Metamorphosis of Alexander the Great

This is a rough google translation of an incomplete version of my book. Metamorphosis of Alexander the Great "For, tell me, where is the tomb of Alexander? Show it me and tell me the day on which he died... his tomb even his own people know not."John Chrysostom, c. AD 400 PROLOGUE I thought that everything was known about Alexander the Great, until I learned that information about the place of Alexander's resting place was lost. An entire chapter of human history was lost in time. In an attempt to solve the greatest mystery, I decided to conduct my own investigation, but my research took me further than I could have imagined. We will embark on a long journey back in time where I will question the standard view of Egyptian history. But I ask you to forget for a while the familiar notions to see how the jigsaw puzzles come together, revealing before us a startling picture of truly the greatest mystery in the world. THE STORY OF A PARADOX The biographer of Alexander the great Pseudo-Callisthenes wrote that Alexander bequeathed to bury himself in Egypt, near the temple of Amun. Perdiccas promised Alexander to do this, but then decided to take the body of the king to Macedonia. His plan failed. Ptolemy, having met the funeral cortege in Damascus, kidnapped the sarcophagus with Alexander's body and transported it in 321 BC. to Memphis. According to Plutarch, a few years later, Ptolemy transported him to Alexandria. Alexander's body was placed in a "hammered gold" coffin, according to Diodorus, which was "fitted to the body."The coffin is also mentioned by Strabo and Curtius Rufus; subsequently, the golden sarcophagus was replaced by a glass or crystal one. There is ample reliable evidence that Alexander was actually buried in Alexandria. Alexander's grave became a place of mass pilgrimage of people. He continued to be honored even after the conquest of Alexandria by the Romans. The Roman emperors considered it their duty to visit the tomb of Alexander. It is known that Julius Caesar visited her and presented rich gifts. Emperor Augustus placed a wreath on Alexander's head, and covered the sarcophagus and body with flowers. According to Dion Cassius, Octavian injured the mummy's nose with an awkward movement. The body lay in a glass sarcophagus, and the mausoleum was in the central square. For several centuries, the mausoleum of Alexander, called in Greek "Sema", remained a place of pilgrimage and worship. According to Suetonius, Caligula also visited the grave of Alexander, who personally removed the breastplate from Alexander, and then wore it himself. Some of the ancient authors, for example Diodorus and Strabo, visited the tomb themselves.The last message about a visit to the tomb dates back to 215 AD. e., when the memory of Alexander was honored by the emperor Caracalla, who laid a purple cloak, rings with precious stones, a magnificent military belt and other offerings at the sarcophagus. Finally the tomb of Alexander was sealed during visit to Alexandria, the emperor Septimius Sever ordered the sacred tomb to be walled up, after which the news of the tomb of the great king breaks off and it is not known where it is. The location of the tomb of Alexander the Great is an enduring mystery The Egyptian Supreme Council has recognized more than 140 attempts to find the tomb of Alexander the Great. The search for the "holy grail" of archaeologists continues to this day. Hypothesis A familiar situation: you are persistently looking for something that has been in the most prominent place all this time. I believe that the tomb found in 1922 by the eminent English archaeologist Howard Carter in the Valley of the Kings, which was created number KV 62, is the tomb of Alexander the Great. Due to an erroneous dating, Howard Carter mistook Alexander for another person known as the Living Image of Amun. So the mummy of Alexander under the Egyptian name became a national treasure and a symbol of Egypt. And the whole world is deluded ... ALEXANDER the Great, Iskander Zulkarnayn (al-Iskander dû-l-Karnayni - r-Rûmiy) is the nickname of Alexander the Great from Eastern authors. Creator of a world power. An epic hero in ancient, Christian, Jewish and Islamic cultures. (357 BC, Pella Macedonia -323 BC, Babylon), Alexander III of the Argead dynasty. King of Macedonia (336-323 BC) Pharaoh of Egypt (332 BC) King of the East (official title from 330 BC) ALEXANDER VS "LIVING IMAGE OF AMUN "(LIA) Why did I assume that the mummy from the KV62 tomb is the mummy of Alexander the Great? By chance. I read the book of the "king of poets" Nizami-Iskander Name, which changed my idea of ​​Alexander. Upon learning that Alexander was buried in Egypt, having learned about the number of expeditions, I thought: maybe he has already been found? But how to identify him? I tried to imagine what Alexander's body would look like now. According to the main version, Alexander died of malaria, in a search engine I found a pharaoh with the same cause of death, whose name was familiar to me and is translated into Russian as "Incarnation of Amun". He lived in a different era, and the age at the time of death did not match the age at the time of Alexander's death. I decided to ignore these facts and tried to "superimpose" their medical records. To my surprise, in addition to malaria, all the combat injuries of Alexander listed by Plutarch began to coincide, one after another. I started looking for other evidence. Eyewitnesses left a description of the objects that were in the tomb of Alexander, which I compared with objects from KV 62. By the thirtieth coincidence, I became convinced that I was right, that I accidentally managed to make a discovery: to find, among the already found mummies, the mummy of Alexander the Great under his forgotten Egyptian name. So let's start with the medical arguments. Facts, convincing assumptions about the mummy of the Incarnation of Amun, consistent with the description of Alexander's body and the injuries he suffered. 1.Face Photo: The head of Alexander the Great from the island of Kos. Marble. Apparently, the work of a Hellenistic sculptor, dating back to the original by Lysippos of the third quarter of the 4th century. BC e. Istanbul. Museum. Photo: LIA mummy head. Photo. Bust Alexander and the mummy LIA. "the characteristic features of this ever beardless and slightly inclined face are as follows: a strand of wavy hair divided in two, falling like a mane from the middle of the forehead, deep eye sockets, raised eyes, a crooked nose, flared nostrils, a small mouth, a clear chin. Coins with the profile of Alexander , which were minted by his successors Ptolemy and Lysimachus from 322-321, emphasize, in addition, the large bags under the eyes and the hump of a rather large nose on a plump face. his mummy in Alexandria" P. For. 2.Body Height, weight. Alexander is described as a man of average height, depicted as wiry, thin. LIA. 167-170 cm - average height, depicted as wiry, thin. Race. Alexander is without a doubt a Caucasian race, a European. The person from KV 62 is European. DNA analysis in 2010 showed that he has the R1b1a2 halo group, which 50% of men in Western Europe have. Among the Spaniards and the British, it rises to 70%. 3.Mummy Decay of the body. The king's body had been lying in the coffin for six days while everybody's attention had been diverted from the obsequies to forming a government. Curtius p.256(9) LIA. “Obviously, the king was found a few days after his death, when the processes of decay of the body had already begun. In this regard, the embalmers had to deviate from the standard mummification procedure. " Body temperature treatment. "After the days of mourning, they took Alexander's body, boiled it and took it to Egypt". Medieval Alexandria. LIA. The body was subjected to high temperature treatment. It was found that the decaying tissues were heated to a temperature of at least 200 degrees Celsius. The king was literally roasted over low heat. The mummy looks unnaturally black - with excessive heating of the mummy, the tissues darkened greatly. Mummification. “After they removed the brain and internal organs, in order to prevent decay, they put a royal crown on their heads and put the body, anointed with incense, in a coffin like an Egyptian sarcophagus, as the ancient Greek historian Diodorus (1st century BC), made of hammered gold. The sarcophagus was placed under a golden-purple veil in the middle of the hall, and Alexander's companions began to decide what to do next. ”Arrian. "A heavy golden sarcophagus, in which rested a body, anointed with incense" Diodorus LIA. Mummification involves the removal of internal organs, similarly - in a heavy Egyptian sarcophagus made of minted gold, weighing 110 kg. Mummification repeated. The first mummification of Alexander occurred in Babylon. Ptolemy ordered a repeat of Alexander's embalming in Egypt. VA. Two levels of resin in the skull means that the mummy has been embalmed twice. The resin makes the mummy look black. Since a person's DNA is European, you need to imagine him white. There are many "violations" of the Egyptian ritual of mummification, since the cut is not where it usually is, etc. LIA. “When dressing the mummy, the embalmers shaved the skull in a special way to give it the appearance that the heads of the high priests had. One day it will become clear why the VA skull was processed in a completely different way than most of the other rulers found in the Deir el-Bahri cache. Almost living hair is still preserved on the skulls of the great kings of Egypt, but on the head of VA there is only a headband made of very thin material, decorated with woven strips and beads of gold and glazed terracotta, from which four sacred cobras rise, whose flexible bodies adorn the crown of the young Pharaoh "p.140 Christian Desroche-Noblecourt" Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris ". Balm with honey. "The space around the body was filled with spices, which were supposed to keep the body fragrant and non-perishable." ) LIA. “At least four buckets of dark resinous incense were poured onto the mummy and the golden coffin during the burial.” G. Carter. The composition of the balm for mummification included honey. A vessel with honey was found in the tomb of VA. 4.Through round hole at the back of the head. "Alexander was wounded in the back of the head with a dart, in the area of ​​the Assakans." Plutarch "ON THE FATE AND VALUE OF ALEXANDER" FIRST SPEECH .2. Photo: X-ray of the LIA skull. X-rayed the head of the mummy, the researchers noticed a hematoma near the hole. A hematoma could form only when a blow to the back of the head was inflicted on a living person. 5. Damaged nose. During his visit to the tomb, Octavian Augustus injured the nose of the mummy of Alexander the Great with an awkward movement. "Octavian next viewed the body of Alexander, and even touched it in such a fashion that, so it is said, a piece of the nose was broken off. Yet he went not to see the corpses of the Ptolemies, despite the keen desire of the Alexandrians to show them to him, retorting, 'I wished to see a king not dead people. "Dio Cassius LI, 16. Photo: Mummy LIA. The mummy from the tomb KV 62 had a damaged nose, the mummy was wrapped in bandages, which is probably why Augustus felt his face. 6. Occipital bone injury. Alexander was wounded in the head with a "stone in the back of the head" "First of all, in Illyria I received a blow with a stone in the head and a club in the neck"; "They wounded him in the head with an ax, cutting his helmet." Plutarch "ABOUT THE FATE AND VALOR OF ALEXANDER". II. 13. (c) Photo: X-ray of VA's skull The skull of the LIA mummy is broken at the back of the head - a possible explanation is that he was hit on the head with a blunt object, 2 fragments of the skull are visible on the X-ray. There is another possible explanation: it was damaged during embalming. Medical workers (forensic pathologists) of Scotland Yard, having examined the skull of the mummy, came to the conclusion that the man had been killed with what looked like an ax. 7. Vision problems as a result of an injury to the back of the head "Alexander received a stone in the back of his head, after which his vision deteriorated and he remained under threat of blindness for several days."Plutarch "ON THE FATE AND VALOR OF ALEXANDER" .II.9 (b). The anomalies of the fine bones above the eye sockets of the human skull from tomb KV 62 could have been caused by a sudden forward movement of the brain (blow to the back of the head), which caused vision problems. 8. Neck curvature. a) "Philip, Alexander's father, suffered from a curvature of the cervical vertebrae." The disease was transmitted to Alexander. Photo: The heads of Philip and Alexander from the tomb at Vergina. Greece LIA-British scientist, Richard Boyer, concluded that the man from the tomb of KV 62 suffered from Klippel-Feil disease or short neck syndrome, a rare congenital disease of the spine that greatly impedes walking and severely restricts head movement. This is a rare congenital malformation of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, which is characterized in the patient by a short and sedentary neck. This disease is transmitted through the paternal genes to the son. b) Tilting the neck to the left "Alexander's neck is twisted as if he was looking up at an angle." Alexander's appearance is best conveyed by the statues of Lysippos, and he himself believed that only this sculptor was worthy of sculpting his images. This master was able to accurately reproduce what many of the king's successors and friends later imitated - a slight tilt of the neck to the left and a languid gaze. Plutarch "After he had inspected the body of Alexander of Macedon, Caracalla ordered that he himself should be called 'Great' and 'Alexander', for he was led on by the lies of his flatterers to the point where, adopting the ferocious brow and neck tilted towards the left shoulder that he had noted in Alexander's countenance, he persuaded himself that his features were truly very similar." Anonymous, 4th century AD Photo: Hellenistic marble head of Alexander the Great 323 BC up to 31 BC Barakat. Photo. X-ray of the mummy LIA. The KV62 mummy has a neck tilt to the left. 9. "Alexander was wounded in the thigh with a dagger, but the wound was not dangerous." Plutarch “under Issom - with a sword in the thigh; as Hareth reports, this wound was inflicted on Alexander by Darius, who met him in hand-to-hand combat; Alexander himself writes about this to Antipater simply and with all justice:“ I myself had to get a dagger wound in the thigh; but nothing heavy from this wound followed. ”Plutarch“ ABOUT THE FATE AND VALUE OF ALEXANDER ”.I.2. LIA. A person from KV 62 has traces of trauma to the femur of his left leg. It looks like a cut with a dagger or sword. Photo mummy LIA. 10. Alexander was wounded, "in the area of ​​the Assakans, with an Indian spear in the ankle" Plutarch "ON THE FATE AND VALOR OF ALEXANDER". II. 9 "during the siege of Gaza, I was hit in the ankle by the arrow" Plutarch "ON THE FATE AND VALUE OF ALEXANDER." I. 327 b Photo. Mummy LIA. The human foot from KV 62 is strongly turned inward; missing finger bone. Computed tomography during these studies revealed two metatarsal bones of the king's left leg with clear signs of deformity, osteonecrosis (bone death). The study showed that a new bone was growing instead, which means that the foot was not in order even during the life of the king. 11. Fracture of the femur. “Alexander himself had his thigh pierced through; an arrow chipped off a part of the bone "Arrian 3.30 "near Marakanda - an arrow in the shin, so that the split bone protruded from the wound;" Plutarch "ABOUT THE FATE AND VALOR OF ALEXANDER". II.9 Photo: Splitting of the femur in the LIA mummy. 12 . Chest trauma "Alexander was wounded in the chest by an arrow 1 meter long." The tip sank just above the right nipple, 3 fingers wide and 4 fingers long. "In the area of ​​the mulls, an arrow two cubits long, piercing the carapace, wounded him in the chest so badly that air came from the holes left after the arrow." “The king was carried away with an arrow, which penetrated to the insides and, like a nail, tied the shell to the body. Efforts to remove the arrow from the wound resisted the iron, which stuck behind the bones of the chest. They did not dare to cut off the protruding part of the arrow, fearing that it would damage the bone and cause excessive pain and severe bleeding. An iron point, four fingers wide, stuck between the ribs. "" The king was carried to the tent, and the doctors cut off the shaft of the arrow without touching the point. Then, they bared the body, noticed that the arrow had teeth and that the point could be removed only if the wound was enlarged with a cut. At the same time, they feared that the flow of blood would interfere with the cut. "Plutarch "ABOUT THE FATE AND VALOR OF ALEXANDER". II. 13 (f).