤cÖmvwiZ nj| Avm‡j kixqvi wewa weav‡bi d‡j, ZL‡bv Bmjvgx iv‡óªi `ykgb evB‡RbwUqv‡bi wewfbœ cY¨ Bmjvgx cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z Aev‡a cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z Ges †mLvb †_‡K †e‡iv‡Z cvi‡Zv| ci¯úi wbf©ikxjZv †hgb wQ‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emv evwY‡R¨i GKwU ev¯ÍeZv †Zgwb Zv wQj gymwjg agx©q ˆPZ‡b¨i GKwU mZ¨| gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ wewfbœ MÖæc Ges RvwZi Avw_©K fvM¨ e¨w³i fv‡M¨i gZB wQ‡jv P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q AvjøvniB nv‡Z| gymjgv‡biv A_©‰bwZK e¨vcv‡i Avjøvni cÖK…wZ‡K †evSvq Avi-wih&K Øviv| KziAv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvq40 gymjgvb evi evi c‡o †h Avjøvn KZK‡K wiwhK `vb K‡ib, KZ‡Ki wiwhK ms‡KvwPZ K‡ib, A_ev wiwhK †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib| Avgiv cwo †h, Avjøvni Kg© ZuviB Avb‡›` Ges m‡šÍvlB n‡”Q mg¯Í b¨vq wePv‡ii mviK_v| gymwj‡gi ˆbwZKZv‡eva Zv‡K wkwL‡q‡Q †h, Avjøvn Kv‡iv cÖwZ AwePvi K‡ib bv Ges wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K‡K †`b Zvi cÖvc¨| Avjøvn‡Z wek¦vm ¯’vc‡bi gv‡bB G wel‡q c~Y© GwKb †h, wiwh‡Ki e¨e¯’v Kivi `vwqZ¡ ZuviB| hw` †m Gi wecixZ wek¦vm K‡i Z‡e Zv nq Avjøvni GKKZ¡, Zvi †jv‡KvËiZv Ges Zvi cig Ae¯’v‡bi cÖwZ nvwbKi, ms‡¶‡c Zv †ZŠnx‡`iB A¯^xK…wZ|41 39. hLb †Kvb Rbc`, bMix ev m¤cÖ`vq aŸs‡mi Kvwej n‡q c‡o, ZLb Gi AwfRvZeM© Ab¨vq AvPi‡Yi my‡hvM cvq Ges Afv‡e Ges Aek¨¤¢vex mg~n aŸsm‡K †W‡K Av‡b (17: 16)| 40. Barakat, Al Murshid. S.V “Rizq” 41. `ª: GB MÖš’Kv‡ii cÖeÜ “Is a Muslim Definable in Terms of His Economic Pursuits?” in Khurshid Ahmed and Zafar Ansari. eds. Islamic Perspectives: Studies in Honor of Mawlana Sayyid Abu al Ala Mowdudi (Leicester. UK: The Islamic Foundation. 1399/1979) c„ôv 183 ff. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 181 ZvB gymjgvb Zvi a‡g©i Kvi‡YB Aeva A_©bxwZi c¶ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z eva¨| Zvi Rb¨ Aeva evwY‡R¨i c‡_ K…wÎg evav wb‡la wbwl×| f‚gÛjxq †cÖw¶‡Z ej‡Z nq, †cÖv‡UKkwbRg ev cÖwZeÜKZv Avjøvn KZ©„K wek¦ kvwmZ aviYvi we‡ivax, hw` Zvi D‡Ïk¨ nq Ggb GKwU K…wÎg K…wl e¨e¯’v ev wk‡íi cÖwZôv, †hLv‡b Zv Pvjy ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbe m¤ú` ev cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †KvbUv †bB; Z‡e Aeva evwYR¨ bxwZi D‡Ïk¨ hw` nq GK‡PwUqv e¨e¯’v evwYR¨ ev †kvlY, †Zgb Ae¯’vq Zvi cÖ_g j¶Y ¯úó n‡q DVvi m‡½ m‡½B gymjgv‡bi wek¦vm we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Ki‡e Ges we‡¶v‡f †d‡U co‡e| Gai‡bi †Kv‡bv ˆbwZKZv we‡ivax wkí evwY‡R¨i D‡`¨v³vi weiæ‡× cÖgvY cvIqv †M‡j Bmjvgx Av`vjZ Ges †m Av`vj‡Zi wcQ‡bi D¤§vn& Gai‡bi KvR‡K Avjøvni wb‡`©‡ki jsNb e‡j MY¨ Ki‡e| Dc‡ii GB Av‡jvPbv we‡kl K‡i AvR‡Ki w`‡b c„w_exi weËevb Ges me©nviv‡`i g‡a¨ †h D‡ËRbv I mœvqweK Pvc we`¨gvb, Zvi †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K| we‡kl K‡i, †Kvb †`‡k cÖ‡ek, gvby‡li bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ges cY¨ I Znwe‡ji cÖ‡ek I ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii c‡_ weËevbMY weËnxb‡`i mvg‡b, Zv‡`i Avjøvn c„w_exi †h ¯’v‡bB wiwh‡Ki e¨e¯’v Kiæb †mLv‡b RxweKvi mÜv‡b gvby‡li Bwg‡MÖm‡bi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv ¯’vcb Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z N„Y¨Kg©|42 3. Drcv`‡bi ˆbwZKZv Avjøvn Zvqvjv gvbeRvwZ‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zvi Bev`‡Zi Rb¨| wZwb c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i‡K K‡i‡Qb Zuvi Lwjdv Ges m„wói mg¯Í wKQz‡K Zv‡`i Aax‡b ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb my¯úófv‡e gvbyl‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb, ÔRwg‡b wePiY Ki‡ZÕÑ Zvi wbqvgZ AbymÜvb Ki‡Z Ges cÖK…wZ‡K e¨envi I Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z|43 wZwb A½xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, wZwb Ges Zvi bex gvby‡li K…wZZ¡ Ae‡jvKb K‡ib M‡e©i m‡½|44 Avjøvni wLjvdZ ev cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i mv_©KZvi Rb¨ wZwb Kg©, Lv`¨ Drcv`b, f‚wg D×vi, MÖvg I kni wbg©vY, †mev cÖ`vb, ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zv MVb, bvix I cyiæ‡li mšÍvb Rb¥`vb Ges jvjb cvjb G mg¯Í‡KB wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e Pvwj‡q hvevi, Ae¨vnZ ivLvi I kÖ‡gi dj Dc‡fvM K‡i hvevi e¨e¯’v 42. G cÖm‡½, B‡q‡gwbiv †mŠw` Avi‡e wZb cyiæl a‡i †h ˆe‡`wkK gh©v`v †fvM K‡i‡Q Zv we‡ePbv Kiæb| G n‡”Q BD‡iv‡ci Avev`x RvwZ¸‡jvi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ, hviv `xN©w`b Zv‡`i †`‡k evm Ki‡j A_ev KvR Ki‡j †h †Kvb Rb‡K bvMwiKZ¡ `v‡b B”QzK| 43. mvjvZ mgvß nB‡j †Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z QovBqv cwo‡e Ges Avjøvni AbyMÖn mÜvb Kwi‡e I Avjøvn‡K AwaK ¯§iY Kwi‡e hvnv‡Z †Zvgiv mdjKvg nI (62: 10)| 44. Av‡`k K‡iv (†n gynv¤§`): mrKg© K‡iv, †Zvgiv †h me mrKg© Ki Avjøvn Zv cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib, †hgb Zv j¶¨ K‡ib Zuvi bex Ges mKj gywg‡biv; wbðqB †Zvgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wnmve wbKv‡ki Rb¨ Avjøvni Kv‡Q nvwRi Kiv n‡e, whwb e¨³ Ges Ae¨³ mg¯Í wKQzB Rv‡bb| †Zvgiv hv K‡iwQ‡j †m m¤ú‡K© Zvi mZ¨iƒc wZwb †Zvgv‡`i‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡eb (9 :105)| 182 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© K‡i‡Qb|45 Ges P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q G mg¯Í‡KB wZwb K‡i‡Qb Bev`Z e‡›`Mxi I a‡g©i Dcv`vb DcKiY, Avjøvni m„wói †hŠw³KZv|46 Gi my¯úó wm×všÍ GB †h, gvbyl Aek¨B Drcv`b Ki‡e| †Kv‡bv ag© Ges †Kv‡bv gZev`B KL‡bv Bmjv‡gi gZ cÖejfv‡e ev GZ AvwZk‡h¨i m‡½ gvbl‡K KvR Kivi ZvwK` †`qwb|47 wnhi‡Zi ci g`xbvq cÖ‡ek K‡i gnvbex (mv.) Avbmvi‡`i (g`xbvi gymjgvb) ej‡jb, Zv‡`i gynvwRi gymwjg fvB‡`i‡K fvB wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z, hviv g`xbvq wnhiZ K‡i‡Qb kÎæ‡`i nvZ †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨| eû gynvwRi Avbmvi cwiev‡i Zv‡`i MÖnY‡K †g‡b wb‡jb Ges Gfv‡e bZzb K‡i wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwôZ Kievi Sv‡gjv †_‡K †invB †c‡jb, †KD †KD mvgvb¨ FY MÖnY Ki‡jb GKUv wKQz KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Ges c‡i Zv wdwi‡q w`‡jb| Z‡e ivm~jj y øvni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q wcÖq MY¨ n‡jb ZvivB, hviv GZUv AvZ¥gh©v`v‡eva m¤úbœ wQ‡jb †h †Kvb mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡jbbv, †Kvb cuywR, hš¿cvwZ ev †Kvb †ckv QvovB Zviv Qwo‡q co‡jb †Lvjv gv‡VÑ jvKwo msMÖn K‡i, wb‡R‡`i wc‡V enb K‡i bMix‡Z wb‡q Zv weµx Kivi Rb¨ Ges GKUz GKUz K‡i Zviv wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vb K‡i wb‡jb e¨emv evwY‡R¨i RM‡Z|48 ZvB Bmjvg Pvq me©vwaK Drcv`b| Bmjvg cÖZ¨vkv K‡i †h, cÖ‡Z¨‡K †m hZUzKz †fvM K‡i Zvi PvB‡Z †ekx Drcv`b Ki‡e, †m wb‡R hZUzKz †mev cvq Zvi PvB‡Z †ekx †mev †`‡e| e¨w³i Rxe‡b †m m„wói Rb¨ wK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q Zvi wn‡m‡ei wfwˇZ Zvi bxU jv‡fB mgvß nIqv DwPZ, wePvi w`e‡m cÖ‡Z¨K bi Ges bvix‡K ejv n‡e c„w_ex‡Z Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ Zvi LwZqvb cvV Ki‡Z|49 †h e¨w³i G Rxe‡b Zvi Drcv`bkxjZvi Rb¨ †Kej GK_v ej‡Z cvi‡e †h, Zvi wbR cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ekx †m Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, †m †gv‡UB mvb‡›` Awfbw›`Z n‡ebv| eis †m wbw›`Z n‡Z cv‡i, Zvi gvbwmKZvi Kvi‡Y hv Zv‡K m„wó‡Z †Kv‡bv Ae`vb ivL‡Z †`qwb, †hgb ˆeivM¨ev`, AvZ¥¯^v_©ev`, Avjm¨ A_ev mskqev`, wKsev †mB me e¨w³i Pig I AvZ¥cÖZviYv hviv g‡b K‡i c„w_ex Zv‡`i RxweKvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z eva¨| †mB me †jv‡Kiv 45. AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡`i c„w_ex‡Z Zuvi cÖwZwbwa K‡i‡Qb, whwb gh©v`vq KZK‡K KZ‡Ki Dci DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb| hv‡Z †Zvgiv wb‡R‡`i‡K †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© wb‡R‡`i‡K †hvM¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡iv (11: 7)| 46. AvjøvnB Qq w`e‡m AvKvkgÛjx Ges c„w_ex m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi Avik wQ‡jv cvwbi Dci (gvbe Rxe‡bi mviwbh©vm) hv‡Z †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i K‡g© wb‡R‡`i‡K †hvM¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡iv (11: 7)| 47. Avgj ev mrK‡g©i Dci KziAv‡bi ZvwM` mve©¶wbK Ges me©e¨vcx| 48. Haykal. The Life of Muhammad. 77-78 49. (wePvi w`e‡m gvbyl‡K ejv n‡e) †Zvgvi Avgjbvgv Zzwg wb‡RB cvV K‡iv| A`¨ Zzwg hv K‡i‡Qv Zvi wePviK Zzwg wb‡RB nI (17: 14)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 183 i‡q‡Q hviv GZUv ab m¤ú‡`i AwaKvix †h Zviv h_vmg‡qi Av‡MB Kg© †_‡K QzwU wb‡Z cv‡i, wKsev †mB me †jvK hviv Drcv`‡b wb‡R‡`i‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡ibv Zv‡`i wcZvgvZv AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi KvQ †_‡K wecyj cwigvY DËivwaKvi jvf K‡i‡Q e‡j| hLb GB me †jvK Drcv`bkxj KvR Kg© †_‡K wb‡R‡`i‡K mwi‡q †bq ZLbB Zviv, Zv‡`i G K‡g©i Øviv Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z wbw›`Z n‡q c‡o| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Bmjv‡gi g‡Z Gme e¨w³ wb‡R‡`i‡K kvw¯Íi g‡a¨ wb‡¶c K‡iB Drcv`b Kg© †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i Avï kvw¯Í n‡e GB †h, Drcv`b Kg© †_‡K weiZ †_‡K eQ‡i kZKiv AvovB fvM wn‡m‡e hvKvZ w`‡Z eva¨ n‡e| GwU Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hv‡Z K‡i 35 eQ‡i ev GK cyiæ‡li e¨eav‡b †h †Kvb gyjab wbt‡kl n‡q hv‡e| †h‡nZz †jvKwU H cuywR ev Znwe‡ji Dci Rxeb hvcb K‡i‡Q ZvB G wel‡q m‡›`n †bB †h, Av‡iv Aímg‡q cyuwR †kl n‡q hv‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Zv‡Z Gai‡bi Znwej ev cuywR 35 eQ‡ii ci wU‡K _vK‡ebv| ZvB Gme †¶‡Î DÏxcbv, AvMÖn Av‡iv †ekx n‡e GB Znwej wb‡q Avevi Drcv`b Kv‡h© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z, hv‡Z K‡i Znwej ev cyuwR †hb Gfv‡e wbt‡kl n‡q bv hvq| G‡Z K‡i Znwej Av‡iv evo‡e Ges e¨w³i Rxeb hvc‡bi e¨q en‡bi mnvqK n‡e, †Kbbv wewb‡qvM †_‡K Avq kZKiv AvovB fv‡Mi PvB‡Z AwaK nevi †ekx m¤¢vebv| 4. Drcv`‡bi ˆbwZK bxwZgvjv (K) Drcv`‡bi m‡½ RwoZ i‡q‡Q DcKiY AvniY Ges †m K…wl †¶‡ÎB nDK ev wkí †¶‡ÎB nDK, Drcv`K KZ©„K Drcv`‡bi kw³¸‡jvi e¨envi| cÖK…wZi GB e¨envi Aek¨B `vwqZ¡c~Y© n‡Z n‡e| `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi Rb¨ Bmjvg cÖK…wZi e¨envi wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¶gZv Ac©Y K‡i mgv‡Ri cÖwZ hv Zvi h_vwewa cÖwZwôZ A½ cÖZ¨‡½i gva¨‡g KvR K‡i| Aek¨ GB `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †¶‡Î AcPq ev AvwZkh¨ ¯^xKvi Kiv nqbv| KziAvb GB Dfq e¨vcv‡i Acivax‡`i ÔkqZv‡bi fvBÕ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i|50 KziAvb gymjgvb‡`i `vwqZ¡ †`q Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gvÎv G c×wZ‡Z cÖK…wZ‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z Ges GB Drcv`b n‡Z n‡e gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K hyw³m½Z| Bmjvgx `vwq‡Z¡i `vex GB †h, gvbyl KZ©„K cÖK…wZi e¨env‡ii cÖwµqvq, cÖK…wZi †Kvb webwó Pj‡ebv| Bmjvg GB wk¶vB †`q †h, cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb, DcKiY I kw³mg~n Avjøvn KZ©„K Avgv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë wbqvgZ|51 GB 50. GB K…cYiv kqZv‡bi fvB Ges kqZvb Zvi cÖfyi cÖwZ AK…ZÁ, Zuvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvnx (17: 27)| 51. Ges Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i M„n‡K K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡`i Avevm¯’j, wZwb †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ cïP‡g©i Zveyi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb, hv †Zvgiv ågYKv‡j mn‡R enb Ki‡Z cv‡iv Ges Ae¯’vbKv‡j 184 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© wbqvgZ ev `v‡bi A_© G bq †h, Avjøvn Zvi gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i‡Qb| G n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó j‡¶¨ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Aby‡gvw`Z; gvwjK n‡”Qb Avjøvn Ges me mgqB wZwb gvwjK _vK‡eb, †hgb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqiv ejZt wZwbB n‡”Qb Rwg‡bi gvwjK Ges gvbyl n‡”Q ïay f„Z¨|Ó GB `„wófw½ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Bmjv‡gi `„wófw½ e‡U| ZvB Avgv‡`i g„Zz¨Kv‡j A_ev AemiKv‡j GB ZvjyK Avjøvn‡KB wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡eÑ Avgv‡`i Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g f‚wgi Av‡iv DrKl© I e„w× mvab K‡i| b~¨bZg Ae¯’vq Zv‡K AweKj GB Ae¯’vq †diZ w`‡Z n‡e, †h Ae¯’vq Zv MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv| KziAvb cÖejfv‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Q †h, m„wói mg¯Í wKQz cÖZveZ©b K‡i Avjøvni Kv‡Q|52 eZ©gv‡b wkívwqZ mgvR¸‡jv‡Z cÖK…wZi Ôal©YÕ Ges Zvi `~lY †h gnve¨vwai Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q Zv Avjøvni `vb cÖK…wZi `vwqZ¡nxb Ace¨env‡iiB dj| wb‡Ri mvd‡j¨ gvZvj D¤§Ë cyuwRev`x cvðvZ¨ wkí D‡`¨v³v‡`i eva¨ K‡i‡Q Zvi Drcv`b cÖwµqvi ¶wZi eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n‡K n«‡` wKsev b`x‡Z wb‡¶c Ki‡Z| wewfbœ cÖvYx, Dw™¢` Ges gvby‡li Dci Zvi gvivZ¥K cÖwZwµqvi K_v we¯§„Z n‡q f‚wgi eyK †d‡o †djv n‡”Q LwbR c`v_© †ei Kivi Rb¨ Ges Zv †i‡L †`Iqv n‡”Q Ggbfv‡e †h, Zvi Avi e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv _v‡Kbv, †`Lvq KzrwmZ Ges gvbyl I cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ mKj iK‡gi wec‡`i KviY n‡q `uvovq| ÒcÖvYx RM‡Zi m‡½ cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú‡K©i fvimvg¨Ó Ges cwi‡ek c~Y©e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMxKiY BZ¨vw` cwifvlv¸‡jv Aaybv cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z mvaviY e¨vcvi n‡q D‡V‡Q G‡`i †cŠbtcywbK jsN‡bi Øviv| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Òe¨wfPviÓ Kiv n‡”Q| mgy‡`ªi cøv¼Ub (mvMi, b`x, n«` BZ¨vw`‡Z fvmgvb RxevYy) ÷¨v‡Uvwùqv‡ii I‡hv‡bi (Ozone) †P‡q Kg bq, mg¯Í wKQzB AcPqme©¯^ Ges `vwqZ¡nxb Drcv`b cÖwµqvi d‡j, hv‡K ejv nq cwðgv wk‡íi cwiKwíZfv‡e AcÖPwjZ n‡q covi Kvi‡Y Ae¯’v wecbœ n‡q c‡o‡Q| gvby‡li BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_gevi cyuwRev`x wk‡ív‡`¨v³viv Zv‡`i Drcbœ `ªe¨ cwiKwíZfv‡e AcÖPwjZ n‡q covi K_v †NvlYv Ki‡Q| Ges Zv Ki‡Q we›`ygvÎ j¾v Abyfe bv K‡iB| ¯úóZB ewj ev wkKv‡ii Ae¯’vb n‡”Q KZ©„Z¡kxj Av`k©wUi g‡a¨ hv wbqgk„sLjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gb¯ÍvwZ¡K Kjv †KŠkvj Zvi Abymvix‡`i mieivn mn‡R LvUv‡Z cv‡iv| wZwb †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb, ckg, †jvg, †Kk n‡Z, wKQzKv‡ji Rb¨ e¨envh© mvgMÖx Ges Avjøvn hv wKQz m„wó K‡i‡Qb Zv †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ Qvqvi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb Ges †Zvgv‡`i cvnv‡o AvkÖ‡qi e¨e¯’v K‡ib, †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ e¨e¯’v K‡ib †cvkvK cwi”Q‡`i| Bnv †Zvgv‡`i‡K Mig n‡Z euvPvq, †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ wZwb e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb e‡g©i hv hy‡× †Zvgv‡`i AvµgY †_‡K i¶v K‡i| Gfv‡e wZwb †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZ AbyMÖn c~Y© K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z †Zvgiv AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki (16: 80-81)| 52. 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Avjøvni Kv‡QB †Zvgv‡`i P‚ovšÍ cÖZ¨veZ©b (5: 48)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 185 Ki‡Z Amg_©, †h Av`k© fwel¨‡Zi cÖwZ †Kvb `„wócvZ K‡ibv, †Kvb gvb`Û †`qbv wKsev GKwU we‡eK‡eva RvMÖZ K‡ibv, hv gybvdvi AZ…ß ¶zavi gy‡L jvMvg civ‡Z cv‡i| GB †h cyuwRev`xi D`MÖ ¶zav, hv Zvi wbZ¨ cwieZ©bkxj j¶¨ Pereat Mundus AR©‡bi †ec‡ivqv, Zvi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi mvg_©¨ wKQziB †bB| Pereat Mundus GKwU iƒcK c`gvÎ bq; Av¶wiK A‡_© cvðvZ¨ cyuwRev`x m¤ú‡K© G mZ¨ hvi Drcbœ `ªe¨ n‡”Q hy×v¯¿, gv`K`ªe¨, †ZRw®Œq Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¶wZi `ªe¨vw`| eû Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i KjKviLvbvi e¨vcv‡iI G mZ¨, hv‡`i Drcv`b †_‡K UKwmK eR©¨ c`v_© wbM©Z nq| cÖK…wZi G ai‡bi Ace¨envi †ZŠnx‡`i ˆbwZKZvi m¤ú~Y© we‡ivax; G ai‡bi Ace¨env‡ii wb›`v Kiv n‡q‡Q me‡P‡q ب_©nxb fvlvq| Bmjv‡gi `„wófw½ Abymv‡i Drcv`b cÖwµqv ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ Aek¨B n‡Z n‡e wb‡`©vl Ges weï×, †`L‡Z n‡e Gi Øviv †hb †Kvb cÖvYx, Dw™¢` ev gvbyl AvNvZ bv cvq, †hLv‡b ¶wZ nq †mLv‡b Aek¨B †m ¶wZ c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b ¶wZ mvabKvix wkíD‡`¨v³v‡K wePv‡ii KvVMovq `vo Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev MÖæc †bB †mLv‡b cÖK…wZi i¶K wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx ivóªB Ace¨enviKvix‡K Zvi AcK‡g©i kvw¯Í w`‡Z eva¨|53 (L) Bmjv‡g GwU Acwinvh© †h, cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b m¤úyY©fv‡e cÖZviYv I RvwjqvwZ gy³ n‡e| GB Av‡qvRb‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z i‡q‡Q wnmve bvgK cÖwZôv‡bi Dci| GB KZ©e¨ myôzfv‡e cvj‡bi Rb¨ kixqvn gynZvwme‡K `vb K‡i‡Q cywj‡ki ¶gZv Ges wePv‡ii ¶gZv| Zvi ¶gZv Ges KZ©e¨ wQj, Zvi mvg‡b Awf‡hvM Avbvi c~e© ch©šÍ e‡m bv †_‡K, A‡c¶v bv K‡i eis AKz¯’‡j Qz‡U hvIqv Ges Aeva Awf‡hvM, mxgvjsNb I ¶wZKi NUbv¸‡jvi Af¨šÍ‡i DuwK w`‡q †`Lv|54 eZ©gv‡b miKv‡ii wewfbœ A½msMVb gynZvwm‡ei `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki w`‡bI, gynZvwm‡ei `¶Zv, Gm‡ei ¯^iƒc DrNvU‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM Ges †h Zvr¶wYK Dcv‡q wZwb Gm‡ei Aemvb NUv‡Z cvi‡Zb, Zv †`Lv hvqbv, KviY AvaywbKZvq ïf I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb Drmvn DÏxcbv †bB, A_P Avjøvni wek¦vm †_‡KB m„wó nq GB AvMÖn DÏxcbv| Zv‡`i LwiÏvi‡`i‡K cÖZviYv Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`bKvix‡`i D™¢vebcUzZv Acwimxg| cvðvZ¨ e¨emv ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z cwVZe¨ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ôc¨v‡KwRsÕ-‡K AšÍf³ y© Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv GLb GKwU †KŠkj n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q, hvi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ Drcbœ `ªe¨wU weµq Kiv, LwiÏvi Zv bv PvB‡jI| GLv‡b weÁvc‡bi welqwU 53. c„w_ex‡K KjywlZ Kiv I Zvi m¤ú` wewbó Kiv †h D‡Ï‡k¨ Avjøvn gvbyl‡K c„w_ex‡Z ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Zv Zvi wecixZ| AvwbZ Bw¯Ígvi n‡Z (cybM©Vb ev cÖK…óZi DbœwZ mvab (11: 61)| 54. Taqiyy al din Ahmad ibn Taymyah al-Hisab fi al Islam aw Wazifat al Hukumah al Islamiyyah (Madinah Islamic University Press. n.d).. 