Localisation of main and ancillary foramina within the mesial and distal roots of the first lower molars

Milica Jovanović-Medojević

Localisation of main and ancillary foramina within the mesial and distal roots of the first lower molars

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, 2005

Introduction. Understanding the morphology of the root canal system, and especially its apical third, represents the basic precondition for the successful treatment of diseased pulp and the apical endodontium. Aim. The aim of this study was to precisely locate the main and ancillary foramina in the mesial and distal first lower molars. Method. One hundred extracted first lower molars, originating from persons of both sexes and three different age groups, were used in the study. Results. The analysis of the sampled molars? apical third was carried out using a binocular magnifier and a digital X-ray scanner (Trophy). The results showed that the main mesial and distal root foramina were located mostly on the distal surface. The ancillary mesial and distal root foramina were located at the lingual end, in most cases. Statistical analysis demonstrated the congruence of results achieved using the binocular magnifier and digital x-ray in 100% of cases if the main foramen is located on the ......Read more

RADOVI Trophy χ 2 p (χ 2 p na UVOD Carabelli wa, SEM BIBLID: 0370-8179, 133(2005) 11-12 p. 476-481 UDC: 616.314.5-07

CIQ RADA I II III Pezzo #2 ISO Trophy REZULTATI 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >51 године >51 years 26-50 годинa 26-50 years <25 годинa <25 years GRAFIKON 1. GRAPH 1. Location of the main orifice on the mesial root of first lower molar. 1 – buccal; 2 – distal; 3 – mesial; 4 – lingual; 5 – peak; 6 – distolingual; 7 – distobuccal; 8 – mesiobuccal

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%ÉÑ» ÒÑµÓÒÑ´ÑµÒ¨µ¨ÒÃÎÀÊÑÊÑ»ÃÒÊÑ¸Ò¿ÒÃ ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨µµ¶É¿ÑÔÎ´¨ Ò¨®ÑÃÑµÊÎÃÔÎÃ¨§Ò Ó¨ÎÒÑ¸Ò¨É¿¨»ÑÓÊ¿ÎÃ¨§ÒÓ¨ÎÒÑ¸ÒÀÊ¿¶»Ê¶¿°Ñ ÊÎÀ¶É¿ÉÎÓ¨®¨µÑÒÎ¿§Ñ¸Ò¨ªÑÒÑÊÎ§À»¨ªÀÊ¿¶»Ê¶¿Ñ ¨¸¨É¿¨»ÑÓÉÑÊÎ¸Î¼»¨ªÉ¿Î§ÒÑÒÑÑÉ»À¶»Î¿ÒÑ Ó¶¾Ñ´ÀÊÎ§Î²¶¶Ê¨®ÑÊ¨ÒÑÉ¿ÑÔ¨¸Ò¶¨ÒÊ¿É¿ÊÑ®¨ µ¶É¿Î§ÒÑÒÑÃÎ¾¨µÒÎ§Ö¨¸§¶¦Î§ÎÁÃÎÔÀÊ¨ÃÎ ÉÎ²¿¼ÒÎ²ÎÃÎÒÊÎ§Ê¿¨µÀ»Î²ÉÎÀÊ¶É»Ñ ÃÎ§ªÑÒ¨´ »¨¿¨ÊÑ®¨µÉ¿¨ÑÉ»ÀÒÎ²Ê»¨ÔÑ¨ÒÀÊ¿¶§ÒÊ¨§Ñ¨ É¿É¶ ÑÔÑ Ñ»ÑÒÑ¸ÑÉ¿¨ÎÉÊ¶¿Ñ®¨µ¨# %ÀÊ¿Ñ Á¨ÔÑ ÑÀ¶ÉÎ»ÑÓÑ¸ÑÃÑµ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÖÎ¿Ñ§Ò¸Ñ»Î¶Î´¨ Ê¨Ñ»ÎÀÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµ¨¸¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿Ñ Ò¨»Î¿ÒÑÈ¸¨»ÑÃÑÀÖÎ¿Ñ§ÒÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµ ¨¸¨¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨»Î¿ÒÑ ÎÒµ´ÀÊÎ§ÑÀ»¨ ¿ÑÒ À¶É¿ÉÎÒ¨¿ÑÒ Ó¶¾Ò¨§ÀÊ¿¶»Ê¶¿Ñ§Ñ¨Ê¼»ÎÀ ¶Î´ÑÔÑ#%Í¿ÎµÒÑ¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ÑÊÑ»Î±ÉÎ»ÑÓ¶µ¶ÃÑ ÀÑÉ»ÀÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¿Ê»ÎÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ Ó¶¾Ñ# %·¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿ÀÉÎÒ»ÑÃÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ÒÑ¾Î´ÒÎµ ÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨Ô¿ªÑ»Î¿ÒÑ Ñ´ÀÊÎÀ§Î²¶ÒÑ¤¨ÃÔÑÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ¨¸¨Ô¨¼ ¨ª »Îµ¨À¶ÎÃÔÎµÒÑÃÒÊ¨ÒÎ§¨®§Ò ÊÎ§¨¸¨ÀÑ§Î®§ÒÊÎ§#%Ñ¨§ Ó¾Î²ÑÉÎÓ¨®¨ µ®§ÒÊÑ ÊÎ»Î§Á¨ÔÎÊÑ¨¶ÓÑÔ¨ÀÒÎÀÊ¨ÎÃÖ¶Ò»®¨Î ÒÑ¸ÒÎ²ÎÉÊ¿¤ ÑÓ¶¾ÑÃÎ¸ÑÓ¨ÃÎÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ²§ÎÃ¸¨¿Ñ ÑÑÉ»ÀÒÎ²Ã¸ÑÓ¶¾Ñ ¼ÊÎ§ÎÁÃÎÔÀÊ¨¨ÃÎ¿ÑÓ¸¨ ´¨Ê¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑÉ»ÀÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ#%°Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ ®¨µ¶²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª¨ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑ»Î¿Ò¶¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ ÔÑ´¨À¶»Î¿¨ÀÊ¨¸¨¿ÑÓ¸¨´¨Ê§ÊÎÃÎ¸Î²¨µ »ÑÎ¼ÊÎ À¶§Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»ÀÊ¶Ã¨µ ¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖÀ»Ñ¨ÀÉ¨Ê¨ÔÑ wa, SEM¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ Ñ¨Ã¿ ƴƳƲƴƭƫƢƳƸƫƤƪƢƹƨƮƱƭƶƲưƱƮƨƭƢƳƴƵƤƱ CIQ RADA Ò¸¶ÉÀÑ¶Ô¤Ñ §ÎÃÉ¶ÊÑÑÎ¾µ»Ê¨ÔµÉ¿Ê ªÎÃÒÎÉÎÀÊÑÔ¹ÒÑ§¿ÒÑÀ»Ñ¸ÑÀÑ§¨»¿Î§ÊÑ¿À»¨§ ¿ÑÓ§¿Ò¨»Î§ÆÀÒÎÔÒ¨»¿¨Ê¿¨µ¶§ÓÑ¿ÑÓ¸¨»ÎÔÑ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÃÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¾¨¸Ñµ ¨ªÎÔÑÔ¸¨´¨ ÒÑ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¨À¶¾¨¸¨¸¶§ÒÑÔ¤²ÎÃ§¨ »¿Î§ÊÑ¿Ñ °Ñ¾¸ÁÒÑ µ ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª ¨ ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿ Ò¶¶ÎÃÒÎÀ¶ÒÑÔ¿ª ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÉÎÔ¿¼¨ÒÑ»Î¿ÒÑÒÑ»Î µÎµÀÒÑµ´¼¤ÒÑ¸ÑÓ²¸ÑÔÒ¨¨ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¨ ÇÎ¸ÎÔ¨ÒÑ¶ÓÎ¿Ñ»Ñ ¶ÓÎ¿Ñ»Ñ¨ÓÉ¿Ô²¿¶É ¨ÓÃ¿¶²¨¨ÓÊ¿¤²¿¶É