(с). Photo: CT mummy LIA. The mummy is missing part of the sternum, as well as the ribs of the front of the chest. The ribs are clearly cut with a saw. Was the removal of the anterior chest segment by the embalmers due to the condition of the body? A possible explanation for this is that the man from the tomb received a devastating chest injury. 13. A wound on the face, and a possible explanation. "- Some creature has bitten! - Alexander squeezed out of himself and removed his hand from his neck. Everyone saw a blackening wound the size of a needle's eye. Hastily sent an adjutant for the doctor and began to wait impatiently for his appearance. The emperor's neck was noticeably swollen, the blackening wound widened before his eyes. The doctor was still not there. The famous warrior tried to kneel, but his legs did not obey, his movements became constrained. He was shivering. Asan, looking at the wound, said: - It's a karakurt bite. It is scarier than a blow from a sword. - If you know, do something! Shouted the nobles. Asan, falling to the neck of the emperor, sucked the poison in several passes. With the sunrise, Alexander the Great finally came to his senses. " From a Kyrgyz fairy tale. *Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, also known as the Mediterranean black widow,or the European black widow. Photo. LIA. "On the left cheek near the earlobe there was a round a dent covered with a scab. " "Perhaps it was some kind of insect bite, since there are so many of them in Egypt." Ernest Rodin is professor of neurology at the University of Utah. film "Tutankhamun - Murder Mystery". 14.The cause of death. After a long fever, Alexander dies - according to the main version of malaria. In the "royal chronicles" it is said that Alexander drank a lot at the feast, on the same night he had a severe fever, from which he died 12 days later. The most common explanation is that Alexander died of malaria -he had visited the Iraqi swamps several weeks earlier. LIA."From a severe, complicated form of malaria, the causative agents of which were found in his body during DNA tests". In 2010, the Supreme Council for Antiquities in Egypt published that the man from the tomb died from a combination of: skull trauma, open leg fracture, scoliosis, and most importantly - malaria.forms of malaria, the causative agents of which were found in his body during DNA tests. " 15. Age at the time of the death. 1.According to ancient authors, the age at the time of death was determined at 33 years. It is known that: “This is how Alexander died; he reigned twelve years and seven months. " Diodorus (117). The only question is, how old was Alexander before the campaign? 2. In 340 BC e. Philip, appointed sixteen-year-old Alexander regent. Perhaps, from this moment the countdown should have begun? According to the Serbian "Alexandria", the commander began his campaigns in "It was then Alexander fifteen years and four months." 3. Why does Darius call Alexander a youth and send him a ball as a gift to play chovgan (polo), if Alexander is almost 20 years old? 20 years old he is no longer a child. “He started talking about chovgan with a ball: You are a child, but the fun is stuck for children. Nizami. From a letter from Darius to Alexander: "Your age still needs education and a nipple. That is why I am sending you a whip, a ball and gold, so that you choose what you want yourself. A whip, because you need to be brought up, a ball, so that you play with yours. peers and would not seduce young people with the fact that they are not for their age, like a notorious robber, plunging the city into confusion. " The words that Plutarch puts into the mouth of Alexander ("Alexander", 11, 6), "When I was with the Tribals and Illyrians, Demosthenes called me a boy. Once in Thessaly, I became a youth. Now I want to appear under the walls of Athens already as a husband. " The age at the time of death of the person from KV 62. The 1925 study gave an estimate of 18-19 years. The 1968 study gave an estimate of 18-22 years. The 2005 study is estimated at 17-27 years. (Hawass 2005: 33), Hawass, Zahi et al. Origins and Pathology in the King Tut Family JAMA. 2010, Hawass, Zahi. "Special Report: VA Scan". Kmt: A Contemporary Journal of Ancient Egypt. Volume 16, No. 2, 2005. "Children's" throne. The fact that Alexander set out on a campaign not yet fully formed as a youth is confirmed by the height of the children's throne from the tomb. The throne matches the description of the Greek thrones: the Greek thrones were wooden, curved and well polished, often the wood was covered with gold plates, the back of the throne was straight and decorated. Always had a footstool. (author's note). "In the morning, having put on a turquoise crown, took the throne of ivory bone sovereign sage." Photo: Children's throne from tomb KV 62 The throne is made of carved ebony with inlaid ivory. Presumably, the pharaoh actually used it when he was a child. The throne is called children's because of the low height (seating height), for the short legs of a young man. ANALYSIS OF ARTIFACTS OF THE KV 62 TOMB 1.Images. Photo: Alexander, image from the temple in Luxor. Photo: Alexander, image from the temple in Luxor. Photo. Image of LIA from tomb KV 62. In these images, Alexander and VA with the same royal attributes: a) in a diadem with a snake b) staff c) ankh - cross of life d) club 2. Diadem. Alexander adopted the wide band of the Persian kings, the long ends of which fell over his shoulders. The diadem on the mummy from tomb 62 is a gold hoop ornamented with a row of carnelian circles with two attached symbols - a snake and a bird, like horns. I believe that, because of this diadem, Alexander was called - "two-horned". Diadem color-"In the morning, having put on a turquoise crown, he took the throne of ivory, the sovereign sage." Nizami Foto. Images of Alexander with horns on ancient coins KV 62.The diadem from tomb is a gold hoop ornamented with a row of carnelian circles with two attached symbols - a snake and a bird, like horns, with flowing gold ribbons. Diadem color-turquoise. The diadem corresponds to the images of Alexander's diadem on the walls of temples in Egypt and coins. The Arabs, classics of medieval Persian literature, called Alexandra-Eskander Zul Karnein ("the owner of double horns") because of his portrait on Ptolemaic coins. I believe that, because of this diadem, Alexander was named - "Two-horned". 3.Sarcophagi. 3.1 Alexander - “A heavy golden sarcophagus in which a body, anointed with incense, rested.” Didor LIA. The first inner one - made of forged gold 110 kg, the most expensive coffin in the world, inlaid with semi-precious stones. 3.2. Ptolemy (Lag) transported the body of Alexander and gave it to burial in Alexandria, where it is still now, but not in the same sarcophagus as before, for the present coffin is made of transparent stone (rock crystal), while Ptolemy put the body in a golden sarcophagus . "The one that exists now is made of glass instead of the one in which Ptolemy originally laid the body, which was golden, this coffin was removed by Ptolemy X, Alexander I, the son of Kokkis, called Parisactos ..." (Reigned from 107 to 88 BC). Strabo, Geogr. XVII, p. 793, 794. LIA. The middle, second sarcophagus of gilded wood, inlaid with drag. stones and rock crystal. Small pieces of colored glass are attached to almost the entire sarcophagus. 3.3 Antiochus Grip, also reports on the replacement of Alexander's golden sarcophagus with one of glass or alabaster by Ptolemy X (107-88). LIA. The outer, third sarcophagus is wooden, covered with alabaster. As we can see, there was not a replacement, but an addition - on top of the first gold one, 2 more sarcophagi were put on. 4. Gold boxes "On the chariot stood a structure cast of gold, resembling a palanquin with a vaulted dome, decorated from the inside with rubies, emeralds and carbuncles." Flavius ​​Arrian "At the top of the cart was a golden vault, eight cubits wide and twelve long" Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. LIA - according to Carter,Carter, 1959, p. 133. 5.2m x 3.35m x 2.75m Size KV 62: Alexander the Great: Length 5.2 meters Length 5 meters Width 3.35 meters. Width 3.5 meters. Foto. Reconstruction of Alexander's funeral cart, 18th century illustration An attempt to recreate the procession from drawings, based on the account of Diodorus, was undertaken in the middle of the 18th century by the French Compue de Cailus. Le Compte de Caylus. Sur le char qui porta le corps d'Alexandre. Histoire de l'Academie Royale. (1978). Boxes KV 62 Foto. LIA's funeral,image from tomb KV 62. 5. Imitation of the night sky "The sarcophagus (Alexander) stood under a canopy - a cloth on which they attached items made of precious metals and precious stones that imitated the starry sky." Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo of the tomb KV 62 in 1923. Inside the massive first gold box in the burial chamber, a huge linen cover with gold rosettes and embroidered with sequins, reminiscent of the night sky, is attached to wooden cornices to cover the smaller arks nested within each other. From the description of the tomb KV 62. G. Carter. Carter calls glitter what Diodorus calls precious stones. Gilded plaques-rosettes from the fabric from the tomb KV 62 Recovered cloth with similar gold plaques, from Philip's tomb, Vergina. Greece The fabric in the tomb of Philip the father of Alexander is also red with attached gold rosettes-plaques. Mr. Carter calls sparkles what Diodorus calls precious stones? These sequins were attached to the fabric from the inside of the gold box and are not visible in the photo. 6.Wood frame "Around the sarcophagus (Alexander), an entablature is installed - (a beam ceiling of a span or the end of a wall) on which, like the vault of heaven, a canopy decorated with precious stones was attached." Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. LIA. Between the outer and middle ark there is a frame made of gilded wood, 4.32 m long, 2.93 m wide. and a height of 2.78 m., on it a canvas, which is poorly preserved, with the background of the night sky strewn with stars. Carter “A linen cover hung over the golden ark, which made a painful impression. It was supported by graceful wooden cornices. "Carter Photo. Howard Carter, Arthur Mace, and an Egyptian laborer roll up linen from the beams. December 30, 1923 7. Ionic capitals. a) "The colonnade that supported the vault was gold with Ionic capitals." Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo. Ionic capital on a gold box from KV62 b) "The gold ornament was gradually stretching from the top from the center of each column down to the capital" Diodorus Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo. Ornament on a gold box LIA b). “Inside the colonnade there is a golden net made of cords as thick as fingers, which held four long painted boards, the ends joined, each of which was equal in length to the side of the colonnade.” Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo: Gilded painted lattice boards in the first LIA box. Photo. The first box LIA is a lattice board on a box a finger thick c) "The main vault was surrounded by a rectangular entablature with relief busts of grotesque ones, from which hung golden rings with a diameter of 2 palms (about 15 cm), into which flower garlands were threaded during the procession." “On another chest it was written that it contained 'gold rings of the Tsar's funeral ceremony'” p.34 The gold rings from a gold box LIA with the same diameter are now kept in the basement of the Cairo National Museum. Garlands of flowers were found in the tomb by Carter. 8. Ships. The fourth painting on Alexander's golden box "depicted ships made for sea battle" Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo: Ships on a golden box from the tomb 9. Drawings of animals in a golden box. A) "The main storage with relief busts of grotesque (fictional) animals." Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo. Drawings of fantastic animals on a gold box from the tomb of LIA. b) “Below the roof, along the entire length of the structure, there was a rectangular ceiling of gold, on which there were relief images of goat's heads.” Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo. Relief drawings on a gold box from tomb 62 10. Scepter "On the first of these boards, (the golden box) with which the chariot is decorated, there is a relief depicting a seated Alexander holding a very luxurious scepter" Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo. The image on the first gilded ark of a seated man with horns, holding an ankh in his hands - in fact, it is a scepter. 11. The king is surrounded by bodyguards on a golden box. "Around the king (Alexander) groups of armed servants, one Macedonian, the second Persian bodyguards." Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Alexander's bodyguards are named by Diodorus "apple-carriers". The bodyguards of the Great King had a golden apple instead of a tip or a thorn on the blunt end of a spear. ”(Herodotus, 7.41). "For the same, it seems to me, he (Alexander) and enrolled in their ranks the Persians of the bearers of quince, and in the agema of people equal to its members in dignity." Arrian 7.29. "Darius immediately rushed from the battlefield to Media, making his way to the Armenian mountains. The Bactrian cavalry also fled with him, in the form it was built for the battle; the royal relatives and several people of the so-called" quince carriers "fled. Arrian 3.16 Photo. The image of armed people next to the king on a gold box from the tomb KV 62. The bodyguards in the picture from the gold box have blunt ends of spears with a round knob similar to the description of "apples" or "quince" .12. Elephants "The second board, which followed the bodyguards, depicted elephants being built for battle." Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo. Elephants on a golden box from the tomb (top view). 13. A golden lion in the tomb. "Near the entrance to the cell was a golden lion with eyes directed at the entrance" Diodorus of Siculus. 18.26–47. Photo: Golden lion from tomb KV 62 Photo. KV 62 in 1923, in front of the entrance of the statue of the golden lion, the entrance was probably walled up by the emperor Sever (died in 211 AD, later visiting the tomb of Diodorus. In the tomb 62 is the golden lion, part of the golden box, near the entrance to the inner chamber with the sarcophagus, with her head directed towards those entering the camera. KV 62 14. "At each corner of the vault on each side was a golden figure of Nika holding a trophy," that is, Alexander's golden box. Historical Library III Diodorus of Siculus. Nika is, in fact, a winged girl. Photo. Girls with wings on a golden box from tomb KV 62. 15. Red mantle on the sarcophagus "A sarcophagus under a golden-purple veil was installed in the middle of the hall, and Alexander's associates began to decide what to do next." "On top of the sarcophagus lay a magnificent purple (reddish) mantle with gold embroidery." Historical Library III Diodorus Siculus. LIA. Up to the level of the neck, the sarcophagus was covered with a linen, reddish cover. G. Carter. Photo. Carter removes the red cloth from the sarcophagus, the cloth stuck to the sarcophagus because of the honey. 16. A wreath of flowers. Octavian Augustus "showered" the mummy and sarcophagus of Alexander the Great with flowers. "At this time [30 BC] Octavian removed the sarcophagus and the body of Alexander the Great from his inner sanctuary and, looking at it, showed his respect by putting on it a golden crown and sprinkling it with flowers, and then, when he was asked if he also wants to see the tomb of the Ptolemies, he replied: “I wanted to see the king, not the corpses.” “Suetonius, 2nd century AD. August at the Tomb of Alexander the Great, painting by Lionel Royer (1852-1926) Photo. The first photograph of an open LIA sarcophagus. “Opening the first sarcophagus, he found burial covers decorated with garlands of olive and willow leaves, interspersed with lotus and cornflower petals. A total of three flower wreaths were found. Carter. 