186 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© D‡jøL¨, hv m¤¢eZ Drcv`b D‡`¨v‡M me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| mvaviY gvbyl †hb DcK…Z nq †mB gnr D‡Ï‡k¨ Z_¨ mieivn bv K‡i, weÁvcb n‡q D‡V‡Q cÖZviYvi m‡e©vrK…ó †KŠkj| gvby‡li AvZ¥køvNvi wewfbœ ¶zavi cÖwZ Av‡e`b, †hŠbZv myL Ges Avivg Av‡q‡ki cÖwZ Av‡e`b, ¯’yj e¯‘ev`x AvZ¥me©¯^Zvev`x Ges gb&gq A‡_© myL kvwšÍ I m‡šÍv‡li bZzb msÁv, Gme wg‡j weÁvcb‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q A_©bxwZi mœvqy‡K›`ª| Gi cwiYv‡g gvby‡li g‡a¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q bZzb ¶zavi Pvwn`vmg~n hv †Kej Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K `ytL Kó‡KB evwo‡q Zzj‡Q| e¯‘Z wg_¨v weÁvcb RbZvi wek¦`„wó‡K e`‡j w`‡q‡Q, weÁvcb Zv‡`i‡K, Zv‡`i HwZn¨MZ Av`k© †_‡K wePz¨Z K‡i‡Q Ges bZzb Av`‡k© `xw¶Z K‡i‡Q hv cwiKwíZ n‡q‡Q wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi jv‡fi cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges Drcbœ cY¨‡K Av‡iv †ekx jvfRbK K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨| Bmjv‡g Drcv`bKvix PviwU †gŠwjK bxwZi Aax‡b KvR K‡i, †h wbqg¸‡jv Zvi Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Dci mivmwi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| cÖ_‡g Zvi ag© wKsev Zvi AvBb †KejgvÎ gybvdvi Rb¨ †Kvb wKQz Drcv`b Kivi AbgywZ †`qbv| Drcv`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e RbM‡Yi RbwnZKi Ges Dc‡hvMx cY¨mg~n Drcv`b Kiv, †h cÖwµqvq gybvdv n‡e GKwU DcRvZ, cÖavb bq| wØZxqZ †h me e¯‘ ev DcKiY nvivg ev kixqvn KZ©„K wbwl× †m¸‡jv wKQz‡ZB Drcv`b Kiv hv‡ebv, †Kej †mB me †¶Î Qvov †hLv‡b Zv‡`i Avek¨KZv hyw³m½Z| G e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb gvby‡li †Kvb ¶wZ n‡Z bv cv‡i| Z…ZxqZ hv Drcbœ n‡q‡Q Zv †hiƒ‡c Drcbœ n‡q‡Q †mfv‡eB weZi‡Yi Rb¨ †ck Ki‡Z n‡e, gvbyl hv PvB‡Z cv‡i †mB w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L, Drcbœ `ªe¨wUi iƒc e`wj‡q bq| cÖZviYvi GKwU †KŠkj wn‡m‡e c¨v‡KwRs Pvjy ivLv hv‡ebv| PZz_©Z †ZŠnx‡`i cÖwZ Drcv`bKvixi A½xKvi ev AvbyMZ¨ Zvi g‡a¨ RvMÖZ K‡i †mB cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡eK‡eva hv e¨w³i Dci mZ¨evw`Zvi bxwZ Abymi‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ m„wó K‡i Ges iv‡óªi kvwšÍi †Zvqv°v bv K‡i Zv AbymiY K‡i| Bmjvgx AvB‡b Drcv`‡bi ˆbwZKZv jswNZ n‡j Zv Zvr¶wYKfv‡e cÖkvmwbK wePv‡ii welqe¯‘ n‡q DV‡e| ˆbwZKZv jsN‡bi d‡j hviv cÖZvwiZ ev ¶wZM¯’ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i ¶wZ c~iY QvovI GB me bxwZ jsN‡bi †ejvq kc_ f½ ev wg_¨v nj‡di NUbv wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU mxgv jsN‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wn‡m‡e AvbycvwZK kvw¯Í enb Ki‡Z n‡e, †Kbbv GB cÖZviYvi cvÎ n‡”Q mKj gvbyl, ivóª Ges Avjøvn wb‡R| (M) Drcv`b Aek¨B n‡e jvfRbK cÖqvm| e¨w³MZ cÖqvm wn‡m‡e Drcv`b gybvdv AR©‡bi AwfcÖvq †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cv‡ibv| jvf bv _vK‡j Drcv`b cÖwµqv eÜ n‡q hv‡e Ges wewb‡qvM wfbœ Lv‡Z P‡j hv‡e| †ZŠnx‡`i `vex GB †h, gybvdv AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 187 ev jvf cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î b¨vq wePv‡ii bxwZ cvjb Kiv n‡e|55 b¨vqm½Z `vg wK, b¨vqm½Z gybvdv wK, cÖvKwm× †Kv‡bv Reve †bB, †KejgvÎ wbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZmg~‡ni cÖm‡½ GB KsµxU Reve †`Iqv m¤¢e| nVvr-jvf msÁv Abymv‡i Bmjvgx bxwZ‡ev‡ai c‡¶ AvcwËKi bq, hw` bv nVvr jv‡fi Rb¨ †KŠkj wn‡m‡e evRvi‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq Ges Zvi jvf gvby‡li Rb¨ Abwf‡cÖZ ¶wZi KviY nq| Bmjvg bxwZMZfv‡e g~j¨ wbqš¿‡Yi we‡ivax| Aek¨B we‡ivwaZvi g~j KviY K…wÎgfv‡e m„ó AZ¨waK g~j¨e„w× wb‡iva Ges ˆbwZKZv we‡ivax nVvr-jvf eÜKiY| e¨emv evwY‡R¨ jvf Ges ¶wZ `yB‡qiB m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|56 GB hyw³‡Z Bmjvg Drcv`K ev e¨emvqxi ¶wZ wb‡iv‡ai Rb¨ g~j¨ ev gRywi wbqš¿‡Y Kg DrmyK| cY¨, Drcbœ `ªe¨ ev †mevi †¶‡Î Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍgj ~ K welq n‡”Q gRywi| b¨vqm½Z g~‡j¨i gZB b¨vqm½Z gRywi wbY©q GKB iƒc KwVb KvR| †ZŠnx` cÖ‡Z¨KwU eq¯‹ e¨w³‡KB GKwU ÔkÖwgK ev gRyiÕ MY¨ K‡iÑ Ggb b~¨bZg gRywi hvi cÖvc¨ hv Zvi wb‡Ri Ges cwiev‡ii RxweKvi wbðqZv weavb Ki‡e| Bmjvgx ivóª mg_©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Zvi †PŠûwÏi †fZ‡i Kg©iZ †Kvb e¨w³ †KejgvÎ cÖvY-aviY Dc‡hvMx gRywi cv‡e| hvB nDK, †Kvb gymwjg †`‡ki Drcv`bKvix‡K †`k wKsev mgMÖfv‡e D¤§vn&i wbgœ ch©v‡qi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi Rb¨ `wÛZ Kiv hv‡ebv| G `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q mgMÖ D¤§vn& Ges Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡i †hŠ_ `vwqZ¡| †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq b~¨bZg gRywi m½Z gRywi bq, m½Z gRywi wba©vwiZ nq gRy‡ii cÖ¯‘wZi aib I gvÎvi Øviv, Ges Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ‡Póvi Øviv| G †¶‡Î mieivn-Pvwn`vi cÖvmw½KZv mvgvb¨B, Ges G`ywUi cÖfve †Kej mvgwqKB n‡Z cv‡i| KviY D¤§vn&i mKj cÖ‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K cÖwk¶Y `vb Ges cÖwk¶Y cÖvß gvbe m¤ú` mieivn n‡”Q dih-B-‡Kdvqv (†hŠ_ `vwqZ¡)| D¤§vn& Zvi dih cvjb Ki‡j Zv‡Z mieivn I Pvwn`vi cÖfve Aek¨B gy‡Q hv‡e| †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl A‡j we`¨gvb mvaviY A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K b¨vqm½Z gRywii cÖkœwU we‡ebv Ki‡Z n‡e| b¨vqm½Z gRywii cÖkœ QvovI Ab¨vb¨ KviY i‡q‡Q hv b¨vqm½Z g~‡j¨i Dci cÖfve †d‡j Ges GB b¨vqm½Z g~j¨ c~e© wba©vwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| 55. b¨vqcivqYZvi m‡½ KvR Kiv; kvmb Kiv ev wePvi Kivi KziAvwbK Av‡`‡ki my¯úó Zvrch© BnvB (Av`j, wKmZ, Ryjy‡gi Drmv`b Ges Gme †_‡K wb¯úybœ wewawb‡la) AviI `ª: The Muslim World and the Future Economic Order (London The Islamic Council of Europe 1979) we‡kl K‡i wØZxq LÛ, c„ôv 35| 56. Thoughts on Ialamic Economics (Dacca: Bangladesh. Islamic Economics Research Bureu, 1979 Chaps 1-4 on “Distribution of Wealth” 188 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© 5. †fv‡Mi bxwZ`k©b †ZŠnx` †_‡K RvMwZKZv ¯^xK…wZi †h bxwZ AwR©Z nq Zv †_‡KB †fv‡Mi ˆeaZv R‡b¥| †fvM A_©vr ˆelwqK g~‡j¨i aviYv ev AvKv•¶v I Afve c~iY Ggb GKwU eywbqv`x AwaKvi hv Rb¥MZfv‡e mKj gvby‡lB cÖvc¨| Gi b~¨bZg ¯Íi n‡”Q MÖvmv”Qv`b ev †Kv‡bv iK‡gi Rxeb aviY †evSvq Ges Gi D”PZi ¯Íi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU we›`y †hLv‡b †fvM n‡q D‡V ÔZvewRiÕ (AvwZkh¨, AwgZvPvi)| H we›`ywU‡K †mB Ae¯’vq e‡j eY©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b ˆelwqK Pvwn`vi †P‡q, ˆelwqK cY¨ †fv‡Mi cwigvY-wba©vi‡Yi gvbwmK KviY¸‡jv AwaKZi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hLv‡b mswkøó cY¨ ev †mevB gvbwmK welq †mLv‡b AvwZkh¨ ev AwgZvPv‡ii ¯Íi‡K †mB we›`y e‡j eY©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev †hme Avï Pvwn`v m„wó K‡i †m¸‡jvi Øviv wb‡`©wkZ bv n‡q Ab¨ me gvbwmK Pvwn`vi Øviv †fvM wb‡`©wkZ nq| c~‡e©v³wUi GKwU `„óvšÍ n‡”Q †mB e¨w³, †h Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j bq, eis AnwgKv e‡k †Kvb cY¨ µq K‡i Ges †k‡lv³wUi `„óvšÍ n‡”Q †mB e¨w³ †h GKwU A‡K©óªv Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wU‡KU wK‡b, Abyôvb Dc‡fvM Kivi Rb¨ bq, Ab¨ mevB‡K Qvwo‡q hvevi Rb¨| †ZŠnx‡`i AvIZvq †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Zvi cÖ‡qvRb gZ †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zvi Av‡qi ev m¤ú‡`i Aewkó Ask Zv‡K LiP Ki‡Z n‡e Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ `v‡b ev e¨‡q wKsev e¨emv‡q| Avevi cybtwb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e AwaK ab Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Ges Ab¨‡`i AvqI Kg© m„wói Rb¨| hLb ivm~jj y øvn‡K wRÁvmv Kiv nj gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i Avq ev m¤ú‡`i wK cwigvY e¨q Ki‡e Inxi gva¨‡g Rvwb‡q †`Iqv nq, Òej, hv †Zvgv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³|Ó57 GB Rev‡ei Øviv cÖKvivšÍ‡i †hb AwgZvPvi‡K eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, ev¯Íe Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi ci hv wKQz _vK‡e mg¯Í wKQzB `vb ev RbwnZKi Kv‡h© e¨q Ki‡Z n‡e| Aek¨ GB Avqv‡Z †h Pvwn`v kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z ewa©Z Drcv`b Ges wewb‡qvM I wkí evwY‡R¨i bZzb D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv AšÍf³ y© i‡q‡Q| ciwnZ ev c‡ii DcKviv‡_© e¨q c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Avwef©v‡ei gZ GKwU mb¨Zb mZ¨| c„w_exi mKj ag© Ges gvbeRvwZi Kv‡Q cwiÁvZ mKj ˆbwZK e¨e¯’v ciwnZ ev e`vb¨Zv‡K GKwU gnr ¸Y e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Q Ges wbR wbR AbymvixMY‡K Ges Ab¨‡`i‡K Zv PP©vi ZvwM` w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvg GB HwZn¨‡K envj †i‡L‡Q Ges Zv Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ Inxi GKUv eo Ask ZvwM` w`‡q‡Q| Aek¨ Bmjv‡gi we‡eK Av‡iv eû`~i AMÖmi n‡q‡Q| e`vb¨Zvi Avek¨KZv j¶¨ K‡i j¶ j¶ `y¯’ 57. Zviv †Zvgv‡K wRÁvmv K‡i †h Zv‡`i m¤ú‡`i KZUzKz Ask Zviv Ac‡ii Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡e, ej †Zvgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi ci hv _v‡K ZvB (2: 219)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 189 gvby‡li wPišÍb Pvwn`v, ˆelwqK DcKi‡Yi ¯^íZv Ges †h Avj‡m¨i m‡½ RbZv mvaviYZ Zv‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i kw³‡K cÖ‡qvM K‡i, †mB me we‡ePbvq hvKvZ cÖeZ©‡bi Øviv †ZŠnx` `vb LqivZ‡K AwZµg K‡i †M‡Q| Bmjvg `vb‡K D‡”Q` K‡iwb| c¶všÍ‡i cÖejZg fvlvq Gi mycvwik K‡i‡Q Ges Zvi bvgKiY K‡i‡Q mv`vKv| KziAvb G‡K cÖwZKvi ev weïw×58e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Q hv GKwU gnvcyi¯‹v‡ii cyY¨evnx|59 Avjøvn Zvqvjv ivm~jj y vø n‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb gymjgvb‡`i KvQ †_‡K Zv‡`i weïw×Ki‡Yi Dcvq wn‡m‡e mv`vKv MÖnY Ki‡Z|60 KziAvb G mZK©evYx D”PviY K‡i‡Q| Lvm wbq¨‡Z †KejgvÎ Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ mv`vKv †`Iqv bv n‡j GKwU ˆbwZK g~j¨ wn‡m‡e Zv `~wlZ n‡q c‡o|61 hvKvZ n‡”Q m¤ú‡` Ask MÖn‡Yi GKwU Ki, mv`vKv †¯^”Qvg~jK, Zv MÖnxZv‡K mivmwi †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i, †h †Kvb mg‡q Ges †h †Kvb cwigvY wKš‘ hvKvZ Zv bq| GwU GKwU evrmwiK Ki hv Aek¨B ivóª ev D¤§vn&i h_vwewa mwVK KZ©„c¶‡K w`‡Z n‡e; Gi nvi n‡”Q kZKiv AvovB fvM Ges mg¯Í a‡bi †¶‡Î Zv cÖ‡hvR¨| b~¨bZg m¤ú`, hv‡K ejv nq wbmve, Zv ev` w`‡q AwZwi³ mg¯Í m¤ú‡`i Dci GB KiÑ hv we‡kl †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ Mw”QZ bq Ges A‡b¨i m¤úwË n‡q D‡VwbÑ e¨emv‡qi m¤ú` gvj Gi †_‡K ev` hv‡e, ev` hv‡e hš¿cvwZ Ges Drcv`‡bi gva¨gmg~n; evwo Ges Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvgvw`, Z‡e e¨w³MZ m¤ú` bq, K¨vk, Acwigvc¨ ¯’vei Ges A¯’vei m¤ú` bq| hvKvZ Aek¨B iv‡óªi cÖvc¨, KviY hvKvZ msMÖn Ges weZi‡Yi `vwqZ¡ iv‡óªi| AvU †kÖYxi †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ hvKvZ weZiY Kiv n‡e e‡j wbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q, `wi`ª, AfveMÖ¯’, hvKvZ msMÖvnK, gymvwdi Ges Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨|62 58. gvbyl wK Rv‡bbv †h Avjøvn Zvi ev›`v‡`i g‡a¨ hviv AbyZß n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i, Zv‡`i MÖnY K‡ib, Zv‡`i `vb LqivZ wZwb mv`‡i MÖnY K‡ib, wZwb ¶gvkxj, cig `qvjy (9: 104)| 59. Zv‡`i m¤ú` †_‡K GKwU Ask MÖnY Ki mv`Kviƒ‡c| G¸‡jv Zv‡`i m¤ú`‡K cweÎ Ki‡e Ges Zv‡`i AšÍ‡ii mrKg©civqYZv cÖgvY Ki‡e| Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avjøvni ingZ Kvgbv Ki, Zv‡`i Rb¨ †Zvgvi cÖv_©bv Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avb‡e cÖkvwšÍ Ges AvZ¥wek¦vm, KviY Avjøvn me©‡kÖvZv, me©Á (9: 103)| 60. †n gywgbMY hvKvZ Av`vq Ki, GB DËg Kv‡Ri hv wKQz †Zvgiv Ki‡e Zv Avjøvni wbKU cv‡e (2: 110)| 61. †n gywgbMY, `v‡bi K_v cÖPvi K‡i Ges †K¬k w`‡q †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i `vb‡K H e¨w³i b¨vq wbõj Kibv †h †jvK †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ ab e¨q K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ Avjøvn I ciKv‡j wek¦vm K‡ibv| Zvi Dcgv GKwU k³ cv_i hvi Dci wKQz gvwU _v‡K| AZtci Zvi Dci e„wócvZ Zv‡K ay‡q gy‡Q gm„Y K‡i †i‡L †`q| Zviv hv wKQz DcvR©b K‡i‡Q Zvi wKQzB Zv‡`i Kv‡R Avm‡ebv Avjøvn AK…ZÁ m¤cÖ`vq‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv (2: 234)| 62. mv`vKvn n‡”Q `wi`ª I AfveMÖ¯’‡`i Rb¨, hviv Zv Av`vq K‡i, hv‡`i wPË AvKl©Y Kiv nq Zv‡`i Rb¨, `vmgyw³i Rb¨ FYMÖ¯’‡`i Rb¨, Avjøvni c‡_ msMÖvgKvix Ges ch©UK‡`i Rb¨, Bnv Avjøvni weavb, Avjøvn me©Á, cÖÁvgq (9: 60)| 190 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© Zvrch© Avjøvn KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ Zvi mvjv‡Zi m‡½ me‡P‡q eo `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q hvKvZ cÖ`vb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ m‡½ m‡½, wKsev cieZx© Avqv‡ZB hvKv‡Zi D‡jøL bv K‡i mvjv‡Zi K_v K`vwPrB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|63 Ges me mgq ej| n‡q‡Q Ògywgb ZvivB hviv Cgvb G‡b‡Q, mvjvZ cvjb K‡i I hvKvZ †`q|Ó64 Gi Av¶wiK gv‡b n‡”Q ÔwgóZvÕ `vb hvi Øviv Gi Ava¨vwZ¥K Zvrch©wU eySvq| AwR©Z m¤úwË GKUv †Z‡Zv wRwbm hw`bv Zv‡Z m½x‡`i Ask `vb K‡i Zv gayi Kiv nq| GUv †Kej GKwU Ki bq, hv GKwU ˆbe©¨w³K miKvi Rei`w¯Í Av`vq K‡i, Ggb me †jv‡Ki e¨q en‡bi Rb¨ hv‡`i‡K Avgiv KL‡bv Rvb‡Z cvi‡evbv| GwU Ggb GKwU Ki hv Avgiv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ e‡jB w`‡q _vwK| A_P hvKvZ n‡”Q Avjøvn cÖ`Ë wbqvg‡Z Ask MÖn‡Yi ¯^Av‡ivwcZ KZ©e¨, †h KZ©e¨ Avgiv cvjb Kwi, †Kej ZuviB D‡Ï‡k¨| GwU Ggb GKwU cÖwZôvb hv‡Z Ask MÖnY Ki‡j `vZv Ava¨vwZ¥Kfv‡e cybe©vwmZ nq Ges D¤§vn& jvf K‡i Avw_©K kw³| hviv hvKvZ MÖnY K‡i Zviv Gi Rb¨ †Kvbw`bI Am¤§vb †eva K‡ibv| KviY hvKvZ `vb ev e`vb¨Zv bq, AvjøvnB weËkvjx‡`i m¤ú‡` gvby‡li ÔnKÕ †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|65 KviY Avjøvni D‡Ïk¨, GB KZ©e¨wUi eû e¨vL¨vi AeKvk i‡q‡Q; GB K¨v‡UMixi Aax‡b iv‡óªi mKj KZ©e¨ †kÖYxfy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, D¤§vn&i cÖwZi¶vmn| cÖK…Zc‡¶ j¶¨ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU mgvR †hLv‡b mKj hvKvZ msMÖn miKvi e¨q K‡i GB D‡Ï‡k¨, †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Ges Zvi mxgv‡šÍi evB‡i| Gi A_© GB †q, iv‡óª †Kvb `y¯’ `wi`ª A_ev AfveMÖ¯’ †jv‡KiB Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv| Ggb †Kvb e›`x †bB hv‡K gyw³cY w`‡q AvRv` Ki‡Z n‡e, †Kvb †`Dwjqv †bB †h Zvi gnvRb‡K FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z A¶g| cwi‡k‡l hvKvZ Ges mv`vKv wg‡j Ggb GKwU mgv‡Ri Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i hv m¤¢ve¨ mywePv‡i Av`‡k©i KvQvKvwQ n‡Z cv‡i| GB D‡Ï‡k¨B KziAv‡b ÔGwZg‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`Iqv I `y¯’‡K Lv`¨ `v‡bi we‡ivwaZv‡KÓ Ô†MvUv Øx‡biB A¯^xK…wZiÓ mgv_©K MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Kvi‡YB KziAvbyj Kwi‡gi Ggb †Kvb c„ôv †bB †hLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i‡K ZvwM` †`qv nqwb, ¯^ZtcÖe„Ë n‡q Avjøvn Zvqvjvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvi m¤ú‡`i Ask Zvi m‡½i gvbyl‡K w`‡Z| †ZŠnx`B Avw_©K e¨e¯’vi cÖ_g bxwZ wn‡m‡e m„wó K‡iwQj cÖ_g ÔRbKj¨vYg~jKÓ ivóª Ges BmjvgB cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e cÖ_g mgvRev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¥ †`q| wKš‘ Bmjvg Ges Zvi mviwbh©vm ZvInx` mvgvwRK mywePvi I gvbeRvwZi cybe©vm‡bi 63. Barakat. Al Murshid. S. V. Salah. Zakah. 