ÉÎÃÔ¿²Ò¶ÊÑµÃ¿¶²Î§ »ÀÉ¿¨§ÒÊ¶ ÇÎ§Î¤¶ ¼É¿¨®Ñ ¨ ¨ÒÊ¿ÑÃ¿§Ñ¸Ò ¨²¸É¿¨§ Òµ»ÑÉ¨¸Ñ¿Ò¨»ÎÒÊ¿ÑÀÊ Ê¸¾¿¨»À ¶ »ÑÒÑ¸Ò¨À¨ÀÊ§¨ÀÉ¨Ê¨ÔÑÒ¨ªÓ¶¾ÑÑ¾¨»ÎÒÊ¿ÑÀÊ ÃÎÀÉÎÃÎÀÔ¨ªÃ¸ÎÔÑ»ÑÒÑ¸À»Î²À¨ÀÊ§Ñ »Î¿¨¼¤Ò µÔ¨¾¿ÑÊÎ¿»Îµ¨Î¸Ñ»¼ÑÔÑÉ¿ÎÃÎ¿ÎÔÎ²»ÎÒÊ¿ÑÀÊÑ £ÓÎ¿®¨ À¶ ÉÎÊÎ§ ÀÒ¨§ÑÒ¨ Ã¨²¨ÊÑ¸Ò¨§ ¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ ²¿ÑÖÀ»¨§ÑÉÑ¿ÑÊÎ§ Trophy ¨ÓÃÔÑÉ¿ÑÔ®Ñ ÔÀÊ¨¾¶ ¸ÎÎ¿Ñ¸ÒÎ²¨§Ó¨Î¾¶»Ñ¸ÎÃ¨ÀÊÎ¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎ² ¨¾¸ ÁÒÑµ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª¨ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑ Ô¿ªÎÔ¨§Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸Ò¨ª¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑÉ¿Ô¨ªÃÎ ¨ª§Î¸Ñ¿Ñ ¥¨¹ÎÔÎ²¿ÑÃÑµ¾¨ÎÃÑÀÎÃ¿Ã¨ÊÑ´ÒÑ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª¨ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸Ò¨ª¨Ã¨À ÊÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑÉ¿Ô¨ªÃÎ ¨ªÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª§Î¸Ñ¿ÑÑÒÑ¸¨ ÓÎ§ÉÎ§Î¤¶¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿Ò¸¶É ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎ¶¾¿¨Ó²ÑÔÑ §»ÑÉ¨¸Ñ¿ÒÎ²»ÎÒÊ¿ÑÀÊÑ¶»ÑÒÑ¸À»¨À¨ÀÊ§Ó¶¾Ñ ѸЧлѯЭѭѳЭѳ ÀÉ¨ÊÑÒÎµ»ÀÊ¿ÑªÎÔÑÒ¨ªÉ¿Ô¨ªÃÎ ¨ª§Î ¸Ñ¿ÑÎÀÎ¾ÑÎ¾ÑÉÎ¸Ñ ¿ÑÓ¸¨´¨Ê¨ª¨ÒÃ¨»Ñ®¨µÑÓÑ»À Ê¿Ñ»®¨µ¶°¶¾¨À¶ÒÑ»ÎÒ»ÀÊ¿Ñ»®¨µ´¶ÔÑÒ¨¶´ÊÔÎ ¿ÎÉ¿Î®ÒÊÒÎ§¿ÑÀÊÔÎ¿¶ÖÎ¿§Ñ¸¨ÒÑÇÎÀ¸ÃÊÑ¹ ÒÎ²Ã¾¿¨Ã§ÑÒÑÀÉÎ¹Ñ¼ »¿¶Ò¨´Ò¨»Î¿ÒÀ»ÉÎ Ô¿¼¨ÒÓ¶¾ÑÎÃ´Ô¿ÀÊ¨ª¨§»¨ªÊ»¨ÔÑ¶ÓÎ¿®¨À¶Ã¿ ÁÑÒ¨¶Ö¨Ó¨Î¸Î¼»Î§¿ÑÀÊÔÎ¿¶ÃÎÉÎ´Ê»Ñ»ÀÉ¿¨ §ÒÊÑ ³Ô¨Ó¶¾¨À¶ É¿§ÑÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÊ¨ ÉÎÃ¹Ò¨¶Ê¿¨»ÑÊ ²Î¿¨µI²¿¶ÉÑ5Ó¶¾¨ÎÀÎ¾Ñ¶Ó¿ÑÀÊÑÎÃÃÎ²ÎÃ¨ ÒÑ Ó¶¾Ñ II²¿¶ÉÑ5Ó¶¾¨ÎÀÎ¾ÑÀÊÑ¿¨ªÎÃÃÎ ²ÎÃ¨ÒÑ Ó¶¾Ñ ¨III²¿¶ÉÑ5Ó¶¾¨ÎÀÎ¾ÑÀÊÑ¿¨µ¨ªÎÃ ²ÎÃ¨Ò Ó¶¾Ñ ½ÎÃÀÔ¨ªÓ¶¾Ñ¨ÓÔ¿¼ÒÑµÉ¿ ÉÑ¿Ñ®¨µÑÎÃ²ÎÔÑ¿Ñµ¶¤²É¿¨ÀÊ¶ÉÒÎ²»ÑÔ¨ÊÊÑÖ¨À¶¿ Ò¨§Ã¨µÑ§ÑÒÊÀ»¨§Ê¶¿¾¨ÒÀ»¨§ÀÔ¿Ã¸¨§ÑÇÎÀ¸Ê¿ ÉÑÒÑ®¨µ¶¸ÑÓ¨¶»Î¿ÒÀ»»ÑÒÑ¸À¶¸Ô»ÑÀÊÎÉ¿Î¼¨ ¿Ò¨§Ñ¼¨ÒÀ»¨§¨ÒÀÊ¿¶§ÒÊÎ§ Pezzo #2 ÇÎ´ÊÒÑ »ÀÉ¸Î¿Ñ®¨µÑ ÊµÉ¿ÎÔ¿ÑÉ¿ÎªÎÃÒÎÀÊ¨»Î¿ÎÒÑ¿Ò¨ À¿Ã Ê¿¤¨Ò ¨ÓÔÃÒÑµ¿¶´Ò¨§ÒÃÎÃÎÒÊÀ»¨§ ¨ÒÀÊ¿¶§ÒÊ¨§ÑISO ¨¸¨ Ç¿Ô¨ ÃÎ »ÀÉ¿¨§ÒÊÑ µ ´¨Ò¨¸Î É¿Î¶´ÑÔÑ ÑÉ»ÀÒ Ê¿¤¨Ò Ó¶¾Ñ ÉÎ§Î¤¶ ¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿Ò ¸¶É ÈÒÑ¸¨Ó¨¿ÑÒ¨À¶ÀÔ¨»ÀÉ¿¨§ÒÊÑ¸Ò¨¶ÓÎ¿®¨ÅÑÃ¨ ¸Ñ»¼²¶Î´ÑÔÑ Ñ¨¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑ Ô¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ ÑÉ»ÀÒ¨ÃÎ»Î¿ÒÑµÉÎÊÑÉÑÒ¶¿ÑÀÊÎ É¹Ò¨É¸ÑÔ¨ÔÎÀÑ»¨ÓÑÊ¨§¾¿¨ÀÑÒÉÑÉ¨¿Ò¨§¶¾¿¶ ÀÎ§£ÓÎ¿®¨À¶ÉÎÊÎ§ÉÎ§Î¤¶ÔÎÀ»ÑÖ¨»À¨¿ÑÒ¨ÓÑ É¿Ã§ÊÒÎÀÊÑ»¸Î¨ÉÎÀ§ÑÊ¿ÑÒ¨ÉÎ§Î¤¶¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿ REZULTATI Ñµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑÑÉ» À¶§Ó¨µÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑÓ¶¾Ñ¶É¿ÔÎµ²¿¶É¨¾¨¸ÑµÒÑ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ ¼ÀÊÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ ¼ÀÊÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ £Ã¿¶²Îµ²¿¶É¨²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿ÀÒÑµ´ ¼¤ÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ÎÒÑÔ¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ ¨¸¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ £ Ê¿¤Îµ²¿¶É¨²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿µÒÑµ´¼¤¶Î´ÒÒÑÔ¿ª¶ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ ¨¸¨§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ ¨À¶¶ÊÔ¿±Ò ÀÊÑÊ¨ÀÊ¨´»¨ÓÒÑ´ÑµÒ¿ÑÓ¸¨»¶¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ¨²¸ÑÔ Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑ§±¶ÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒ¨§²¿¶ ÉÑ§Ñ ·¿ÑÖ¨»ÎÒ 30 >51 године >51 years #!$%! 25 26-50 годинa 26-50 years 20 <25 годинa <25 years 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ! " GRAFIKON 1.ƮǠǜǑǝǚǙǑǨǚǹǑǔǝǑǓǟǚǧǠǤǓǠǢǑǟǑǞǗǙǚǹǑǝǟǠǞǜǠǢǗǟǥǡǢǓǠǔǖǠǻǗǔǞǠǝǑǢǑ GRAPH 1. Location of the main orifice on the mesial root of first lower molar. =ǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ=ǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǚ=ǞǗǙǚǹǑǝǟǚ=ǝǚǟǔǓǑǝǟǚ=ǓǢǧ=ǖǚǣǤǠǝǚǟǔǓǑǝǟǚ=ǖǚǣǤǠǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ=ǞǗǙǚǠǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ 1 – buccal; 2 – distal; 3 – mesial; 4 – lingual; 5 – peak; 6 – distolingual; 7 – distobuccal; 8 – mesiobuccal ƴƳƲƴƭƫƢƳƸƫƤƪƢƹƨƮƱƭƶƲưƱƮƨƭƢƳƴƵƤƱ ÇÎ§Î¤Ò¨ ÎÊÔÎ¿¨ ÒÑ §Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§ »Î¿Ò¶ ¶Î´Ò¨ À¶ÀÑ§Î¶É¿ÔÎµ¨Ã¿¶²Îµ²¿¶É¨¶ÓÎ¿Ñ»Ñ£É¿ÔÎµ²¿¶ É¨ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¨À¶¾¨¸¨ÒÉÎÀ¿ÃÒÎÎ»Î²¸ÑÔÒÎ² ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¨¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÎÔÑÒ¨¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎ ¨¸¨ÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ £Ã¿¶²Îµ²¿¶É¨¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¾¨¸ÑµÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµ ¨¸¨Ã¨À ÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ ·¿ÑÖ¨»ÎÒ Ç¿¨§ÒÎ§ Ã¨²¨ÊÑ¸Ò ¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨µ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ ÎÊÔÎ¿ÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶¶É¿ÔÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨ ¾¨ÎµÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ ª¶ £Ã¿¶²ÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿µ¾¨Î ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑ ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ £Ê¿ ¤Îµ ÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ »ÑÊ²Î¿¨µ¨ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ »ÑÒÑ¸ ÒÑ §Ó¨µÑ¸ ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶µ¶Î´ÒÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµ ¨§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ ÈÒÑ¸¨ÓÑ¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊÑÒÑ §Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶É¿ÔÎ²ÃÎ ²§Î¸Ñ¿Ñ¶»ÑÓÑ¸ÑµÒÑ ÉÎÃ¶ÃÑ¿ÒÎÀÊ¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊÑ»ÎÃÀÔ¨ª¶ÓÎ¿Ñ»Ñ ¶ÉÎ ²¸Ã¶¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ»ÎÃÎ¾Ñ»Î¿¨¼¤ ÒÑ§ÊÎÃÑ ʝ2 p ¦Ñ¾¸Ñ ½ÎÃ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª »Î¿ÒÑ ¨ÀÉ¨Ê¨ÔÑ ¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿ ÒÎ§¸¶ÉÎ§ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¶É¿ÔÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ»ÑÊ²Î ¿¨µ¨ÀÒÑµ´¼¤ÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ÎÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ ÉÎÊÎ§ ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ ¨¸¨¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎ £ Ã¿¶²Îµ²¿¶É¨ÎÊÔÎ¿²¸ÑÔÒÎ²»ÑÒÑ¸ÑµÊÑ»Î±¾¨ÎÒÑµ ´¼¤ÒÑÔ¿ª¶ ÓÑÊ¨§ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ ÒÑ ÃÎ»µ¶Ê¿¤Îµ²¿¶É¨ÒÑµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ ÎÔÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¾¨¸ÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ ¨¸¨ ÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑÓ¶¾Ñ ·¿ÑÖ¨»ÎÒ ³ÊÑ Ê¨ÀÊ¨´»ÑÑÒÑ¸¨ÓÑÒ¨µÉÎ»ÑÓÑ¸ÑÓÒÑ´ÑµÒ¶¿ÑÓ¸¨»¶¶ ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ¨²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ§±¶ÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒ¨§»ÑÊ ²Î¿¨µÑ§ÑÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶ ÇÎ§Î¤Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¨ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶¶É¿ÔÎµ²¿¶ É¨¾¨¸¨À¶ÒÉÎÀ¿ÃÒÎÎ»Î²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¨ÒÑÀÑ §Î§Ô¿ª¶ Ñ¸¨¨ÒÑÀÔ´Ê¨¿¨ÀÊ¿ÑÒ»Î¿ÒÑ ¾¶ »Ñ¸ÒÎ¼ÀÊÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎÎÀÑ§ Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ¨ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎÉÎÃÔÑÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ £Ã¿¶²ÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨ ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¨À¶ÀÒÑµ´¼¤ÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨¸¨ÒÑ¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ ÓÑÊ¨§ÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµ ÃÎ»À¶ ÉÎÃÔÑÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¶Î´ÒÑÒÑÔ¿ª¶ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµ¨§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµ ÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ£Ê¿¤ÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨ÓÑ¾¸ÁÒ µÀÑ§ÎµÃÑÒÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿ ¨ÊÎÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿ ¼¨Ò¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑ ·¿ÑÖ¨»ÎÒ ÅÓ¶¸ÊÑÊ¨ÃÎ¾¨µÒ¨ÉÎ§Î¤¶Ã¨²¨ÊÑ¸Ò¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ ²¿ÑÖ¨µ À¶ ÉÎ»ÑÓÑ¸¨ ÃÑ µ ÒÑµ´¼¤Ñ ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¶É¿ÔÎµ²¿¶É¨¾¨¸ÑÒÑÔ¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ $#%&# 9 8 26-50 годинa 26-50 years 7 <25 годинa <25 years 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 !"# GRAFIKON 2.ƮǠǜǑǝǚǙǑǨǚǹǑǡǠǞǠǼǟǚǧǠǤǓǠǢǑǟǑǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǠǞǜǠǢǗǟǥǡǢǓǚǧǖǠǻǚǧǞǠǝǑǢǑ GRAPH 2. Location of minor foramina on distal root of the first lower molar. =ǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ=ǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǚ=ǞǗǙǚǹǑǝǟǚ=ǝǚǟǔǓǑǝǟǚ=ǓǢǧ 1 – buccal; 2 – distal; 3 – mesial; 4 – lingual; 5 – peak TABELA 1.ƶǡǠǢǗǖǟǑǑǟǑǝǚǙǑǝǠǜǑǝǚǙǑǨǚǹǗǔǝǑǓǟǠǔǠǤǓǠǢǑǟǑǞǗǙǚǹǑǝǟǠǞǜǠǢǗǟǥ TABLE 1. Comparative analysis of location of main orifice on mesial root. ƧǚǔǚǤǑǝǟǑǢǗǟǖǔǗǟǠǔǢǑǦǚǹǑ Digital X-ray ƲǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ Corresponding ưǗǡǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ Non-corresponding ƶǜǥǡǟǠ Total ƣǚǟǠǜǥǝǑǢǟǑǝǥǡǑ Binocular magnifier ƲǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ ưǗǡǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ Non-corresponding Corresponding Broj Broj % % Number Number ƶǜǥǡǟǠ Total Broj Number % ƴƳƲƴƭƫƢƳƸƫƤƪƢƹƨƮƱƭƶƲưƱƮƨƭƢƳƴƵƤƱ #!