17. Another red cloth and a gold ring. "As soon as Caracalla entered the city [in AD 215] with his whole army he went up to the temple, where he made a large number of sacrifices and laid quantities of incense on the altars. Then he went to the tomb of Alexander where he took off and laid upon the grave the purple cloak he was wearing and the rings of precious stones and his belts and anything else of value he was carrying. " Herodian IV, 8, 9. Herodian, 3rd century AD John of Antioch. In its history from Adam to 518 A.D. says that when Caracalla entered Alexander's tomb, he took off his tunic, his ring, his belt and all other precious ornaments and put them on the coffin. P. Benoit and J. Schwartz Etud. Dad. 7, (1948), 17-23. Photo LIA A golden ring near LIA's head. On top of the mask lies another red cloth and a gold ring, objects on top of a wreath of flowers, hence they were left after the visit of Augustus, who showered flowers on the sarcophagus and body. Local workers used the bedspread as a rag. The fabric is missing. 18.Battle jacket Before the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander puts on linothorax: "Alexander put on a helmet, double linen linothorax, taken from the booty captured at Issus." Plutarch Photo. The image of Alexander on the mosaic "Battle of Issus" in the House of the Faun. Pompe. National Archaeological Museum in Naples Alexander the Great is depicted in linothorax, a strip of metal scales runs along the waist Linothorax was also found in the tomb of Philip II in Vergina * Linothorax - an ancient Greek shell made of linen fabric, could be additionally reinforced with metal plates or scales. Photo of the "flexible shell" from the tomb. 1922 LIA. “Another type of defensive weapon was the flexible leather carapace found in the box. It consisted of plates of thick dyed leather, sewn in the form of scales on a canvas base or strips of canvas in such a way that, as a whole, a flexible carapace tightly fitting to the body was obtained, resembling a vest. Unfortunately, it was too badly destroyed and it was not possible to save it. " G. Carter Photo. A fragment of a shell with metal scales in 2018. Leather plates were sewn onto a linen base. Part with metal scales survived, traces of weapons were found on them, which confirms that the owner took part in it. According to new research, VA is a battle-hardened warrior, and not a sickly boy, as previously thought. Analysis of leather armor showed signs of wear. “You could see abrasion around the edges of the leather scales, which meant that the armor was in widespread use,” said Lucy Skinner, an Egyptian leather specialist at the University of Northampton, UK. 2018 study. 19. Weapons Alex.The Roman author Curtius wrote that the Macedonians began to use this type of weapon en masse during the Indian campaign: "Slightly curved swords, similar to sickles, were called copis, they were used to chop the trunks of elephants." LIA .HEPESH. Two curved bronze swords. length Heavier and longer - 59-centimeter The word "khepesh" is written on it in hieroglyphs. Egyptologist Wilkinson offers the following explanation for the Greek copy in the tomb KV 62 "... the similarity of the forms and names of these swords with the Greek swords" copis "testifies that the inhabitants of the Egyptian colony of Argos, with whom they were mainly used, originally made" copies " based on the patterns of Egyptian swords. " Two daggers were found on the LIA mummy. 1. Gold blade Analysis showed that the knife was made of meteorite iron. The dagger is of very high quality, which indicates the great skill in iron processing during his reign. G. Carter saw the influence of the art of the Mediterranean countries in the style of dagger execution, but considered it to be the product of an Egyptian master. According to Piotrovsky, director of the Hermitage, the weapon is not Egyptian, but rather made in Asia Minor Katsnelson, 1979, p. 98. Katsnelson, 1979, p. 103. M.E. Mathieu pointed out that such an image of animals in Egyptian art appeared after the Egyptians got acquainted with the works of art of the Aegean world and Asia Minor. 2.with iron blade A dagger with an iron blade, but with a handle similar to that of a gold dagger, topped with rock crystal, also cannot be recognized as Egyptian. The second dagger hardly suffered from rust, unlike other objects made of the same metal. Later research made it possible to attribute his material to meteorite origin.Such artifacts aroused the keen interest of researchers. Iron was used to a limited extent in the bronze culture of Ancient Egypt and was rarely found during excavations. The discovery of iron amulets disavowed the theory that iron was considered an "unclean" metal for the Egyptians. Be that as it may, the Egyptians hardly owned the technology of processing iron and these samples were most likely received in exchange from neighboring peoples for ritual purposes. Carter, 1959, p. 218 Katsnelson, 1979, p. 103. 20. Battle tubes "When the Scythians entered the ambush site, Alexander blew his trumpets, and the Macedonians raised a cry." Plutarch Photo. Alexander the Great in the illustration of the medieval "Alexandria". Photo. Battle tubes from KV 62 22. Lord of the World Photo: The ruler of the world - Alexander with a beard and a cross on the globe.  http://makinghistory.sal.org.uk/roll/roll16x9.html “In all cities (of Egypt) the soothsayers met Alexander, carrying out images of their gods and proclaiming him the new“ Sesonkhosis ”the ruler of the world. From the "History of Alexander the Great" Achilles Tatius. LIA. The inscription on the casket from the tomb contains a "mistake" in the title of the pharaoh, instead of "lord of two lands" - "lord of the world" . 23. Chariot image Photo. Coin from the reign of Philip II of Macedon, found in Corinth in 1930. Photo. Medallions - Alexander on a chariot. Photo. Painted chest "LIA on a chariot". Cairo Museum 20. Cross of life - ankh. During the coronation in Egypt, Alexander was handed the ankh and other attributes of the pharaoh. This is how the cross of Alexander was depicted in the Middle Ages. Photo: Alexander the Great with a cross on a globe. Maestro della Manta. Nine heroes. 1416-1426. Castello della Manta. Photo: King of the Cross - Alexander the Great. Each king depicted on playing cards is a real historical character. Photo. Ankh-cross of life from tomb KV 62. 24. Chariot made of gold “During the chase, Alexander managed to capture the chariot and bow of King Darius.” “Alexander was about to dine when he was informed that the captured mother, wife and two unmarried daughters of Darius when they saw his chariot and bow, they burst into tears and began to beat themselves in the chest, believing that the king was dead. " Plutarch This is how Diodorus describes the chariot in Alexander's underground tomb: "The protruding parts of the axles were made of gold in the shape of lion heads, and each held a spear in its teeth." Photo: Chariot made of gold from the KV 62 tomb. Photo. Detail of a golden chariot from KV 62. “On the edges of the harness saddles, to which the yoke was attached, with the head of the“ god Bes ”. Carter Looks like a golden lion, but does not hold a spear in his mouth, a translation error or an error in the description of Diodorus? Author's note. The body, yoke, rim and wheel hubs were made of elm, the drawbar was made of willow, and the spokes were made of plum. None of these trees grew in ancient Egypt, which is further evidence of developed trade with neighboring countries Cotterell, 2010, p. 92. 25. Casket with attributes of royal power. "Next to Alexander's sarcophagus, there was a golden chest with attributes of royal power."Arrian Photo. Casket LIA with the attributes of the royal power from KV 62 26. Board games with dice and other small objects "However, the next day Alexander's condition improved significantly, he was even able to move independently, played a game of dice and began to eat." Plutarch. Photo: Board game from KV 62 Medical instruments from the tomb KV 62 “It seems to me that Aristotle inspired Alexander more than anyone else with love for healing. The tsar was interested not only in the abstract side of this science, but, as can be concluded from his letters, came to the aid of sick friends, prescribing various methods of treatment and a therapeutic regimen. " Aristotle's father was a professional physician under Philip of Macedon. Plutarch Bracelets, necklaces and other paraphernalia of the pharaohs "Consecrated necklaces and bracelets were put on Alexander's neck and arms" during his coronation in Egypt. Clothing Photo: Young Alexander. XIV century. Venice. Library of the Institute of Hellenism. The king killed another experienced commander, Klyt the Black, with his own hands, the reason being Klyt's words that Alexander is now surrounded by "barbarians and slaves who worship his Persian belt and white (whitish) tunic." Plutarch * Hiton - men's and women's clothing (lower) among the ancient Greeks; a semblance of a shirt (linen or woolen), usually without sleeves. "After all, it is known that Alexander, imagining himself in the depths of his soul the son of Ammon, and not Philip, demanded that they bow down to him; admiring the customs of the Persians and Medes, he changed his clothes and altered the rite of court etiquette" Ariyan 4.9 LIA Fragment of clothing from KV 62 "One of these vestments is completely smooth, with narrow sleeves, like a tunic." "Such vestments were in use in Egypt in the Greco-Roman period, from the 1st to the 4th century AD." "The two robes that I have chosen to call festive gowns are reminiscent of formal vestments, such as the Dalmatic or surplice worn by deacons and bishops of the Catholic Church, or the robes of emperors and kings during coronation." G. Carter. KV 62 Darius the Great. Image on a Greek vase. A bronze razor found in a tomb Alexander used a razor, introduced a clean-shaven face. The Glove In French Alexandria, Alexander was taught "how to lower falcons and hawks." Slingers Alexander fought the Mallas in the Indian campaign, and the tomb sling found in the toy chest has been improved. Exactly the same type of sling is still used by the inhabitants of the Malay jungle. Often Alexander, as can be seen from the diaries, amused himself with hunting foxes or birds. A photo LIA hunts birds Peritas is the favorite hunting dog of Alexander the Great, she accompanied the king on his military campaigns. Photo Gold buckle from KV 62. On an openwork gold buckle, LIA is depicted astride his chariot, returning from a campaign against Asians and Nubians. Two prisoners, one from each enemy, chase before a chariot chased by a hound dog. Folding bed Perhaps Alexander slept on it during the campaigns. Photo: Folding bed made of KV 62 Among the furniture there were several armchairs of a traveling type, some of them were folding according to the technology that is still used today for folding chairs Reeves, 1990, pp. 185, 295. Katsnelson, 1979, p. 124. Photo: Walking throne from KV 62. The throne is similar to a children's throne, but an eagle was added, a symbol of Alexander, and not a faravahar (winged Sun), perhaps it was made specifically for Alexander, the footstool below was probably made for his height. Many other artifacts 1.Alexander's Trophies After the first successes on the battlefield, against the army of the Persians, the army of Alexander captures the trophies. “The warriors assigned for Alexander the jeweled tent of Darius, with many servants and rich utensils. Alexander immediately took off his armor and went to the pool, said: "Let's go, wash off the sweat of the battle in the pool of Darius!" “Not Darius, but Alexandra! - exclaimed one of the king's friends. "After all, the property of the vanquished should not only belong to the victors, but also be named after them." When Alexander saw all kinds of vessels - jugs, basins, bottles for lapping, all skillfully made of pure gold, when he heard the amazing smell of fragrant herbs and other incense, when, finally, he went into the tent, amazed by its size, height, decoration of boxes and tables, - the king looked at his friends and said: "This, apparently, is what it means to reign!" Plutarch. 2. Offerings by pilgrims. as Caesar, Augustus, Caracalla. LIA. Among the surviving small objects, there were especially many ushabti figurines. Carter counted 413 figurines and 1,866 miniature models of instruments with which they were supposed to "work" in the afterlife. It was rather unusual to find among them specimens of iron, rare in Egypt, for miniature models of tools: cutters and chisels. Carter, 1959, p. 216 The ushabti were partly packed in wooden boxes and partly scattered. They were donated by people from all walks of life as part of a burial ritual. Most of them are crafted without any frills - painted wood, alabaster, but some pieces have a filigree finish. Such ushabti were passed on to the last journey by high-ranking relatives of the deceased, since they have special signatures on the soles of Eaton-Krauss, 2015, p. 109. Carter, 1959, p. 212. They were also given indiscriminately, some of the ushabti were intended for Akhenaten, but ended up in someone else's burial Eaton-Krauss, 2015, p. 110. Hence the conclusion that in the tomb most of the objects from other, alien tombs. (author's notes). hence the conclusion that in the tomb most of the objects from other, alien tombs. Photo: Tomb KV 62 November 1922. Wine vessels "... and although the wine in them may have been Egyptian (the clay seals have the same markings as the Egyptian vessels), their ovoid configuration, with a narrow neck and one handle, undoubtedly indicates a Syrian origin. 55 Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt Tutankhamun . Son of Osiris Gilded statues. . “The day of Alexander's death was considered a sacred day. It was celebrated with holidays. On this day, at the head of the solemn procession, heading to the mausoleum, the elephants were carrying a chariot with a golden statue of the king. ”Arrian Foto.Gilded statues from tomb KV 62 Golden bed “So the Egyptians and Chaldeans, who were ordered to prepare the body according to custom, at first did not dare to touch it with their hands, thinking that it was breathing; then, having prayed, they cleansed the body, filled it with incense and laid it on a golden bed, decorating it with the signs of his dignity. ”Quintus Curtius Rufus 10.10.13. Photo: Golden bed from the tomb KV 62 This bed housed a sarcophagus. Iron items, during the Bronze Age. Alexander lived in the Iron Age. “I had a chance to sift sand in the plundered tombs of Amenhotep I and Thutmose I, in two tombs of Queen Hatshepsut, in the tombs of Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III. Among the numerous remains of various objects found in these tombs, between which there were also small beads and particles of copper and bronze, I have never found a trace of iron. And only in the tomb of VA were nineteen (19) separate objects made of this metal at once! "G. Carter. Carter is so surprised because he believes VA lived during the Bronze Age. (Author's note) 27. Golden throne "If the fateful hour of retribution and great changes comes, when the Persian state falls, let no one, except Alexander, sit on the throne of Cyrus." The words of Darius “They say that when he first sat down under a canopy embroidered with gold on the royal throne, the Corinthian Demarat, a devoted friend of Philip and Alexander, wept like an old man and said:“ What great joy those Greeks who died without seeing Alexander sitting on the throne of Darius! “When Alexander found himself in the palace of Darius, he could not resist and sat down on the throne of the Persian kings, and immediately it was found that his feet did not reach the floor. Meanwhile, Darius's eldest daughter, Statira, sitting on the same throne, kicked out the floor. years 13 ". Plutarch. Comparative biographies. "When the king took these treasures, one amazing incident happened. The royal throne, on which he sat, turned out to be too tall for him: it was too high. Some of the servants, seeing that the king's legs did not reach the foot of the throne at all , Dariyev took the table and put it under his feet. " Diodorus.Alexander sits on the throne of Darius in the literal sense of the word, like on a chair, and his legs do not reach the floor, which speaks of short legs. Author's note. "Under the palanquin was a square golden throne decorated with relief figures" Arian Photo: The ceremonial square throne. The throne features relief figures. The name "LIA" was added to it later than the composition was created. The Persian kings were treated by Egyptian doctors and instructed Egyptian craftsmen to decorate their palaces. This can explain the Egyptian style of items that Alexander inherited as trophies. 