64. Aek¨B mdjKvg †mB me gywgb hviv wb‡R‡`i mvjv‡Z webqx, hviv Amvi wµqv Kjvc n‡Z `~‡i _v‡K, hviv hvKvZ `v‡b mwµq... (GB Inx) wbôvevb‡`i Rb¨ c_ cÖ`k©K hviv A`„‡k¨ wek¦vm K‡i, mvjvZ Kv‡qg K‡i Ges Avwg Zv‡`i‡K †h wiwhK w`‡qwQ Zv n‡Z `vb K‡i (23: 1-4, 2: 2-3)| 65. (†ZvgivB mrKg©civqY) hviv Zv‡`i m¤ú‡` `wi`ª Ges ewÂZ‡`i GKwU Ask ¯^xKvi K‡i (15: 19)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 191 Rb¨ Gi †P‡q Av‡iv A‡bK †ekx wKQz K‡i‡Q, †h Kvi‡Y mgmvgwqK cvðvZ¨ RvwZmg~‡ni m‡e©vËg Av`‡k©i A‡_© Bmjv‡gi Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª Ges cÖ_g mgvRev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi eY©bv Zv‡`i Rb¨ AegvbbvKi| Dc‡i hv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q ZviciI Bmjvg GB bxwZ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q †h, BmjvwgK ivóª GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨ Ges gRyZ`vix †_‡K gy³ n‡e| G¸‡jv Bmjv‡g wbw›`Z m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Ges wbtkZ©fv‡e|66 Bmjvg ˆ`wnKfv‡e m¶g eq¯‹ e¨w³i Rb¨ g`‡`i e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q, hw` †mB e¨w³i _v‡K eû msL¨K †cvl¨ Ges AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, Ges Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv‡K gReyZ K‡i‡Q kixqvni DËivwaKvi AvB‡bi gva¨‡g| ms‡¶‡c, Avw_©K e¨envi m‡½ †ZŠnx` Zvi cÖvmw½KZvi Øviv D¤§vn&‡K G Rxeb Ges ciRxe‡bi †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i‡Q, hv‡K KiAvwbK fvlvq ejv n‡q‡Q Avj ûmbvBb (`yB †mŠ›`h©)67 †hLv‡b D¤§vn& GB `ywU myL ev Kj¨v‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z e¨_© nq, A_©vr Ggb GKwU ˆbwZKZvgwÛZ cš’vq, c„w_ex‡Z ˆelwqK, gb¯ÍvwËK Ges AvwZ¥K my‡Li e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z e¨_© nq, hv‡Z Avjøvni mš‘wó Ges Rvbœv‡Zi wbðqZv i‡q‡Q, ZLb †m P‚ovšÍfv‡e e¨_© nq Ges Zvi †bZ…Z¡ D¤§vn&i Av¯’vi m¤ú~Y© Abyc‡hvMx e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq| D¤§vn&i GKRb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e GKRb gymwjg me mgqB cÖ¯‘Z _v‡Kb cwiPvwjZ, wb‡`©wkZ, ˆmb¨‡kÖYxf‚³ Ges mgvweó n‡Z| Ggb wK, †iwR‡g‡›UW n‡ZI, hLb Zv m¤ú~Y© cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o, Zvi wb‡R‡`i Ges Zvi m½x‡`i `yB Kj¨v‡Yi wbðqZv weav‡bi Rb¨| Zvi Pwjøk eQi MocoZv Drcv`bkxj RxebKv‡j, Zvi Drcv`bkxjZvi mg‡q Ges Zvi ˆkk‡e Zvi fiY‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨ Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ekx Drcv`bx kw³ _vKv `iKvi| Ggb my›`i myôzfv‡e Avw_©K Rxe‡bi web¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Dfqwe` Kj¨vY I myL wbwðZ nq| hw` Zv bv nq Zvi Aciva e¨w³ wKsev cÖK…wZi bq, Zvi Rb¨ D¤§vn&i †bZ…Z¡ Ges Zvi kvmKeM©B `vqx| wKš‘ Bmjvg ب_©nxbfv‡e wk¶v w`‡q‡Q †h, RbMY Zvi †bZv‡`i †P‡q †enZi bq| ZvB P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q e¨_©Zv n‡”Q †hŠ_ D¤§vn&i hvi AwaKZi †gŠwjK cwieZ©b Avek¨K, miKvi cwieZ©‡bi †P‡q| 66. (aŸsm †mB e¨w³i Rb¨) †h ab m¤ú` mÂq K‡i I cyÄxf~Z K‡i (104: 2) ... hviv ¯^Y© Ges †iŠc¨ ¯‘cxK…Z K‡i Ges Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q K‡ibv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ gnvkvw¯Í †NvlYv Ki (9: 34)| 67. ej †n gywgbMY, Avgv‡`i Dci wKQzB AvcwZZ n‡ebv, `ywU Kj¨v‡Yi GKwU Qvov (kvnv`vZ Ges RvbœvZ, A_ev Rq Ges kÎæi Dci weRq), A_P †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ Avgiv cÖZ¨vkv Kwi gg©¯‘` kvw¯Íi hv †Zvgv‡`i Dci AvcwZZ n‡e, mivmwi Avjøvni c¶ n‡Z A_ev Avgv‡`i nvZ Øviv (9: 52)| Øv`k Aa¨vq wek¦ e¨e¯’vi †gŠjbxwZ 1. wek¦Rbxb åvZ…Z¡ ~ Avjøvn †h‡nZz GK Ges GKK, †m Kvi‡Y Zvi mKj Av‡`kB y mKj gvb‡li Rb¨ ˆea| GB wek¦RbxbZv KZ©v wn‡m‡e A_©vr Av‡`k cvjbKZ© y v wn‡m‡e gvb‡li †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, Avevi Kg© y wn‡m‡eI gvb‡li †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ hv‡`i g‡a¨ Avjøvni Av‡`k¸‡jv c~iY~ nq| Gi c‡e© gvbyl GKÎ n‡q‡Q †im& (bi‡Mvôx) A_ev ms¯‹…wZi wfwˇZ wKsev Df‡qi wfwˇZ| Bmjvg gvbweK wgj‡bi GK Awfbe wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, D¤§vn n‡”Q †mB wfwË| BwZc‡e© Avgiv Av‡jvPbv „ K‡iwQ `wó, B”Qv Ges K‡g©i Îqx HKgZ¨ n‡”Q D¤§vn, y hv‡Z †Kej gmjgvbivB GKgZ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv nq| †ZŠnx` †h wek¦RbxbZv eySvq Zv GKwU bZzb web¨vm `vex K‡i| †h‡nZz gymwjg D¤§vn GKwU bZzb mgvR, hvi wfwË †MvÎ ev †im bq eis ag©, ZvB Avkv Kiv nq AgymjgvbivI GB bxwZB AbymiY Ki‡e, A_©vr Zviv †MvÎ Ges †i‡mi eÜb AwZµg K‡i a‡g©i wfwˇZ wb‡R‡`i‡K msMwVZ Ki‡e| AvaywbK cÖvðvZ¨ cÖPvi gva¨g ag©‡K g‡b K‡i cðvZgyLx `„wófw½ Ges gvbe msnwZi APj we‡f`g~jK I msKxY© bxwZ| wKš‘ ag© Zv †gv‡UB „ bq| GL‡bv cw_ex‡Z gvbeRxe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡”Q ag©| a‡g©B Avgiv y cvB gvb‡li m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P msÁv| wLªwóqvb Pv‡P©i weiæ‡× cvðvZ¨ RvwZ¸‡jvi `xN© Ges wZ³ msMÖvg a‡g©i GB AcL¨vwZi Rb¨ `vqx1 †h‡nZz Pv‡P©i weiæ‡× msMÖvg cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q ivRvi cÖwZ„ AvbyMZ¨, bZË¡‡K›`ªxKZv Ges RvZxqZvev‡`i kw³mg~n|2 ZvB wgj‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e Ges a‡g©i DwÏó wek¦Ry bxb mgv‡Ri ewbqv` wn‡m‡e ag© cwiZ¨³ n‡q‡Q Ges Pv‡P©i m‡½ Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K©i Rb¨ wbw›`Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB cvðvZ¨ gb GbjvB‡Ub‡g‡›Ui Av`‡k© gyL wdwi‡q‡Q| wek¦Rbxb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Av`‡k©i w`‡K †hLv‡b P‡P©i GKB„ Av`k© AbymZ nj †Kej hyw³i wfwˇZ, e¨w³MZ wek¦v‡mi wfwˇZ bq| c‡i Avevi †m Av`k© cwiZ¨³ nq, KviY ˆecøweK d«v‡Ýi RvZxqZvev`x-mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i †gvev‡ejvq cwðgv RMr Zv mg_©b Ki‡Z wM‡q mœvqyi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j| 1. 2. Gi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q, †ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i `~bx©wZ, … hv‡`i hvRK †bZZ¡ Zv‡`i BD‡ivcxq cÖRv‡`i kvmb Ki‡Zv| Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Rei`w¯Í ab-m¤ú` Av`vq Ki‡Zv Ges Zv e¨q Ki‡Zv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© I †iv‡gi y bv›`wbK cbM©V‡bi Rb¨| Reinhold Niebuhr. An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (New York Harper. 1935) c,ov. 91. 235-244. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 193 Bmjvg cw_ex‡K †`L‡Z „ †P‡q‡Q ev¯ÍeZv m¤ú‡K© Zvi wb‡Ri aviYv, Zvi wb‡Ri Av`k©, Zvi ¯^Rb I eskai‡`i I gvbe RvwZi P‚ovšÍ MšÍe¨ m¤ú‡K© gvb‡li „ Avi G mgy`q wb‡qB MwVZ Bmivg| Bmjvg Agymjgvb‡`i `wófw½i wfwˇZ, KvQ †_‡K G ai‡bi GKwU mZ¨‡K cÖZ¨vnvi Ke‡ebv hv Øx‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wb‡R‡`i msMwVZ K‡i cvjb K‡i _v‡K| c¶všÍ‡i, Bmjvg G ZvwM` †`q †h Zviv GKBiƒc m¤§vb I gh©v`v †fvM Ki‡e Ab¨ †Kvb wfwËi Dci wb‡R‡`i cwiPq w`‡Z ev mgvR MV‡b A¯^xKwZ Rvwb‡q; e¯‘… Z GUv Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ Av‡iv m¤§vRbK †h, hviv Bmjvg AbymiY Ki‡ebv Zv‡`i cvw_©e Rxe‡bi mKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖk¸ œ ‡jv‡Z cÖwZ‡hvMx wn‡m‡e †`‡L Ges Zv‡`i †Kej GB me cÖ‡kœi Reve‡K †K›`ª K‡i MwVZ mgvR e‡jB MY¨ K‡i|3 y Øx‡bi wfwˇZ GKwU msMVbiƒ‡c wnhi‡Zi c~‡e© ivm~jjøvn (mv.) gymjgvb‡`i‡K msMwVZ K‡ib| wZwb ÔAvImÕ Ges ÔLvRivRÕ †MvÎ `ywU‡K HK¨e× K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i‡K msNe× K‡ib, †KvivB‡ki †mB me †MvÎxq †jvK‡`i mv‡_, hv‡`i‡K wZwb g`xbvq cvVv‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| Z`ycwi wZwb AvRv` gvbyl‡K HK¨e× Zv‡`i mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb gh©v`v y K‡iwQ‡jb `vm‡`i m‡½, cÖf‡K Zvi cÖRvi m‡½, cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Avjøvni AvBb‡K m‡e©v”P gh©v`vq Kv‡qg K‡iwQ‡jb| mgfv‡eB wZwb Zv‡`i Dci wb‡R‡K ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb ivR‰bwZK I wePvi welqK cÖavb wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ 622 wLª÷v‡ãi RyjvB gv‡m g`xbvq †cuŠQv‡bvi m‡½ m‡½ wZwb gymjgvb I Bû`x‡`i Rb¨ GKwU mb` †NvlYv K‡ib, †h Pzw³‡Z gymjgvb I Bû`xiv Ave× n‡e Ges Z`bymv‡i Zv‡`i Rxeb‡K MVb Ki‡e| GB mb`wU wQj Bmjvgx iv‡óªi msweavb Ges wek¦ e¨e¯’vi MVbZš¿, gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ †h e¨e¯’vi wbg©vY n‡”Q Bmjv‡gi j¶¨| GB msweavb ejer Kivi gv‡bB wQj Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖeZ©b Ges Zrmn wek¦ BwZnv‡m GKwU cÖwZ‡hvMx Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e Bmjv‡gi †NvlYv| GB †k‡lv³ we‡ePbvq DÏxwcZ n‡q Lwjdv Dgi Bebyj LvËve (iv.) †NvlYv K‡ib †h, GB w`emwU n‡”Q Bmjvgx BwZnv‡mi m~Pbv, Bmjv‡gi mgq‡K wn‡me Kivi ïiæ| g~jZ4 msweavbwU wQ‡jv GKwU mb` hvi e‡j m„wó nj Bmjvgx ivóª, GB mb` ev Pzw³ nj ivm~jjøvn (mv.), gymy wjgMY Ges 3. 4. G n‡”Q wRw¤§ †kÖYx m¤ú‡K© kixqvni e³‡e¨i Zvrch©| Bmjvg gvb‡li msÁv w`‡q‡Qy Zv‡`i y wbR agx©q AvbM‡Z¨i wePv‡i, hvivy gymwjg wQ‡jvbv, Zv‡`i‡K †kÖYxf³ Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv Zv‡`i wbR agx©q m¤cÖ`v‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e, †h m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ wQ‡jv †hŠ_ Aw¯ÍZ¡| Bmjvgx AvB‡bi A‡_© c~Y© AvBbMZ e¨w³Z¡mn| z hv wKQz c~e©eZx© mKj ag© †_‡K c„_K| GKvR K‡i, Bmjvg GKwU bZb‡Z¡i AeZviYv K‡i †h me a‡g©i Rb¨ ag©cÖeZ©‡Ki Rb¥ A_ev gZz¨ wKsev Zuvi bey„ q‡Zi Ôm~Pbv‡KB, Zv‡`i Kv‡ji m~Pbv MY¨ Kiv n‡ZvÕ Bnv Bû`x ag© †_‡K wQ‡jv GKBfv‡e wfbœ, †Kbbv Bû`x ag© „ vwiZ K‡i Ges †mB we›` †_‡K mKj mg‡qi y wnmve K‡i| wbwe©Pv‡i mwói GKwU ZvwiL wba© y 194 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© „ y g`xbvi Bû`x I wewfbœ †Mv‡Îi †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³| GB mb‡`i M¨viv›Uvi n‡”Qb Avjøvn wb‡R hvi bv‡g Zv cÖewZ©Z nj, GB mb` cÖ_‡g †MvÎxq AvbyM‡Z¨i cwiP‡q `j MV‡bi c×wZ‡K D‡”Q` K‡i Ges KZ©e¨, AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡‡K †Mv‡Îi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kivi wbqg iwnZ K‡i| †MvÎev‡`i ¯’v‡b GB mb` Øxb‡K cÖ_g bxwZ wn‡m‡e ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Zvi Aax‡b wewfbœ †MvÎ mvgvwRK gh©v`vi Ges bvbv Rv‡Zi †jvK‡`i msNe× K‡i| ZLb †_‡K mKj gymjgvb nj GKwU gy³, ci®úi m¤úK©hy³ D¤§vni m`m¨, hvi mvgvwRK HK¨eÜb n‡”Q Bmjvg|5 gymjgvb‡`i D¤§vni cvkvcvwk wQj Avi GKwU D¤§vnBû`x D¤§vn| gymjgvb‡`i gZ ZvivI wb‡R‡`i‡K MVb Ki‡e GKwUgvÎ ci¯úi m¤^Üh³ mËvq Zv‡`i †MvÎxq AvbyMZ¨ D‡c¶v K‡i| Zv‡`i D¤§vn kvwmZ n‡e Bû`x (ZvIivZ) AvBb Øviv Ges Gi m`m¨‡`i Rxeb cwiPvwjZ n‡e ivweŸMY KZ©K e¨vL¨vZ Bû`x a‡g©i wewaweavb Øviv| Bmjv‡g iv‡óªi KZ©e¨ n‡”Q Bû`x D¤§vni myi¶v, ivweŸwbK Av`vj‡Zi wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki Kiv, Ges Gi Kj¨vY I weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^vaxbZv, kvwšÍ I cwi‡e‡ki e¨e¯’v Kiv| Qq eQi c‡i `w¶Y Avi‡ei bvRiv‡bi wLªôvbivy g`xbvq ivm~jjøvni (mv.) m‡½ mv¶vZ K‡i Bmjvgx iv‡óª Zv‡`i m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi y Rb¨| ivm~jjøvn (mv.) Zv‡`i‡K Awfbw›`Z K‡i Bmjvg MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvb, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv Bmjvg Keyj Ki‡jv, Zviv gymwjg D¤§vni mvwgj n‡q †Mj, wKš‘ hviv wLªó ag© Z¨vM y Kijbv ivm~jjøvn Zv‡`i‡K Bû`x‡`i gZ Avi GKwU D¤§vq msMwVZ Ki‡jb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ GKB AMÖvwaKvi Ges KZ©‡e¨i wbðqZvmn| cieZx©Kv‡j Lwjdviv G‡Ki ci GK GKB gh©v`v w`‡q‡Qb †Nviv¯¿xq, wn›`y Ges †eŠ×MY‡K| Bmjvgx ivóª m¤cÖmvwiZ nevi m‡½ m‡½ bIgymwjgiv gymwjg D¤§vn&i cwimi ùxZ K‡i †Zv‡j, Ges hviv Bmjvg Keyj Kijbv Zviv Bû`x, wLª÷vb I Ab¨vb¨ D¤§vn&i m`m¨ i‡q hvq| cÖ_‡gv³MY Bmjvgx iv‡óªi c`vsK AbymiY K‡i, Bmjvgx iv‡óªi g‡a¨ bIgymwjg †jvK‡`i AšÍf³ y© I A½xf~Z K‡i †bq Ges bZzb e¨e¯’vi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i‡K cybe©vwmZ K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡Ki K‡qK hyM ci Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖv_wgK AvÂwjK m¤cÖmvi‡Yi ci Bmjvgx iv‡óª wecyj cwigv‡Y msL¨v¸iæ wQ‡jv Agymwjgiv| iv‡óªi †mevh‡Zœi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ As‡ki welqe¯‘ wQ‡jv GBme Agymwj‡gi fwel¨Z Ges wbðqZv, Zv‡`i Kj¨vY Ges cÖwZôvmg~n| AvR‡Ki w`‡b RvwZ A‡_© hv‡K Ô†óUÕ ejv nq, †mB A‡_© Bmjvgx ivóª GKwU ivóª bq| Bmjvgx ivóª GKwU mgRvwZK mgMÖ bq, GKwU RvZxqZvg~‡j msnZ GKK 5. GB †Zvgv‡`i D¤§vn GK, HK¨e× Ges AwefvR¨ Ges Avwg †Zvgv‡`i ie iveŸ, Avgvi Bev`Z Ki (21: 92)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 195 bq| m¤cÖ`vq kãwUi msÁve× m`m¨‡`i GKwU m¤cÖ`vq bq, hvi GKgvÎ †hŠw³KZv n‡”Q mKj wel‡qi gvb`Û wn‡m‡e Gi cÖwZi¶v I wL`gZ| Bmjv‡g †cQ‡b wQ‡jv GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgwiK „ ivóª wQj GKwU my`p †K›`ª, hvi cÖwZi¶vi kw³ Ges GKwU gymwjg D¤§vni mg_©b I ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ agx©q m¤cÖ`vqmg‡ni GKwU †dWv‡ik‡bi mn‡hvwMZv, †h m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB wQ‡jv wbR¯^ agx©q, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| Zv‡`i mK‡ji Dci wQ‡jv Bmjvgx ivóª, Z‡e Zvi ¶gZv wQ‡jv †Kej wbe©vnx ¶gZv| iv‡óªi AvBb cÖYq‡bi ¶gZv wQjbv| ivóª wb‡R‡K †h AvB‡bi Aaxb g‡b Ki‡Zv Zv n‡”Q Avjøvn KZ©„K „ cÖ`Ë, Zvi AwfcÖvq‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡, cw_ex‡Z iv‡óªi wgkb „ m¤cÖmviY Ges Zv‡Z K‡i mKj gvbyl‡K Avjøvni n‡”Q cw_exi me©Î Zvi y AvbyMZ¨ I `vm‡Z¡i wfwˇZ GKÎxKiY, †Kbbv Avjøvn gvbl‡K wewfbœ †MvÎ, RvwZ‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb, cwiP‡qi myweav Ges mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨|6 Bmjvgx iv‡óª mve©‡fŠgZ¡ n‡”Q AvB‡bi, ivóª Zvi mKj cÖwZôvbmn GB AvB‡bi wbe©vnx kw³gvÎ| GB Hkx AvBb iv‡óªi wgkb wn‡m‡e weavb w`‡q‡Q GB cw_ex‡K Ges gvbeRvwZ‡K Avjøvn Zuvi cÖZ¨v‡`k gvidZ †h bgybv w`‡q‡Qb †mB bgybvi Av`‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z| ~ „ Bmjvgx ivóª wLª÷vb, Bû`x Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖ`vq‡K iv‡óªi MVbKvix Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e AšÍf³ y© Ki‡ZB †Kej eva¨ bq eis mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡KB Bmjvgx iv‡óªi AšÍM©Z Kiv Zvi `vwqZ¡| ZvB Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o †h, Bmjvgx iv‡óªi msweav‡b y mKj m¤cÖ`vq kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ggb GKUv Rxeb e¨e¯’vi m‡hvM _vK‡e †hLv‡b Ki‡e c‡iv b¨vq wbôvi y m‡½ Ges G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ bvbv Kg©Kv‡Û m¤ú³ n‡e cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡ev‡ai mv‡_| Bmjvgx iv‡óªi msweav‡b G mK‡jiB e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| K. Bmjv‡g kvwšÍ Bmjvg †h bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’v †ck K‡i‡Q Zv n‡”Q kvwšÍi e¨e¯’v, cw_ex †_‡K wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ hy× Ges kÎæZvi wPi Aemvb NUv‡Z n‡e| GB kvwšÍ mK‡ji Rb¨, y i Øvi AevwiZ| Avjøvn Ges e¨w³ I MÖæc wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvb‡li Rb¨ GB kvwšÍ gymjgvb‡`i‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb, Ò†n wek¦vmxMY, †Zvgiv kvwšÍ‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Ges kqZv‡bi c`vsK AbymiY K‡ivbv|Ó7 wZwb Zv‡`i‡K Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb mKj gvbyl‡K kvwšÍi w`‡K AvnŸvb Ki‡Z| Òhw` Zviv (we‡ivaxMY) kvwšÍi cÖwZ AvMÖnkxj nq, †ZvgivI kvwšÍ AbymiY Ki Ges Avjøvn‡Z wek¦vm 6. 