$%! 40 35 >51 године >51 years 30 26-50 годинa 26-50 years 25 <25 годинa <25 years 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ! " GRAFIKON 3.ƮǠǜǑǝǚǙǑǨǚǹǑǔǝǑǓǟǚǧǠǤǓǠǢǑǟǑǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǠǞǜǠǢǗǟǥǡǢǓǠǔǖǠǻǗǔǞǠǝǑǢǑ GRAPH 3. Location of the main foramen on distal root of the first lower molar. =ǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ=ǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǚ=ǞǗǙǚǹǑǝǟǚ=ǝǚǟǔǓǑǝǟǚ=ǓǢǧ=ǖǚǣǤǠǝǚǟǔǓǑǝǟǚ=ǖǚǣǤǠǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ=ǞǗǙǚǠǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ 1 – buccal; 2 – distal; 3 – mesial; 4 – lingual; 5 – peak; 6 – distolingual; 7 – distobuccal; 8 – mesiobuccal 14 >51 године >51 years 12 26-50 годинa 26-50 years $#%&# 10 <25 годинa <25 years 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 !"# GRAFIKON 4.ƮǠǜǑǝǚǙǑǨǚǹǑǡǠǞǠǼǟǚǧǠǤǓǠǢǑǟǑǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǠǞǜǠǢǗǟǥǡǢǓǠǔǖǠǻǗǔǞǠǝǑǢǑ GRAPH 4. Location of minor foramina on distal root of the first lower molar. =ǒǥǜǑǝǟǚ=ǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǚ=ǞǗǙǚǹǑǝǟǚ=ǝǚǟǔǓǑǝǟǚ=ǓǢǧ 1 – buccal; 2 – distal; 3 – mesial; 4 – lingual; 5 – peak ÉÎÊÎ§Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ ÑÔ¿ ª¶Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑ¶Ã¿¶²ÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨¾¨¸Îµ ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨¼ÀÊ ÑÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµ Ê¿¨Ñµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¶Ê¿¤Îµ ²¿¶É¨¾¨¸ÑµÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨ ÒÑÔ¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨ £ÉÎ¿ÃÒÑÑÒÑ ¸¨ÓÑ¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊÑÃ¨²¨ÊÑ¸Ò¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨µ¨§ÊÎÃÑ ÀÑ¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿ÒÎ§¸¶ÉÎ§ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶ÉÎ»Ñ ÓÑ¸ÑµÔ¨ÀÎ»ÀÊÉÒÉÎÃ¶ÃÑ¿ÒÎÀÊ¨ ¶ÉÎ²¸Ã¶ ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ʝ2 p ¦Ñ ¾¸Ñ ЭЬяќдяЬфѳ ÇÎÓÒÑÔÑ §Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»¨ªÎÀÎ¾¨ÒÑ»ÑÒÑ¸ÒÎ²À¨ ÀÊ§Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸Ò¨ª¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑÉ¿Ô¨ªÃÎ ¨ª ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª§Î¸Ñ¿Ñ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÉÎÓÒÑÔÑ ÊÑ´Ò¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ ®¨µÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª¨ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ª»ÑÒÑ¸ÑÉ¿ÃÀÊÑÔ¹Ñ µ¶ÎÀÒÎÔÒ¨É¿Ã¶À¸ÎÔÓÑ¶ÀÉ¼Ò¶ÒÃÎÃÎÒÊÀ»¶¨ÒÊ¿ ÔÒ®¨µ¶¨Ê¨§Î´¶ÔÑ ¨ªÎÔÖ¶Ò»®¨µÓÑÃ¶Á¨ Ô¿§ÒÀ»¨É¿¨ÎÃ ½ÑÎ§ÑÊ¿¨µÑ¸¶ÎÔ¨§¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ¨§Ñ»Î¿¨¼¤ Ò¨À¶É¿Ô¨ÃÎ ¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨§Î¸Ñ¿¨ÆÀÒÎÔÒ¨¿ÑÓ¸Î²ÓÑ ƴƳƲƴƭƫƢƳƸƫƤƪƢƹƨƮƱƭƶƲưƱƮƨƭƢƳƴƵƤƱ TABELA 2.ƶǡǠǢǗǖǟǑǑǟǑǝǚǙǑǝǠǜǑǝǚǙǑǨǚǹǗǔǝǑǓǟǠǔǠǤǓǠǢǑǟǑǖǚǣǤǑǝǟǠǞǜǠǢǗǟǥ TABLE 2. Comparative analysis of location of main orifice on distal root. ƧǚǔǚǤǑǝǟǑǢǗǟǖǔǗǟǠǔǢǑǦǚǹǑ Digital X-ray ƲǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ Corresponding ưǗǡǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ Non-corresponding ƶǜǥǡǟǠ Total ƣǚǟǠǜǥǝǑǢǟǑǝǥǡǑ Binocular magnifier ƲǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ ưǗǡǠǖǥǖǑǢǟǠǣǤ Non-corresponding Corresponding Broj Broj % % Number Number Broj Number % 92.9 ÊÎµ¼ÊÎÀ¶ÎÔÎÒÑµÔÑÁÒ¨µ¨Ó¶¾¨¶¶ÀÊ¨§Ñµ¿É¿Ã ÀÊÑÔ¹Ñµ¶»¹¶´ÓÑÎÃ¿ÁÑÔÑ ÒÎ¿§Ñ¸ÒÎ²Î»¸¶ÓÑ¸ÒÎ² ÎÃÒÎÀÑ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎ»¹¶´ÓÑÎ´¶ÔÑ ÑÃ»ÔÑÊÒÖ¶Ò»®¨ µÁÔÑ»Ñ Ñ£ÎÔ¨§¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ¨§ÑÑÉ»ÀÒÑÊ¿¤¨ ÒÑ»Î¿ÒÑµÉ¿Î¶´ÑÔÑÒÑÉÎ§Î¤¶¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿Ò¸¶É¨ É¿¨§ÒÎ§Ã¨²¨ÊÑ¸Ò¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨µÓ¶¾Ñ¨ÀÉ¶ Ò¨ª»ÑÉ¨¸Ñ¿Ò¨§»ÎÒÊ¿ÑÀÊÎ§Ë¨»¿ÎÀ»ÎÉÀ»Ñ¨ÀÊ¿Ñ Á¨ÔÑ Ñ ¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿ÒÎ§¸¶ÉÎ§ ÎÉÊ¨´»Î§¨¸¨SEM §¨»¿ÎÀ»ÎÉ¨µÎ§ É¿ÃÀÊÑÔ¹Ñµ¶ÒÑµÀÊÑ¿¨µ¨ÒÑµ´¼¤ »Î¿¨¼¤Ò§ÊÎÃÓÑÑÒÑ¸¨Ó¶§Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»¨ªÎ¾¸Á µÑÔ¿ªÑ»Î¿ÒÑÓ¶¾ÑÓ¾Î¿§ÊÎÃÑÀÑ¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿ÒÎ§ ¸¶ÉÎ§µ¾¨Î¶²¸ÑÔÒÎ§¨ÓÉ¿Ñ»Ê¨´Ò¨ª¿ÑÓ¸Î²ÑÑ¨ § ¶ÓÎ¿» Ó¶¾ Ò¨µÒÎÉªÎÃÒÎÉÎÀ¾ÒÎÉ¿¨É¿§Ñ Ê¨ §ÊÎÃµµÃÒÎÀÊÑÔÑÒÓÑ¨ÓÔÎ± Ñ²¿¼»É¿¨ ¨ÓÔÎ± ¶À¶§¨Ò¨§Ñ¸Ò#%½ÔÑ¸¨ÊÊÎÔÊªÒ¨»µ É¿ÎÔ¿ÑÔÑÒ§ÊÎÃÎ§Ã¨²¨ÊÑ¸Ò¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨µÑ ÊÑµÒÑ´¨Òµ¶ÊÔ¿±ÒÑÔ¿ÎÃÎÀÊÎµÒÎÀÊ¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨ µ»ÑÎÒÑµ´¼¤²§ÊÎÃÑÎÃ¿±¨ÔÑ Ñ»¿Ñµ ²¿ÑÒ¨® »ÑÒÑ¸ÒÉ¿ÉÑ¿Ñ®¨µ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÉ¿®¨ÓÒÎÀÊÉ¿¨ÎÃ¿ ±¨ÔÑ ¶¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÑ»Î¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ ²¿ÑÖÀ»¨ÀÒ¨§Ñ»ÒÑµ´¼¤É¿ÃÀÊÑÔ¹ÑÎÀÒÎÔÒÎÎ¿¶ ±¶»¸¨Ò¨´»ÎµÒÃÎÃÎÒÊÀ»ÎµÉ¿Ñ»À¨ ²ÎÔÒÑµÓÒÑ´Ñµ Ò¨µ¨ÒÃÎÀÊÑÊÑ»µ¶É¿ÑÔÎ´¨ Ò¨®ÑÃÑÀÃÎ¾¨µÑÃÔÎ Ã¨§ÒÓ¨ÎÒÑ¸Ò¨É¿¨»ÑÓÊ¿ÎÃ¨§ÒÓ¨ÎÒÑ¸ÒÀÊ¿¶»Ê¶ ¿¦Î§ÎÁÃÎÔÀÊ¨ÃÎÒÑÃ»ÔÑÊÒ¿ÑÃÒÃ¶Á¨Ò ¨¿¨ÊÑ®¨µÉ¿¨ÑÉ»ÀÒÎ²Ê»¨ÔÑ ÉÎÀÊÎÉ¿Ñ®¨ÎÒÎ²¾Î ¸Ñ ÓÑÉÑ¹ Ñ¨Ò¶ÀÉ¼Ò¿ÉÑ¿Ñ®¨µ# % ÈÒÑ¸¨Ó¨¿Ñµ¶¤¨¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊ¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ÑÃÎ¾¨µÒ ÉÎ§Î¤¶¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿Ò¸¶É ¶Î´ÒÎµÃÑµ¶É¿ÔÎµÀÊÑ ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨ÒÑµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶¾¨¸ÑÒÑ ²ÎÔÎµÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎ Ô¿¼¨Ò¨ ÆÔÑµÒÑ¸ÑÓµ¶ÀÑ²¸ÑÀÒÎÀÊ¨À¿Ó¶¸ ÊÑÊ¨§Ñ§Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»¨ªÀÊ¶Ã¨µÑÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶ É¿ÔÎ²ÃÎ ²§Î¸Ñ¿ÑÍ¶¿ªÑ Burch ¨Â¶¸ÒÑ Hulen) # %ÆÒ¨À¶¶ÊÔ¿Ã¨¸¨ÃÑ ¶»Î¸¨»ÎÉÎÀÊÎµ¨µÃÑÒ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ ÎÊÔÎ¿ ÎÒ À ÒÑµ´¼¤ ÒÑ¸ÑÓ¨ ÒÑ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµ ÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨»Î¿ÒÑ ¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊ¨Ã¿¶²»ÎÒÊ¿Î¸ Ò²¿¶ÉÉÎÊÔ¿±¶µ¶ÒÑµ´¼¤¶¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ¶ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ ¬Ã¨ÒÎµ¶Ê¿¤Îµ²¿¶É¨ÒÑµ´ ¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¶Î´ÒÑÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ ª¶§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑ º¨ÀÎ»É¿Î®ÒÑÊ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ ÓÑ®¨µ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¾¨Îµ¨ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨ Ò¨ ËÎ¿Ö¨À Morfis µ¶ÀÔÎµ¨§¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ¨ §ÑÉÎ§Î¤¶¸»Ê¿ÎÒÀ»Î²§¨»¿ÎÀ»ÎÉÑ¶Î´¨ÎÃÑµ²¸ÑÔ Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÎÔÑÒÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶¶ À¸¶´Ñ µÔÑ# %Ñµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨§»Î¿Ò¨§ÑÉ¿ÔÎ²ÃÎ ²ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ²§Î¸Ñ¿Ñ ÃÎ¾¨µÒÑÉÎ§Î¤¶¾¨ÒÎ»¶¸Ñ¿Ò¸¶É¶É¿ÔÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ ƶǜǥǡǟǠ Total »ÑÊ²Î¿¨µ¨ ¾¨¸Ñ µ ÒÑ Ô¿ª¶ »Î¿ÒÑ Ñ ÉÎÊÎ§ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ ÆÔ¨¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊ¨À¶¶ÀÑ²¸ÑÀÒÎÀÊ¨ÀÑ SEM¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ¨§ÑËÎ¿Ö¨ÀÑ ²ÃµÎÔÑ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÎÊ»¿¨ÔÒÑ¶´Ñ» À¸¶´ÑµÔÑ # %£Ã¿¶²ÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ²¿¶É¨ÒÑµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¾¨¸ÑµÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ² »Î¿ÒÑ Ñ¶Ê¿¤ÎµÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ»ÑÊ²Î¿¨µ¨²¸ÑÔ Ò¨ÎÊÔÎ¿µÒÑµ´¼¤¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÎÔÑÒÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿ ¼¨Ò¨ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ ³¸¨´ Ò¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊ¶ÀÔÎµ¨§§Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»¨§ÀÊ¶Ã¨µÑ§ÑÃÎ¾¨ ¸¨À¶Í¶¿ª¨Â¶¸Ò# %ÆÒ¨À¶ÉÎ»ÑÓÑ¸¨ÃÑµÒÑµ ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎ Ô¿¼¨Ò¨Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑ ÑÉÎÊÎ§ÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ ÑÎÀÒÎÔ¶¿Ó¶¸ÊÑÊÑ»¸¨Ò¨´ »¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ¨µÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑ ¦Ñ§À Tamse) ¨ÀÑ¿ÑÃÒ¨®¨À¶¶Î´¨¸¨ÃÑÀ¶²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿¨ÒÑµ´¼¤ ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÎÔÑÒ¨ ÒÑ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµ ÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ ÉÎ ÊÎ§ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ #%Ç¨ÒÃÑ Pineda ¨½¶ Ê¸¿ Kuttler #%À¶¶ÀÔÎµÎµ¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖÀ»ÎµÀÊ¶Ã¨ µ¨»ÀÊ¿ÑªÎÔÑÒ¨ªÉ¿Ô¨ªÃÎ ¨ªÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª§Î¸Ñ¿ÑÓÑÉÑ Ó¨¸¨ÃÑµ ¨ÀÉ¨ÊÑÒ¨ªÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑ¨§Ñ¸Î ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ÎÊÔÎ¿ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ µ¾¨¸Î¸Î»Ñ ¸¨ÓÎÔÑÒÎ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ Ñ´Ñ» Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª»Î¿ÒÑµ ¨§Ñ¸ÎÎÉÀÊ¨¿É¨¿ÑÒÔ¿ª Ò¨µ¶Î´ÒÒ¨µÃÑÒÎÊÔÎ¿ £ÀÔÎµÎµÉÎÀÊ»ÀÊ¿Ñ»®¨ÎÒÎµ¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖÀ»ÎµÑÒÑ ¸¨Ó¨ÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸Ò¨§»Î¿Ò¨§ÑÉ¿Ô¨ªÃÎ ¨ªÀÊÑ¸Ò¨ª §Î¸Ñ¿Ñ¦Ñ§À#%µ¶Î´¨ÎÃÑµÒÑµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨ µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ ÉÎ ÊÎ§ÒÑÔ¿ª¶¨§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ ÉÎ ÃÎ»µÎÉÀÊ¿¶»®¨ µÑ¶Î´ÒÑ¶ À¸¶´ÑµÔÑÀÊ¨Ñ¶ÊÎ¿ É¿¨§ ¶µ¶ ¤¨¨Ê¿¤¶§ÊÎÃÎ¸Î²¨µ¶ §Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»ÑÀÊ¶Ã¨µÑ ÎÊ »¿¨ÔÑÒÑµ´¼¤¶¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ¶²¸ÑÔÒÎ²ÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑÃ¨À ÊÑ¸Ò¨§»Î¿ÒÎÔ¨§ÑÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ ÒÑ ÀÑ§Î§ Ô¿ª¶ ÉÎÊÎ§ ÒÑ ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµ ÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨ ¨ ÒÑ»¿Ñµ¶ ÒÑ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎµ¨¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿ ¼¨Ò¨ ÉÎ ¨µÓÑ¾¸ÁÒÒ¨µÃÑÒÀ¸¶´ÑµÎÉ ÀÊ¿¶»®¨µÔ¿ªÑ»Î¿ÒÑ¶ÎÔ¨§¨ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ¨§ÑÎ ÉªÎÃÒÎÀÊÉÎÓÒÑÔÑ ÑÊÑ´Ò¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª¨ ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ¶ÒÃÎÃÎÒÊÀ»Î§¸´ ¶¶ÔÓ¨µ ÀÖÑÓÎ§ÎÃ¿±¨ÔÑ Ñ²¿ÑÒ¨®»ÑÒÑ¸Ò¨ÒÀÊ¿¶§ÒÊÑ ®¨µ¨ÎÉÊ¶¿Ñ®¨µÇÎÓÒÑÔÑ §ÎÔ¨ª§Î¿ÖÎ¸Î¼»¨ª Î¾¸ÁµÑ§Î²¶À¨Ó¾¤¨²¿¼»É¿¨¿ÒÃ²ÒÎ²¿ÑÖ À»Îµ ¨ÒÊ¿É¿ÊÑ®¨µ¨ ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µ ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ª ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ Ó¾Î²§Î²¶¤ÒÎÀÊ¨ÉÎÀÊÑÔ»ÎÊÔÎ¿ÑÒÑÀÔ´Ê¨¿¨»Î ¿ÒÀ»ÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò# %ÀÊ¿ÑÁ¨ÔÑ ÑÀ¶ÉÎÊÔ¿ Ã¨¸ÑÃÑÒÑµ´¼¤²¿¼»É¿¨¨ÒÊ¿É¿ÊÑ®¨µ¨ÑÉ» ÀÒ²¿ÑÒ¨®ÒÑÀÊÑµ¶¶»Î¸¨»ÎµÖÎ¿Ñ§Ò¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÎ ÔÑÒÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµ¨¸¨¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨#% ƴƳƲƴƭƫƢƳƸƫƤƪƢƹƨƮƱƭƶƲưƱƮƨƭƢƳƴƵƤƱ ьѳќъдгѳќ Ñµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸ ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑ¶É¿ÔÎµ¨Ã¿¶²Îµ²¿¶É¨µÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎµÉÎ Ô¿¼¨Ò¨»Î¿ÒÑ ÃÎ»µ¶ÒÑµÀÊÑ¿¨µÎµ²¿¶É¨ÒÑÀÑ§Î§ Ô¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑÑµ´¼¤Ñ¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÑ®¨µÑ²¸ÑÔÒ¨ªÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ²»Î¿ÒÑµÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶ ÎÃÒÎÀÒÎÒÑÃ¨À ÊÑ¸ÒÎµ ÉÎÔ¿¼¨Ò¨ »Î¿ÒÑ ÑµÔ¤¨ ¾¿Îµ ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ª ÎÊÔÎ¿Ñ»ÎÃÉ¿ÔÎ²§ÑÒÃ¨¾¶¸ÒÎ²§Î¸Ñ¿Ñ¶Î´Òµ¶ÒÑµ §¸Ñ±Îµ ÀÊÑ¿ÎÀÒÎµ »ÑÊ²Î¿¨µ¨ ¨ ÒÑ §Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§ ¨ ÒÑ Ã¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶Ñ§Ó¨µÑ¸ÒÎ§»Î¿Ò¶ÉÎ§Î¤Ò¨ ÎÊÔÎ¿¨À¶ÒÑµ´¼¤¾¨¸¨¸Î»Ñ¸¨ÓÎÔÑÒ¨ÒÑ¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ ÒÎµÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨ ÑÒÑÃ¨ÀÊÑ¸ÒÎ§ÒÑ¾¶»Ñ¸ÒÎµ¨¸¨Ò²ÔÑ¸ÒÎµ ÀÊ¿ÑÒ¨¨¸¨ ÉÑ» ÒÑÀÑ§Î§Ô¿ª¶»Î¿ÒÑ LITERATURA 1. 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LOCALISATION OF MAIN AND ANCILLARY FORAMINA WITHIN THE MESIAL AND DISTAL ROOTS OF THE FIRST LOWER MOLARS Milica JOVANOVIĆ-MEDOJEVIĆ, Slavoljub ŽIVKOVIĆ Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Belgrade INTRODUCTION Understanding the morphology of the root canal system, and especially its apical third, represents the basic precondition for the successful treatment of diseased pulp and the apical endodontium. AIM The aim of this study was to precisely locate the main and ancillary foramina in the mesial and distal first lower molars. METHOD One hundred extracted first lower molars, originating from persons of both sexes and three different age groups, were used in the study. RESULTS The analysis of the sampled molars’ apical third was carried out using a binocular magnifier and a digital X-ray scanner (Trophy). The results showed that the main mesial and distal root foramina were located mostly on the distal surface. The ancillary mesial and distal root foramina were located at the lingual end, in most cases. Statistical analysis demonstrated the congruence of results achieved using the binocular magnifier and digital x-ray in 100% of cases if the main foramen is located on the very top of the mesial root (χ2 =17.23; p<0.001), and in 92.9% of cases if the main foramen is localised on the very top of the distal root of the first lower molar (χ2 =12.07; p<0.001). CONCLUSION The most common localisation of the main foramina for all age categories and in both mesial and distal roots is on the distal surface of the root. The greatest number of ancillary foramina was observed in the youngest age category, while they were localised most often on the lingual side of the mesial and distal root. Key words: first lower molar; main orifice; auxiliary orifice; location Milica JOVANOVIĆ-MEDOJEVIĆ Klinika za bolesti zuba Stomatološki fakultet Rankeova 4, 11000 Beograd Tel: 011 244 3366 E-mail: almed@drenik.net Å¶»ÎÉ¨ÀµÃÎÀÊÑÔ¹Ò£¿ÃÒ¨¼ÊÔ¶²ÎÃ¨Ò View publication stats