28. Crypt-tomb. Lucan, a poet (AD 36-65), in his poem Farsalia, mentions that Caesar visits the grotto with the body of Alexander, at the mausoleum of Alexander there is a pyramidal dome, and it towered, forming a mound. This is the only description that mentions a pyramidal superstructure over the vault. "Boldly the gods, the altars and temples of the ancient cult, What they told him about the ancient power of the Macedonians, He walked around, and nothing captivated him with beauty, No idols of the gods, no gold, no city walls. Only the cave attracted him, where the crypt was located. In that tomb lies Philip, a mad descendant. "Lucan, Pharsalia 8.694-697 and 10.14-20 Photo: Tomb KV 62 in 2004. Luxor. Valley of the Kings. The tomb is carved into the rocks, this is a grotto in which you have to go down the stairs. Photo: Plan KV 62 . 29. For the royal people, the sarcophagus with the body of Alexander was carried out of the inner room. "About this time [30 BC] Octavian had the sarcophagus and body of Alexander the Great brought forth from its inner sanctum, and, after gazing on it, showed his respect by placing upon it a golden crown and strewing it with flowers; and being then asked whether he wished to see the tomb of the Ptolemies as well, he replied, 'My wish was to see a king, not corpses.' "Suetonius, 2nd century AD Photo. Plan of the tomb KV 62. Sarcophagus, in golden boxes in a separate room - the burial chamber. 30. The entrance to the tomb of Alexander, walled up. Septimius Sever b. in 145 - died in 211 AD, ordered to wall up the sacred tomb of Alexander the Great. "Severus inquired into everything, including things that were very carefully hidden; for he was the kind of person to leave nothing, either human or divine, uninvestigated. Accordingly, he took away from practically all the sanctuaries all the books that he could find containing any secret lore, and he sealed up the tomb of Alexander; this was in order that no one in future should either view his body or read what was mentioned in the aforesaid books. "Dio Cassius LXXV, 13. Tomb KV 62, unlike the burials of other kings of Ancient Egypt, remained not looted because it was walled up and hidden. "May quickly realized the danger that threatened the deceased pharaoh, and ordered to fill up the entrance to the tomb with a thick layer of construction debris." Desroche-Noblecourt "Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris". 31. Shema The mausoleum of Alexander, in Egypt, called "Sema" (Greek sh`ma) - denotes a grave, tomb, barrow or "Soma" (Greek body) . "[In Alexandria] Ptolemy prepared a sacred precinct worthy of the glory of Alexander in size and construction; entombing him in this and honoring him with sacrifices such as are paid to demigods and with magnificent games." Diodorus, who saw him in about 50 BC, wrote that it has the size and splendor worthy of the glory of Alexander. The word "peribolos", which translates as "enclosed enclosure", usually meant a defensive wall of a medium-sized city. "The Soma also, as it is called, is a part of the royal district. This was the walled enclosure, which contained the burial-places of the kings and that of Alexander."Strabo, Geogr. XVII, p. 793, 794. Achilles Tatius, who lived in the 3rd century AD, places Semu in the center of the city in the quarter named after the same monument. Achilles Tatius, V, I. ​​Here is the answer, at the beginning Alexander's mummy was in Sema, then the body was moved to an underground tomb for safekeeping. CITY ALEXANDRIA Tomb KV 62, is located in Karnak, while eyewitnesses say that the tomb of Alexander was in Alexandria. Ptolemy, however, transported the body to Alexandria (Ael. V.h., XII, 64; Strab., XVII, 1, 8). “After Alexander's death, Python and Seleucus were sent to the Serapeum to ask the oracle if the body should be sent to Alexandria, and the god replied that it should be transported there.” Plutarch, Alex 76. According to Pausanias, Ptolemy I Soter (337-283 BC) deposited Alexander's body in Memphis, and it was Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309-247 BC) who transported it to Alexandria. Pausanias, 1.6.3. "The body of Alexander was finally transported by Ptolemy, who got Egypt, to Memphis, and from there a few years later to Alexandria. All sorts of honors are created there to his name and memory." Ruf 10.10.20 Hence, there were 2 Alexandria in Egypt? Is Karnak the “same” Alexandria? Arguments that Karnak is "the same" Alexandria: Shema Alexandra The mausoleum of Alexander, in Alexandria, called "Sema" (Greek sh`ma) - denotes a grave, tomb, barrow or "Soma" (Greek body) "Here he built a fence that was worthy of the glory of Alexander, both in size and in its construction. In his honor sacrifices and wonderful games were arranged" (Diod., XVIII, 26-28, 3-5). Diodorus, who saw it around 50 BC, wrote that it was of size and splendor worthy of the glory of Alexander. The word "peribolos", which translates to "enclosed enclosure," usually meant the defensive wall of a medium-sized city. "Sema, located in the very center of the city and being a part of the complex of royal palaces, next to other tombs of the kings, is fenced off." Eyewitness 25 BC .Strabon, Geogr. XVII, p. 793, 794. Achilles Tatius, who lived in the 3rd century AD, places Sema in the center of the city in the quarter that is named after the same monument. Achilles Tatius, V, I. Cheme (Coptic) -Medinet-Abu 5 kilometers from the Valley of the Kings in the town of Medinet Abu stands the second largest temple in Egypt, originally intended for the LIA.. The burial temple, covering an area of ​​about seven thousand square meters, which made it possible to compare it with the temple of Amun. You can get to the temple through the fortified gate. The complex is surrounded by two rows of battlements like a fortress. The Medinet Abu complex includes: the main temple, buildings for the priests, the royal palace, warehouses and many administrative buildings. Photo. Cheme images from Cheme Comparison of and gold boxes from KV 62. Conclusions: first, the mummy of Alexander was in the Cheme mausoleum, then the body was moved for safety to the underground tomb KV 62. Roman lamp depicting the tombstones of Alexander the Great and Queen Cleopatra: 1. Mausoleum of Cleopatra. 2. Temple dedicated to Alexander. 3. Alexander's mausoleum. We found Alexander's mausoleum, but where is Alexander's temple? Alexander Mosque in Karnak. It can also be called a chapel, a sanctuary. "Until the 16th century, pious Muslims came to worship the place where the tomb of the prophet and king Iskander, the instrument of the divine will, was formerly. A small mosque called Zul-Karnain (Two-Horned Mosque) was erected above it." P. For. Alexander. Medieval authors mention the tomb of Alexander: 943-944 Masudi 35, mentions a modest structure that existed in Alexandria called "the tomb of the prophet and king Eskender." Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, al-Masoudi reported that they themselves visited the tomb of Alexander and prayed in his "mosque". Masudi: Les Prairies d'or, translation. O. Barbier de Meinard and Pave de Courteil, vol. II, b. 259. Probably, they visited the place where the tomb was, and did not observe the sarcophagus with the body itself, as Caesar and Octavian deserved, since by that time the entrance to the tomb was already covered by the emperor North and they could only pray in his "mosque". In the early 16th century, Leo Africanus (1494-1552) searched for the remains of Alexander's tomb and was shown a small building revered by Muslims, who kept offerings there. Descrizione dell'Africa (for this work see exhaustive ed. 1600), Description of Africa, 3 volumes (Hakluyt Soc., No. 92-4, London, 1896). In 1546, the traveler Marmol was also shown a small building revered by the Arabs as the tomb of the prophet Eskender, in the center of the city among the ruins (now Karnak ruins). Marmol, De l'Egypte III, p. 276, lib. XI, cap. 14. The boat sanctuary of Alexander the Great in the Karnak temple complex. https://vasque-russia.ru/allei-luksora/ I believe that this sanctuary was called the "mosque" of Alexander. el-Qurn The Valley of the Kings, the main burial vault of Egypt with the tomb KV 62, is located at the base of the grandiose mountain "el-Qurn". Nearby there is a village - el-Kurn. They got their names, allegedly, in honor of a local Muslim saint buried here. But there are no “local” saints in Islam. A "Muslim" saint only because "dû-l-Karnayni" is the character of Sura 18 of the Koran, Cave. I believe that "Karnak" is a metamorphosis of the word "Karnain" - the eastern nickname of Alexander the Great: Iskander dû-l-Karnayni - r-Rûmiy— Alexander — the owner of the Horns — Rumian. Photo: Statue of Pharaoh Alexander found in Karnak. The city of Thebes is divided into 2 parts: one part is called "Karnak" the second "Luxor". Karnak is the largest complex of monumental ancient buildings in the world. Amon Considered the patron saint of the city, Thebes in ancient times was the center of the cult of Amun. The main Egyptian temple of Amun was located here, and where to bury the "son" of Amun if not in his main city? “So he began to look for the all-seeing god” (Amun). “He immediately arrived there, saw the insides lying on the altar, and the temple, erected in the old fashion, and inside it a seated statue - mortal nature could not recognize it. A huge statue of a virgin stood next to the unknown statue. ”Achilles Tatius. Photo: The Colossi of Memnon.Luxor “He (Alexander, author's note) was seized by a natural but untimely passion to penetrate not only deep into Egypt, but also to visit Ethiopia. The desire to see the palace of Memnon and Typhon, famous for antiquity, carried him almost beyond the limits of the sun. ”Achilles Tatius. Luxor means "palaces" in Arabic. The Colossi of Memnon (local Arabic name el-Colossat, or es-Salamat) are two massive stone statues that actually depict Pharaoh Amenhotep III, not Memnon (hero of the Trojan War). Two smaller figures are carved into the front of the throne along its legs.These are his wife Tia and mother Mutemuya. “In it, Alexander also saw those obelisks that are still in Sarapey, outside the now built fence. They were covered with sacred writings. Alexander inquired whose obelisks they were. They said to him:“ The king, the ruler of the world, Sesonkhosis. ”There was one such the inscription in sacred letters: "The king of Egypt Sesonkhosis, the lord of the world, dedicated it to the god Sarapis looking around the world." Sesonchosis is Senusret I - the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho calls him that. It turns out that Alexander saw a temple with the inscriptions of Senusret 1. What construction did Senusert I, dedicated to Amon? Senusert 1 built a temple at Karnak. Ipet Sut (egypt. Jpt-swt - selected place). - a temple in honor of Amun in Karnak. Achilles Tatius writes that Alexander erected a huge structure opposite the building begun by Senuert 1. Alexander "Having erected a huge altar against the sanctuary - it is now called" the altar of Alexander "." It turns out that after the reconstruction of Alexander, the entire temple complex began to be called by the eastern name of Alexander-Karnak? The Karnak Temple of Amun was connected to the Luxor Temple of Amun by a cobbled alley of sphinxes, that is, they are located opposite. And built an alley -Alexander. It turns out that Alexander sees the ruined and desolate 100 - the gateway Thebes, which he knows from the Iliad, the temple of Amun, built by Senusert, the luxor of Memnon. It agrees with Alexander's inscription on the reconstruction of the temple, which he found in the construction: Translation into English from Russian "Renovation of the monument /, which / made [the king of Upper and Lower Egypt] Merira Setepenamon son Ra Alexander, who lives forever, after he discovered him, erected (lit. “was (he) in erection ") under the Majesty of Horus the Powerful Bull, Who Shone in Thebes, Lord of Both Lands Menkheperr, son of Ra Thutmose Semakheperu (“Connecting Images”; possibly an erroneous spelling epithet nfr xprw - "Beautiful in images" - I.L.), beloved by Amun-Ra, the lord of the sky, the king of the gods, (ruler) / of all / created / and / future, / belonging to / the beginning of time, / which / is not the previous one (option: “Amon-Ra, the lord of the thrones of Both Lands, located in front of Ipet-Sut, the lord of heaven, earth, mountains "), endowed with life" Another inscription speaks in favor of this statement: LIA's coronation decree, inscribed on a slab in the great temple of the god Amun at Karnak: “When His Majesty ascended the throne as king, the temples of all gods and goddesses from Elephantine to the Delta swamps fell into decay, their sanctuaries became depopulated and turned into ruins, overgrown with grass, their chapels ceased to exist and became a place where people walk. The earth turned upside down, and the gods turned away from it ... But when my Majesty ascended to the throne of his father and began to rule the country, the Black Land and the Red Land (that is, Egypt and Libya) were under his supervision, "then, as they say further, the king consulted with his heart, ordered to open the temple of Amun in Thebes, temples of all other gods in all cities of Egypt, return them all possessions and treasures and appoint priests to each temple. (closed under Akhenaten) By order of the LIA, the decoration of the colonnade in the Luxor Temple was completed, etc. Your city will be your tomb Alexander was foretold in a dream that he would be buried in Alexandria. Achil Tatius writes that Alexander received a prediction about his death in a dream from Serapion (Amun-Zeus). "And after death you will be related to the gods. You will receive gifts from the kings. And you will dwell here, dead, but always alive: Your city will be your tomb. " "It so happened that it was then that festivities took place in honor of the great god, whom the Greeks call Zeus, and the Egyptians call Serapis." The torchlight procession moved through the streets. I have never seen a more magnificent spectacle. The sun had already set, it was evening, but nowhere could one find the night, because a new sun had risen, scattering into many lights. My eyes saw a city whose beauty could rival that of heaven. I marveled at Zeus the Merciful and his heavenly temple. Achilles Tatius, LEVKIPPA AND KLITOFONT BOOK V-1,2. Translation and notes: V.N. Chemberdzhi, 1969 Opet Festival? The ancient Egyptian annual celebration of the marriage of Amun and Mut, during which barges with images of these gods and their child Khonsu (Theban triad) were transported from the Karnak temple to Luxor, the distance between which is about 2 km. The culmination of the process was the meeting of Amon-Ra from Ipet-Isut with the Theban Amon. Rebirth is one of the central themes of the festival, so the ceremony of the re-coronation of the pharaoh was usually held there. Gate of the Moon and Sun in Alexandria. From the Sun Gate to the Moon Gate – these are the guardian divinities of the entrances – led a straight double row of columns, about the middle of which lies the open part of the town, and in it so many streets that walking in them you would fancy yourself abroad while still at home. Going a few stades further [1 stade = 165m], I came to the place called after Alexander, where I saw a second town; the splendour of this was cut into squares, for there was a row of columns intersected by another as long at right angles." Foto.The gate of the Moon deity at Karnak. a) ""After a voyage lasting three days we arrived at Alexandria. I entered by the Sun Gate, as it is called, and was instantly struck by the splendid beauty of the city, which filled my eyes with delight." ... Achilles Tatius LEVKIPPA AND KLITOPHON BOOK V-1,2. The Karnak temple complex has the Moon Gate and the Sun Gate. b) Columns. "From the Sun Gate to the Moon Gate – these are the guardian divinities of the entrances – led a straight double row of columns, about the middle of which lies the open part of the