7. Avwg †Zvgv‡`i‡K wewfbœ RvwZ I †Mv‡Î wef³ K‡iwQ hv‡Z †Zvgiv G‡K Aci‡K wPb‡Z cv‡iv| Avjøvni `wó‡Z †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨„ †mB n‡”Q me‡P‡q gnr †h me‡P‡q b¨vqwbô (49: 13)| †h gywgbMY, †Zvgiv kvw¯Í‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡iv c~Y©fv‡e Ges e¨wZµgnxbfv‡e kqZv‡bi Av`k© AbymiY K‡ivbv, †m †Zvgv‡`i cÖKvk kÎæ (2: 208)| „ „ 196 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© ¯’vcb Ki|Ó8 kvwšÍi e¨e¯’v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e mKj gvbyl‡K Ges cÖZ¨kv Kiv nq †h, mK‡jB Zv MÖnY Ki‡e Ges me©všÍKi‡Y mK‡j kvwšÍ‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, kvwšÍi cÖ¯vÍ e cZ¨vL¨vb Kiv hv‡ebv| hw` †KD cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e †m `j kvwšÍ Pvqbv Ges Zv hy× †NvlYviB mvwgj| wb‡`bc‡¶ Ae¯’v GB n‡Z cv‡i †h, kvwšÍ cÖ¯vÍ e cÖZ¨vL¨vb Øviv eySv‡Z cv‡i, †h `j kvwšÍi cÖ¯vÍ e w`‡q‡Q we‡ivax `j Zv‡`i m‡½ †Kvb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b Awb”QzK| wKš‘ G Z ÔAvB‡mv‡jkwbRgÕ ev Ab¨‡`i ~ †_‡K `‡i m‡i _vKv; GBy weKí wKš‘ h‡×i gZB wb›`bxq hw`I Zv wnsmvZ¥K bq| KviY G‡Z kvwšÍi `vexi cÖwZ Zvw”Qj¨ eySvq| †h `vex DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q Bmjvgx iv‡óªi c¶ †_‡K A_ev Gi Øviv eySvq Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi m‡½ kvwšÍc~Y© Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi weiæ‡× iv‡óªi RbMY‡K wbivc` ivLvi evmbv| Bmjvgx iv‡óªi c¶ †_‡K GB `yB weK‡íi Rb¨B kvwšÍ n‡”Q Rei`w¯Íg~jK Reve; cÖ_g, †h †Kvb R‡bi c¶ †_‡K kvwšÍi cÖ¯vÍ e cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv AgvbweK KvR Ges wØZxqZ, †h †jvK¸‡jv‡K G ai‡bi Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i gh©v`vi Rb¨ Zv AcgvbRbK| e¯‘Z bi-bvix wbwe©‡k‡l †KD hv‡Z Ab¨‡`i m‡½ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv bv Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb gvbyl‡K GKUv wb‡iU c`©vi AšÍiv‡j Avovj Kiv Zvi mZZvi wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zvi Dci AvµgY Ges †m Kvi‡Y Giƒc Kg© †mB †jv‡Ki weiæ‡× GKwU AvMÖvmx Kvh©| Bmjvgx iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`i m‡½ cÖKwíZ Av`vb cÖ`vb n‡Z cv‡i e¨emvwqK Ges mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g, hv Ab¨ ivóª AvcwËKi g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zv‡Z m¤¢ve¨ fwel¨Z m¤úK©¸‡jvi m¤¢vebv dzwi‡q hvqbv| mKj Av_©K Ges mvgvwnK Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi ciI i‡q‡Q Bmjv‡gi GB Av`k©MZ `vex †h, wek¦kwšÍi GKwU bZzb e¨e¯’v n‡”Q gvbe RvwZi AwaKvi, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b gvbyl Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î ¯^vaxb| A‡b¨i K_v ïb‡Z I Ab¨‡K Zvi K_v †kvbv‡Z, Ab¨‡K m‡Z¨i e¨vcv‡i wek¦vmx Ki‡Z Ges A‡b¨i Øviv wb‡R wek¦vmx nevi †ejvq †m evavnxb, Zvi mvg‡b †Kvb cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡ebv| Bmjvgx ivóª Zvi mb` Øviv eva¨ Avjøvni Kvjvg †NvlYv Ki‡Z, Gi `vex GB †h, Zvi K_v ïb‡Z „ n‡e| evYxwU MnxZ nj wK, bv n‡jv, Zv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ e¨vcvi, hv‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY I cQ‡›`i e¨vcv‡i gvbyl m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb, wKš‘ A‡b¨i K_v bv †kvbvi e¨vcv‡i gvbyl ¯^vaxb bq| Gai‡bi cÖZ¨vL¨vb hLb `vwqZ¡„ kxj ivóªxq KZ©c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Av‡m, ZLb Zv n‡q `uvovq Zv‡`i… †bZvMY KZ©K RbM‡Yi Aegvbbv Ges Bmjv‡gi wePvi m¤§Z `vexi cÖwZ GKwU A‡hŠw³K cÖwZwµqv| 8. 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Ibn Hisham. The life of Muhammad Abyt A Guillaume (London Oxford University Press 1955) 687 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 199 †m wb‡R Ges wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡MB gyw³ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ Zvi wb‡Ri AvZ¥xq¯^Rb ev eÜz-evÜe gyw³cY¯^iƒc hv w`‡Z cv‡i Zvi mvnv‡h¨ A_ev welq m¤ú` ev †L`g‡Zi wewbg‡q †m e¨w³MZfv‡e hv Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi wewbg‡q| Bmjvgx ivóª hy×e›`xi wb‡Ri cÖ`Ë A_ev Zvi c‡¶ cÖ`Ë Dch³ gyw³cY cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv; Bmjvgx Av`vjZ G e¨vcv‡i ivóª‡K eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bmjv‡g weavb i‡q‡Q mKj gymjgvb e¨w³ Ges MÖæc wbwe©‡k‡l Zv‡`i hvKv‡Zi GK mßgvsk hy×e›`x‡`i g³cY ¯^iƒc e¨q y Ki‡e, hy×e›`xiv gymjgvb nDK ev bv K‡i‡Q, y nDK| Bmjvg GKw`‡K hy×e›`x‡`i gyw³`vb gnvc‡Y¨i Kg© e‡j †NvlYv Ab¨w`‡K hy×e›`x‡`i gyw³`vb‡K gnvcv‡ci Kvddviv e‡j Bmjvg agx©q wb‡`©k †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| hLb †Kv‡bv gwnjv hy×e›`x Mf©eZx n‡q c‡o m‡½ m‡½ Zvi „ vi ¯^vaxb ¯¿xi c~Y© gh©v`v †fvM e›`x‡Z¡i Aemvb nq Ges AvgZy¨ †m Zvi e›`xKZ© K‡i| e¨w³i Rb¨ GB mywePv‡ii AvMÖ‡ni Bmjvgx AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Bmjvgx iv‡óªi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wfbœ iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ m¤¢vebvi c_ y iv‡óª µq weµ‡qi AwaKvi Zvi GjvKvi †fZi w`‡q †jvK L‡j †`q| Bmjvgx PjvPj, cY¨ I Znwej PjvP‡ji AwaKvi? Bmjvgx ivóª Ges AvMÖnx ci‡`kx e¨w³i g‡a¨ we‡kl Pzw³i welq n‡Z cv‡i, hv‡K ejv nq Avj-Bw¯Ígvb| Gm‡ei g‡a¨B Bmjvgx AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi cÖavb we‡ePbvi wel‡qi Bw½Z †g‡j| †hgb, b¨vq wePvi I mywePvi Zrmn gymwjg bvMwiK A_ev AbvMwiK wbwe©‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wb‡Ri Kj¨vY, wb‡Ri ïf I mgw× AbymÜv‡bi ¯^„ vaxbZvÑ ms‡¶‡c MÖæc ev `‡ji ¯^v‡_©i Av‡M e¨w³ gvb‡li ¯^v‡_©i ¯’vb|y wKš‘ cvðvZ¨ AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡b MÖæc ev mgwói ¯^v_©‡KB m¤§vb Kiv nq|11 M. hy× weMÖn e¨w³ Ges MÖæ‡ci Rb¨ Bmjvgx kvwšÍ‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j †h me m‡hvM myweavi y e¨e¯’v nq †m mgy`‡qi wecix‡Z, bZzb e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Qvov †Kej gvÎ eva¨evaKZvB i‡q‡Q| †mB eva¨evaKZvwU n‡”Q erm‡i GKevi K‡i mKj … eva¨evaKZv, G Ki‡K ejv nq Agymwj‡gi Dci avh©KZ GKwU Ki cwi‡kv‡ai wRwRqv| GB Ki mKj gymjgv‡bi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK, hvKv‡Zi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| wRwRqv mvaviY eq¯‹ ciæl‡`i Dci avh©y Kiv nq Ges †KejgvÎ GB k‡Z© †h, GB †jvK¸‡jv GB Ki cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ Avw_©K w`K w`‡q mg_©| hvhKgÛjx, ~ K‡ii AcÖvß eq¯‹ †jvKRb, igbxMY Ges DËivwaKvi m‡Î cÖvß A_©, GB AvIZvq c‡obv.. Zviv gymjgvb n‡j Zv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z Zviv eva¨ _vK‡Zv| Bmjvgx Av`vjZmg~n GB AvBb †NvlYv Ki‡Q †h, wLª÷vb Ges Bû`x‡`i KvQ „ ivóª Aek¨B †diZ †`‡e, hw` ivóª †_‡K GKB erm‡i msMnxZ A_© Bmjvgx 11. `ª: RvwZcyÄ mb` 1945, GKB e¨vcvi N‡UwQ‡jv, RvwZms‡Ni †¶‡Î, hv ¯’vb MÖnY K‡i ~ R©vwZK wePvivj‡q, hv AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q| RvwZc‡Äi Ges †n‡Mi AvšÍ y 200 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© y y Zv‡`i mxgvšÍ MÖvg¸‡jv‡K evBRvbUvBb kw³ ev †Kvb AÁvZ kÎæi Avµg‡Yi nqivwb †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|12 AwaKš‘, GKwU Bmjvgx iv‡óªi mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ Agymwjg‡`i‡K eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e wb‡qvM Kiv hv‡ebv| ivóª †h‡nZz Av`k©iƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ, ZvB Agymjgvbiv mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z †hvM †`‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Zvi Rb¨ cÖvY †`‡e, b¨v‡qi w`K †_‡K Zv cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvqbv| wbðqB †m †¯^”Qv‡mex n‡Z cv‡i Ges hw` †m †¯^”Qv‡mex nq, Zv‡K gymwjg e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq Ges †m gymjgvb‡`i Dci avh© hvKvZ Ges Zvi m‡½ wRwRqvÑ GB Dfq Ki †_‡KB Ae¨vnwZ cvq| Ggb †jvK‡K Bmjvgx iv‡óª wb‡qvM w`‡Z cv‡i Ges †m m‡e©v”P †emvgwiK c‡` DbœxZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges A‡bK Bû`x Ges wLª÷vb cÖavbgš¿x GgbwK DwR‡i AvRg c‡` wbh „ ³ n‡q‡Q| `óvšÍ¯i^ ƒc wØZxq Avãyi ingv‡bi `iev‡i nvm&`vB web mvicyZ Ges DgvBqv‡`i Avg‡j mviwRD‡`i wb‡qvM D‡jøL Kiv hvq|13 hy× †NvlYv I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Bmjvgx AvBb GKwU my¯úó bxwZgvjv w`‡q‡Q| hy× †NvlYvi AwaKvi wbe©vnx KZ©„c‡¶i n‡¯Í b¨¯Í nq, G AwaKvi n‡”Q Av`vj‡Zi, hv mv¶¨ Zje Ki‡e hLb Bmjvgx ivóª ev Zvi bvMwiK‡`i weiæ‡× AvMÖvmb ev AwePvi msMwVZ nq| wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v ev m¤úwË webvk, hvhK, ¯¿x‡jvK I wkï‡`i weiæ‡× AvµgY A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q; A_©vr Av`vjZ Ges Avjøvn KZ©„K `Ðbxq e‡j †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q hw`bv hvhK, igbx I wkïMY hyׇ¶‡Î y mkix‡i h‡× Ask MÖnY K‡i| me‡P‡q eo K_v, Bmjvg AvMÖvmb‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q Ges †m Kvi‡Y AvZ¥m¤cÖmviY, hy×jã gvj A_ev ¶gZvi y Rb¨ h× wbwl× †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| GKB `„óvšÍ Øviv Bmjv‡g gymjgvb‡`i wb‡R‡`i Rvb webv wØavq †Kvievb Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, hLb b¨vq wePvi jswNZ nq Ges mywePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †Kvievbx KZ©e¨ n‡q I‡V| Bmjvg GB wk¶v †`q †h,y GKwU b¨vq h‡× †Kv‡bv gymjgvb gviv †M‡j †m ¯^ZtB GKRb knx` e‡j MY¨ nq, hvi Rb¨ †e‡n‡¯Í ¯’vb wba©vwiZ| kvnv`vZ n‡”Q m‡e©v”P Ges gnËg gyKzU, hvi Øviv †Kvb gvb‡li Rxeb‡K f~wlZ Kiv hvq| ÒAvjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ hviv Rvb †`q, „ Zv‡`i‡K gZ e‡jvbv, Zviv RxweZ hw`I †Zvgiv †`Lbv...Ó14 Òhviv Cgvb G‡b‡Q Ges gnvbexi m‡½ †Rnv` K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i Rvb I gvj w`‡q, Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q DËg cyi¯‹vi Ges Zviv gnvfvM¨evb| Avjøvn „ Zv‡`i Rb¨ mwó K‡i‡Qb RvbœvZ hvi cv`‡`k w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡”Q b`x, ILv‡bB Zv‡`i wPi¯’vqx Avevm|Ó15 12. †`Lyb: T. W. Amold, The Preaching of Islam (Lahore: Sh Muhammad Asraf Publisher 1961) c„. 61| 13. Phillip K. Hitti. History of the Arabs (London Macmillan Co. 1963) c„. 195. 524 14. hviv Avjøvni c‡_ wbnZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K g„Z MY¨ K‡ivbv| Zviv Avjøvni Kv‡Q RxweZ Ges wZwb Zuv‡`i Rb¨ RxweKvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib (3: 169)| 15. wKš‘ bex Ges Zuvi m½xMY, Zuv‡`i A_©weË Ges Rxeb w`‡q Avjøvni c‡_ msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Avjøvn KZ©„K wbw`©ó Kj¨vY Ges ZvivB mdjKvg (9: 88)| ·qv`k Aa¨vq †mŠ›`h©Z‡Ë¡i bxwZgvjv 1. gymwjg wk‡íi GKZ¡ Ges Zvi cÖwZØ›ØxMY Bmjvgx wkíKjvi GKZ¡ wb‡q weZK© A_©nxb| hw`I, BwZnvmwe‡`iv †fŠ‡MvwjK ev KvjvbyµwgKfv‡e c„_K wecyjmsL¨K wewPÎ †gvwUdmg~n Dcv`vb-DcKiY Ges ixwZcÖKiY j¶¨ K‡i _v‡Kb, Zey mg¯Í Bmjvgx wkíKjvi cÖej ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q Gi D‡Ïk¨ I iƒ‡ci GKZ¡| K‡W©vfv †_‡K wg›`vbvI ch©šÍ †`k¸‡jv Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z nevi ciB Gi wkíKjvq GKB iKg MVbMZ ˆewkó¨ Ges weKvk ¯úó n‡q D‡V| G‡Z †`Lv hvq, ixwZ ev ˆkwji AMÖvwaKvi Ges AšÍnxbZvi AMÖvwaKvi| mg¯Í Bmjvgx wkíKjvq KziAvb Ges nv`x‡mi AwZkq DÏxcK kãgvjv, Aviex Ges Bivbx Kv‡e¨i A_ev Bmjvgx mvwn‡Z¨i Ávb I cÖÁvi Awfe¨w³¸‡jvi kiY wb‡q‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i‡Q Aviex wjLb wkí ev K¨vwjMÖvwd‡Z †mm‡ei iƒc w`‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e, h‡Mi ci hyM a‡iy mKj gymjgvb KziAvb †ZjvIqv‡Z Ges Avhv‡b mvov w`‡q‡Q MfxiZg Av‡e‡Mi m‡½, Ggb wK †mm‡ei Aviex A_© y Gme †¶‡Î y Zv‡`i welq †_‡K welqvšÍ‡i MgbKvix mvgvb¨ e‡S ev bv e‡SB| hyw³ Ges wePvi eyw×, †evakw³ mwµq bv n‡jI Zv‡Z Bw›`ªqR Ges BbUzBwUf „ n‡q I‡VÑ Gm‡_wUK ev bv›`wbK g~j¨¸‡jvi gvb jv‡fi ewËmg~n m¤ú~Y© mwµq … Dcjwä, hv‡`i ZvwË¡K Dcjwä cVb Ges cÖZ¨vk¨vq| cÖKZc‡¶ Zv‡`i bv›`wbK cÖwYav‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó, Zv‡`i Gm&‡_wUK Dcjwäi gZB GKBiƒc cÖejÑ †Kbbv bv›`wbK g~j¨ Dcjwäi †¶‡Î Avï BbUzBkb nv‡gkvB AMÖeZx©| G‡¶‡Î welq †_‡K welqvšÍiMvgx †evakw³ †hb GKwU †MŠYf~wgKv cvjb K‡i, †KejgvÎ mn‡hvwMZvi nvZB cÖmvwiZ K‡i| Bmjv‡gi bv›`wbK g‡j¨i kw³ Ges~ Zvi ˆkwíK GKZ¡, hv P‚ovšÍ iK‡g ¯^Zš¿ I wewPÎ mvs¯‹…wZK mgv‡e‡ki g‡a¨ †_‡K „ c~e© DcKj †_‡K cÖkvšÍ‚ GgwbZ‡iv ˆkwíK GKZ¡ mwó K‡i †h AvUjvw›U‡Ki gnvmvM‡ii cwðg Zxi ch©š,Í †h ch©UK mdi K‡i †m Ggb GKwU A‡j ågY K‡i hv, Gi BmjvwgK ¯’vc‡Z¨i, hv jZvcvZvi wkíiƒc I Aviex wjLb I wkí c×wZi Øviv AjsKZKi‡Y Zv Zvi… Kv‡Q mycwiwPZ †V‡K| wfbœ wfbœ RvwZ, eY©, y †h j¶¨ I Bmjvg †h mvwnwZ¨K fvlv Ges Rxeb c×wZi gvb‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b „ g~j¨ mwó K‡i‡Q, †m wel‡q „ †m Dcjwä K‡i GKwU Awfbœ `wóKvh© Ges mvswMwZK Abyf~wZ|1 1. GB wm×v‡šÍi cÖgvY GB ev¯ÍeZv †h, gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î GKB Gm‡_wUK g~j¨¸‡jvi cÖvavb¨, y K¨vwjMÖy vwdK, KziAvbyj Kvixg Kwc Kivi g~j¨šÍi web¨v‡mi kxl©we›`‡Z i‡q‡Q m›`i, Aviex 202 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© „ "Misconceptions on the Nature of Islamnic Art" kxl©K †h cÖeÜwUi cÖwZ cvVK‡`i `wó AvKl©Y Kiv hv‡”Q,2 Zv‡Z Avgiv AjsKiY, wPÎY, ¯’vcZ¨, mvwnZ¨, m½xZ Ges wkíZ‡Z¡i †¶‡Î Z_vKw_Z cÖvP¨we` cwÛZ‡`i cvwÛ‡Z¨i wKQz bgybv Zz‡j a‡iwQ| cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Avgiv GKRb K‡i Ruv`‡ij cvðvZ¨ cwÛ‡Z¨i gZvgZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ, †hgb, Richard Ettinghausen. H. G. Farmer, M. S. Dimand, T. W. Arnold, E. Herzfeld, K. A. C. Creswell, G. Von Grunebaum. Gu‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KiB ~ L¨vwZi g‡j i‡q‡Q AskZ ev m¤ú~Y©Z G‡¶‡Î Ae`v‡bi Rb¨| G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GB åvšÍ aviYv, eis ejv hvq, GB c¶cvZ`yóZvi wkKviy n‡q‡Qb †h, hM hyM a‡i gymwjg RvwZi wkíKjvq †Kvb Ae`vb ivLv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, wecixZ c‡¶, Bmjvg wkíKjv‡K evavMÖ¯’ ev mxwgZ K‡i‡Q, Ges Zv‡Z K‡i, Zv‡`i ˆkwíK cÖeYZv¸‡jv‡K bó K‡i‡Q| Bmjv‡gi b›`bZvwË¡K weKv‡ki „ GKgvÎ `óvšÍ n‡”Q z Aviex, KivwbK AvBb¸‡jv ZR©gvi gva¨‡g GB HwZn¨ f‡½i g‡a¨ Ethinghausen †mB g‡bvcwji Aemv‡bi m~Pbvq wKQzUv gRvi m‡½ Dc‡fvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †`Levi †Póv K‡i‡Qb A܇Mvovgx y †_‡K g³, †h wkíKg©B„ gymjgvbiv mwó K‡i‡Q, Zv Zviv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Bmjvg‡K wWw½‡q Ges Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©kgvjv‡K jsNb K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡Z gymwjg AwfRvZ ev ivRb¨eM© Zv‡`i gn‡j ev cvVvMv‡i gvbyl Ges RxeRš‘i … wPwÎZ cÖwZKwZ Dc‡fvM K‡i‡Qb „ Ges Gm‡ei cô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb, Ges Zrmn Zviv „ m½x‡ZiI cô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb, Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡i †h Òm½xZ „ gv`KZv mwó K‡i Ges e¨wfPv‡i DrmvwnZ K‡i|Ó Zviv mvgvb¨B Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h, bv›`wbKZvi w`K w`‡q Z_vKw_Z cvcvkÖy qx wkíKjv, c‡ivcywi Bmjvg m¤§ZB e‡UÑ gymwjg we‡k¦i wkíKjvi „ mvgwMÖK mwóK‡g©i g‡a¨ Aby cwigvY ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ †KD †KD gb¯ÍvwË¡K e¨vL¨viI cÖqvm… †c‡q‡Qb| cÖKwZ k~b¨Zv ei`v¯Í K‡ibv, GB hyw³‡Z Zviv `vex K‡ib †h, gymjgvb AvwU©óiv Zv‡`i mKj wkíK‡g©i m¤§yL fvM b·vi Øviv Av”Qvw`Z K‡i‡Q| †KD †KD m¤ú~Y© wecixZ gZ †ck K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i hyw³ GB †h, gymwjg wkíxiv iO ev eY©cvMj, hviv mv`vgvUvfv‡e k~b¨ is‡qi „ D¾¡j SjK mwó Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ges G‡Z K‡i Zviv kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i cÖwZfvi Rb¨ †h mvabv Ges AvMÖn Avek¨K Zv jvNe K‡i KwZcq is‡qi †bkvq webó wkíx wkíKg©‡K †KejgvÎ „ †gvn mwói cÖqv‡m ch©ewmZ K‡i‡Qb| 2. c~Y¨; KziAv‡bi AvqvZ Øviv gvby‡li evwo-Ni, gmwR`, miKvix `vjvb‡KvVv AjsKiY, GKwU gvÎvi ¯^í K‡qKwU my‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i Drcbœ ivwMbx‡Z Zv Ave„wË Kiv Ges Gi wewkó¨Z¡K k㸇jvi Øviv mvwnwZ¨K cÎ cy¯‘Kvw`i AjsKiY| `ª: eZ©gvb MÖš’Kv‡ii cÖeÜ .... "Misconception of the Nature of the Work of Art in Islam" Islam and the Modern Age. vol. I. No 2. (May 1970) c„. 29-49| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 203 `yf©vM¨µ‡g G‡`i Kv‡iviB GK_v KL‡bv g‡b nqwb †h, Zviv cvðvZ¨ wkíKjvi j¶¨ I gvb Abyhvqx Bmjvgx wkíKjvi wePvi Ki‡Qb, Ges KL‡bv †KD GB Awf‡hvMwU DÌvcb K‡ibwb| gymwjg ms¯‹…wZi cÖKvkK wkíK‡g©i †h e¨vL¨v Zviv Titus Burckhardt Ges Louis y w`‡q‡Qb Zv weåvwšÍKi, gvb‡li G‡Z nvwm cvq| Massignon Gi e¨vL¨vq mZ¨`k©‡bi mvd‡ji SjK Ges e¨vL¨vi †¶‡Î Earnst Kuhnel-Gi VvÐv AvZ¥mshg‡K ev` w`‡j, Bmjvgx Av‡U©i BwZnvmwe‡`iv GKgZ n‡q cvðvZ¨ bZzb Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx wkíK‡g©i wePvi K‡i‡Q| G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB nZeyw× n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Qb Ggb GK wkíK‡g© hv‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖwZgv, … MÖšv’ w` cvV K‡i Zv‡Z cÖwZKwZ †bB| bvUK… †bB, cÖKwZev` †bB, Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB weåvšÍ nb, KviY Zviv G‡Z cvðvZ¨ wk‡íi Ggb wKQzB cvbbv hvi m‡½ „ Zviv weåvšÍ †h, Ava¨vwZ¥K weiƒc Bmjvgx wkíKg©‡K m¤ú³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZwµqvi m‡½ Bmjvgx wkíK‡g©i Dci Zviv Zv‡`i AvMvg ivq w`‡q e‡m‡Qb| … Avi GKwU cÖe܇bi gva¨‡g3 Avgiv MÖxK wk‡íi cÖKwZ Ges Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Awfhv‡bi ci †_‡K MÖxK-wk‡íi cÖwZ wbKUcÖv‡P¨i wkí HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZwµqvi … g‡b Kiv ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ| MÖxK wk‡íi mviK_v n‡”Q cÖKwZev`, Z‡e GK_v … vwdK AbyKiYgvÎ, eis G n‡”Q wVK n‡ebv †h MÖxK wkí cÖKwZi mij d‡UvMÖ GKwU cÖvKwm× aviYvi Bw›`ªqR m¤ú‡`i cÖwZiƒc, †h aviYvwU‡K cÖKwZ m¤ú‡K© … mwói g‡a¨ ¯’vcb„ K‡i‡Q aviYvi AskZ Zvr¶wYK iƒc| cÖKwZ Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU mbvZb MÖxK ms¯‹…wZi ce©Zkxl© GjvKvq `xN©miæ DuPzf~wgi Abyiƒc GKwU aviYv| u wbg©vy Y n‡”Q m‡e©v”P wkí| gvb‡li Zvi w_Iwii g‡Z, cv_i †K‡U gvb‡li cÖwZgv m¤ú‡K© aviYv n‡”Q, †m cÖKwZi me‡P‡q … Hk¦h©c~Y© Ges me‡P‡q RwUj Entelechy-Gi MfxiZv Ges AšÍM©Z ˆewPÎ n‡”Q wkíxi AbymÜvb Avwe®‹vi I cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ GKwU AšÍnxb Lwb| GB Kvi‡YB gvbyl n‡”Q Òmg¯Í weQzi wePvi I cwigv‡ci gvb`ÛÓ| †m mwói P‚ov m‡e©v”P„ Ges me©wbgœ mKj cÖKvi g‡j¨i evnK I KsµxU iƒc`vZv| G Kvi‡Y †Lv` Hkx mË¡v‡K aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖwZg~wZ©‡Z, ag©‡K g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q gvbeZvev` Ges Hkx mË¡vi Dcvmbv n‡q‡Q y K…wZi AšÍnxb MfxiZv Ges ˆewP‡Îi Abya¨vb| MÖxK ev gvb‡li AšÍiZg cÖ … v‡mi cÖwZdjbB mgMÖ †n‡jwbK mf¨Zvi wk‡íi †n‡jwbK ms¯‹wZi GB mvi wbh© Rb¨ Avek¨K n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv| wbKUcÖvP¨ Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i GKwU m¤ú~Y© wecixZ HwZn¨| GLv‡b „ Kivi gvbyl n‡”Q Hkx mË¡vi GKwU wbwgËK gvÎ, hv‡K mªóv mwó K‡i‡Qb Bev`Z Rb¨| gvbyl KL‡bvB wb‡RB †Kvb Pig j¶¨ bq Ges wbðqB †Kv‡bv wKQzi 3. `ª: eZ©gvb MÖš’Kv‡ii cÖeÜ .... "On the Nature of the Work of Art in Islam" Islam and the Modern Age. vol. I. No 2. (August 1970) c„. 