QUESTION: What do the very top innovators (of home run scale) do that nearly no others do, how, why? What do the very top environs they ride or find or foster do to support home run innovations that nearly no others do, how, why? Why do academics ignore home run scale innovatings, and the “doing” of innovatings in favor of virtually useless econ scale “laws” and “linear” phase gate processes of innovating decades behind current emergents? RESULTS: 2 Scales of Innovation Magnitude, the 96 Models Listed & Causal Forms, Theory of Innovation Noises, Theory that Innovation is Culture Work--11 Cultures Home Run Scale Innovations Counter, the Femininity of Productivity and Innovation, The Biggest Innovations from Global Religions of Business Invasions, Innovations as De-Academy-izing; DATA: from 8000+ eminent creators from 41 nations 64 professions, and 450 Top Innovators; ANALYSIS: AI protocol analysis of expert case handlings & total quality process causal analysis modeling. Presented: Design Creativity Kobe 2010; TMCE 2012 Karlsruhe; ASME 2013; ICCC 2013; Design Society, Thailand 2009 Part of the EXCELLENCE SCIENCES Research Project at the University of Chicago Grad School of Business--54 Routes to the Top of Nearly Any Field Richard Tabor Greene Master of Innovation and Creativity Sciences, De Tao Masters Academy, Beijing-Shanghai, China Author of 40 books at https://www.amazon.com/author/richard-tabor-greene Founder, Kimono SportFormal Fashions, Tokyo-Shanghai Professor of Design Creativity & Innovation, Grad School of System Design & Management, Keio University Founder, Creativity & Novelty Sciences SOLUTIONS STUDIO, SIVA in Shanghai, China Extended Abstract—of questions, data sources, results, analyses for each result type, main conclusions from the 14 hypotheses generated. Now research questions: 1) What distinguishes home run scale innovators (their eiffort, direction, doings, tactics) from the vast body of smaller scale innovatings? 2) What distinguishes environs they find, ride, or foster from environs small scale innovators/innovatings engage, endure? 3) Where in home run scale innovating ia real thought, effort, and tactical inventiveness required and directed? Why? 4) When all innovation noises (from claimed “innovativeness” for career or product promotion, from ordinary system effects of all long large scale projects innovative or not, and others) are substracted out, revealing CORES of home run scale innovatings, what variety in those CORES worldwide and across professions appears? What role does that variety play in reaching home run scale, and escaping omnipresent innovation noises? 5) What do individuals who engender or cryatalize home run scale innovations do and overcome and launch that others who reach far smaller scale levels of change, novelty, innovation do not do? 6) What generates the Innovation Noise of gross exaggerations of scale of innovations aimed for and achieved in both university research and industry innovation practice? 7) What role do various common cultures of business and common cultures of academia play in generating such Innovation Noise and trivializing of scale of innovation? 8) Do the common cultures of US academia generate and sustain many of the common cultures of business that all home run scale research and practice/achievement of innovation must overcome? 9) Do the answers to the above offer solutions to the vast majority of published research studies of innovation going unread and entirely unused in industry--knowledge that is literally useless? Do those answers offer solutions to the erosion of Silicon Valley innovativity via venture businesses from colleges supplanting venture technology firms, MBAs supplanting engineers as leaders, technically ignorant hedge fund Wall Street money funds technology ignorant disrupters supplanting harsh market competitions weaning in best idea embodiments? 10) What do answers to the above from 8000+ eminent creators from 63 fields and 41 nations, and detailed interviews of 150 SIlicon Valley founders, and of 150 “great innovators” elsewhere nudge us to A) fixes to shallow unread unused “research” on innovation and B) fixes of eroding levels of innovativity as colleges invade it with their plans, analyses, models, elitisms, snobberies, and drive to publish unread unused “knowledge”? 