town, and in it so many streets that walking in them you would fancy yourself abroad while still at home. Going a few stades further [1 stade = 165m], I came to the place called after Alexander, where I saw a second town; the splendour of this was cut into squares, for there was a row of columns intersected by another as long at right angles". Achilles Tatius LEVKIPPA AND KLITOPHON BOOK V-1,2. https://vasque-russia.ru/allei-luksora/ The total length of the Luxor ensemble is 260 meters. To see the temple of Alexander the Great and the Roman buildings, you have to walk through the entire complex (several stades?). Photo. Large hypostyle hall. Photo: Great Hypostyle Hall. Reconstruction. (Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Ed. By V. Polevoy; Moscow: Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.) The Great Hypostyle Hall is the main colonnade of the Karnak temple complex within the Temple of Amun. The Hypostyle Hall with 144 columns is one of the masterpieces of world architecture, the world's largest hall with a stone ceiling. Pharos Island Originally Alexander wanted to found a city of his own name in a different place. He even surrounded the site chosen for construction with walls - but in a dream a gray-haired old man appeared to him, who indicated a different location for the city: "On the noisy sea there is an island lying opposite Egypt; it is called there by the inhabitants of Pharos; It is from the coast at such a distance, which is convenient. On the day with a good wind, a ship runs along. "Is there a suitable place near Karnak? Port Safaga - a city in Egypt, on the Red Sea coast, fits the description, it is relatively close to Karnak. Now there is a seaport, because it is a convenient place with a harbor. Photo: Egypt: Karnak and the port of Bur Safaga But the port of Safaga is located on the shores of the Red Sea, while it is believed that Alexandria was on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.What is the matter? This is not entirely true, ancient authors (for example Diodorus) write that Alexandria was on the shores of the Egyptian Sea. 31. Now that we have laid out the facts about the three areas that protect Egypt from land, we will add to them one more remaining. The fourth side, which is entirely washed by vast waters with practically no marinas, is protected by the Egyptian Sea . The voyage along the coast of this sea is extremely long, and any landing is especially difficult, for from Paretonius in Libya to Jope in Kelesiria, the voyage along the coast is about five thousand stadia, but there is no safe harbor to be found anywhere except Pharos. Diodorus. I believe that the error with the location of Alexandria occurred, including because of the error with the location of the Egyptian Sea. It is believed that the Egyptian Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea, but the Egyptians called the Mediterranean Sea "Big Green", "Greek", and the Romans called "Mage Nostrum" - "Our Sea". Then, if the Egyptian Sea is the present-day Red Sea, then which sea did Diodorus call the Red Sea? Arrian gives an answer to this question. “The purpose of my story in this book is to describe the voyage that Nearchus (Admiral Alexander) made with the fleet along the coast, moving from the confluence of the Indus into the Great Sea up to the Persian Gulf, which some now call the Red , or the Eritrean Sea. " 19.Arrian, India. "He discovered that the Persian or the so-called Red Morse represents the Gulf of the Great Sea." Arrian 7.16 Did one of the later authors confuse the names? When the general concept of construction was determined and a more detailed plan of the city was submitted to Alexander, the king inscribed on it the first five letters of the Greek alphabet: A, B, G, D, E - which meant: "Alexandros Basileus Genos Dios Ektis" - "Alexander the king , the offspring of Zeus, founded ... ". If Karnak is "the same" Alexandria, then there should be the famous Library of Alexandria. Is there a suitable place? There is the Karnak "Temple of the Chronicles". The modern city of Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast, built in the early 19th century by Mohammed Ali. More about Alexandria in the full version of the book. ALEXANDER'S MILITARY CAMPAIGN. 1.After visiting Egypt, Alexander went to Syria and conquered the city of Tire, which did not want to surrender to him. Then he defeated Darius in the Battle of Gawgamellah. Gavgamela is a village in Mesopotamia, 120 kilometers from the city of Erbil, a city in Iraq, former Assyria, modern Syria. Perhaps there was also Alexander's campaign against the Africans? The story of Alexander's battle with the Africans, which I found at Nizami, here is this interesting fragment: “Second battle with the Zinjs (Africans) A brutal battle. A cannibal, the giant Zerache, with a bone spear in his hands, comes forward from the army of the Zinjs. He kills seventy Rum knights in a row. Then Iskender himself enters the battle. With one blow of his club, he kills Zerache. Following him, he strikes to death several more Zinja heroes. " KV 62 “There were a lot of clubs, and moreover varied: more - sickle-shaped, less - reminiscent of a police baton with a thickening at the handle”. “The battle continues in the morning. Iskender again shows miracles of strength and courage. Pelenger himself fell from his hand. The Zinj army is defeated. Zinji beg for mercy. Iskender captures innumerable treasures in the zinj camp. Then he, who had just bravely fought himself, travels around the battlefield, looks at the bodies of the fallen and grieves for these innocent victims. " During the execution of the captive Africans, Alexander pardoned some of the captives. “But not with a vain hope amuse your hearts, Soldiers from Habesh * asked for mercy. Iskander took these blacks away from execution. I did not want to apply ruthless measures to them. He was able to penetrate their hard lot, And he considered mercy to be his royal deed " * Habesha (Abyssinian) - in the broadest sense of the word can refer to any inhabitant of Ethiopia or Eritrea. 4. Alexander on the front line during the battle. Nubia at that time was a satrapy of Persia, the same as Egypt, on the orders of Darius they probably fought with Alexander. LIA - Nubian and Syrian Campaign. 1. The image on the chest from the tomb, depicts the battle with the Nubians. 2. The reliefs in the tomb of the next pharaoh Horemheb depict scenes in which the Syrian and Nubian prisoners appear before the VA. The figurine sets depict the Nubian campaign and several episodes of the VA on a chariot leading the Egyptian forces against the Syrian-style citadel (Tire? Author's note), and then the fleet returning (the author assumes that the LIA lived in Egypt, the author's note), up Nilu, with a handcuffed Syrian prisoner hanging in a cage. 3. The ceremonial shield from KV 62. The shields found in the tomb KV 62 are depicted in the tomb of the governor of Nubia, Khevi (Amenhotep Khevi) - the ancient Egyptian governor in Nubia “The royal son of Kush” during the reign of LIA. From the inscriptions on the walls of the Khevi tomb - TT 40, it becomes clear that the images themselves were made after the death of LIA. These shields, like many other items, were donated by the LIA Nubians and there is an inscription indicating that these things were given by the released Nubians. Accordingly, it turns out that LIA first released the captives and then they presented him with these gifts. The governor himself emphasizes that these things are not a tribute or ransom for the captive hostages, but voluntary gifts that were collected by the leader of the Nubian tribes Cheba. Heba himself is depicted at the very top kneeling in front of LIA just next to gilded shields. 4. The Nubians wrote on this. shield that LIA itself is on the front line during the battle. The drawing on the chest depicts VA on a chariot and how he defeats the Nubians and Syrians. "Other items, including numerous throwing sticks (a kind of irrecoverable boomerang), spears, bows and arrows and chariots, many of which are written in his name and are clearly used, testify to his athleticism and youthful energy. Today, new evidence of the Incarnation of Amun reign has emerged that shows that he was much more active than anticipated and may have led military campaigns against the Syrians and Nubians. "Article W. Raymond Johnson Director Epigraphic Service of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Nubians of the satrapy Akhenaten, “Soon there was a second evidence of the position of the king: in Nubia (Kava), he founded a palace called the“ Precious Aton. ”From 65 Christian Desroche-Noblekur Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris DEIFICATION,APOTHEOSIS,CULT. Alexander the Great Prophet? From a religious point of view, Alexander has all the metaphysical and eschatological traits of a Prophet. The prophetic dignity of Alexander is known from various sources: The opinion of the Greeks was reflected in the decision of the Corinthian League of Greek city-states, in 324 BC. proclaims Alexander "Divine". In honor of the king, they began to hold Alexandria - general Ionian games like the Olympic ones, and shortly before his death, the ambassadors of the Greek policies crowned him with golden wreaths, which symbolically recognized his divine essence. Shifman. Alexander the Great. - L .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 208 p. Alexander is revered for his righteousness as a prophet in the Roman Empire. The idea of ​​Alexander the Great as a "Christian before Jesus Christ" - a monotheist, in Byzantium, in the 6th-7th centuries. To substantiate, Christian legends arose about the piety of Alexander and even about the divine revelations of Alexander. Ethiopian Church - officially venerates Alexander "among the saints", which is celebrated on May 24. Alexander is portrayed as a prophet and propagandist of the Almighty, as a certain character approaching the role of the messiah, the protector of the commandments of the Almighty, God's governor or anointed one. Anointed One (Hebrew Mashiach; Greek Christ). 1) a person called and dedicated. through the anointing with oil for God's special ministry. The anointing symbolizes the gift of the Holy Spirit (cf. 1 Sam. 10: 1 et seq.), Which changes a person and makes him able to fulfill God's ministry. 2) the phrase "the anointed of God" served, as a respectful appeal to the kings of Israel (1 Samuel 2:10; 12: 3; 24: 7; 26: 9,10,16; Ps 2: 2; 19: 7, etc.); later it probably began to be used as an official. title; 3) dedicated. Lord, people, ex. the forefathers (patriarchs) and the Persian king Cyrus, who fulfilled God's commissions, in Ps.104: 15 and Is 45: 1 are called the Anointed of God. Perhaps here this name is already used as an official title. 4) The Anointed of God - who is simultaneously a king, priest and prophet, God anointed with the Holy Spirit (Acts 4:26; 10:38). The biblical term meaning a person who, through the anointing with oil, in the form of a symbol of the message of the highest gifts, is raised to the highest responsible ministry — of a high priest, prophet, and king. The first biblical example of such an anointing is the story of Aaron's elevation to the high priesthood; then very often there are indications of the anointing of kings (for example, Saul and David, by the prophet Samuel), so that later the very expression: "anointing to the kingdom" became common when the king ascended the throne.Prophets, as the highest ministers of righteousness, were also anointed for their ministry (eg Elijah anointed his successor Elisha, see 1 Kings). Since all three highest ministries were combined in the person of Jesus Christ, he is called primarily the Messiah (Hebrew Mashiach), that is, the anointed one. The custom of anointing to the kingdom passed from the Old Testament theocracy to the Christian nations, for whom the anointing became a symbol of confirmation of royal dignity. Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia. “Iskender surpassed all the sciences of his time, explicit and secret. Having stopped thinking about the creation of the world, he began to strive with his soul to its creator. His prayers are heard, the heavenly messenger, the angel Surush *, appears to him and communicates the divine command: he was granted the rank of prophet. He must now go around the whole world, calling people to embark on the path of true faith. God will help him ... Iskender asks how he can broadcast the truth in foreign languages? How can he conquer everyone and force himself to listen? Surush replies that no one anywhere can harm Iskender, everyone will obey him and he will understand the languages ​​of the whole world, and he and his "Ruman" language will be understood everywhere. He should only constantly pray to God. Nizami. * The Angel Surush is an ancient Sraosha, one of the angels of the Zoroastrian pantheon. He must now go around the whole world, calling people to embark on the path of true faith. God will help him ... Iskender asks how he can broadcast the truth in foreign languages? How can he conquer everyone and force himself to listen?Surush replies that no one anywhere can harm Iskender, everyone will obey him and he will understand the languages ​​of the whole world, and he and his Ruman language will be understood everywhere. He should only constantly pray to God. Iskader Zul-Karnain. "In this chapter, called Al-Kahf (The Cave), Muhammad answers four tricky questions that were asked, according to tradition, by the rabbis of Medina: 1. Who sleeps in the depths of the cave to wake up only at the end of time? - Follows the story of the Seven Sleepers in the cave of al-Rakim (Ephesus?), An allegory of true believers who make a confession of faith (tashahhud ). 2. Who has the source of life? - Answer: the one of the two gardeners who, being poor, sets an example for the rich and ungrateful proud man, revealing his good deeds to him or giving him alms (sadaqa). 3. Who is capable of being both more and less than Moses? - Answer: one who practices fasting (saum) and at the same time knows how to keep silent. 4. Who finally embarked on a journey around the earth in anticipation of the Last Judgment? - Answer: this is the defender of faith, the one who brings the light of true faith to all continents and whose prayer (salad), or communication with God, rises from all places - from the East, where, as the narrator believes, he himself is, from the West, from Lebanon and from the North, the country of Gog and Magog. The character invoked by the illustration to the fourth fourth answer is "Two-horned", in the form of which in the countless dating back to the 4th century BC. e. coins depicted first the god Amun, and then Alexander, who became his divine messenger. In a Syrian legend of the 6th century A.D. e. Iskander says to his heavenly father: “I know you have grown horns on my head so that I can crush the kingdoms of the world,” and the Qur'an gives this interpretation: he was sent to slay the unrighteous and protect the righteous. The entire surah ends with a reminder of the fate that awaits the wicked, as well as that which God has prepared for the obedient (Muslim) of his covenants. "Dhu'l-Karnain is primarily a king - a champion of justice. Muhammad answers the Jews, Christians, pagans, who ask him about the greatest king of the world, that he is the defender of the faith. Therefore, the impression that the East as a whole retained about Alexander is not so much the image of the great conqueror as that completely mystical image of the man of God, which, as the Koran literally says, “follows the thread” leading to heaven ”P. For Alexander. Alexander is declared Pharaoh and "Living Image of Amun" in Egypt. "As soon as the Egyptian priests recognized in Alexander the legal successor of the last pharaoh Nectanebus II (359-341) and, therefore, the incarnate god, the son of God, beloved by God, etc., according to the official title, as Alexander took a journey through the desert to ask for confirmation and the help of the god Amun-Ra, whom the Greeks likened to Zeus ". P. For, Alexander. Alexander is declared the Pharaoh and "Living Image of Amun" in Egypt. According to reports of many ancient authors (for example, Arrian), Alexander visited the famous temple of Amun, whose oracle announced to him about his divine nature and called him the rightful pharaoh of Egypt. The earthly governor of Amun. "When Alexander crossed the desert and reached the place, the prophet Amun addressed him with a greeting from God, as if from a father" (Plutarch "Alexander", 27, 1 and 5, according to Callisthenes) "P. For, Alexander. According to reports of many ancient authors (eg Arrian), Alexander visited the famous temple of Amun, whose oracle announced to him his divine nature and named the rightful pharaoh of Egypt - the Earthly governor of Amun. The priest greeted Alexander with the words "paidios" - "son of Zeus". Why was Alexander called Two-Horned? Many minds were beating over the reason why they called him that. References to the alleged horns of Alexander are found in the literature of various languages, regions and centuries. Alexander's horns had different symbols. They portray him as the deputy of God, as a prophet and propagandist of the Most High, as something approaching the role of the messiah, and also as a defender of the commandments of the Most High.They represent him as the conqueror of the world, who conquered two horns or the ends of the world, the land of the rising and setting sun. Some explained this nickname by the fact that Alexander reached the "horns" of the Sun, that is, the places where the Sun rises and sets. Others deduced this nickname from the fact that Dhu-l-Karnein originated from two different "horns", meaning Rums and Persians. It was also said that he had two horns of gold. They also said that the sides of his head were made of copper. Another opinion is that he gave alms with both hands. They also said that he was so nicknamed on the grounds that he was given knowledge of the obvious and the hidden. Another reason for the famous nickname of Alexander the Great could be according to the Syrian legend of the 6th century NE that Alexander had two growths on his head, like horns. The legend describes Alexander as a Christian king bowing himself in prayer, saying: “O God ... I know that you have lifted me up above all kings, and you made me horns on my head, with which I could overthrow the kingdoms of the world. I will magnify your name, O Lord forever " Alexander has also been identified from ancient times with the horned figure in the Old Testament in the prophecy of Daniel, who overthrows the kings of Media and Persia. In the prophecy Daniel sees a vision of a ram with two long horns, and verse 20 explains that "the ram you saw with two horns are the kings of Media and Persia." Josephus Flavius ​​[37-100 AD] in his book "Antiquities of the Jews" (XI, 8, 5) tells about the visit that Alexander made to Jerusalem. where he met the high priest Jaddua and the assembled Jews, and was shown the book of Daniel, in which it was predicted that one of the Greeks would overthrow the empire of Persia. Alexander considered himself indicated and was pleased. The corresponding passage from Daniel is seemingly VIII. 3–8, which speaks of the overthrow of a two-horned ram by a one-horned goat, that one horn of the goat was broken during the collision ... the interpretation of this is given further ... “The ram, whom you can see that they had two horns, they kings of Media and Persia.And the rough goat is the king of Greece ”(there is a version that the goat was a symbol of the Macedonian kings). This identification was adopted by the founding fathers of the Christian church. In a dream, the high priest of Yaddua received a warning from God, seeing himself in a purple robe and with a miter on his head. Obeying a vision, he went out to meet Alexander at the entrance to the Temple. Accompanied by the priests, dressed in fine linen robes, and the masses of the people, Iaddua awaited Alexander's arrival. Noticing the high priest, Alexander honored God and bowed to Iaddua, while the Jews greeted Alexander with one voice. When the military leader Parmenion expressed the surprise of the army at the strange act of Alexander - that the man, whom everyone worshiped as a king, bowed to the Jewish high priest - Alexander replied: “I did not worship him, but God who conferred this high priesthood on him, because I saw this the man himself and in this very dress, being in Dion in Macedonia; when I was there alone thinking how to achieve power in Asia, he persuaded me not to hesitate, but to boldly cross the sea, and promised to lead my army and grant me dominion over the Persians. " Then Alexander gave his hand to the high priest, entered the Temple and offered a sacrifice to God at the direction of the high priest, "giving generously to all the priests." The next day, Alexander asked the people what kind of mercy he could show him, and at the request of the high priest, he allowed the Jews to live according to the law of their ancestors. He even exempted them from paying taxes in the 7th year. He gave the Babylonian and Median Jews the same privileges; Jews who wished to join his army, Alexander gave the right to live according to the laws of their religion. "For immediately after the anointing of the high priest in Jerusalem and the worship of the one God of the Jews, Alexander turns to the west" P. For Alexander. According to Curtius Rufus, trying to conquer the city of the Assaken, Alexander was struck with a dart in the calf; the wound caused him great pain, and he announced that although he was named Jupiter, he felt the suffering of his sick body. The Hebrew name for the planet Jupiter is Ammon (AMI). Foto."Alexander in the Temple of Jerusalem," painting by Sebastiano Conca. In the legends of Christian Alexander, written in the Ethiopian (ancient South Semitic) period between the 14th and 16th centuries, Alexander the Great is always directly mentioned using the epithet "Two-horned". An excerpt from Ethiopian Christian legend describes the Angel of God calling Alexander by this name: “Then God, may He be blessed and exalted! put this in the heart of the Angel to call Alexander "Two-Horned" ... And Alexander said to him: "You called me the name Two-Horned, but my name is Alexander ... and I thought that You cursed me by calling me that name. The Angel said to him: "O man, I did not curse you by the name by which you and the deeds you do are known. You came to me, and I praise you, because from east to west all the earth was given to you ..." Articles B .Vishnev Photo: Horned LIA, on a box made of KV 62 "Son" of Amun Egyptian priests began to venerate him both as a "son of God" and as a "god" Shifman. Alexander the Great. - L .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 208 p. "It is known that Alexander, imagining himself in the depths of his soul the son of Amun, and not Philip, demanded that they bow down to him; admiring the customs of the Persians and Medes, he changed his clothes and altered the rite of court etiquette" Ariyan 4.9 "However, even before the 5th century, representatives of the middle classes of the empire presented each other with medallions-amulets or amulets in the form of medals with a rim, on which Alexander was depicted. On the latter, this image was accompanied by the inscription" Filius Dei "(Son of God)." P For Alexander. LIA.The status of the “son” is confirmed by the BA scepter found in the tomb with the inscription “Beautiful God, beloved, whose dazzling face is like the shining Aton. Son of Amun, Incarnation of Amun. " Symbols in hieroglyphs NTr aA is the hidden, heavenly, cosmic god Amon. hm-nTr - just a priestly title nfr - "young", "beautiful, good" nTr nfr - conveys status in relation to Amon - the Great God. The name of the pharaoh is recorded in such a way to make his power legitimate. There is a translation option for young god- (MB: little prophet?) "LIA" is called this term. A term that ancient writers translated as "son" of Amun-Zeus? "In Egypt, a king cannot exercise government without priestly rank" Plato. The laws. Politician, 290 d - s Egyptian "Amon" Amon (egypt. Jmn - "invisible") is the hidden god of heaven. God of the black heavenly space. The sacred word "Amen" is present in world languages. "Amen" can be pronounced as "Amen", "Om", "Amon" or "Amun" "Omne" and "Aum" or "Om". Vowels in the Old Hebrew language are interchangeable. The word is slightly modified, but does not change its meaning. The main thing in the word is the sound of one root meaning "EVERYTHING", infinity, infinite power, mind, life and death. Expresses the concept of omniscience, omnipresence and omnipotence. This is absolute. The Hebrew name for the planet Jupiter is Ammon (AMI) “The idea of ​​Amon as the god of air (breath) arose as a result long development of Egyptian religion and revealed only one of the many facets of the image Amun as a creator god who is embodied in all nature. Therefore, the main Zeta's thesis about the special role of the god of air, allegedly inherent in Amon in the ancient ogdoad, whose image he artificially brought closer to the biblical ideas about the divine creative power embodied in Pavlov's rūah ’elōhim” Pavlova OI Amon Thebansky. Early history of the cult (V-XVIII dynasty). M., 1984. * Kurt Zéte (1869-1934) - a prominent German Egyptologist, philologist. Conclusions - "Divine Alexander", "Alexandros Basilevs Genos Dios" "son of Amun-Zeus", "Pay Dios", "Filius Dei" and "Living Image of Amun", "nTr nfr", should be understood as - Alexander is the prophet of the Most High Creator, "rūah 'elōhim" "God's anointed" has the same meaning, in different interpretations.Then everything falls into place. The connoisseur of ancient literature, Carlyle, said: "In the entire Iliad of Homer, there is not a single word that we would understand now in the same way as Homer himself understood it." The Carlyle paradox applies not only to ancient literature; the same could be said for the prophets and founders of world religions. Not all God's prophets were “peaceful exhortations”, let us recall, for example, the prophet David, who, according to God's command, destroyed the nations: “Exterminate completely the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perrezeans, Jews and Jebusites, for the Lord your God commanded you to do this” ( Deut .: 7; 1-3). Likewise, Alexander called to faith by force the peoples who dispersed across the Earth, and each had their own interpretation of the Primordial Monotheism. Alexander, however, forbade all kinds of "barbaric customs" because: idolatry, human sacrifice, gerontocide, cannibalism. Another extremely important event of this era was the work on the collection of translations of the Old Testament into the Greek language, made in the III-I centuries BC. e. in Alexandria. It is believed that the Achaemenid era is the time of the creation of the "Avesta" - the book of Zarathustra's prophecies, which was burned by Alexander the Great. Poets of the East report that he did this with the aim of "... returning the Iranians to the ancient religion, to Yezdan - the One God ..." - so Jami writes in the "Book of Iskandar's Wisdom" or, according to Nizami, with the aim of returning to the "Abrahamic faith". When, centuries after the burning of the Avesta, the Iranian priests-magicians decided to restore it from memory, it turned out to be four times shorter. But this work has not survived either. Then - as it is believed in history - "Avesta" was revived under the Sassanids (III-VII centuries NE). Then "Avesta" was destroyed by the Arabs during the Islamization of Iran. Then the Mongols destroyed it. But in the 18th century, "Avesta" was regained thanks to the Iranian Parsis who saved it - fire worshipers who fled to India from the Arab invasion. The name of the prophet himself, who created it, is heard by everyone thanks to F. Nietzsche's philosophical and poetic essay "Thus Spoke Zarathustra." The poets of the East call him Zardusht. So Alexander the Great "extinguished the Zardushtov fires." V. Vishnev's articles. The king ordered that, having entered the good road, All nations served one god, So that, bowing to the Abrahamic faith, they The month with the sun was forgotten for eternal days ... Nizami He overthrew the statues of idols, On the ancient altars, the fire dimmed. And to the right faith - the whole universe is a circle He led, pointing the way to the south. A.Navoi "Alexander himself on this occasion, even wiser and said that God is the common father of all people, but that he especially brings the best of them closer to himself" Plutarch. After the death of Alexander, he was also deified, the cult of Alexander appeared. Dorotheos, Bishop of Tire (255-362 AD), when he returned from exile, declared that the inhabitants of the Siwa oasis in Egypt were pagans and worshiped the Egyptian god Amun and Alexander the Great, who was buried. Thebes (from ancient Greek - Θ? Βαι) is also an oasis. Could there be a mistake with the localization of the Siwa oasis? Author's note. "The sarcophagus opened to the visitor's gaze in the semi-darkness of the hypogeion, he stood with his head in the direction of sunset, in the direction of the oasis of the god Amun, father of Alexander.A special college supported his cult, and his senior priest was an eponym, that is, his name was used to date some official acts, in particular contracts. This clergy lived not only at the expense of offerings and sacrifices, but also income from estates, pious foundations, etc. The cult was threefold, that is, people turned to Alexander as a man, hero or god, the new Dionysus. In January he was honored as the founder of Alexandria, in June they celebrated the date of his death, in September or early October - his birthday, and in November and April he was revered as the god of grapes, first sacrificed and then resurrected" LIA “However, one very important detail should be pointed out, which still remains unclear until the end. On the breast of the mummy are two simple stripes of sheet gold, decorated with a knot. Pharaohs on bas-reliefs and statues wear a small breastplate with only one such stripe. But the gods were always depicted with two stripes. Tutankhamun, therefore, was considered a god, as soon as he found himself in the embalming workshop, where his corpse was turned into the body of an eternal being. " “Only a headband could adorn the head of the son of God when he died, coming to the call of his father. That is why neither crowns nor royal headdresses were found in the tomb of the young king. " Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris DATING Carter dated Tutankhamun on the basis of a pharaonic table that was created before the opening of the tomb itself. Carter was looking for the pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. "In truth, we hoped for more. I may be accused of being sagacity in hindsight, but I will still say that we had a very definite hope of finding the tomb of a certain pharaoh, namely Pharaoh Tutankhamun." Carter, 1959, p. sixteen The method of radiocarbon dating was invented later. Analysis of the LIA mummy by radiocarbon dating has not been carried out. DUPLICATION. "One should not multiply existence unnecessarily" Occam's Razor "Living image of Amun". Pharaoh from the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom, who reigned in Egypt for 9 years (in 1332-1323 BC?) Tutankhamen's name means "the Living image of the Aten." Later on, however, he changed his name to Tutankhamun or Heqaiunushema, which stands for "Living image of Amun who is the ruler of Heliopolis And Upper Egypt." The name was spelled as Amen-tut-nakh. He seems to have changed his name shortly before he abandoned the city of Akhenaton and returned to Thebes to reinstate the ancient gods. Nebheperure, which meant lord of manifestations of Re was the throne name of the king and it is even said that as a pharaoh he was known by the name of Nibhurrereya that can be seen in the Amarna letters. There is no consensus on the origin of "Living image of Amun ", better known as Tutankhamun. It is more correct to call it "Living image of Amun", because it is a translation of the meaning of the epithet. Interestingly, even at the end of the 19th century, scientists doubted the existence of Tutankhamun. "We do not have a single document indicating the place of birth of Tutankhamun or the place where he grew up and was brought up." 60 "What does the name Tutankhamen mean and what place did he occupy as as the records say, "prince of the east" - a title that modern scholars do not fully understand? p. 59. Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris. Archaeologist Howard Carter owns the statements: "From the whole life of Tutankhamun we know for certain only one fact, namely: he died and was buried" "The solution to the mystery of Tutankhamun's life constantly eludes us - the shadows fluctuate, but the darkness never dissipates" Howard Carter that the mistake is not that the foreign body of Alexander the Great was accidentally in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, but a "systemic" mistake. Tutankhamun was placed in the table of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt in 1300 BC. As a result, Alexander and the "Incarnation of Amun" or Tutankhamun - one character, was duplicated in the history of Ancient Egypt. Tutankhamun is the forgotten name of Alexander. Where did so many names - epithets of one person come from? In the third or fourth year of reign, Tutankhamun completely changes the name, most likely because of this, the monuments have the names of Alexander and Tutankhamun separately, monuments to Alexander were erected both during life and after death, by different people. Alexander's predecessor on the throne of Egypt, the Persian king Darius Coddoman, with a solar cult, was also reflected in Egyptian history as "Useful for the Sun Ball" - Akhenaten, with a solar cult. Winged sun Photo. The upper back of a chair from tomb 62 is decorated with a winged disc. Photo. Faravahar The main symbol of Zoroastrianism. Initially, it was a "winged Sun" Symbol of power and divine origin. Therefore, this sign appears on items belonging to Darius-Akhenaten, and as trophies that Alexander inherited - LIA. "King! these are the mother, wife and children of Darius. They were told that you had Darius's bow and outer garment and that you had brought back the shield left by Darius. They weep over him as over the dead. ”Arrian 2.12 " One of the main questions: why are there so many items in the tomb of Tutankhamun related to Akhenaten, Smenkhkar and some other people from their environment? " Dodson, 2009, p. 88 Darius the Zoroastrian. ātešparast - the name "fire worshipers" is a literal translation of the Persian word that arose among the Muslim Persians during the period of persecution against the faith of Zarathushtra. According to the teachings of Zoroastrianism, light is the visible image of God in the physical world. Therefore, wishing to turn to God, Zoroastrians turn their faces to the light - the light source represents for them the direction of prayer. The Zoroastrians revered the sun - the greatest of all lights, to which it is dedicated in the "Avesta" - one of the "khurshed" Before the beginning of the prayer, they performed the ritual of washing the face, hands, feet, and then, if it was an evening prayer, they looked at the fire, and if it was the morning prayer, at the rising sun, they worshiped and prayed while standing. Morning prayer under the rays of the Sun. Alexander, in correspondence with Darius, addresses him with the words: "King Alexander, born of father Philip and mother Olympias, king of kings, co-throne of the sun, the greatest god, a descendant of the gods and rising with the sun, the great king of the Persians Darius - hello." Akhenaten is a sun worshiper. Atonism Atenism is a religious cult introduced by the pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty Akhenaten. After his death, Amon again became the supreme deity of worship, and the capital was again moved to Thebes. It is likely that the cult of Aton did not disappear immediately - the ideas of Akhenaten were supported by a number of people for another generation. Robert Hari. New Kingdom Amarna Period: The Great Hymn to Aten - BRILL, 1985 .-- S. 3. - 90 p. Subsequently, the priests of Egypt tried to destroy information about this cult. Datace podle VERNER, Miroslav; BAREŠ, Ladislav; VACHALA, Břetislav. Encyklopedie starověkého Egypta. Praha: Libri, 2007.528 s. S. 516-521. Ordinary Egyptians had to worship Akhenaten, since only Akhenaten and Nefertiti could worship Aton.Researchers cite naturalistic poems, mystical odes composed in honor of Aten-Ra by Akhenaten. Hart, George. The Routledge dictionary of Egyptian gods and goddesses. - 2nd. - Routledge, 2005 .-- P. 39 Polygamy Polygamy existed in ancient times, but it is absent among modern Zarathushtrians. Darius has several wives. Akhenaten has several wives. The main wife of the king is the sister of Stater 1. Plutarch calls her "the most beautiful of all queens" Plutarch. Selected Biographies. Alexander, 30. She accompanied Darius during the war with Alexander the Great, who invaded the Achaemenid state. After the defeat of the Persians in the battle of Issus, the entire family of Darius (the king's mother Sisigambis, wife, son and two daughters of Darius died in the battle) fell into the hands of Alexander. But the Macedonian king from the king to the king's captives mercifully, returning them their property and servants and establishing maintenance. Statira died in childbirth in 332 BC. e. Alexander ordered to bury Statyra with all the honors due to a person of the royal family. Children - at least 4 x. 2 daughters - Stateira 2 and Dripetida Akhenaten has several wives. The main wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten is Nefertiti. The name of Nefertiti is translated as "Beauty has come." Could have been Akhenaten's cousin. Anthony E. David. Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. - Rutledge, 2002 .-- P. 91 .-- 206 p. Did Nefertiti give birth to six daughters from Akhenaten? Or children? In the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, the second daughter of the royal couple, Princess Maketaton, dies. Perhaps some of the children are still dead? There is no information about the circumstances of the death of Queen Nefertiti herself. Nefertiti has not been found or identified among the mummies already found. "Prayer of the Blind", written according to the legend by Pharaoh Akhenaten. The ancient Egyptian text almost completely repeats the prayer "Our Father". Now, knowing that Akhenaten is Darius, it becomes clear that prayer, indeed, can have roots from the Abrahamic faith. Cyrus is the Anointed of God; several generations later, to the reign of Darius, the monotheistic faith was already distorted by the interpretations and comments of "specialists". Alexander, returned the correct landmarks. According to Pahlavi sources, the revelation received by Zarathushtra from Ahura Mazda was collected by his royal patron Kavi Vishtaspa and written in gold ink on 12 thousand ox skins. His descendant Darius Daryan (that is, Darius, son of Darius) placed two copies of the Avesta and the commentary on it in the repositories of Ganj-i Shapikan and Dis-i Nipisht ("the fortress of the scriptures"). Alexander the Great, destroying the Achaemenid empire, destroyed the Avesta by throwing books into the sea or setting them on fire, and ordered some of them to be translated into Greek. ALEXANDER VS LIA. Main dubbed motives: a) Alexander: Canceled in Egypt the religious reforms of his predecessor - father-in-law LIA. Canceled in Egypt the religious reforms of his predecessor - father-in-law. b) Darius, sun worshiper. LIA. Akhenaten, the sun worshiper. c) Alexander returned to the faith of his ancestors - Amon LIA returned to the faith of the ancestors - Amon d) Alexander restored the capital from Heliopolis (city of the Sun) back to Thebes LIA restored the capital from Akhet aton (the city of the Sun), back to Thebes. e) Alexander received the status - Waxing Amun, "son" of Amun LIA had the status of "Waxing Amun", "son" of Amun f) Alexander ruled Egypt for 9 years. LIA ruled Egypt for 9 years. g) Statira, fiancee of Alexander, daughter of Darius about 13 years old; daughter of Akhenaten, fiancee LIA 12 years old. h) After the death of Alexander, the wars of the Diadochi began, because there was no heir. The death of LIA, who did not leave a legitimate heir, led to difficulties in the succession to the throne. i) Alexander settled in Memphis, during the Egyptian campaign. “Numerous embassies from Greece came to him (Alexander) in Memphis; and there was no person whom he would let go without fulfilling his requests " After leaving Akhetaton, the VA court did not return to Thebes, but settled in Memphis. Kathryn A. Bard. An Introduction to the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. - John Wiley & Sons, 2015 .-- S. 248 .-- 508 p. j) Alexander handed over the body of Darius, his mother, for a ceremonial burial in the family cemetery. According to oriental poets, in the golden "taboot" (ark,box). "Alexander sent the body of Darius to Persia, ordering him to be buried in the royal tomb, where other Persian kings were buried." Arrian 3.22 It was LIA who ordered to transfer the remains of the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten to the Valley of the Kings. k) Alexander built an alley in Luxor temple, etc. By order of the LIA, the decoration of the colonnade in the Luxor temple was completed, etc. DUPLICATION Together with Alexander and Darius, some other rulers of that era were duplicated. It is believed that under the LIA, there were dignitaries - regents under the "minor" pharaoh, who allegedly ruled the country. The fact is that the age of LIA at the time of death was determined at 19 years. It is known that he ruled for 9 years. If in the fourth year of his reign he abandoned the cult of Aton in favor of Amun, being a 14-year-old teenager, therefore, all his regents decided for him, the researchers came to such conclusions. According to my reconstruction: Smenkhkara - Egyptian pharaoh from the XVIII dynasty, successor of Akhenaten, predecessor of Tutankhamun. Reliable information has not been preserved about the origin of Smenkhkare. After reigning for only a year, Smenkhkare passed the crown to Tutankhaton, who changed his name, calling himself Tutankhamun, and returned to venerating Amun, moving the capital back to Thebes. He destroyed the former capital, built by Akhenaten, and was generally perceived by the Egyptians as a deliverer from innovations alien to the bulk of the people. Smenkhkara - in the 17th year of Akhenaten's reign, he was appointed co-ruler of the pharaoh. Akhenaten was soon overthrown and possibly blinded. Bessus (throne name - Artaxerxes V) - Persian king who ruled in 330-329. BC. After losing the battle, Darius, accompanied by Bess, retreated to Ecbatana, where they spent the entire winter. The next year, Darius marched east, intending to gather more forces in Bactria. Along the way, Bess and other satraps conspired and captured Darius. Most likely, they originally intended to transfer it to the Macedonians, but Alexander continued their persecution, even after learning about the overthrow of Darius. In July 330 BC, the conspirators, upon learning of the imminent pursuit, inflicted many wounds on Darius and, leaving mortally wounded Darius in panic, fled. Execution by order of Alexander about a year after the murder of Darius. " At this moment, Bessus is in charge of everything, both as a relative of Darius and as a satrap of the country in which everything has happened now. "Arrian 3.21 Eye. A dignitary of the Amarna period of the 18th dynasty, who later became the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Years of government: 1323 - 1319 BC e, or 1327-1323 BC. e. Ey was close to two or even three previous pharaohs. Eye's tomb, WV 23 was opened in 1972. Eye's mummy was not found. In the reign of Akhenaten, Eye was awarded the high titles of "fan carrier on the right hand of the king, the main friend of the king", "chief of all horses of the lord of both lands", "personal scribe of the king "Under Tutankhamun, Ey regained the post of supreme dignitary - chati (vizier) and concentrated all real power in his hands. A ring has been preserved on which the names of Pharaoh Ey and Queen Ankhesenamun of Akhenaten's daughter, later VA's wife (engagement?Autor note). However, during his reign, only Eye is called his wife. The name Ankhesenamun is no longer mentioned. Mazaeus, Mazday or Mazaios ( 385-328 BC.) - satrap of the province of Cilicia in Asia Minor under the Persian king Artaxerxes III and Babylonia, under Alexander the Great. Mazaeus was appointed by Artaxerxes III ruler of Cilicia in 361 BC. e., then the territory of the District (Abar nahar; - literally "beyond the river", that is, beyond the Euphrates), which included Syria, Lebanon and Israel, was annexed to its satrapy. During the reign of Darius III (336-330 BC) Mesopotamia was added to the satrapy of Mazeya, that is, he became one of the most important satraps of the Achaemenid empire . At the Battle of Gaugamela, Mazaeus fought on the right wing against the commander Alexander Parmenion and attacked him so strongly that Parmenion ordered to notify Alexander that if he did not come to the rescue, his troops would flee. After the defeat of Darius, Mazeus returned to Babylon. When Alexander announced that Babylon would not be surrendered to plunder, Mazei surrendered the large, well-fortified city without a fight. Alexander left him the satrapy of Babylon - this was the first appointment of a Persian to such a high post. Silver stater Mazei. It was minted when he was the satrap of Babylon (his name is given to the right in Aramaic) under Alexander. King Darius 2 even promised him the hand of his eldest daughter Statira. Did Mazey die in 328 BC? Apparently not, maybe he died later? Mazei was sent to Egypt to organize the place of Alexander's funeral? Eye in the images from the tomb performs the ceremony of opening the mouth of VA. Nakhtmin - Eye chose Nakhtmin, a general in the reign of Tutankhamun as his successor. He was considered the official heir of Pharaoh Ey, but did not ascend to the throne of Egypt. During the reign of Tutankhamun, Nakhtmin bore the titles “true servant, supportive of his lord, royal scribe”, “beloved servant of the pharaoh”, “bearer of the fan on the right hand of the pharaoh”, “servant, thanks to which the name of Pharaoh lives ”. These titles are found on five ushabti, presented by Nakhtmin to Pharaoh Tutankhamun as a burial inventory. Who is this? After the death of Alexander the Great, power in his empire was in the hands of the regent Perdikki, who in 323 BC. e. divided its territory between the generals of Alexander, who became satraps. The ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy, was the first to challenge the regent, provoking Perdiccas to a military campaign in Egypt in 321 BC. e. While crossing the Nile, part of the Macedonian army perished. Seleucus Nicator, the former camp commander, helped assassinate Perdiccas by obtaining the Babylonian satrapy and relinquishing his post as chiliarch. Date of his approval in Babylon 312 don. e. began to be considered the moment of the founding of the Seleucid state. After that, Seleucus began to expand his state, adding to it Mesopotamia, Eastern Anatolia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia. Pharaoh Horemheb. Photo. Image of Horemheb on the wall of a temple in Luxor. Horemheb ("Choir in the Festival") is an ancient Egyptian dignitary and military leader, who received the title "Viceroy of the Two Lands" during his lifetime, formally becoming the ruler of Egypt. Subsequently, the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, who ruled approximately in 1319 - 1292 BC. e .. although he was not an heir by descent. Horemheb's parents are unknown, they are not named anywhere. Under the LIA, he took up a high military post, commanding troops during the Asian campaign. A relief from the Sakkar tomb of Horemheb, depicting numerous captives after the Asiatic campaigns and Horemheb himself, gifted for merit. Horemheb calls himself “the greatest of the great, the most powerful of the powerful, the great ruler of the people ... the chosen one of the king, dominating both ) in management, a commander over the commanders of the Two Countries. " His political influence at this time was significant, it should be borne in mind that the title of "sovereign" (literally "the one who is with his subjects") is characteristic of the heirs to the throne and the most powerful temporalists. After 4 years of reign of Ey, Horemheb, relying on the army, took the throne of the pharaohs, in what he could be helped by the priesthood of the god Amun, who wanted to restore their influence. Having become in power, Horemheb writes that "the heart ... of God ... wished to elevate his son to his eternal throne, and therefore God proceeded with glee to Thebes ... with his son in his arms ... to bring him to Amon to clothe him with the rank of king." (probably Horemheb means the deceased Tutankhamun - the "son" of Amun. Author's note) Horemheb writes that the king appointed him "lord of the earth" as the crown prince to uphold the law. He also noted his ability to calm the hot temper of the young king. "Booth 2007, pp. 86–87. (2007) The Boy behind the Mask: Meeting the Real Tutankhamun. One World. Horemheb had two wives: Ptolemy Lagus Photo: Bust of Ptolemy I. Louvre, Paris. Warlord of Alexander the Great, was the founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He received the governorship over Egypt shortly after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. In 305 he took the title of king and ruled until 283 B.C. Ptolemy was not just a close person to Alexander, he was the embodiment of reason, which is very Many ancient sources, often restrained by the furious character of Alexander, especially in the last years of his life, saved many people, finally, the degree of trust in Ptolemy and Alexander was so great that it was Ptolemy who tasted the food that Alexander later took. Photo: Stella with Ptolemy's decree. 