64-81| … ~ y 204 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© y cwigv‡ci gvb`Û bq| gvb`Û Hkx mË¡v ¯’vcb K‡ib| GB gvb`Û †_‡K wb®úbœ wewaweavbmg~ y n gvb‡li Rb¨ AvBb| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv cÖwgw_Dm †bB, mªóvi f~wg‡Z Av‡Q †Kej GKRb „ `vm ev fZ¨, †h Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡j Avkxh jvf K‡i, Av‡`k cvj‡b fyj Ki‡j Avkxe©v` †_‡K ewÂZ nq Ges Av‡`k jsNb Ki‡j aŸsm nq| Aek¨ Avjøvni HkxZ¡ n‡”Q GKwU Mysterium, GKwU Tremendum Ges GKwU Fascinosum| GKvi‡Y Avjøvniy Hkx n‡”Q gvb‡li GKwU AvweóZv, Zvi w¯’i aviYv, Zvi mve©¶wYK wPšÍv n‡”Q GB Hkx AwfcÖvq wK Ges Zv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i; Avjøvn †K›`ªxKZvB n‡”Q Zvi fvM¨| G †_‡KB gvbyl AR©b K‡i Zvi Zvrch©Zvi †MŠie Ges Zvi wek¦RvMwZK gh©v`v| Acwinvh©fv‡eB ZvB wbKUcÖv‡P¨i mf¨Zv n‡”Q wbKUcÖvP¨ ms¯‹…wZi GB ˆewk‡ó¨i GKwU cÖKvk| cÖKw… Z Ges m‡e©v… cwi gvbe cÖKwZ n‡”Q Hkx ¯’vb `L‡ji cÖejZg cÖwZ‡hvMx Ges cÖwgw_Dm †gv‡UB †Kvb Kvwnbx„ bq, eis cÖfZ¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Hkx mË¡vi m‡½ gvb‡li msMÖv‡gi wgÎ Kvwe¨K DcvL¨vb gvÎ| cÖ_gZ, wbKUeZx© MÖxm Ges wgki Hkx … mZ¡v Ges cÖKwZ wel‡q †h ai‡bi cÖ‡jvfb „ Ges weåvšÍ mwó K‡i‡Q Zv Aek¨B iæL‡Z n‡e Ges ˆPZb¨ †_‡K wbe©vwmZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, mg¯Í ˆPZb¨‡K Aek¨B wbgMœ Ki‡Z n‡e Hkx GjvKvi Af¨šÍ‡i hv n‡”Q Gi Drm, Gi Av`k©, Gi cÖfy Ges fvM¨| ZvB Av‡jKÛv‡ii ~ A‡bK c‡e© wbKUcÖv‡P¨i wkí cÖK…wZev` †_‡K eÜb gyw³i Rb¨ óvBjvB‡Rmb D™¢veb K‡i| wbðqB wbKUcÖvP¨ hLb MÖxK‡`i Øviv AvµvšÍ nq Ges wbKUcÖ y v‡P¨i Rbgvb‡li Dci MÖxK mf¨Zv Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq, ZLb óvBjvB‡Rmb ev ˆkjxKiY Av‡iv cÖej Ges Av‡iv †Rvi`vi n‡q D‡V| … y Bû`x‡`i wbKUcÖv‡P¨i Avi GKwU ms¯‹…wZ Ges ag© Bû`xev`, mvgªvR¨ev`x †n‡jwbR‡gi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i mvnwmKZvi m‡½| Ges m¤¢eZt ms¯‹…wZ †¶‡Î mePvB‡Z eo `~N©Ubv n‡”Q Philo| AvaywbK Kv‡j, cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ Ges ag© Øviv Gi †mŠ›`h© ZvwË¡K Awfw›`ªq… Zv AskZ weKZ n‡q co‡j, we‡kl K‡i BD‡ivcxq †ivgvw›UwmR‡gi Avwef©veKvj †_‡K †mB †ec‡ivqv A‡hŠw³K Ges ˆe‡kwlK cÖKwZev`xi Avwe©fv‡ei ci, RvwZ, Rb‡Mvôx, i³ I evwj, gv-ivwkqv Ck¦i-ivRv‡`k BZ¨vw`i AÜ †gvKv‡ejvq Bû`x‡`i wek¦¯Z Í vi m‡½ g~j„ wbKUcÖv‡P¨i `wófw½i m‡½ Zvi wkíKjv‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Q| ÒZzwg †Lv`vB K‡i †Kvb cÖwZgv evbv‡ebvÓÑ GB wb‡`©k‡K Bû`xiv †cŠËwjKZvi weiæ‡× †Kej GKwU AvZ¥i¶vi wb‡`©k wn‡m‡eB †`‡Lwb eis b›`bZ‡Ë¡i GKwU g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e Dcjwä K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i wmbvMY¸‡jv wkíK‡g©i w`K w`‡q k~b¨B wQj, gymwjg wek¦ Qvov Ab¨ me©Î, gymwjg we‡k¦ Zviv Bmjv‡gi weKvkgvb AMÖMwZ‡K AbyKiY K‡i‡Q| cweÎ MÖ‡š’i Kve¨ gva‡h©i Øviv Zv‡`i b›`bZvwË¡K Pvwn`v m¤ú~Y© c~iY nq Ges Hkx mË¡v‡K cÖZ¨¶ Kivi e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i Bw›`ªq¸‡jvi mKj … `vex A¯^xKZ nq| Zv‡`i wek¦vm AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 205 `vex K‡i Ges ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q †h, Hkx mË¡v‡K GB ai‡bi mœvqyweK Bw›`ª‡qi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯^Ávi gva¨‡g Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv bv n‡j Zv Hkx mË¡vB bq| mg¯Í mË¡vi Avw` bxwZ ¯^Ávi gva¨‡g Dcjwäi cÖqv‡m Bw›`ª‡qi mvnvh¨ hZ †bqv n‡e ZZB †m ¯^Ávi welq n‡e AwaKZi Bw›`ªqvZxZ, ZZB `wó n‡e weï×Zi|4 „ 2. b›`bZ‡Ë¡i AZxw›`ªqZv … †Zxnx` Øviv eySvq AvjøvnZË¡‡K ZË¡weÁv‡bi w`K w`‡q cÖKwZ mgMÖ ivR¨ †_‡K Avjv`vKiY, hv wKQz mwó‡Z we`¨gvb, „mwó †_‡K AvMZ,„ ZvB mwó, AZxw›`ªq bq„ z k Ges †`kKv‡ji weav‡bi Aaxb, †Kvb A‡_© Gi †Kvb wKQ †Lv`v ev †Lv`v-m`„ n‡Z cv‡ibv, we‡kl K‡i ZË¡weÁv‡bi w`K w`‡q, hv G‡Kk¦iev‡`i mvigg© wn‡m‡e †ZŠnx` A¯^xKvi K‡i| Avjøvn m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mwó †_‡K ¯^Zš¿,„ mgMÖfv‡eB cÖKwZ †_‡K c„_K Ges †m Kvi‡YB Bw›`ªqvZxZ wZwb, GKgvÎ Bw›`ªqvZxZ mË¡v| †ZŠnx` Av‡iv `vex K‡i, †Kvb wKQz Zvi gZ bq|5 Ges †m Kvi‡Y mwó‡Z †Kvb wKQz „ Zvi „ cv‡ibv, †Kvb wKQzB Zvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| m`k ev cÖZxK n‡Z cÖKZc‡¶ msÁvi … w`K w`‡q Avjøvni †Kvb cÖZxK Am¤¢e| Avjøvn n‡”Qb wZwb, hvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb b›`bZvwË¡K B›`ªqMZ †Kvb w`e¨ÁvbB m¤¢e bq| … b›`bZvwË¡K AwfÁZvi Øviv eySvq Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g Dcjwäi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU cÖvK… hvi mviwbh©vm `„wówm× Ges †m Kvi‡Y, AZxw›`ªq cÖKwZ-AwZµvšÍ Dcjwä, wel‡qi bgybv bxwZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iÑ G n‡”Q hv nIqv DwPZ ZviB welq| `ó y e¯‘wU Zvi mvi wbh©v‡mi hZB wbKUeZx© n‡e ZZB n‡e AwaKZi m›`i| „ Z…YjZv, RxeRš‘ Ges we‡kl K‡i gvb‡li cÖvYgq cÖKywZi †¶‡Î ZvB … n‡”Q m›`i, hv cÖvKwm× mvimË¡vi m¤¢ve¨ Abyiƒc nq, hv‡Z K‡i wePvi¶g cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB G `vexi … K‡i‡Q AwaKvi _vK‡e †h, bv›`wbK welq ev e¯‘wU‡Z cÖKwZ wb‡R‡K e¨³ … hv †m y cÖKwZ hv ej‡Z Pvq, †ZRw¯^Zvi m‡½, cwi¯‹vifv‡e| m›`i e¯‘ n‡”Q ZvB, e‡j _v‡K, K`vwPr KL‡bv Zvi nvRv‡iv GK ÎæwUi g‡a¨| wkíKjv n‡”Q cÖKwZi … †mB mvimË¡v‡K Avwe¯‹vi Kivi Ges Zv‡K `k¨iƒ‡c g‡a¨ cÖKwZ‡K Qvwo‡q hvIqv, … †h me e¯‘i cÖKvk Kivi cÖwµqv| ¯úóZB, wkí m„ó- cÖKwZi AbyKiY bq, „ cÖgvY cÖvK…wZK-ev¯ÍeZv m¤ú~Y© †m¸‡jvi Bw›`ªqwbf©i iƒc mwó wkí bq| cwiPq Kievi Rb¨ `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb I WK‡g‡›Uk‡bi Rb¨z d‡UvMÖvwdK wPÎiƒc, hv welqwU 4. 5. AwZewZ©Zv ev AwZw›`ªqZvi msÁvi GKwU Avek¨K kZ© GB †h, hyw³ ev eyw×ewËK Øviv mivmwi AwZeZx© ev AwZw›`ªq‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e, A_©vr cÖeZ©b cÖwµqvq Bw›`ªq¸‡jv hw` mvgvb¨Zg fwgKvI cvjb K‡i ‚ †Zgb Ae¯’vq †h e¯‘wU‡K Dcjwä Kiv nj Zv wKQ‡ZB AwZeZx© n‡Z cv‡i bv| (Avjøvn) Avmgvb Ges Rwg‡bi mªóv| †Kvb wKQzB Zuvi g‡Zv bq| wZwb mg¯Í wKQ †kv‡bb Ges †`‡Lb (42: 11)| y … „ „ z z 206 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© … †hfv‡e we`¨gvb †mfv‡eB Zvi Qwe †Zv‡j, Zv g~j¨evb n‡Z cv‡i| wkí n‡”Q cÖKwZi g‡a¨ †mB mvimË¡vi… cVb, hv cÖKwZi AZxZ Ges mvimË¡vwU‡K Zvi h_vh_ GKwU `„k¨iƒc `vb Kiv|6 … … … G ch©šÍ †hfv‡e msÁv `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wkí n‡”Q Acwinvh© … fv‡eB cÖKwZi g‡a¨ ZviB aviYv … Kiv hv cÖKwZi AšÍMZ© bq| wKš‘ cÖKwZi m‡½ hv m¤úwK©Z bq, Zv Bw›`ªqvZxZ Ges hv w`e¨, †Kej ZvB GB gh©v`v jv‡fi †hvM¨| AwaKšÍ cÖvKwm× mvimË¡v, hv b›`bZvwË¡K Dcjwäi welq, Zv †h‡nZz Av`k©y m~jf Ges m›`i, †m y Kvi‡Y gvb‡li Av‡eM Abyf~wZ Gi Øviv Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| GKvi‡YB y gvbyl m›`i‡K fvjev‡m y Ges m›`‡ii Øviv wbqwš¿Z| y hLb Zviv … gvb‡li y cÖKwZ‡Z m›`i‡K cÖZ¨¶ K‡i, ZLb cÖvKwm× cÖKwZi AZxZ mvimË¡v n‡q I‡V gvbweKZv, hv Bw›`ªqvZxZ, gvÎvq Av`k©iƒc cwiMÖnY K‡i| G‡KB MÖxwmqiv ej‡Zv Apotheosis A_©vr Hkx mËvi g‡a¨ gvbweKZvi cÖwZ¯’vcb| gvbyl G ai‡biy iƒcvšÍwiZ gvb‡li we‡kl K‡i gvb¨ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i‡K †`e †`ex e‡j MY¨ K‡i| AvaywbK cvðv‡Z¨i †jv‡Kiv †gUvwdwR· ev ZË¡kv‡¯¿i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z †Kvb Dcv‡m¨i cÖwZ AwZ mvgvb¨B mnbkxj| wKš‘ bxwZkv¯¿ Ges AvPi‡bi †¶‡Î cvðv‡Z¨i y †jv‡Kiv „ gvb‡li cÖewË I cÖeYZv¸‡jv‡K Av`‡k©i iƒc w`‡Z wM‡q †h me„ †`e-‡`ex mwó K‡i †m¸‡jvB cÖKZc‡¶ Zvi Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Y K‡i|7 GB n‡”Q„ e¨vL¨v, †Kb `k¨iƒ‡c fv¯‹‡h© Ges Kíbvq, Zvi Kv‡iv I bvU‡K cÖvPxb MÖxmxqiv gvbweK DcKiYmg~n Zvi ¸Yvejx „ A_ev Zvi cÖewZ¸‡jvi cÖZxK cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi wkíK‡g© m‡e©v”P b›`bZvwË¡K cÖ„ qvm wn‡m‡e MnxZ n‡qwQ‡jv| Zviv †h me wel‡qi, †hgb Ck¦‡„ ii cÖwZiƒc mwó K‡iwQj, y †m¸‡jv m›`i wQ‡jv GKvi‡Y †h gvbe cÖK…wZ hv-nIqv-DwPZ †m¸‡jv wQ‡jv ZviB Av`k©iƒc| Zv‡`i †mŠ›`h© Ab¨ †`eZv‡`i m‡½ Zv‡`i AšÍM©Z we‡iva †Mvcb Ki‡Zvbv, mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© GKvi‡Y †h, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB … wQ‡jv cÖKwZi … GKwU cÖKZ welq hv‡K Zviv Hkxiƒ‡c Z_v AwZcÖvK…Z ¯Í‡i P‚ovšÍiƒc w`‡qwQ‡jv|8 †iv‡gB †Kej MÖxK Ae¶‡qi bvU¨gÂ, MÖxK fv¯‹h© wk‡íi AebwZ N‡U ivRv ev`kv‡`i ev¯Íeev`x ~ AwfÁZvgjK, ev¯Í … wfwËK cÖwZKwZ‡Z| Aek¨ ZL‡bv Zv m¤¢e n‡Zvbv mgªvU‡K †`eZvq cwiYZ bv K‡i| MÖx‡m †hLv‡b kZ kZ eQi a‡i 6. 7. 8. Arthur Schopenhaser. The World as Will and Idea. tr. R.B. Haldane and J. Kemp London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited) vol i. Third Book. p. 217 Friedrich Nietzsche. Works. tr. and ed Walter Kaufmaan (New York The Viking Press. 1954) c„. 459. Walter Kaufmann. Nietzsche. Philospher. Psychologist. Antichrist (Princeton: Princeton Press. Meridian„ Books. 1956) c.102 Murray. Five. 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†mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡MiI we‡ivax bq| ZvInx` ˆkwíK mRbkxjZvi we‡ivax „ c¶všÍ‡i ZvInx` †mŠ›`h©‡K cweÎ MY¨ K‡i Ges Zvi cô‡cvlKZv I DrKl© mvab K‡i| ZvInx` †KejgvÎ Avjøvn‡Z Ges Inxi ev cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ Zvi AwfcÖvq ev Zvi k‡ãi g‡a¨ cig †mŠ›`h© cÖZ¨¶ K‡i| Gi m‡½ „ bZzb mwó‡Z ZvInx` D¤§y „ L| Avjøvn Qvov m½wZ †i‡L GB `wófw½i Dc‡hvMx †Kvb Bjvn †bB, GB AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i gymwjg wkíx G wel‡q cÖZ¨q`ß … K‡i‡Q, Zv‡KB ˆkjxe× K‡i‡Q| A_©vr ˆkjxe× †h, cÖKwZi hv wKQzB iƒcvwqZ y wK, Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡K †m h_vm¤¢e wbmM© ev cÖKwZ †_‡K weh³ … K‡i‡Q| ej‡Z … cÖKwZ †_‡K GZ`y… i wew”Qbœ Kiv nj †h, Zv cÖvq m¤ú~Y© cÖKwZi welq ev e¯‘ AcwiwPZ n‡q DV‡jv| wkíxi nv‡Z ˆkjxe×Zv wQj GKwU ˆbwZevPK hš¿, hvi „ Zvi ÔbvÕ gva¨‡g †m cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖvKwZK e¯‘ GgbwK… †Lv` mwói cÖwZ e¨³ K‡i‡Q … m¤ú~Y… © cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i gymwjg wkíx `k¨iƒ‡c cÖKvk „ ev A¯^xKwZ| cÖvKwZKZv‡K K‡i kvnv`vi †bwZevPK w`KwU, A_©vr jv-Bjvnv Bjøvjøvn, Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn … A¯^xKwZi †bB| gymwjg wkíxi GB kvnv`vB Avm‡j Zvi cÖKwZ‡Z Bw›`ªqvZxZZvi mgv_©K|10 9. `ª: GB MÖš’v‡ii ... “On the Nature of the Work of Art in Islam” 10. cÖv¸³, c„. 76| y … „ 208 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© gymwjg wkíx GLv‡bB †_‡g †M‡jb „ bv| Zvi mRbkxjZvi gyw³ ZLbB NU‡jv hLb Zuvi GB ˆPZb¨ nj †h… Avjøvn‡K cÖKwZi †Kvb gywZ©‡Z cÖKvk Kiv GKK_v Ges G ai‡bi g~wZ©‡Z Zv cÖKvk Am¤¢e, Zv ejv wfbœ K_v| Avjøvn myevnvbvû „ Zvqvjv‡K `wóMÖvn¨fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e bq, GB Dcjwä y n‡”Q gvb‡li Rb¨ gnËg bv›`wbK j¶¨, Avjøvn Zvqvjv wbtkZ© Pig cig I„ gwngvgq| mwói †Kvb wKQzi Øviv †h Zv‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv GB wm×v‡šÍi A_©B Avjøvni cigZ¡ I gwngvgqZv‡K AwZkq ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ MÖnY Kiv| Kíbvq „ Zv‡K mwói mg¯Í wKQz †_‡K c„_Kiƒ‡c †`Lvi A_©B y n‡”Q Zv‡K m›`iiƒ‡c y †`Lv, m›`i Ab¨ †h †Kvb welq ev e¯‘ †_‡K ¯ÍZš¿iƒ‡c †`Lv| Hkx Awbe©PbxqZv n‡”Q, GKwU Hkx¸Y hvi A_©© n‡”Q AšÍnxbZv, cigZv, P‚ovšÍZv ev wbtkZ©Zv, Acwi‡gqZv, Amxg ev AbšÍmKj A‡_©B Awbe©Pbxq|11 … … „ „ Bmjvgx wP›`vavivq, wPšÍvi GB aviv Abymv‡i gymwjgwkíx Avwe¯‹vi K‡i‡Q AjsKiY wkí Ges Zv‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i‡Q jZvcvZv, Wvjcvjv mwc©j KviæKvh©gq b·vq, Avi GwU Ggb GKwU Non-devolopmental b·v hv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q mKj w`‡K y AbšÍ Awfg‡L| GB wkí hv‡K ejv nq Giv‡e· hv †U·UvBj, avZz, cy®úvavi, cÖvPxb, wmwjs, ¯Í¤¢, Rvbvjv, ev eB‡qi „ GKwU côv BZ¨vw`-cÖKwZi †h‡Kvb e¯‘‡… KB Zv AjsKZ K‡i, Zv‡KB iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wbf©i, ¯^”Q, fvmgvb c¨vUv‡Y©, hv AšÍy nxbZvi Awfg‡L mKj w`‡K Qwo‡q … c‡o| cÖKwZi welq cÖKwZ wb‡R bq-eis Zv n‡”Q “Transubstantiated” G‡Z †Kej GKwU `wó‡¶Î n‡q D‡V| bv›`wbKZvi w`K w`‡q Giv‡e· wkíiƒ‡ci gva¨‡g wbtm‡M©i e¯‘ n‡q D‡V Ab‡šÍi w`‡K GKwU Rvbvj| G‡K hLb Ab‡šÍi Bkviv wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq ZLb Bw›`ªqvZxZZvi GKwU gv‡b ¯úó n‡q D‡VÑ †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖ`Ë n‡jI GKgvÎ gv‡bB, hv Bw›`ªqMZ iƒcvqY Ges BbUzBk‡bi c‡¶ AR©b m¤¢e|12 G‡ZB Avgiv e¨vL¨v cvB †Kb gymjgvbiv „ †h wkí mwó K‡i‡Qb Zvi cÖvq meUvB weg~Z©, GgbwK, †hLv‡b jZvcvZv, RxeRš‘ y Ges … gvb‡li cÖwZKwZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI AvwU©ó G¸‡jv‡K h‡_ôfv‡e ˆkjx iƒc w`‡q‡Q,… Giv †h cÖKZ †Kvb mó e¯‘ bq, Zv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨Ñ GK_v A¯^xKvi Kivi Rb¨ †h, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb AZxw›`ªq mvimË¡v evm Ki‡Q| GB cÖqv‡m gymwjg wkíx mvnvh¨ †c‡q‡Q, Zvi fvlvMZ Ges mvwnwZ¨K DËivwaKvi †_‡K| GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ †m Aviex eY©gvjv Gfv‡e weKvk mvab K‡i‡Q hv‡Z K‡i Zv n‡q I‡V GKwU AšÍnxb Giv‡e· wkíKjv, hvi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q †KwjMÖvdv‡ii cQ›`gZ †h †Kvb w`‡K, AcwieZ©bxqfv‡e; gymwjg ¯’cwZ‡`i †ejvq GKB K_v mZ¨, hvi BgviZ n‡”Q 11. †`Lyb GB MÖš’v‡ii ... “Divine Transcendence” pp. 11-19 12. `ª: GB MÖš’v‡ii ... “On the Nature of the Work of Art in Islam” P. 78. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 209 Zvi m¤§yLfvM, Gwj‡fkb, ¯‹vBjvBb Ges †g‡S cwiKíbvi w`K w`‡q GKwU „ gmwjg AvwU©óivy hZ c„_KB Giv‡e· wkíKjv| f‡Mvj ev bZ‡Ë¡~ i w`K w`‡q „ `wó, †mB mKj„ wkíxiB GKwU mvaviY nDK, hv‡`i wek¦`wó Bmjv‡gi wek¦ wefvRK n‡”Q Zvnx`|13 K. b›`bZ‡Ë¡ Bmjv‡gi eÜb gyw³ … Hkx mË¡v‡K cÖKvk Kivi GKwU gva¨g n‡Z †Kvb wKQzB, hv cÖvKwZK e¯‘ bq Zv, cv‡i bv, Gi Øviv mvaviYZ G m¤¢vebv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv nqbv †h, cÖKwZi GKwU e¯‘ †mB mZ¨‡K cÖKv‡ki GKwU evnb n‡Z cv‡iÑ A_©vr GB mZ¨wU‡K †h Hkx mË¡v Avm‡jB Amxg Ges Awbe©Pbxq| Hkx mË¡v Awbe©Pbxq e‡jB Zv‡K cÖKvk bv ~ cÖKvk Kiv Av‡iK K_v| Kiv GK K_v Ges GB m‡Îi AšÍM©Z mZ¨‡K ¯^xKZfv‡eB, Avjøvn… †h Bw›`ª‡qi w`K w`‡q Awbe©Pbxq GB mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki weiæ‡× P¨v‡jÄ Zv †h †Kvb wkíxi Kíbv‡K wenŸj K‡i †`q| wKš‘ Bnv Am¤¢e bq| e¯‘Z GLv‡bB Bmjv‡gi ˆkwíK cÖwZfv weRqx eÜbÑ gyw³ AR©b K‡i| Avgiv †`‡LwQ, cÖvPxb wbKUcÖvP¨ †h óvBjvB‡Rkb mycwiwPZ wQ‡jv Ges hvi Abykxjb n‡Zv, Zv‡K Av‡jKRvÛvi Ges Zuvi DËim~ixMY KZ©K Av‡ivwcZ „ †n‡jwbq cÖKwZev‡`i cÖwZwµqvq c~Y©Zvi GKwU bZzb ¯Í‡i DbœxZ K‡i| GLb, wLª÷vb QÙveiY ¯^iƒc †nwjwbR‡gi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z wM‡q Bmjv‡g b›`bZvwË¡K cÖqv‡mi †¶‡Î †m‡gwUK cÖwµqv nj GKB iKg cÖej, †hgb cÖej cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †Mj ag©ZvwË¡K cÖqv‡mi †¶‡Î| nhiZ Cmvi Hk¦wiKZv Bmjvg †h cÖejZvi m‡½ cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i Zvi … K iƒcvq‡Y cÖKwZev‡`i A¯^xK… wZ| Ges Zzj¨ cÖZ¨vLvb n‡”Q cÖKwZi †mŠ›`h©ZvwË¡ Bmjvg Zv mgvav K‡i‡Q óvBjvB‡Rkb‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| GKwU ˆkwíK jZv cvZv ev dzj cÖK…wZi GKwU ev¯Íe e¯‘i e‡M©i †KPvi gvÎ, hv‡K ejv hvq AcÖK…Z| g‡b nq wkíx Zv AsKb Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖKwZ‡K A¯^xKvi … K‡i, A- cÖK…wZZ¡ A_©vr … hy× cÖZ¨vLvb cÖKv‡ki GwU GKwU Dch³ nvwZqvi n‡Z y cÖKwZev‡`i weiæ‡× cv‡ibv| Aek¨ GKKfv‡e wePvi Ki‡j ˆkjxiƒc jZvcvZv ev dzj cÖKwZi ewnf~©Z‡KB cÖKvk K‡i| wKš‘ ¯^Zš¿iƒ‡c G‡Z GB Bw½ZB wg‡j †h, e¯‘wUi g‡a¨ … ¯^v„Zwš¿K iƒc †c‡q‡Q| cÖvKwZK welq‡K cÖ… KwZg³ iƒc cÖKwZi gZz¨B GKwU w`‡Z wM‡q G D”Pv‡½i cÖKwZev`‡KI cÖK… vk Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv Bmjv‡gi j‡¶¨i m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| †ZgbwU Avgiv cÖvqB †`L‡Z cvB iƒMœZvi gva¨‡g ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ges „ cÖwZdwjZ nq| ZvB Ry`vBRg †hLv‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b gZz¨i gva¨‡g Rxeb mdj n‡Z n‡j Bmjv‡gi Hkx mË¡vi Awbe©PbxqZv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wfbœ wKQ Avek¨K wQj|14 13. `ª: GB MÖš’v‡ii ... “Divine Transcedence”........p. 22. 