11) What are the real forces generating major scale novelty/change in home run scale innovatings-a) -non-linear systems effects of many agents interacting till emergent inventions appear or special humans or b) human idea or tactics engendering/crystalizing larger scale populations and forces into new configurations? Which is more real? Are individuals and groups wrongly taking credit for emergents? Hence, are models of innovation and theories/studies of it mis-directed as human doings and missing non-linear systems types that themselves, like Natural Selection and the Flows & Homes in Silicon Valley, “innovating” without need of special humans, human ideas, or human tactics? Data Sources: A redo of Plato in the University of Chicago Grad School of Business’ EXCELLENCE SCIENCES Research Project--seeking to define “the good” and “excellence” in our time empirically, not politically, culturally, religiously, philosophically, ideologically--asked 8000+ eminent creators in 63 professions and 41 nations--who is top in your field, how did they get there, what capabilities distinguish them from good but not top ones there? 54 distinct “routes to the top of nearly any field” were obtained. 150 people in each of the 54 were then found by a triple nomination process and given detailed interviews on capabilities on the way to “top” and while at “top” levels. ONE of those 54 was at the top by “innovating”. Capabilities of top innovators of 3 sorts were extracted from the data of the 8000: a) 150--founders across 3 generations in Silicon Valley, b) top innovators elsewhere globally in 63 fields, and c) 150 leaders needing “far larger scale innovations” than people and systems were currently making available to them. Additionally top innovators in manufacturing received extra research items and administerings emphasizing getting beyond “socially accepted” and “social pressure fostered” and “fitting in” responses. Five products were aimed for and produced by analysis of the data from the above sources: A) Two scales for measuring the magnitude of any innovation aimed for or achieved--to assist us all escaping for personal career promotion and for next product promotion Innovation Noises. B) The most comprehensive, detailed, diverse meta-model of models of innovation--as 96 models, thus far published. C) Non-linear system effects models that underly, generate, and explain paradoxes in large scale long term projects of any sort, and in innovation efforts were sought separated and organized into 2 models, then compared--seeking such effects for innovation projects that were different than arose in long large projects--none were found, that is, most of the practitioner complaint and academic theories of “innovation” are actually about non-linear emergent dynamics from ALL long term large projects managed. D) A model of doing research on innovation as “culture work” and doing innovation itself as “culture work”--such that BOTH have roughly the same common cultures of business to overcome if home run scale innovations are attempted/achieved. E) A model of the culture of academia actively thwarting, countering, eroding, reducing magnitude of innovations attempted and achieved--as a primary obstacle that home run innovators overcome in each innovation they attempt and actualize. Evidence that academic research on innovation indirectly reduces innovation levels overall. F) A Model of what caused the greatest changes in business practice in recent centuries--invasion of several global Religions of Business by one of them, including the role within this of a new form of causality invading commonly settled on/used forms in other Religions of Business. G) A model of all home run scale research on innovation and of all home run scale practice of innovation as nested anti-cultures--innovation de-cultures the world. Conclusion and Discussion: Forces distorting research into enormous levels of useless publishings and eroding SIlicon Valley degrees of novelty aimed for and achieved were traced back through industry forces to academia’s harmful impacts on minds, attitudes, habits, values, goals, and practices of their graduates. This article produces a conclusion that the same culture work that innovators do to achieve major scale changes in ways of the world, has to be done to conduct research on innovation that is used. Researching innovation requires the same innovation work as the actual doing of major scale innovations. Both innovations and developing knowledge of innovating that gets used—require the same beyond-self beyond-present-ways nested anit-cultures work.

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Localisation of main and ancillary foramina within the mesial and distal roots of the first lower molars