14. `ª: GB MÖš’v‡ii ... “On the Nature of the Work of Art in Islam”. … … … … y z 210 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© „ y … GLb GB P¨v‡j‡Äi †gvKv‡ejvy Kivi Rb¨ gmwjg wkíx `Ûvqgvb n‡jb| Zvi Abb¨ mRbkxj Ges †gxwjK mgvavb n‡”Q, †hb, †h †Kvb ev mKj ¯^vZwš¿KiY‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi Rb¨ Ges cwiYv‡g ˆPZb¨ … †_‡K cÖKwZev`‡K wPiZ‡i wbe©vmb †`Iqvi Rb¨ wkíMZ ZiæjZv I dyjy ‡K AšÍ „ nxb cbivewËi gva¨‡g cÖ… Kvk Kiv| ~ cÖKwZ ewnf©Z †Kvb welq GKBfv‡e evi evi cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv A-cÖKwZZ¡‡KB cÖKvk K‡i| Gi Dc‡i hw`… wkíx y A-cÖ „ KZ cbivewËi gva¨‡g m›`i ZvwË¡Kfv‡e AmxgZv I Awbe©PbxqZv cÖKvk Ki‡Z m¶g nq, †Zgb Ae¯’vq cwiYv‡g Zv n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i GB mv‡¶¨i mgv_©K jv-Bjvnv Bjøvjøvn, hv D”PvwiZ nq kvwãK Ges AcÖvmw½Kfv‡e| KviY †h Awbe©PbxqZv Ges AmxgZv ˆkwíK cÖwZdj‡bi DcKiY Zv‡Z G¸‡jv … †h A- cÖKwZi ¸Yvejx Zvi Bw½Z †g‡j| ZvB Bmjvgx y gb GB Abaveb K‡i †h, †m‡gwUK ˆPZ‡b¨i Avw` †cÖ „ iYvi m‡½, y `k¨wk‡íi mvh‡R¨i GKwU cš’v i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLv‡b cÖavb …evav n‡”Q, cÖKwZi †Kvb e¯‘ h‡Zv ˆkwíK iƒcB Zv‡K †`Iqv nDK, wK K‡i Zv AmxgZv I Awbe©PbxqZv cÖKv‡ki evnb n‡Z cv‡i? 1. Avie ˆPZb¨: Bmjv‡gi HwZnvwmK wfwËg~j GKwU mgvavb jv‡fi Rb¨ Bmjvgx †PZbvKviY †bq Zvi wb‡Ri HwZnvwmK wfwËg~j, Z_v Avie ˆPZ‡b¨i Dci| BnvB †mB HwZnvwmK welq hv Hkx cÖZ¨v‡`k AewnZ K‡i Ges Zvi msNU‡bi Rb¨ Sit-zim-Leben iƒ‡c e¨envi K‡i‡Q| Hkx mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki gva¨g I evnbiƒ‡c GB †PZbvB g~Z©iƒc jvf K‡i nhiZ †gvnv¤§‡`i (mv.) g‡a¨, whwb GB cÖZ¨v‡`k jvf K‡ib Ges †`kKv‡ji gvbeRvwZi Kv‡Q Zv cÖPvi K‡ib beyq¨‡Zi gva¨‡g| ~ Bmjv‡gi c‡e© fvlv Ges †jLb wk‡í Gi AR© … b wQ‡jv cÖKZB GKwU A‡jŠwKK e¨vcvi Ges G welqwUB bZzb cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki aib ev c×wZ wba©viY K‡i Zv n‡e mvwn‡Z¨i c~Y©Zv, KviY GB cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki Rb¨ Zv wQ‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Ges Zv en‡bi ¶Zvm¤úbœ| Avie ˆPZ‡b¨i cÖ_g nvwZqvi Ges Zvi mKj K¨v‡UMwii Aeqe n‡”Q Aviex fvlv| g~jZ Aviex fvlv n‡”Q wZbwU g~j e¨Äb avZzg~j wb‡q MwVZ, hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wZbk‡ZiI AwaK iƒ‡c avZziƒc m¤¢ve¨ ev‡P¨ cwieZ©b K‡i DcmM©, AbymM© ev ga¨mM© †hvM K‡i| †h kãiƒcB MVb Kiv nDK bv †Kb, †h mKj k‡ãi GKB avZziƒc i‡q‡Q †m mK‡ji GKB cÖKviZ¡ A_©~ i‡q‡Q, avZzg‡ji wfbœZv m‡Z¡I, avZzi A_© GKB †_‡K hvq, wKš‘ y Zvi m‡½ h³ nq Ab¨ GKwU cÖKvivZ¡K A_©, avZziƒ‡ci gva¨‡g Zv †h A_©©wU jvf K‡i Ges mKj mgq, me©Î hv GKB _v‡K|15 ZLb fvlvi GKwU †hŠw³K KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq hv cÖ_‡gB my¯úó, m¤ú~Y© Ges 15. †h †Kvb e¨vKiYg~jK cvV ‚ Abymv‡i GB fwgKv cÖvq mKj †m‡gwUK fvlvi †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| avZzg~‡j¨i wÎ-e¨Äbg~jK KvVv‡gv †m‡gwUK fvlvZ‡Ë¡i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 211 †evaMg¨| GB KvVv‡gvwU eyS‡Z cvi‡jB †h †Kvb e¨w³ fvlvcwÐZ n‡q I‡V, hLb avZzg‡ji A_© m¤ú‡K©~ Ávb n‡q D‡V †MŠYI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mvwnZ¨-wkí wbwnZ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ aviYvi GKwU c×wZ wbg©v‡Y, †h aviYv¸‡jv Gfv‡e ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z †h Zv‡Z K‡i avZz¸‡jvi KbR‡Mk‡bi gva¨‡gy mv`k¨ I ˆecixZ¡ „ ¯úó n‡q I‡V| hLb †eva kw³i c‡¶ m¤¢e nq RwUjZvi ga¨ w`‡q wbiew”Qbœ Af½yi †iLvq AMÖmi nIqv GKwU Giv‡e· wk‡í, hvi g‡a¨ wÎfyR, eM©‡¶Î, eË, cÂfyR, AófyR BZ¨vw` nvRv‡iv iƒc meB wfbœ e‡Y© wewPÎ Ges G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ evovevwo K‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv †PvL‡K Sj&‡m †`q, wKš‘ gb‡K bqÑ cÖ‡Z¨KwU wdMvi‡K Zvi ¯^iƒ‡c wPb‡Z †c‡i eY© wePiY Ki‡Z cv‡i GKwU cÂfyR †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU cÂf‡R, Zv‡`i e‡Y©y i ˆewPΨ m‡Z¡I Ges wkíKg©wUi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ G‡Mv‡Z cv‡iÑ cÖ‡Z¨K weiwZi ¯’v‡bB wKQz Avb‡›`i AwfÁZv wb‡q, GKBiƒc AvKzwZRvZ mv`k¨ I mvgÄm¨ „ cÖZ¨¶ K‡iÑ A_©vr avZzg‡ji wewfbœ A_© cÖKv‡ki GKBiƒc aib Ges †Lv` kãg~j¸‡jv KZ©K mó ˆecixZ¡„ Abyaveb K‡i| … MVb K‡i| Aviex KweZv ¯^Zš¿, Aviex fvlvi MVbg~jK cÖKwZ Zvi KweZv‡KI m¤ú~Y© Ges ¯^vaxb †køvK wb‡q MwVZ, hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKB Ges Awfbœ Q›`iƒ‡ci Awfbœ iƒcvqY| Aviex Kve¨ HwZ‡n¨ mycwiwPZ wÎkwU c¨vUv‡Y©i g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKwU‡K †e‡Q †bevi ¯^vaxbZv Kwei Av‡Q| wKš‘ GKevi wbe©vP‡bi ci †MvUv KweZvwUi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AskB GB c¨vUv‡Y©i m‡½ mvg¨Äm¨c~Y© n‡Z n‡e| Aviex KweZv kÖeY Ges Dc‡fv‡Mi Zvrch©B n‡”Q GB c¨vUv‡Y©i m‡½ Dcjwä; KweZv AvewZi m‡½ m‡½ „ KweZvi †kÖvZv I mgR`vi Gi Q›` cÖev‡ni m‡½ AMÖmi nq Ges GB c¨vUvY© hv cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Q Zv cÖZ¨vkv I MÖnY K‡i| Aek¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †køv‡K kã aviYv Ges Abyf~wZ wbg©vY c„_K c„_K| G‡Z K‡iB is‡qi ˆewPÎ d‡U I‡V, wKš‘ Zvi KvVv‡gvMZ iƒc AvMv‡Mvovq GK| Aviex fvlv I Aviex KweZvi GB eywbqvw` R¨vwgwZi e‡`Šj‡Z Avie ˆPZb¨ wØivqZ‡bi ch©v‡q Ab‡šÍi aviYv Dcjwä Ki‡Z m½g nq| avZz g~j¸‡jv eû, ejv hvq AbšÍ, †Kbbv wZbwU ¯^ie‡Y©i †h †Kvb bZzb m‡¤§j‡bi cÖwZ cÖ_vMZfv‡e †h †Kvb A_© Av‡ivc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Aviexq ˆPZb¨ we‡`kx avZzg~j‡K AwePwjZ ˆ¯’‡h©i m‡½ MÖnY K‡i Ges GRb¨ we‡`kx kãg~jwU‡K Aviexq iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©i K‡i Zvi wbR¯^ avZziƒ‡ci KviLvbvi Dci| Zv‡`i msL¨vi AbšÍ ~ i‡q‡Q mxwgZ msL¨K Zvi gZB Zv‡`i avZzg~jI AbšÍ, avZzg‡ji cwiwPZ, c¨vUvY© kãg‡jiB avZziƒc ~ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡`i avZziƒc¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ I‡qeóvi wKsev A·‡dv‡W©i gZ Aviex fvlvi GKwU Awfavb, hv‡Z mKj kã msKwjZ Ges ZvwjKve× n‡e Zv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e, KviY Kvj cig ~ nqwb| avZzg‡ji ZvwjKv KL‡bv ~ civµ‡g cwiwPZ mKj kãg‡ji avZziƒc Kiv „ „ ~ z 212 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© eÜ Kiv nqwb| avZziƒ‡ci me KqwU aib ev iƒc e¨eüZ nqwb, Ges ai‡bi ZvwjKvI mgvß nqwb| HwZn¨ m‡PZb‡eva Øviv bZzb ai‡bi m¤¢vebv A¯^xKvi K‡ibv| Z‡e Zviv †mB cÖwZfvi A‡c¶vq _v‡Kb †h †hŠw³KZv cÖgvY Ges wb‡Ri myweavi LvwZ‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| ZvB Aviex fvlv Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Aviexq cÖev‡ni gZB Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv †K›`ª¯’‡j D¾¡j (HwZn¨ †nZz), wKš‘ wKbv‡ii w`‡K A¯úó, hv mKj w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o AwbwðZfv‡e|16 „ „ „ … Gevi KweZvi K_vq Avmv hvK| †køvK¸‡jvi Q›`iƒc KweZvi Aeqi MVb K‡i e‡j †Kv‡bv KweZvi †køvK¸‡jvi Rb¨ Riæix bqÑ Kwe †h aviYvq †m¸‡jv iPbv K‡i‡Qb †mB µg Abymv‡i †m¸‡jv cvV Kiv, ev Ab¨ †Kvb wbqg Abymv‡i| KweZvwU ïiæ †_‡KB mgvwßi w`‡K cvV Kiv nDK wKsev mgvwß †_‡K ïiæi w`‡K AvewË Kiv nDK, KweZvwU eiveiB GKB iKg gvayh© eRvq iv‡L, KviY Kwe cÖ‡Z¨KwU †køv‡Ki m‡½ Zvi c¨vUv‡Y©i ga¨ w`‡q Avgv‡`i‡K wb‡q †M‡Qb| cybivewˇZ Avgiv Avbw›`Z nB, KviY Zv‡Z K‡i Avgv‡`i BbUzBwUf ¶gZv ¯^xKZ nq, A_© Ges †eva KvVv‡gvi ev¯ÍeZvi ˆewPÎ †_‡K Avgiv hv cÖZ¨vkv K‡iwQjvg Zv cÖZ¨vkv I Dcwjä Ki‡Z cvwi| ZvB msÁv Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv Aviex KweZvB m¤ú~Y© Ges e›`x bq Ges †Kvb A‡_©B cwic~Y© bq, hv‡Z K‡i g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i KweZviz m‡½ †Kvb wKQ †hvM ev wbiew”QbœZv e¨vnZ n‡Z z ev Ggb wKQ aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ej‡Z wK, Aviex KweZv‡K Dfq w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q AMÖmi nIqv m¤¢e, Zvi ïiæ‡Z Ges Zvi A‡šÍ| Zvi †mŠ›`h©‡K we›`ygvÎ ¶zbœ bv K‡i †Kvb „ gvbyl KZ©K, e¨w³MZ iPbv‰kjxi Øviv bv n‡jI KweZvwUi iPwqZvi Øviv †Zv e‡UB| e¯‘Z Avgiv hw` DËg †kÖvZv nB, Zvn‡j GK_v a‡i †bqv n‡e †h, Avgiv Kwei m‡½„ Zvi KweZv mwó‡Z m~Pbv‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡ev| †hgbwU Kiv nq GKwU RxešÍ Awfbq, Ges wØZxqZ Avgiv Zvi KweZv AbymiY Ki‡ev Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`iB wnZv‡_©, †Kbbv „ Zvi AvewË †h MwZ mÂvi K‡i‡Q Zvi Øviv Avgv‡`i‡K e›`x K‡i‡Q Ges Avgv‡`i‡K Gi wbR¯^ Amxg Kvwe¨K cwigÛ‡j wb‡¶c K‡i‡Q| Avie RM‡Z GKRb Kwei Rb¨ G †Kvb A¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi bq, hLb Kwe gnr †kÖvZv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †mB †kÖvZv‡`i †gŠwLK mvnvh¨ jvf K‡ib, Zvi KweZvi ~ KweZv BwZc‡e© KL‡bv wZwb †kv‡bbwb A_ev Zvi KweZvi m‡½ GKB AvewˇZ,†h KweZvi Av‡iv Ask †hvM K‡i, Zvi cÖwZ gšÍe¨ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb|17 16. `ª: GB MÖš’v‡ii cÖeÜ, “Islam and Art.” Studia Islamica fasciculi xxxvii (1973) c„. 93. 17.„ †kÖvZv Ges AvewËKvi ev cwi‡ek‡Ki g‡a¨ GKB ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wµqv cÖwZwµqv n‡”Q †MvUv gymwjg we‡k¦i ga¨hy‡Mi m½xZ I KweZvi †gvmv‡qiv¸‡jvi ˆewkó¨, hv †`Lv hv‡e H Avg‡ji mvwn‡Z¨i cÖqvm (†hgb: Kitab al Aghani by al Isfahani). AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 213 2. Bmjvg cÖ_g wkíKg©: Avj&-KiAvbyj Kixg z GB Avie ˆPZb¨B Bmjv‡gi QuvP Ges eywbqv` wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Bmjvgx cÖZ¨v‡`k Avj&-KziAvbyj Kixg bvwhj nq gnËg wkíKg© wn‡m‡e| †mB ˆPZ‡b¨i ~ f~wZ Av‡m| mKj Av`k© j¶¨ GKB gyn‡~ Z© P‚ovšÍ cwici‡Yi Rb¨ GB Aby †Kvb wKQz hw` wk‡íi `vex iv‡L, KziAvb wbðqB wkí| †Kvb wKQzi Øviv gymwjg „ gb hw` Av‡›`vwjZ I cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K, wbðqB KziAvb KZ©K cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| GB cÖfve hw` †Kv_vI wfwËg~jK Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nevi gZ h‡_ó MfxiZv AR©b K‡i _v‡K, Zv n‡”Q b›`bZvwË¡KZv| Ggb †Kvb gymjgvb †bB KziAv‡bi myi gyQ©bv, Q›` Ges Zvi cÖvÄjZvi wewfbœ ¯Íi, hvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i MfxiZg gg©g~j ch©šÍ bvwo‡q †`qwb| Ggb †Kv‡bv gymjgvb †bB, hvi Av`k© I †mŠ›`‡h©i gvb KziAvb bZzb K‡i M‡owb Ges Zvi wb‡Ri Av‡jv‡K wbg©vY K‡iwb| z BÕRvi e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Q, hvi A_© n‡”Q ¯Íä gymjgvbiv KiAv‡bi GB w`KwU‡K K‡i †`Iqv| ÒBÕRvR cvVK‡K GKwU P¨v‡j‡Äi †gvKv‡ejvq ¯’vcb K‡i, hv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ †m `uvov‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ KL‡bv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z m¶g nqbv|Ó e¯‘Z KziAvb wb‡RB m‡e©v”P mvwnwZ¨K †kÖô‡Z¡i AwaKvix Avie „ Ges Zv‡`i †kÖvZvMY‡K AvnŸvb K‡i‡Q KziAv‡bi gZ wKQz mwó Ki‡Z (2: 23) e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i wZi¯‹vi K‡i‡Q (10: 38, 11: 13, 17: 18)| ivm~jjøvni mgmvgwqK‡`i g‡a¨ Bmjv‡gi KwZcq kÎæ GB P¨v‡j‡Äi †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ `uvwo‡qwQj, Zviv Zv‡`i we‡ivax Ges Zv‡`i Avcb eÜz‡`i wePv‡i AcgvwbZ n‡qwQj|18 †gvnv¤§`‡K (mv.) ejv nj ÒGKRb f~Zvweó gvbyl (18: 22) Ges KziAvb GKwU hv`yi wKZveÓ (21: 53, 25: 4), †Kej gvÎ †kÖvZv‡`i †PZbvi Dci Gi wµqvi Kvi‡Y| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G mZ¨wU eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, hw`I KziAv‡bi AvqvZ¸‡jv KweZvi †Kvb ÁvZ c¨vUv‡Y©i m‡½ Lvc Lvqbv, Zey KweZvi gZ GKB cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i GB me AvqvZ| ej‡Z wK P‚ovšÍ gvÎvq, cÖ‡Z¨KwU AvqvZB m¤ú~Y© Ges wbR¯^ ¸‡YB ~ hvq Ges Zv cig wbLyuZ, cÖvqB Zv c~eeZx© AvqvZ ev AvqvZmg‡ni m½ Q‡›` wg‡j †mŠ›`‡h©i D”PviY ev mvwnwZ¨K Awfe¨w³i g‡a¨ wbwnZ GK ev GKvwaK agx©q ev „ K‡i †h, †kÖvZviv ˆbwZK Zvrch© enb K‡i| Gi AvewË GZ cÖej MwZmÂvi Awbevh©fv‡eB G AvewËi m‡½ AMÖmi„ n‡Z cieZx© AvqvZwU Avkv Ki‡Z Ges Zv kÖe‡Yi ci MfxiZg ¯^xKwZ‡Z †cuŠQv‡Z … eva¨ nq| Gi ci cÖwµqvwU Avevi ïiæ nq cieZx© GKwU, `ywU A_ev wZbwU ev wZ‡bi AwaK GKwU ¸”Q Avqv‡Zi m‡½|19 18. Abd al qaidir al Jurjani, Dalail al I'jaz: (Cairo: Al Matba'ah al Arabiyah 1351 H). 19. Abu al Faraj al Isfahani. Kitab al Aghani (Beirut: Dar al Thaqafah. 1374/ 1955) witnesses to a countless number of such instances. y 214 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© gymwjg Avieiv wK mßg kZ‡K †Kv‡bv wkí wb‡q Avwe©f~Z n‡qwQ‡jv? Zviv wK wewRZ RvwZ¸‡jvi cieZx©Kv‡j weKwkZ wkíKjvq cÖvmw½K †Kvb Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jv? AÁZv ev we‡Øq e‡k Ges cÖvqB GZ` Df‡qi `ytLRbK mswgj‡b, Bmjvgx wk‡íi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cvðvZ¨ BwZnvmwe` Reve w`‡q‡Qb, ÔbvÕ| GB kv‡¯¿i wcZvgn †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, ÒcÖ_g †hme †jvK wb‡q GB me †mbvevwnbx MwVZ nq (Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Aviexq †mbvevwnbx) Zviv wQ‡jv gyL¨Z †e`yBb, GgbwK hviv ¯’vqx emwZ †_‡K Av‡m, †hgb g°v I g`xbv †_‡K AvMZ †jv‡KivI ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi wKQzB Rvb‡Zvbv|Ó20 ZiæYZi cÖRšÍ AšÍnxbfv‡e evi evi GK_vB e‡j Ògymwjg wkíKjv Zvi Avie AZxZ †_‡K ej‡Z †M‡j wKQzB AR©b K‡iwb|Ó21 mZ¨ Zv‡`i GB me Awf‡hv‡Mi KZ wecixZ| †MvUv Bmjvgx wkíKjvB AwR©Z nq Avie AZxZ †_‡KÑ hv wKQz MVbg~jK Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©vr †m m‡ei gg©evYx, wbqgKvbyb Ges c×wZ, G m‡ei j¶¨ I j¶¨ AR©‡bi cš’v, mg¯Í wKQzB wbðqB `k¨ †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z Bmjvgx wkíKjvi cÖqv‡mi Rb¨ Avek¨K wQ‡jv DcKi‡Yi Ges welqe¯‘i Ges †hLv‡b G¸‡jv †c‡q‡Q Bmjvgx wkíKjv †mLvb †_‡K G¸‡jv wb‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wk‡íi A_© I Zvrch©, Zvi BwZnvm I Z‡_¨i †h †Kvb Av‡jvPbvq G¸‡jv‡K FY e‡j D‡jøL Kiv iwPweiæ×fv‡e AMfxi| GKwU wkíKg© wkí n‡q D‡V Zvi ˆkjx, Zvi Dcv`vb Ges Zv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡gÑ †m †h me DcKiY e¨envi K‡i, hv cÖvq mKj †¶‡ÎB †fŠ‡MvwjK A_ev mvgvwRK AvKw¯§KZv †_‡K AwR©Z| Avie †PZbvq Bmjv‡gi gva¨‡g GB wfwËi Kvi‡Y Bmjvgx wkíKjv GKwU HK¨| Avie ˆPZ‡b¨i ixwZcÖYvjx¸‡jvi ØvivB mKj gym„ jgv‡bi wkímwó wba©vwiZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K|22 „ „ y … … L. `k¨wk‡íi b›`bZvwË¡K iƒc cvðvZ¨ `„wówbf©i wkíKjv ~ cÖvq m¤úY©fv‡eB wbf©i K‡i … gvbe cÖKwZi DciÑ „ gvb‡li~ cÖwZKwZ, f-wPÎ, w¯’i Rxeb, GgbwK weg~oZ¡, b·v ev b·vnxbZvi gva¨‡g, †hfv‡eB cÖKvwkZ nDK| „ Bmjvgx `k¨wk‡íi AvMÖn wQjbv gvbe cÖKwZ‡Z, eis Zvi AvMÖn… wQj Hkx cÖKwZ‡Z| †h‡nZz … gvbe cÖKwZi bZzb bZzb w`K cÖKvk Kiv Gi j¶¨ wQ‡jvbv, GRb¨ G wkí b›`bZvwË¡Kfv‡e wdMvi ev cÖwZKwZi Av‡jvPbv K‡iwb, A_© … vr gvbe cÖKwZi †h AmsL¨ ˆewPÎc~Y© iƒcvqY N‡U Zv wPwÎZ K‡iwb| gvbe y PwiÎ hv gvb‡li cÖvKwm× Ggb GKwU aviYv, †h aviYvq 20. K.A.C. Creswell. Early Muslim Architecture (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 19321940) vol. c„. 40. 21. `ª: Richard Ethinghusen. "The Character of Islamic Art "The Arab Heritage ed. N.A. Fais (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1944) c„. 251-67 22. `ª: Al Faruqi “Urubah and Religion” p. 211. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 215 gvbyl‡K j¶ j¶ LyuwUbvwUiƒ‡c we‡kølY Kiv hvq e‡j a‡i †bqv nq, †h me y GKwU MfxiZv ev D”PZv D`&NvwUZ nq, GmeB LyuwUbvwU‡Z gvb‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i Ab¨ wKš‘ gymwjg wkíxi j¶¨e¯‘ wQjbv| Hkx mË¡v n‡”Q Zvi cÖ_g †cÖg Ges Zvi †kl AvweóZvi welq| Zvi Rb¨ Hkx mË¡vi m¤§‡L `uvov‡bv n‡”Qy Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Ges mg¯Í gnZ¡ †mŠ›`‡h©i kxl©we›`y| GB j‡¶¨ gymjgvbiv wb‡R‡`i Pvicv‡k Ro K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aej¤^b Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU DÏxcK hv †mB Hkx Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dcw¯’wZi m¤ú‡K© BwZnv‡m mnvqZv K‡i| … cÖKwZZ¡ †_‡K g³… Kiv nq, y cÖ_‡g, ˆkjxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKwZ‡K †h‡nZz Zvi †mRb¨ cÖ_g w`‡Ki Avie gymjgvbiv †mB DcvqwU‡K Zvi Awbevh© cwiYwZi w`‡K wb‡q hvb| AwaKš‘ ˆkjxKi‡Yi A_© n‡”Q ˆewPÎ ev cwieZ©b‡K A¯^xKvi KivÑ KvÛ †_‡K kvLv cÖkvLv cÎcjøe ch©šÍ weKvk mvab, †hgbwU N‡U _v‡K Dw™¢` RM‡Z, AsKb wk‡íi AvMv‡Mvov KvÛ Ges kvLvi MvpZ¡ n‡q D‡V GK, Awfbœ Ges AvKvi A_ev iƒc n‡q D‡V GKB| cwieZ©‡bi Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡YI µgweKvk evwZj n‡q hvq| GKB wP‡Îi g‡a¨ mKj cÎ cjøe Ges dzj cvq GKB iƒc| cwi‡k‡l cÖKwZev‡`i cÖwZ g… Zz¨ AvNvZ n‡”Q„ cybivewË| ešÍ, Ges dz„ j evi„ evi AsKb K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv GKwU AciwU †_‡K AšÍnxb ch©v‡q Ggbf‡e wbM©Z … avivYv‡KB g‡Q †`Iqv nq|y †`wL‡q hv cÖKwZ‡Z Am¤¢e, cÖ… KwZ m¤ú‡K© mKj „ Ges AåvšÍfv‡e GB cwiYwZ NUvq †h, Zv Avcb cybivewË GZ wbwðZfv‡e kÎæ‡KI ch©šÍ m‡q hvqÑ A_©vr weKvkiƒc Zvi Avcb kÎæ‡KI †m ei`v¯Í K‡iÑ Aek¨ hw` GKwU wkí K‡g©i As‡k Zvi weKvk N‡U I Zvi cybivewË N‡U mgMÖ „ wkíKg©wUi g‡a¨| Gfv‡e ˆPZb¨ †_‡K cÖKwZ‡K wbg~©j Kiv… nq Ges Zv cÖKwZ‡K wPwÎZ Kiv nq| hw` `k©‡Ki ˆPZ‡b¨ ešÍ cÎcjøe Ges„ dzj ZL‡bv cÖKwZi †Kv‡bv … wPý ev Ae‡kl †i‡L †`q, †m Ae¯’vq mKj fMœ, eËvKvi †dvqvivi„ gZ DrmvwiZ ev eswKg †iLv hv d«xjvÝ, b·v ev R¨vwgwZK wdMv‡i e¨eüZ nq, Zvn‡j G … ešÍ, cvZv, dzj„ KvRwU m¤úbœ n‡e m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e DrKóZiiƒ‡c| GwU‡K DcKi‡Yi m‡½ h³ K‡i `k©K‡Ky DwÏó (R¨vwgwZKZv Ges Zvi cÖvK…wZKZvi) „ i wbqš¿‡Y ivLv nq, hv‡Z K‡i w`KwU Zz‡j a‡i cwi‡k‡l cybivewˇK hw` wm‡gwUª Zv GKB `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L mKj w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i, †m Ae¯’vq wkíKg©wU „ GB AbšÍ‡¶‡Îi GKwU g‡g©i w`K w`‡q nq GKwU AbšÍ `wó‡¶Î| NUbvµ‡g „ A_ev AskB gvÎ wkíx wb‡Ri †Lqvj gZ †e‡Q †bq Ges côv, cÖvPxi, c¨v‡bj y e w`KwU K¨vbfv‡mi ev¯Íe †d«‡g Zv‡K mxwgZ K‡i, †hLv‡b gvb‡li wdMv‡ii RvšÍ … Zy e¨eüZ nq, †hgb †`Lv hvq Biv‡bi wgwb‡qPv‡i; †mLv‡b cÖKwZg³ Ae¯’v AwR© „ ‡li gyLgÛj Ges y kixi‡K †Kvb wewkó nq cÖvYxwUi ˆkjxiƒc mwó K‡i, Ges gvb z gvbyl Aiƒc, PwiÎ Ges e¨w³Z¡ Ac©Y bv K‡i| GKwU d‡ji gZB GKRb cÖKwZ‡K cÖwZdwjZ… Ki‡Z cv‡i ˆkjxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wKš‘ Avm‡j BnvB‡Zv … 216 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© e¨w³Z¡ I Pwi‡Îi we‡gvPb| GKvi‡YB, cvi‡m¨i gnËg wgwb‡qPvi¸‡jv‡Z me _v‡K y GKvwaK gvb‡li wdMvi| Zv‡`i GKRb‡K AciRb †_‡K ¯úóiƒ‡c wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv|23 Aviex KweZvi gZB wgwb‡qPvi¸‡jv wPwÎZ nq A‡bK¸‡jv Ask wb‡q, hviv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ, hv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB wbR¯^ GKwU ¯^vaxb †K›`ªwe›`y i‡q‡Q| `k©K †hgb KweZvi b·v ev Q‡K ¯’vwcZ ymvwnwZ¨K gwbg³v¸‡jv wbR ˆPZ‡b¨ cÖZ¨¶ K‡i, Avb‡›`i ¯^v` Dc‡fvM K‡i, GKBfv‡e `k©K MvwjPvq, `iRv, cÖvPxi, †Nvovi y wRb, gvb‡li cvMwo ev †cvkvK BZ¨vw`‡Z wgwb‡qPv‡ii GKwU wbw`©ó †K‡›`ª, ¶z`ª ¶z`ª jZvcvZvi e„‡šÍ wkí¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i Ges ZLb Zv‡`i g‡b GB cÖZ¨vk¨vI _v‡K †h, AviI me AbšÍ †K›`ª i‡q‡Q hvi w`‡K †m AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i|24 … „ Bmjvgx wkíK‡g©i mKj AsKb Ges AjsKi‡Y cÖkœvZxZfv‡e i‡q‡Q MwZcÖKwZc‡¶ †h MwZ Awbevh© GKwU b·vi GK BDwbU †_‡K Ab¨ BDwb‡Ui w`‡K Ges c‡i GK b·v †_‡K Ab¨ b·vq Ges Avm‡j, „ GKwU `wó‡¶Î †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU `„w󇶇Îi w`‡K, †hgbwU Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB eo eo cÖvmv‡`i wekvj †Zvi‡Y, m¤§yL fv‡M A_ev cÖvPxi¸‡jv‡Z| wKš‘ Ggb †Kvb Bmjvgx wkí Kg©B †bB †hLv‡b MwZ P‚o„ všÍ| `k©‡Ki `wó †h Pjgvb _v‡K ZvB g~j K_v| `k©‡Ki gb MwZkxj n‡q D‡V AbšÍ‡K cÖZ¨¶ Kivi mÜv‡b| fi, AvqZb, ¯’vb, †eówb, †mŠ›`h©, mvgÄm¨, †Ubkb GmeB … n‡”Q cÖKwZi ev¯ÍeZv, †h¸‡jv‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e … hw` A-cÖKwZi Dcjwä AR©b Ki‡Z nq ¯^Ávi mvnv‡h¨| †KejgvÎ †Zgb GKwU b·vB, †Zgb GKwU †gv‡g›Uvg-mªóv c¨vUvY©B gymwjg †mŠ›`h©†cÖwgK‡K wN‡i _v‡KÑ mKj w`‡K AbšÍ c„w_ex‡Z Qvwo‡q nq| G‡Z K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ mwó nq GKwU a¨vbx †gRvR hv zHkx mË¡vi BbUBk‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨K| †Kej GKwU eB‡qi cÖ”Q‡`i wWRvBb bq, †h „ Av‡jvwKZ côvwU †m co‡Q Zvi cv‡qi wb‡Pi MvwyjPv, Zvi evoxi wmwjs Gi m¤§yL fvM, wfZi I evB‡ii cÖvPxi¸‡jvB †Kej bq, evoxwUi †g‡Si cwiKíbvI Ggb GKwU Giv‡e· ˆZix K‡i, †hLv‡b evwMPv, evoxi DVvb, cÖ‡ek K¶ Ges cÖwZwU K¶B GKwU ¯^Zš¿ †K›`ª, jZvcvZvi wbR¯^ wkíiƒc m‡gZ hv Zvi „ wbR¯^ MwZ mwó K‡i| wKš‘ Giv‡e· wK? Avgiv Dc‡i GB cwifvlvwU e¨envi K‡iwQ GK_v a‡i wb‡q †h cvVK G m¤ú‡K© Ávb iv‡Lb| h_v_©fv‡eB GaviYv K‡iwQ, KviY Ab¨ †h †Kvb wkíKg© †_‡K Giv‡e·‡K gyn‡~ Z© c„_K K‡i †Pbv hvq| mKj gymwjg †`‡k GB wkíiƒcwU me©e¨vcx, GwU mKj Bmjvgx wkíK‡g©i GKwU mywbw`©ó ˆewkó¨ ev 23. T.W. Arnold, Painting in Islam (Oxford: the Clarendon Press, 1928) c,. t. 133. 24. Sturt Cary Welch, A Kings: The Shah–Nameh of Shah Tahmasp (New York: Metropoliton Museam of Art, 1972). c„. 30. AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 217 Dcv`vb| h_vh_B G‡K ejv nq Giv‡e·, †Kbbv Aviex Kve¨ Ges Aviex KziAv‡bi gZB GwU Aviexq, Zvi bv›`wbKZvi w`K w`‡q| Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †h †Kvb ‚ cwi‡ek‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Bmjvgx Ave‡n, GB ˆewkó¨wUB PovšÍ iK‡g wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi wkíK‡g© `vb K‡i GKwU HK¨| GwU m‡½ m‡½ †Pbv hvq Ges Avm‡j G‡Z fyj nevi †Kvb m¤¢vebv †bB| g~jZ GwU A‡bK¸‡jv BDwbU ev wdMv‡ii mgš^‡q iwPZ hv GK‡Î wgwjZ nq Ges Ggwb aviv ci¯úi RovRwo K‡i, hvi y d‡j GKwU wdMvi ev BDwbU †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU BDwb‡Ui Awfg‡L AMÖmi nq mKj w`‡K, hZ¶Y bv wkíKg©wU‡K Zvi ev¯Íe wKbvi †_‡K wKbvi ch©šÍ AwZµg K‡i „ Aek¨B m¤ú~Y© Ges ¯^Zš¿, wKš‘ Zv cieZx© wdMvi †M‡Q `wó| wdMvi ev BDwbUwU ev BDwb‡Ui m‡½ h³, `wó eva¨ nqy AMÖm„ i n‡Z GKwU wdMv‡ii AvDUjvBb Ges b·v AbymiY K‡i cieZx© wdMviwUi iƒc‡iLv Ges b·vi AbymÜv‡b| G‡ZB mwó nq Q›`| GB MwZwU gš’i n‡Z cv‡i hZB wdMvi¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K n‡e AwaKZi wew”Qbœ| hvB nDK, wdMvi¸‡jv hZB AwaKZi wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z n‡e „ N~Y©vqgvbZv Ges fMœZvi hvi d‡j MwZ, hwZ Ges Q›` mwó nq Ges †iLv¸‡jvi Øviv hZB MwZ evavMÖ¯’ nq ZZB †ekx kw³ mÂvwiZ nq Giv‡e· Gi MwZ‡e‡M| MwZ‡eM hZ evo‡e ZZB g‡bi Rb¨ mnR n‡e hyw³wPšÍvi Rb¥ w`‡Z, hv‡Z K‡i wkíK‡g©i mxgv Qvwo‡q Kíbvq Svc w`‡Z cv‡i, gb hv Pvq Zv mwói cÖqv‡m| GB„ cÖwµqvi Rb¨ cybive„wË Avek¨K| GKvi‡Y †h‡Kvb wkíK‡g© wfbœ wfbœ iKg A‡bK¸‡jv Giv‡e· Gi KvR _v‡K hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †X‡K †`q GKwU KvVv‡gvMZ Ask| D‡Ïk¨wU my¯úó: Gi DwÏó DÇq‡bi Dci Kíbvi Dr‡¶cY| GwU NU‡Z cv‡i wØZxq, ZZxq A_ev `kg… Giv‡e·-G, hw` Zv bv Av‡m cÖ_gwUi m‡½| Giv‡e·¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K jZvcvZv dzjgq ev R¨vwgwZK,, wkí gva¨g, wn‡m‡e „ Ki‡jv (Avj-ZvIwiK) A_ev †h R¨vwgwZK †m¸‡jv †h ešÍ, cÎ, dzj e¨envi emg (wdMvi) e¨envi Ki‡jv, Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i| R¨vwgwZK wdMviwU n‡Z cv‡i LvZ (ˆiwLK), mr, hw` Zv mij Ges fMœ †iLv e¨envi K‡i A_ev Zv n‡Z cv‡i eswKg (ivgx) hw` Zv e¨envi K‡i eû‡Kw›`ªK eµ‡iLv| G mg¯ÍiB m‡¤§jb NU‡Z cv‡i Ges ZLb Zv‡K ejv ni evL&fx| Giv‡e·¸‡jv n‡e cøvbvi ev mgZwjK, hw` †m¸‡jvi _v‡K `yB AvqZb, †hgbwU Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB cÖvPxi, y côvi mKj `iRv, wmwjs, AvmevecÎ Kvco, MvwjPv, c¯Í‡Ki gjvU Ges AjsKi‡Yi g‡a¨| G¸‡jv ¯’vb welqK A_ev wÎgvwÎK n‡Z cv‡i hv wbwg©Z nq ¯Í¤¢, †ZviY Ges M¤^‡Ri cuvR‡ii ymvnv‡h¨| GB iƒcwU n‡”Q gvMwie Ges Av›`vjywmqvi ¯’vc‡Z¨i GKwU we‡kl ˆewkó¨ hvi P‚ovšÍ `„óvšÍ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB K‡W©vfvi gnvb gmwR‡` Ges MÖvbvWvi Avjnvgiv cÖvmv‡`| Avjnvgiv‡Z `„k¨gvb †Zvi‡Yi Dci ¯’vwcZ ci¯úi RovRwo Kiv eû †ZviY Øviv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q GKwU m¤ú~Y© M¤^yR hv †KejgvÎ DÏxß KíbvB cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡`i MwZc_ „ „ 218 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© y AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b MwZ‡eMwU GgbB cÖPÛ †h Q‡›`i m‡½ AMÖmi n‡Z B”QzK †h †Kvb e¨w³‡K Zv cwiPvwjZ I wb‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i Ab‡šÍi mivmwi Dcjwäi w`‡K| GKwU cÖKvÛ gmwR‡`i gnr m¤§yLfvM, GKUv wekvj cÖvPx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡¶i c¨v‡bj, `iRvi †h nvZ‡ji „ Dci `wó ûgwo †L‡q c‡o, GKwU c¯Í‡Ki côvq GKwU wgwb‡qPvi, GKwU MvwjPvi b·v A_ev Avcb Kvco †Pvco ev †eë wKsev †e‡ëi evKj meB gymwj‡gi Kv‡Q †NvlYv K‡i, jv-Bjvnv Bjøvjøvn, †Kbbv … †m „ A-cÖKZ ev mwó‡K Qvwo‡q hvIqv A‡jŠwKK RM‡Zi AmxgZv I Awbe©PbxqZv cÖZ¨¶ K‡i Gm‡ei gva¨‡g|25 „ M. Aviwe K¨vwjMÖvwd: AwZ›`ªxq Dcjwä ev ˆPZb¨ gymwjg ˆPZb¨ Bw›`ªqvZxZ Hkx mË¡v wb‡q GZUvB Avweó †h, gymwjg Dcjwä †P‡q‡Q me©ÎB Zvi cÖKvk †`L‡Z Ges Hkx Dcw¯’wZ †NvlYv Kivi cš’v I Dcvq Lyu‡R evi Kivi Rb¨ GB ˆPZb¨ GZUvB e¨MÖ wQj †h, GB K‡i cig fve D”Qv‡mi m‡½ Ggb GKwU c¨vUvY© wbg©vY hv gvbeRvwZi AwfÁZvq Av‡M KL‡bv N‡Uwb| Ggb wK `k¨ wkíK‡g©i †¶‡Î Gi cÖwZfvi Rb¨ Giv‡e·-Gi AbšÍ ˆewPÎI h‡_ó wQ‡jvbv| G cÖwZfv cÖ‡Z¨KwU wPšÍbxq wkí cÖqv‡mi welq‡K e¨envi K‡i‡Q, Ggb GKwU `c©‡Y iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i‡Q hv‡Z Gi gg© cÖwZwew¤^Z nq| GwU ZLb ch©šÍ A‡c¶v KiwQ‡jv Av‡iv GKwU AwaKZi P‚ovšÍ weR‡qi Rb¨| „ „ „ … cÖvK-BmjvwgK BwZnvm, mvwnwZ¨K M`¨ Ges KweZvq k‡ãi †mŠ›`h© ev bv›`wbKZv m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ wQj| hw`I Gi aviYv Bmjv‡gi Avwef©veKv‡j, Avie‡`i Abyiƒc Ab¨ Kv‡iv nv‡Z ZZUzKz weKwkZ y wQjbv, Ze †g‡mvc‡Uwgq Ges wneªæMY, MÖxK Ges †ivgvbMY Ges wn›`yiv k‡ãi bv›`wbKZvi mxgvšÍ‡K hZ`yi cÖmvwiZ K‡iwQj, Zv mvgvb¨ welq wQjbv| wjLb wkí wQj~ Acwic°, ¯’j„ Ges mviv cw_ex‡Z †mŠ›`‡h©i wePv‡i AbvKl©Yxq Ges GL‡bv cÖvq me©‡¶‡Î GKB Ae¯’v we`¨gvb| fviZ, evBRvbwUqvb Ges wLª÷vb cÖZx‡P¨ †jLb c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Gi h‡_vwPZ K¨vcvwmwU Abyhvqx, A_©vr †hŠw³K cÖZxK wn‡m‡e| wLª÷vb I wn›`ya‡g©i `k¨ (cÖwZKwZ g~jK) wk‡íi cÖKvk KwíZ n‡q‡Q wjL‡bi gva¨‡g, A_©vr evwÃZ LÐ LÐ aviYv‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ k‡ãi †hŠw³K cÖZxKZvi mvnv‡h¨ Zv e¨³ n‡q‡Q| `k¨wkí‡K D×vi Kivi Rb¨ AmsjMœ welqvšÍiMvgx wPšÍvi mvnv‡h¨i „ aviYvwU‡K `wóMÖvn¨fv‡e cÖKvk cÖ‡qvRb †bB, hw` bv †mB wkí evwÃZ cÖvKwm× Kivi Rb¨ A¶g nq| G‡cv‡jv Ges G‡d«vw`‡Zi Rb¨ Gai‡bi †Kvb Aej¤^‡bi cÖ‡qvRb „ wQ‡jvbv `wóMÖvn¨iƒ‡c, „ †Kej `ówn‡m‡eB Iiv `k©‡Ki Kv‡Q HkxZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q, KviY … gvbe cÖKwZi †mŠ›`h© †_‡KB Ges Bw›`ªq‡K cÖ`Ë PwiÎ †_‡KB 25. †Kv‡bv `„wó Zv‡K cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, wKš‘ wZwb mg¯Í wKQz †`‡Lb| wZwb `qvgq (6: 103)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 219 cÖZ¨¶fv‡e HkxZ¡ ev cÖvKwm× aviYv Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e wQj| wKš‘ evBRvbUvBb ev wn›`ywk‡íi e¨vcv‡i Zv wQ‡jvbv, KviY GB wk‡íi wdMvi¸‡jv Bw½Zgq †Kv‡bv †mŠ›`h© †_‡K ewÂZ wQj, †hLv‡b G¸‡jv‡K †Kej ˆkjxiƒc †`Iqv n‡qwQj| G Kvi‡Y †jLvi AvkÖq †bIqv nq, cÖwZ‡P¨ Ges fviZxq wk‡í Gi f~wgKv wQj m¤ú~Y© AcÖvmw½K, Gi cÖZxKZv wQj m¤ú~Y© †hŠw³K Ges †Kej eyw×MÖvn¨, Aviex A_ev †ivgvb msL¨vi †_‡K hv wfbœ bq| Bmjv‡gi c‡e© Aviex fvlv ~ †h wjwc‡ZB †jLv nDK bv †Kb cÖKZ e¨vcvi wQj … GB Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei m‡½ m‡½ Ges `k¨ wkíK‡g© Bw›`ªqvZxZZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ ewjô D‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j, wjLb wk‡í GKwU bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ nevi cÖZx¶vq wQ‡jv, Bmjvgx cÖwZfv mvd‡j¨i m‡½ †mB P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY K‡i| ~ Aviwe ÔAvjøvnÕ kãwU bvfvwZ eY©gvjv †_‡K DËivwaKvi m‡Î cÖvß bmL ixwZ‡Z (†MvUv †MvUv nv‡Zi †jLvq) wjwLZ nq A_ev wmwiqvK ni‡di gva¨‡g cÖvß AvivgvBK, Kzdx ni‡d (†KŠwYK)| Ab¨ †h †Kvb fvlvi gZB AvMv‡MvovB Gi Zvrch© wQ‡jv ejv hvq, welq †_‡K welqvšÍiMvgx m¤¢eZ Av‡iv †ekx, G Kvi‡Y †h, wbKUcÖv‡P¨i gvbyl¸‡jv K¨vwjMÖvwd ej‡Z hv eySvq †Zgb wKQzi m‡½ cwiwPZB wQjbv| †ivgvbiv K¨vwjMÖvwd‡Z wKQzUv mvg_© AR©b Ki‡jI nid¸‡jvi Zvrch© Av‡Mi g‡Zv D¾¡j, †hŠw³K I AcÖvmw½K i‡q †Mj| Avqvij¨v‡Ûi †KjwUK mb¨vmxiv Book of Kells-Gi g‡Zv Aí KÕwU D™¢vwmZ cvÐzwjwc ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i K¨vwjMÖvwd †ivgvb ¯Íi‡K AwZµg K‡iwb| Zv‡`i A¶i¸‡jv wQj †Mvj †Mvj Ges AjsKi‡Yi gva¨‡g, †mŠ›`h©gwÛZ, wKš‘ Zvi c~Y© Zvrch©wU †hŠw³KB †_‡K hvq| AjsKiY wQj GKwU AwZwi³ e¨vcvi| KviY G‡Z K‡i nid¸‡jvi PwiÎ cwiewZ©Z nqwb Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU nidB GKvKx Ae¯’vb K‡i| `wó GK nid †_‡K Av‡iK ni‡d †cuŠQvq jvd w`‡q Ges †evakw³‡K GKv‡R ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Z nZ, hyw³ Ges ¯§wZ wgwjZ nZ MÖ„ vwdK A¶i¸‡jv‡K kã ev g‡bi aviYvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨| wjwLZ nid, kã, QÎ ev ev‡K¨i †Kv‡bv bv›`wbK BbUzBkb nZbv| µ‡g µ‡g `B †Rbv‡ik‡biy e¨eav‡bi g‡a¨B Bmjvgx wkí „ Zv‡Z ms‡e`bvZ¡K Aviex kã‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡jv GKwU `k¨ wkíK‡g© Ges BbUzBkb‡K Ggb GKwU bv›`wbK A_© `vb K‡i hv AmsjMœ Kg© ¶gZv I †eva‡K †h AmsjMœ A_© `vb K‡i Zv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| Ab¨vb¨ wkíKjvi gZB GB bZzb wkí wQ‡jv Bmjvgx ˆPZ‡b¨i mvgwMÖK j‡¶i Aaxb| Gi`k¨ mvg_©¸‡jvi „ weKvk NUv‡bv nq GKwU Giv‡e· wbg©vY Kivi Rb¨ MÖxK Ges j¨vwUb eY©gvjvi gZB bvevwZ Ges wmixq eY©gvjvi nid¸‡jv wQj G‡K Aci †_‡K wew”Qbœ Ges ¯^Zš¿| y K‡i GKwU A¶i cÖZ¨¶ bv Avie wkíx G¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î h³ K‡i †`q, hv‡Z „ ms‡e`bvZ¥K BbUzBk‡bi K‡i `k©‡Ki †PvL GKwU gvÎ `wócv‡Z Ges GKwU „ „ 220 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© „ … mvnv‡h¨ †`L‡Z y †c‡Zv c‡iv kãwU‡K Ges Kvh©Z †MvUv evKaviv ev QÎwU‡K| wØZxqZ Avie wkíx A¶i¸‡jv‡K K‡i bgbxq hv‡Z K‡i †m A¶i¸‡jv‡K cÖmvwiZ, cÖjw¤^Z, msKzwPZ, … bwgZ, we¯ÍZ, †mvRv, euvKv‡bv, wefvRb, MvpKiY µ‡g msKxY© K‡i Avbqb, AskZ ev c~Y©Z ewa©ZKiY, hv Lykx ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| nid n‡q D‡V eske` wkí DcKiY, K¨vwjMÖvdv‡ii †h †Kvb bv›`wbK cwiKíbv ev aviYv‡K aviY I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ hv _v‡K … cÖ¯‘Z| ZZxqZ, Giv‡e· wkíK‡g© Gch©šÍ hv wKQz Ávbjvf n‡q‡Q wkíx Zvi z mg¯Í wKQ‡KB Kv‡R jvMvq dzj I jZvcvZvi wkí iƒcvqY Ges R¨vwgwZK wPÎY, †KejgvÎ †jLb wk‡íi DrKóZi AjsKi‡Yi Rb¨B bq, eis wjLb‡KB Zvi Avcb AwaKv‡i GKwU Giv‡e·-G iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ Aviex wjLb Gfv‡e n‡qy D‡V GKwU g³ Ziw½Z †iLv hv GLv‡b we‡ùviY NUv‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R wb‡RB m¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| wgj †i‡L web¨vm K‡iB „ nDK ev enr cwiev‡i wew¶ßfv‡e Qwo‡qB nDK A¶i ev e‡Y©i bZzb K‡i AwR©Z bgbxqZvi d‡j K¨vwjMÖvdvi‡K wjL‡bi ¶gZv `vb K‡i `ywUi GKwU cš’vq ev Dfq cš’vq| †m †h bv›`wbK cwiKíbvwUi weKvk NUv‡Z Pvq, Zvi Abymi‡Y| cwi‡k‡l †m A¶i ev ni‡di GB gyw³ mvab K‡i, †KejgvÎ Giv‡e· AjsKiY¸‡jv‡K MÖnY Kivi Rb¨B bq, „ eis GKwU enr Giv‡e· wbg©vb Kivi Rb¨ Zvi m‡½ nid‡K wgwk‡q †`q| wkíx GwU m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡jt wjLb †_‡K hv‡Z Ab¨ Giv‡e·wU weKvk jvf K‡i, A_ev †mm‡ei ga¨ †_‡K wjL‡bi weKvk N‡U| A¶‡ii †h… †gŠwjK cÖKwZ A¶i‡K †evaMg¨Zv `vb K‡i Zv iw¶Z nq, Ges Kv‡e¨ Q‡›`i c¨vUvY© Ges mgZj Giv‡e·¸‡jv‡Z MwVZ †h me R¨vwgwZK I z jZvcvZv d‡ji … iƒc I AvKwZ, †evaMg¨ AvKv‡i †m¸‡jv‡K cÖKvk Kivi g‡a¨B mwó n‡Zv Zv‡`i MwZkxjZv| Giv‡e· wn‡m‡e Aviex wjLb AmsjMœ †iv‡ai P‚ovšÍ evnb¯^iƒc A¶i ev †hŠw³K cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i GKwU ms‡e`bvZ¥K wkí DcKi‡Y Ges GKwU bv›`wbK gva¨‡g, hv Rb¥ †`q GKwU Abb¨ bv›`wbK BbUzBk‡bi| gvbweK wkí wn‡m‡eB G wQj Zvi GK weRq, hvi mvnv‡h¨ AmsjMœ hyw³i me©‡kl GjvKv AwZµg K‡i gvbweK wkí‡K mse`bvZ¥K y© Kiv hvq| GwU wQj Bmjv‡gi m‡e©v”P bv›`wbKZvi RM‡Zi y m‡½ g³ I AšÍf³ Ges P‚ovšÍ ˆkwíK weRq| Bmjvg `vex K‡i, Avjøvni evYx ev Kvjvg n‡”Q wPšÍvi w`K w`‡q Zvi wbKUZg aviYv? Zuvi B”Qvi AvïZg cÖKvk; †h‡n‡Zz Bw›`ªqvZxZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y wZwb AbšÍKvjB A‡Áq Ges Ae¨³ gvb‡ei †MvP‡i| †m Kvi‡Y Zuvi Kvjvg ev k‡ãi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki AvKv‡i Zuvi B”Qv e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j KziAv‡bi kã n‡”Q God-in-Percipi eyw×MÖvn¨ Avjøvn Ges GKvi‡Y m¤§v‡bi w`K w`‡q I †mŠ‡›`‡h©i w`K w`‡q Zv‡K †`Iqv DwPZ P‚ovšÍ gh©v`v| GRb¨ Bmjv‡g Gi wjLb AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 221 n‡”Q bv›`wbKZvi Pig I cig| GKvi‡Y Av‡iv hyw³m½Z †h, Aviex K¨vwjMÖvwdi weKvk mvab Ki‡Z n‡e Hkx mË¡vi ms‡e`bvZ¥K BbUzBkb ev cÖZ¨¶ Dcjwä NUv‡bvi Rb¨Ñ Avjøvn‡K †h cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv, †PZbvq e¨³ Kiv Ges cÖwZdwjZ Kiv hvqbv, ZviB c~Y© Dcjwäi gva¨‡g| †h‡nZz Aviex wjLb GKwU Giv‡e· n‡q D‡V‡Q, †m Kvi‡Y Zv †h †Kvb wjwcK‡g© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †mLv‡b AvBbZ Ae¯’vb wb‡Z cv‡i Zvi wPšÍvg~jK Dcv`vb hvB nDK| †h †Kvb wkíK‡g©i Dc‡i Zv PovI n‡Z cv‡i, Ges Gi bv›`wbK MwZ‡eM ev g‡j¨i cwic~iK ~ wn‡m‡e, Avi †mB wkí‡K Ki‡Z cv‡i gwngvwš^Z, wkí Kg©wUi msNv wjLb mgš^Z ev A½xf~Z †nvK ev bv †nvK, mKj gymjgvb cweÎ wKZv‡ei cÖwZ †h kÖ×v †cvlY K‡i _v‡K, … me©vwaK msL¨K †gav‡K msnZ K‡i I c‡i wjLb wkí `ªæZ we¯ÍwZ jvf K‡i Ges cÖ‡ek K‡i gymwjg Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU gyn‡~ Z©| cÖ¯‡Í i, Kv‡V, KvM‡R, Pg© wKsev e‡¯¿, M„‡n, Awd‡m, †`vKv‡b, gmwR‡` cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖvPxi Ges wmwjs-G Aviex wjLb n‡q DV‡jv Bmjv‡gi mvaviY wkíKg©| Gi cÖfve Ges Dcw¯’wZ GZ e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i †h, kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i †Kvb bMix ev MÖvg GB wkíK‡g©i WRb WRb gnr mªóv m„wó Ki‡Z e¨_© nqwb| GgbwK, Bmjv‡gi kÎæivI GB cÖfve †_‡K g³ wQjbv| wLª÷vb †¯úb, d«vÝ Ges BUvjx‡Z wPšÍvi w`K w`‡q AÁZv I A‡hvM¨Zvi e‡k Avbvoxi gZ Avie wjLb wkí e¨envi K‡i‡Q, Ze †mB e¨env‡iiy d‡j bv›`wbKZvi w`K w`‡q Zviv cÖf~Z jvfevb n‡q‡Q|26 Bnv †h bv›`wbK ms‡e`bvZ¥K BbUzBk‡bi Rb¥ †`q Zv †h †Kvb Giv‡e· wkíK‡g©i gZB Kíbv y DÇq‡b, Dr‡¶cY Ki‡Z m¶g, †h †Kvb hyw³ Awfg‡L Zvi Da© Awfmvix nq‡Zvev Zvi PvB‡ZI †ekx, KviY GKB mg‡q Gi AmsjMœ Dcv`vb¸‡jv cvV Ki‡Z m¶g `k©‡Ki Rb¨ Aviex wjLb eyw×i mwµqZvi gva¨‡g Rb¥v‡e Kíbvi j‡¶¨i Av‡iv wewkó GKwU iƒc, Gi MwZ‡e‡M †m j‡¶¨i Awfg‡L Av‡iv AMÖmiZv| Zvn‡j, G †Kvb we¯§‡qi e¨vcvi bq †h, KziAvb Kwc Ki‡Z wM‡q Aviex K¨vwjMÖvwd kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i gymwjg we‡k¦i n‡q I‡V me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wkíKg©| ivRv ev`kv Ges cÖvKZRb cÖ‡Z¨KB … Zv‡`i mgMÖ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cig Avkv †cvlY Ki‡Zb: GKLÐ mgMÖ KziAvb Kwc Kiv Ges Zv „ MÖnY|27 mgvc‡bi ci cw_ex †_‡K we`vq RvgvLmvwii (Zuvi AvQv` Avj evjvMv, `ª: ÔKvjvgÕ) weewZ g‡Z DwRi „ †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx gyKjv wjLb‡K Zzjbv K‡iwQ‡jb Kv‡Ri m‡½ Ges `ywU wkíK‡g©i 26. BwZnvmwe`iv Ô†gvRvivweKÕ kãwU mwó K‡i‡Qb, wLªwóqvb, „ BZvjx I †¯úwbm AjsKi‡Yi y m‡½ Aviex Motive (gyjfve) Ges b·v mswkøó| mgy`q HwZn¨wU eRv‡bvi Rb¨, †h¸‡jvi 27. Zv eySv hvq, KziAv‡bi cv‡Vi Kwci AbšÍ wecyjZvq, hv evRbveM© AwfRvZMY Ges y ev hv i‡q‡Q mKj ¯Í‡ii gvb‡li AwaKv‡i| y mvaviYiv, mKj ¯Í‡ii gvb‡li Kwc K‡iwQ‡jb, y y ~ 222 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© cwiKíbvq I iPbvq Ac©Y K‡iwQ‡jb GKB bv›`wbK `vwqZ¡| wZwb wjLb wk‡íi †gŠj ¸Y cuvPwU e‡j eY©bv K‡iwQ‡jb; AvZ ZvIwdqv (kãwU †hme A¶i w`‡q wbwg©Z Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Zvi c~Y© Ask cÖ`vb hv‡Z K‡i mgMÖ I As‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© fvimvg¨c~Y© Ges mymvgÄm¨ n‡Z cv‡i), Avj Bjgvb (cÖZ¨KwU A¶i‡K Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’vb, ¶gZv I ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb), Avj BKgvj (cÖ‡Z¨KwU A¶i‡K „ Zvi `k¨ e¨w³Z¡ cÖ`vb, hv cÖKvwkZ Zvi fw½‡Z, †mvRv, `Ûqgvb Ae¯’vq d¬¨vU Ae¯’vq „ ï‡q covq, `p b~¨âZvq, AvZ¥mgc©Y, AwfÁZvjä eµZvq); Avj& Bkev (cÖ‡Z¨KwU eY©‡K„ Zvi AšÍM©Z `k¨ e¨w³Z¡ hvi cÖKvk N‡U m²Zvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨KwU A¶‡ii hv `vex Zv `vb Kiv); Avj y Bimvj (g³ MwZ‡Z †iLvi DrmviY hv BZ¯ÍZv ev †Kvb AšÍM©Z cÖwZwbe„wËi Øviv eva¨MÖ¯’ bq, hv D”P „ MwZi †eM mwó K‡i)|28 Avey nvBqvb AvZ& ZvInx`x Zvi Bjgyj wKZvev‡Z e‡jb: ÒmvaviYfv‡e wjLb n‡”Q RvMwZK DcKiY w`‡q Ava¨vwZ¥K wPÎY|Ó29 hyM hyM a‡i gymjgvbiv AÁvZbvgv mvay `i‡ek‡`i „ Dw³i AvewË y †hgb: Ôgvb‡li g‡bi Ae¯’vb Zv‡`i Kj‡gi `uv‡Zi bx‡P,Õ ÒwjLb n‡”Q K‡i‡Qb, wPšÍvi cvwb y †mPb,Ó Òm›`i wjLv `ye©j wPšÍvi Afve c~iY K‡i, Avi aŸwb‡K Zv `vb K‡i Rxebxkw³,Ó30 ga¨hy‡Mi eû cwÐZ gvbweK wel‡q gnr L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb, †hgb Beb Ave` iveŸx, †gvnv¤§` Avgxb, Bebyb AvQxi, Bebyj bv`x, Avj KvjKvmv›`x cÖgyL| Guiv mK‡jB wjLb †¶‡Î mnMvgx gymjgv‡bi K…wZZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv G‡Z Mwe©Z wQ‡jb †h, Ab¨ †h †Kvb †jLbx wk‡íi †P‡q Aviex wjLb A‡bK †ekx weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zviv Mwe©Z †h, Aviex wjLb-†mŠ›`h© kxl©we›`y‡Z †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, Ges Ggb Awfe¨vwß I †MŠie AR©b K‡i‡Q hv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Zzjbvwenxb, Ges cwi‡k‡l G‡Z Awc©Z n‡q‡Q cigg~j¨ A_©vr ag©xq g~j¨, Hkx cÖÁv cÖKv‡ki evnb Ges gva¨g wn‡m‡e| KziAvbyj Kixg Zv‡`i g~j¨ wbY©‡qi AåvšÍZvi P‚ovšÍ cÖZ¨q I m‡šÍv‡li m‡½ `vex K‡i †h, wjLb‡K Acvw_©e gh©v`v `vb K‡i‡Q GKwU Avqv‡Z hvi m~Pbv Kjg Ges †jLwbi ZvwK` w`‡q|31 28. Naji Zayn al Din. Musawwer al Khan al Arabi. Baghdad: Al Mujam al Ilmi al Iraqi. 1288/ 1968). p. 372. 29. H, c„ôv 396, hv‡Z RBbywÏb AvZ †ZŠnx‡`i wimvjv wd Bjgyj wKZvevZ GKwU Ask D×zZ K‡i‡Q| GwU Kvq‡iv wek¦we`¨vjq jvB‡eªix‡Z msiw¶Z GKwU AcÖKvwkZ cvÐywjwc| 30. H| 31. b~b! Kj‡gi mv¶¨ Ges hv, Zv wjwce× K‡i Zvi mv¶¨ (68: 1-2) cvV‡Ki.... †Zvgvi iv‡eŸi bv‡g, whwb `qvgq, whwb Kjg e¨envi wkwL‡q‡Qb, gvbyl‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb, hv †m Rvb‡Zv bv (96: 3-5)| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 223 †hLv‡b, mg¯Í wkíKjvB mgR`vi‡`i Dci wPs-cÖKl© I gvbweKZv-m„RbKvix y cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i, †mLv‡b MÖxm Ges †i‡bmvi wkíKjv gvbu ‡li Kv‡Q gvb‡li „ Kíbv Ges B”Qv‡K AvZ¥Dcjwäi enËi D”PZvq „ wb‡Ri g~j¨ ew× K‡i Ges Zvi u K‡i DbœxZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| MÖxK Ges †i‡bmv wkí Zv m¤úv`b gvbyl‡K GKUv gnËi I MfxiZi gvbweKZvq wkw¶Z K‡i, Ggb gnr GK gvbweKZv †h, Zvi †PZbvq Zv †jvc cvq Hk¦wiKZvi g‡a¨ hv wKbv Avkv I m‡P©v”P Rxeb gv‡bi kxl©we›`y| Bmjv‡g wkíKg© DrKl© gvbweKZv I AvZ¥DcjwäKi GKB cÖqvm †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ Bmjvg Zv m¤úv`b K‡i gvbyl‡K cÖwZwU gyn‡~ Z© Hkx Dcw¯’wZi m¤§‡L ¯’vcb K‡i|y HkxmË¡v A‡cŠiæ‡lq Ges Bw›`ªqvZxZ nIqvq Bmjvgx wkíKjv †h Av`k©ev‡`i Rb¥ †`q Zv KL‡bv `vw¤¢K A_ev Aeva¨ cÖwgw_D‡mi gZ wQjbv| †h‡nZz Zv wQj gvbexq, GKvi‡Y Bmjvgx wkíKjvi Av`k©ev` wb‡R‡K wbqg-ksLjvi Aax‡b „ ¯’vcb K‡i, Zvi wb‡Ri Bw›`ªqvZxZ †PZbvi gva¨‡g| GwU wK mxgve×Zv? wbðqB| GB mxgve×Zv Av‡ivwcZ nq Bw›`ªqvZxZ g~j¨gvb Øviv msÁv g‡Z hvi m~Pbv AbšÍ †_‡K; GB ~ †mme wel‡q ÔweåvwšÍiÕ gva¨‡g mxgve×Zv n‡”Q †mB me g‡j¨i Kvi‡Y †h¸‡jv, … I Dcjwä Kiv bq eis †mvRvmywR Zvi mvg‡b `uvwo‡q, DrKóZifv‡e wbix¶Y ~ cÖvKwm×, †m Kvi‡Y aviYvi w`K w`‡q †m me hvq| †h‡nZz g‡j¨i Dfq RMZB y e Ges cÖwgw_Dm nv‡gkvB GKRb AvZ¥Zó e¨w³| wel‡q gvb‡li weåvwšÍ Am¤¢ Bmjvgx wkíK‡g©i †kÖôZ¡ n‡”Q †Lv` Bmjvg a‡g©i †kÖô‡Z¡i AbymÜvb Ges me©`v cig Uªv‡Ý‡Û›U ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K cv_©‡K¨i `~iZ¡ eRvq ivLv| y Z_¨m~Î (References) ‘Abd Allah, Ismail. 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Taj al ‘Arus (Dar Maktabat al Hayah, 1965). 230 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© we‡`kx cwifvlvmg~n I kã‡Kvl A A Fortiori: `„pZi hyw³i m‡½| A Ia Pascal: c¨vmK¨v‡ji gZ Abymv‡i| A la West: cvðvZ¨ cš’vq| A priori: A‡MÖ, KviY †_‡K Kvh©| Actus: Kg©| Adhab al Akhirah: ciKv‡ji kvw¯Í| Ad infinitum: Abš— ch©š—| Ad nauseam: cxov`vqK P~ovš— mxgv| Akhirah al: g„Z‚¨ cieZx© Rxeb| Al Amr bi al Maruf wa al Nahy ‘an al Munkar: Maruf Kj¨v‡Yi mvnvh¨ Ges g‡›`i evav cÖ`vb| Al aqrabun Awla bi al: ¯^R‡biv `vb-Lqqv‡Zi AwaKZ‡iv nK`vi| Allah A’lam: AvjøvnB fvj Rv‡bb| Allah akbar: Avjøvn gnvb| Amal, al: †h mKj Kg© Øviv gvbyl cyi¯‹vi ev kvw¯Í cvq| Amil, al: (1) DiIqvûj DmKvi cÖwZôvZv, msMVK I †bZv| : (2) MfY©i ev kvmK| Amanah: ¯^Mx©q AvgvbZ| Amn: wbivcËv| Ansar, al: gw`bvi cÖ_gw`KKvi gymwjgMY| Arete: cvnv‡oi wki`uvov| Asabiyah, al: mvgvwRK msnwZ| Awjuh al Balaghh: MÖwš’jZvi wewfbœ w`K| Ayah: wbkvb, wb`k©b| Ayat Ayah: Gi eûePb, wb`©kbmg~n| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 231 B Bar-Adam: mywk¶vcÖvß, Ges †m Kvi‡Y cyY¨evb gvbyl| Barnash: GKBiƒc: mywk¶vcÖvß, Ges cyY¨evb| Bay’ah, al: Lwjdv A_ev ivóªav‡bi cÖwZ wPivPwiZ AvbyMZ¨| Bellum omnium contra omnes: mK‡ji weiæ‡× mK‡ji hy×| Bete noire: GgbwKQz hv A‡nZzK fxwZ Rb¥vq| Bidah, al: wbw›`Z bZzb wKQz| Bila kayf: KviY bv †`wL‡q| Blut and Boden: i³gvsm| Blut and Erde: i³ Ges aywjKYv| Buyu, al: †ePv‡Kbv| C Chef-d’oeuvre: †kÖô iPbv ev KxwZ©| Condition sine qua non: cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©| Coup de grace: †kl †cvP| D Da’iyah, al: Bmjv‡gi w`‡K AvnŸvbKvix| Da’wah, al: wgkY| Dar al Akhirah. al: Aw¯Íg evm¯’vb, cieZx© `ywbqv| Dar al Harb: hy‡×i M„n, †`k| Dar al Islam: Bmjvgx ivóª| Dar al Salam: kvwš—i M„n| Das Volk: Rb‡Mvôx, RvwZ| Dawlah: ivóª| De jure: AwaKvi e‡j, AvBbMZ| Demut: bgªZv| Denovement: mgm¨v, mgvavb| Depasse: AwZµg K‡i hvIqv| 232 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Deus otiosus: wbw®Œq, Ajm Ck¦i| Dhimmi,al: wRw¤§, Bmjvgx iv‡óªi Agymwjg bvMwiK| Dhu Qurba: ¯^Áv‡b, ¯^Rb| Die Willikur: cQ›`, Lvg‡Lqvjx| Din al Fitrah: Avjøvni Øxb, cÖK…wZ Ges hyw³i ag©, fvimvg¨ Ges †mvbvjx ga¨cš’v| Din al Hanif: cÖK…Z ag©| Diwan al: `iKvi| E Elan: Rxebx ev cÖvYkw³, cÖej Drmvn| Esthetique: †mŠ›`h©ZË¡| Eudaemonia: GKwU GwióUjx cwifvlv, hyw³m½Z mwµqvq Rxe‡bi myL| Ex cathedra: D”P KZ©„‡Z¡i m‡½| Ex hypothesi: Abygv‡bi wfwˇZ| Ex nihilo: bvw¯Í †_‡K| F Facta: Kg©| Falah, al: K‡g©i gva¨‡g cwiZ…wß, mvdj¨, myL Ges Avivg I ¯^w¯Í| Fard al: KZ©e¨| Fard Kifayah: mgwóMZ KZ©e¨| Fitrah, al: cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v, †h Ae¯’vq cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Rb¥jvf K‡i| G Gemeinschaft: m¤cÖ`vq, m¤cÖ`v‡qi m`m¨Z¡| Gesellschaft: mgvR, msN| Ghuluww. al: AíZv| Grosser Stille: gnvkvw¯Í, ¯‹zj| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 233 H Hadith, al: gnvbex (mv.)-Gi K_v I Kv‡Ri weeiY| Hajj, al: n¾¡, g°vi wbw`©ó ¯’vbmg~‡n Ges wb‡`wk©Z mgq¸‡jv‡Z Bev`‡Zi Rb¨ Zx_© hvÎv| Haqq al: mZ¨| Haram al: wbwl×, AbwaMg¨| Heilsgeschichte: bvRvZ| Hidayah al: hv mZ¨ Ges mwVK Zvi w`‡K c_ wb‡`©k| Hijrah, al: Bmjv‡gi LvwZ‡i †`kZ¨vM| Hisab al: wePvi, wnmve-wbKvk| Homo economicus: A_©‰bwZK Rxe| Homo religious: †h e¨w³i ˆPZb¨ me mgqB Kvh©Ki| Horror vacui: cÖK…wZ k~b¨Zv‡K N„Yv K‡i| Hu: Aviex ÔûqvÕ kãwUi msw¶ßiƒcÑ A_©vr ÔwZwbÕ Avjøvn ZvÕqvjv| Hudud, al: we‡kl we‡kl Ae¯’vq msNwUZ Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Avjøvn KZ©„K KziAv‡bi wb‡`©wkZ kvw¯Í| Husnayayn, al:`yÕwU myL| I Ijaz, al: kw³ ni‡Yi ¶gZv| Ibtigha wajh Allah: Avjøvni cÖmbœZv Kvgbv Kiv| Idee-fize: w¯’i aviYv| Ijma, al: HKgZ¨| Ijma al ‘amal: K‡g©i HKgZ¨| Ijma al Iradah: B”Qvi HKgZ¨| Ijma al ruvah : `„wói HKgZ¨| Ijma al ijtihad : BhwZnv‡`i HKgZ¨| Ijtihad, al: AvBb welqK bxwZgvjvi e¨envi Ges BmjvwgK AvBb ˆZwii Rb¨ AvMÖn| Ikhlas al: D‡Ï‡k¨i mZZv I cweÎZv| Ikmal al: fw½‡Z cÖKvwkZ Ñ †mvRv `uvov‡bv Ae¯’vq, wPr n‡q ï‡q, `„pfv‡e bxPz n‡q, AvZ¥-Z¨vM, hv eµZvi g‡a¨ Dcjwä Kiv hvqÑ cÖ‡Z¨KwU ni‡d cÖZ¨¶ e¨w³Z¡ msMwZc~Y|© 234 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Illah al: h‡_vchy³ hyw³| Ilm al tawhid: ag©ZË¡| Ilman, al: cÖ‡Z¨KwU nid‡K Zvi h‡_vchy³ ¯’vb Ges kw³ ev ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb| Imago Dei: Avjøvni Qvqvq, cÖwZwe¤^| lmam, al: GKRb †bZvÑ agx©q, ivR‰bwZK A_ev Ab¨iK‡gi| Iman al: Cgvb, wek¦vm| Imperium Mundi: wek¦ miKvi ivóª| Imperiam Romanum: †ivgK ivóª| Inna al din al muamalah: ag© n‡”Q Zvi †jvKR‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li e¨envi| Ipso facto: wVK GB †nZz| Irsal, al: wØavØ›Ø wKsev Aš—wbwnZ †Kv‡bv evav Øviv evavMÖ¯’ bv n‡q GKwU †iLv ¯^vaxbfv‡e AMÖmi n‡j †dvqvivi gZ we‡ùviY N‡U, Ges Gfv‡e MwZ‡e‡Mi mÂvi nq| Ishba, al: e¨w³‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y hv cÖKvwkZ nq PvZzh© ev ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½| Istiman al: wbivcËvi wbðqZv cÖv_©bv Kiv| Istimar, al: cybM©Vb, DrK…óZ‡iv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ weKvk mvab| Istimar Ard: Rwg‡bi cybM©Vb| Istihsan al: GKwU AvBbMZ wm×v‡š—i Dci Ab¨ GKwU wm×vš— MÖnY| J Jahili al: Agymwjg Ges gymwjg Avg‡ji Avie| Jahliya, al: cÖvK Bmjvgx Avgj| Jamaah, al: `kwU hvwiqv, MÖ”c ev `j| Jihad al: Bmjv‡gi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ b¨vqm½Z hy×, AvZ¥-cÖqvm| Jinn: Avjøvn KZ©„K Av¸b Øviv m„ó Rxe, G‡`i †KD †KD wek¦vmx Ges Ab¨iv Awek¦vmx| Jizyah, al: cÖwZwU Agymwjg bvMwi‡Ki Dci Av‡ivwcZ U¨vKm, hv cÖwZeQi avh© Kiv nq| K Kadhib al: wg_¨vev`x| Kalimah al: †NvlYv, Bmjv‡gi gg©evYx| Karma: Kg©, wb‡R‡K Abš— Kivi weavb| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 235 Kasb al: K‡g©i dj MÖn‡Yi mvg_©¨| Khalaif al: DËivwaKvixMY| Khalifah al: Lwjdv, cÖwZwbwa| Khatt al: mij †iLv| Khilafah, al: cÖwZwbwaZ¡| Khulafa al: Avjøvni Lwjdv ev cÖwZwbwaMY| Khutbah, al: fvlY, Rygvi bvgv‡Ri e³…Zv| Kufi, al: †KŠwYK, Aviex K¨vwjMÖvwdi GUv iƒc| Kufr, al: Awek¦vm| L La bonte Chretienne: L„óxq `qv `vw¶Y¨| La ilaha illa Allah: Avjøvn Qvov †Kvb Bjvn †bB| La nation: RvwZ| Labbayka Allahumma Labbayk’: †Zvgvi mvg‡b, †n cÖf,y Avgiv GLv‡b mgvMZÑ †Zvgvi AvnŸv‡b| Laissez_faire:†h w_Iix A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi ¯^vqZ¡kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i; A‡b¨i e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡¶c bv Kivi gZev`| M Makruh, al: hvi weiæ‡× gZ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, wbwl×| Mal a-propos: Amg‡qvwPZ| Mana: Avjøvni KiæYv| Mandub, al: wb‡`©wkZ, Aby‡gvw`Z| Masalih al Mursalah: e„nËi Kj¨v‡Yi ¯^v‡_©, †Kvb wKQz‡K AbyMÖn Kivi AvBbMZ weavb| Massa peccata: cwZZ Rxe| Materia prima:g~L¨ e¯’| Materiaux: cÖK…Z Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj, cÖK…ZB we`¨gvb| Materiel: ev¯Íe, cÖK…Z| Materiel dart: AvwUwóK cÖ‡Póvi j¶¨| Modus vivendi: Rxeb hvcb cÖYvjx, mvgwqK Pzw³| 236 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Monaster: Kb‡f›U, gV| Muamalat, al: µq-weµq| Mubah: Aby‡gv`b †hvM¨| Mahajirun, al: †hme gymwjg Bmjv‡gi Kvi‡Y gw`bv ev Ab¨¯’v‡b P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb| Muhasib, al: miKvix wnmvei¶K| Mukallaf al: `vwqZ¡cÖvß, AvBbMZfv‡e `vwqZ¡cÖvß, †hvM¨| Munafiq al: KcU, gybvwdK| Muruah, al: mvnm, exiZ¡, gnvbyfeZv| Muzaraah, al: K…wlK‡g© kixKvbv| N Nasihah, al: AhvwPZfv‡e cÖ`Ë Dc‡`k, hvi A_© cvi¯úwiK ïfKvgbv| Naskh, al: Aviex wjwc, †MvUv nv‡Zi wjLv| Nisab, al: wba©vwiZ me©wbgœ m¤ú`, hvKv‡Zi Rb¨ A_©m¤ú‡`i mxgv| Niyah, al: e¨w³MZ Af¨š—ixY wm×vš—, AwfcÖvq| Nizam, al: mvsMVwbK, Ges jwRw÷Kvj hš¿ hvi mvnv‡h¨ wm×vš—‡K ¯úóiƒc †`Iqv hvq| O OM: Om Main Padue Hum: cÙK‚‡ji RniZ‡K Awfb›`b| Othopraxies: ev¯Íe ag©-mwVK Avgj| P Paideia: ms¯‹…wZ| Par excellence: Gi g‡a¨ m‡e©vËg| Pax Islamica: BmjvwgK kvwš—| Per contra: wecixZgyLx| Per se: Gi mvnv‡h¨, wKsev G‡Z K‡i| Q Qada, al: RbM‡Yi Av`vjZ| Qadar, al: K‡g©i mvg_©| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 237 Al qawaid al kulliyah: mvaviY wbqg-Kvbyb| Al qawaid al usuliyah al Tashrilyah: AvBb cÖYq‡bi mvaviY bxwZgvjv| Qaem, al: †MvÎ| Qist, al: b¨vqwePvi, mg-wePvi| Quud al: weivg, AeKvk, wb®‹g©| Qurba, al: ¯^Rb, AvZ¥xqRb| R Raison d’etra: †Kv‡bv wKQzi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i hyw³| Rakhawi, al: wgkÖ jZvcvZv Ges R¨vwgwZK Aviv‡e¯‹| Rami, al: ¸‡jv †Qvovi `¶Zv| Rshidum, al: myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ| Rasm, al: AsKb| Reatus: eÜb| Reizfahighkeit: gy» Kivi mvg_©¨| Rerum natura: ¯^vfvweK wRwbm| Riddah, al: ag©Z¨vM| Rizq, al: Avjøvn KZ©„K eÚbK…Z A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v| S Saah, al: mgq, †klw`b| Sadaqah, al: e`vb¨Zv, `qv `vw¶Y¨| Sahabah, al: bexi mnPiMY| Salaf al: c~e©eZx© †Rbv‡ikbmg~n| Salah al: wba©vwiZ bvgvR ev cÖv_©bv| Salat al jumiah: ïµev‡ii bvgvR| Sawm, al: mshg, †ivRv| Scandalon al: g‡bi m¤§y‡L evav| Sensus communis: mvgvwRK msnwZ| Sha’b, al: Rb‡Mvwô| Shahadah, al (1): Bmjvgx wek¦vm †NvlYv, Avjøvn Qvov †Kv‡bv Bjvn †bB, nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Zuvi †cÖwiZ cyiæl| 238 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© Shahadah al (2): kvnv`vZ| Sharh al Sadr: mš’ó| Shariah, al: kixqZ, Bmjvgx AvBb, Avjøvni AvBb| Shirk, al: wkiK, Avjøvni †Kvb kixK Kiv| Shuubiyah al: †MvÎev`| Shura, al: cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv| Simpliciter: kvwãK A‡_©| Sine qua non: Acwinvh©| Sirah, al: Rxebx MÖš’, we‡klZ: gnvbexi Rxebe„ËvšÍ| Status quo: we`¨gvb Ae¯’v| Sub specie eternitatis: wPišÍb, †Kvb NUbv eY©bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ kã| Sui generis: Abb¨| Summum bonum: m‡e©vËg g~j¨‡eva| Sunan, al: AvBb Kvbyb Ges c¨vUvY©| Sunnah, al: gnvbexi ZwiKv| Surah: Avj KziAv‡bi Aa¨vq| T Taakhi, al: åvZ…Z¡eÜb, fvB fvB iƒ‡c gvby‡li HK¨eÜb, GKBiƒc AwaKvi Ges `vwqZ¡mn| Taalm, al: covïbv, cvwÐZ¨| Taawun, al: ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv| Talif al qulub: ü`‡qi cybwg©jb| Tatil, al: Avjøvni ¸Yvejx‡K Kiv, †m m‡ei e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g| Tabdhir al: AvwZkh¨, cÖkqÖ `vb| Taghut, al: wg_¨v fMevb, cÖ‡jvfb`vZv| Tahaabbub, al: cvi¯úwiK fv‡jvevmv| Tahnnuth, al: kc_ f½ Kiv| Taklif, al: `vwqZ¡, ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡| Taqwa, al: avwg©KZv, m`vPviY| Targhib, al: G RM‡Z wKsev cieZx© Rxe‡b cyi¯‹v‡ii Iqv`v| AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© 239 Tarhib, al: kvw¯Íi fq, Kó‡fvM Ges AmyLwemy‡Li fxwZ cÖ`k©b| Tasaduq wa al taannus Targhib, al: eÜzZ¡ Kiv| Tasawwuf, al: gigxev`| Tawasi, al: mvšÍbv cÖ`vb| Tawazun, al: fvimvg¨| Tawfiyah, al: †hme A¶i wb‡q kã MwVZ Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb, hv‡Z K‡i mg‡MÖi m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ Askmg~‡ni m‡½ fvimvg¨ ¯’vwcZ nq| Tawhid, al: Avjøvni GKZ¡, HwkmË¡vi GKZ¡| Tawriq, al: dzj-jZvcvZvi wRWvBb| Tazawuj, al: AvšÍtweevn| Thawab al Akhirah: AvwLiv‡Zi cyY¨| Toto: mgMÖ| Travail de singe: AwMœcix¶v| Tuhr, al: cweÎZv| U Ummah, al: wek¦vmx gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq| Ummah wasat: gvbeRvwZi g‡a¨ ga¨cš’xMY| Una substantia: GKB c`v_©| Urubah, al: Avieev`, Avie fveaviv Ges PwiÎ| Urwah, al: cvwievwiK GKK, kvwãK A‡_© eÜb| Usrah, al: `kRb gymwj‡gi GK `j, Zv‡`i cwievieM©mn| Usrah al: `kwU DiIqvn| Untergang: cZb, Ae¶q| Usul al Fiqh: AvBbkv¯¿, AvBbwelqK Drmvw`i †g_‡WvjwR Aa¨qb| Usuliyun, al: Dmyj wdKv‡ni cwÐZMY| V Vis-a-vis: gyKvwejvq, wecixZ| Voila: GLv‡b ¯^P‡¶ †`L, j¶¨ K‡iv| Vax Populi, Vox Dei: RbM‡Yi KÉB Ck¦‡ii KÉ| 240 AvZ ZvInx`: wPšÍv‡¶‡Î I Rxe‡b Gi A_© I Zvrch© W Wa Islamah: nvq Bmjvg! gg©‡e`bvi cÖKvk| Wajib al: eva¨Zvg~jK| Y Yaqin al: m‡›`‡ni Qvqvc_nxb wbðqZv| Yastakhlifukum: wZwb †Zvgv‡`i Zuvi Lwjdv K‡ib ev Ki‡eb| Yawm al Hisab: wePv‡ii w`em| Z Zukah al: `wi`ª I AfveMÖ¯’‡`i‡K AwZwi³ m¤ú‡`i GKUv kZKiv Ask w`‡q cwi‡kvab AR©b| Zann al: aviYv, hv wbwðZ Áv‡bi PvB‡Z `~e©j| Zawiyah al: `kwU Dmivn| Zigurrat: cxovwgWvK…wZ UvIqv‡ii AvK…wZ‡Z wbwg©Z gw›`i| Zinah al: Avb›`, †mŠ›`h©| Zulm al: AwePvi|