311 BC to the Cairo Museum. Above the winged sun. Photo: Artifact from Tomb KV 62, with a winged Sun. HUMAN RELATIVES DNA FROM TOMB KV 62. Mother YL from English Young Lady - Younger lady. Tomb KV35YL discovered in 1898 in the Valley of the Kings. With the help of genetic and genealogical examination, the mummy was identified as the mother of a man from tomb 62. It was established that she died due to a rockfall. In the Younger Lady: fractures of the skull, chest, stones fell on the face of the skull, in the jaw region, a dent in the chest. It was established that the woman was killed in this way, the injuries led to death. Photo. Younger Lady. “Apparently, the Younger Lady was still on her feet when the first stone fell on her head from above. Immediately, the vertical position of her body changed to horizontal. The next stones fell on her as the Younger Lady lay on the floor. One stone shattered her teeth from the left cheek, another broke her chest, the third fell on her right forearm, cutting off her right ear and ultimately severing her entire right arm. We also have an X-ray of her severely curved spine. This may indicate that the body of the king's mother was found a few days later already numb. The embalmers did not straighten the spine, they put her body in the coffin as they found it. ”“ Meritre is an Egyptian princess who, according to some sources, could be the mother of Tutankhamun. ”P.189 Christian Desroches-Noblecourt, Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris Alexander the Great's mother Olympias of Epirus (375 -316 BC) Died at the age of 61, 7 years after Alexander's death after the death of her son, Olympias seized power in Macedonia in 317 AD and began to reign on behalf of her grandson Alexander 4, son of Alexander the Great. However, she was overthrown by Diadoch Kasandr and executed. Olympias was sentenced to death - stoned and then beaten to death with clubs. Pausanias, 9.7, Diodorus, 19.51 She was refused burial. Her body has not been found. Olympias was executed by stoning, I believe that the Younger Lady, who died from a rockfall, is the mummy of Olympias of Epirus. To be buried next to Alexander is probably her will. Photo: Portrait of Olympiad from the collection of biographies Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum (1553) Photo. Younger lady Myrtala was the real name of Olympias of Epirus, the mother of Alexander the Great. “She was named Myrtala as a girl, and after the wedding, Philip gave her the name Olympiada, in honor of a sports event.” Plutarch, "That the pfia does not speak ..." Myrtala-Meritre? Author's note Lanika Maya (ancient Greek Μαῖα - "mother", "nurse"; Latin Maia) Alexander received an education befitting a young aristocrat of that time. The prince's nanny was Lanika, the daughter of Dropidas, the sister of his friend Cletes the Black, who came from a noble Macedonian family [Arrian, 4, 9, 3; Elian, 12, 26]. Maya Nurse from the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun. Her rock-cut tomb was discovered in the Sakkara necropolis in 1996. Maya bears the titles "nurse of the king", "educator of the body of God" and "great nurse of the harem." Her origin and relatives are unknown. In addition to Tutankhamun, the inscriptions mention the caretaker of the magazine Rahotep, the high priest of Thoth, and scribes named Tetinefer and Ahmose. Which of them is the one we know as Aristotle, Tetinefer? Brother LIA Mummy from KV55 - Discovered in 1907. The mummy found in the tomb was originally recognized as a female by two doctors. After examining the bones and skull in Cairo, a few months later, anatomist Grafton Elliot-Smith concluded that they belonged to a young man with wide hips, an elongated chin and a skull deformed into the result of chronic hydrocephalus. The estimated age at death was 25 years, although the anatomist later suggested the possibility that the person had Fröhlich Syndrome during his lifetime, a disease that inhibits normal skeletal development. Photo. Tomb Skull KV55 "After the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun, attention was drawn to the similarity between his mummy and the body from KV55, and subsequent examinations confirmed their relationship in blood type (A2) and antibodies (MN). Tutankhamun and the deceased in KV55 were either father and son, or brothers. “The specialists who compared it to the mummy of Tutankhamun were struck by the similarity of the skulls, and they without any hesitation declared that these were the skulls of two brothers of almost the same age.” C 64 Christian Desroches-Noblecourt Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris Until February 2010, it was noted that the reliability of mummy estimation methods for age at death is generally not accurate. For this reason, the correctness of the age estimate has been repeatedly questioned. This idea found support in the analysis of bone remains, which showed an age at death of about 35 years (dental assessment) or older (assessment of anthropological standards and X-rays of the shin bones). According to the results of some studies, the age at the time of death was 20-25 years, others - 35 years. Archaeological, written, and now genetic studies indicate that the person buried in KV55 was presumably Pharaoh Akhenaten. However, the reconstruction of facial features from the skull indicated a lack of resemblance to Akhenaten represented on his monuments (although all of his images were stylized). Phillippe Arriadeus - Alexander's half-brother Years 359-317 BC Nominally ruled 323-317 BC After Alexander's death, "The phalanx of the infantry supported Arrideus, Philip's son, for dignity, although he suffered from an incurable mental illness." "Immediately they made Arrideus, the son of Philip, their king and changed his name to Philip" Diodorus XVIII, 2; XIX, 11. According to Plutarch (Alexander 77.5), Arridea's mother was an unknown woman named Filinna, and his own mental deficiency was caused by the medicine that Olympias gave him. Olympias could also be related to the fate of one of Philip's eldest sons - Arrideus, whose ailment “was not congenital and did not arise by itself: they say that when Arrideus was a child, he showed good and noble inclinations, but then Olympias with the help of all kinds of potions brought him to the point that he lost his mind. " Diodorus Siculus (XVIII, 2; XIX, 11) Conclusions: if the mummy from KV55 is the brother of the mummy from KV62, with possible hydrocephalus, then it is Phillip Arrideus, the half-brother of Alexander. Hydrocephalus, probably from the medicine Olympias gave Arriadeus? 1. Acquired hydrocephalus - may appear in children after head injuries, intoxication. 2.Hydrocephalus can cause dementia. Photo: Memorial Temple of Philip Arriadeus. The granite sanctuary, intended for the boat of Amun, was created under Philip Arriadeus on the site of an older structure. This suggests that he is buried here? It would be illogical to make a memorial temple if he was not buried here. Phillippe Arriadeus lived about 42 years old, suitable in age. Children Alexander's wife had a miscarriage. Photo: Mummies - embryos of premature girls from KV 62. KV21A This mummy is worse preserved than KV21B: the skull, lower leg are missing, and most of the spine is damaged. The survey showed that a woman of average height (1.62 m), due to a congenital, painful malformation, had a deformation of both legs (clubfoot). The condition of the bones says that the woman died at a relatively young age. DNA testing indicated that this woman was the mother of two premature babies from the KV62 tomb. It was found that one embryo was in the fifth month of development. The second embryo is 7-8 months long. The fluoroscopy performed showed that the second embryo was suffering from a developmental defect known as Sprengel's disease, that is, it has a pterygoid right scapula, spina bifida and scoliosis. Survey 1979, determined the blood type - it matched the blood type of the person from the tomb. At the same time, the relationship of the mummy from KV21A and the alleged Akhenaten has not been proven (because in kv 55 it is Philip Arriadeus, author's note), which casts doubt on the mummy's involvement in Ankhesenamun. The events that took place from the moment of Tutankhamun's death to the accession to the throne of Ey are rather vague and unclear. It is known that the king's widow, Ankhesenpamon, secretly sent a letter to the Hittite king Suppilulium I with a request to give her one of her sons as her husband. She explained this by the fact that her husband had died, and she did not want to take as her husband any of her subjects-slaves. Initially Suppilulium did not believe this, because Egypt and Hatti were two sworn enemies, he probably assumed that this was a ploy of the Egyptian court to kill his son. However, after the second letter from the queen, he sent his son to her. In all likelihood, Ankhesenpamon sent these letters in secret from the nobles, her "slaves". Her ideas were soon revealed. Egypt sent an army to meet the Hittite prince, who killed him. Aye soon ascends the throne. If KV21A is the mother of one or two of these baby mummies, then she is probably one of Alexander's wives. Statira ? Roxanne, according to Plutarch, "extremely jealous and passionately hated Statyra, with the help of a forged letter lured her and her sister to her, killed both, threw the corpses into the well and covered them with earth, and Perdikka knew about this and even helped her". Statira (d. 323 BC) Dripetida (d. 323 BC) A forged letter from a Hittite groom? Other relatives Some of the mummies were genetically analyzed and allowed to draw up a five-generational pedigree of Tutankhamun. Yuya and Tuya were recognized as the great-grandfather and great-grandmother of Tutankhamun. Pharaoh Amenhotep, as well as a female mummy known as Elder Lady (KV35EL) turned out to be his grandfather and grandmother, and the mummy KV55 (most likely Akhenaten) and KV35YL (a young woman) are a brother and sister - the parents of Tutankhamun. It is noted, however, that the DNA tests carried out by the Egyptian team cannot be considered completely valid due to the number of coincident markers. So, for example, for the UK court in the paternity proceedings, 10 common markers are required, and in the USA - 13. The family of Tutankhamun, as mentioned above, allowed only 8 pairs of matches to be found.The results of the analysis were published in the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. LOGO In Iran "khvareno" is royal grace, a red eagle that flies over the chosen one. Photo: Flag of the Achaemenids, i.e. Darius Photo: Bird from tomb KV 62. Photo. Cover of the book "The Poem of Alexander" by Walter Chatillon in 1591 editions. http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Walter_of_Chatillon Foto.Hector of Trojans (far from a young man), Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great with a griffin on a shield, on an engraving by Hans Burgkmayer. 1519 year. Photo. "A novel about Alexander". There are eagles on the blanket of Alexander's horse. Neck pectoral made of KV 62. Foto.Falcon pendant necklace made of KV 62. This symbol, later became the logo of the Roman army, and still it can be found on the coats of arms and flags of many countries, with minor changes. Our "client" in the world. Skanda - divus - "divine", "heavenly" or "shining" His other names are Kumara, Karttikeya, Murugan, Sharavana, Mahasena, Guha, Subrahmanya. - the leader of the army of the gods, the god of war in Hinduism. Depicted as a young man, often with six heads and twelve arms and legs (allegory?). His attributes are a bow, a spear and a banner depicting a rooster. His wahana (mount) is a peacock. It is also believed that Skanda patronizes not only warriors, but also thieves ... Photo: Skanda and his ram. Photo: 42-meter statue of Murugan (Skanda) near Batu Caves, Malaysia Photo:Diadem of Skanda,Diadem from KV 62. Skanda: The Alexander Romance in India N. Gopala Pillai, M. A from the Proceedings of the All-India Oriental Conference Vol. IX (Trivandrum: Government Press, 1937), pp. 955-997. Cernunnos (Gallic-Lat. Cernunnos, which conventionally translates as "Horned [God]", there is also the spelling "Cernunnos") - a Celtic deity depicted and named by name (?) On one of the reliefs of the "Pillar of Shipwrights" (beginning of I century, Lutetia; Cluny Museum). The very name Cernunnos is of Roman origin. Literally means horned. Obviously, this is not a name, but rather a nickname. The real name has been lost. According to various sources, Cernunnos was the Celtic god of fertility, life itself, animals, wealth and hunting. Even - the underworld. More than fifty images of the Roman era are known, one way or another associated with Cernunnos. Most of them come from northeastern France [1]. The most characteristic features of his iconography were: a “Buddhist pose” with crossed legs, antlers, a snake and a hryvnia (in all likelihood, corresponding to the male and female principles). He was often depicted with some kind of animals. On one of the bas-reliefs of the "Pillar of Shipwrights", erected in Lutetia by a partnership of shipbuilders from the Parisian community, a deity with two horns, wearing torques and the inscription (C) ernunnos - "Cernunnos" [2] is engraved. Taking into account the phonetic and semantic characteristics of lat. torquēs / torquis - "hryvnia, torque" and Gaulish. carnon, OE corn, lat. cornū (m) - "horn", it can be assumed that the inscription Trigaranus ("Divinely Chosen One, the Most Elect"), present on another of his bas-reliefs [3], is repeated here, albeit in its own way. F. Wudhuysen compares the name and image of Cernunnos with the Luwian horned deity Kuruntas, leading them to Proto-Indo-European antiquity [4]. Green M.J. Celtic Art: Reading the Messages. — L.: The Everyman Art Library, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996. — P. 147. Bernardeau S. Le pilier des Nautes (f) Panorama de l’art. — 17.3.2015. Bernardeau S. Le pilier des Nautes (j) Panorama de l’art. — 17.3.2015. Luwian Kuruntas and Celtic Cernunnos: Two Closely Related Manifestations of the Same Indo-European God | Fred Woudhuizen -Academia.edu All images of this Celtic god are identical. Except that on the Gundestrup cauldron (one of the largest completely and one hundred percent Celtic monuments), he is depicted smooth-shaven. On other monuments and images, this Celtic god appears long-haired and bearded, with the obligatory horns of an elk or deer (a symbol of ancient origin and masculinity). Tork is usually depicted on the neck of Cernunnos (a golden hoop ring, a symbol of noble origin). Sometimes, in his hands, too, a torque. Usually Cernunnos is depicted sitting in the pose of a shaman (the classic pose of a seated Buddha). Since Cernunnos is credited with the functions of the god of animals (if not their creator), he is depicted in the company of various animals (necessarily - an elk / deer). Less often, a bull, a dog and a rat appear in the images of this god. In his left hand he holds his heraldic animal - a snake with ram horns. This is a chthonic symbol of the afterlife and symbolizes the power of this god. The same symbol means that life and death, the hunter and the game often change places. Cernunnos (in the guise of Herne the Hunter) is the Lord of the Wild Hunt. Horns in other languages: Proto-Indo-European * ker-. "horn" Ancient greek language keras "horn" Hittite kar "horn" German Horn "horn, horn, cornet" Pragerman language * hurnaz "horns" Old English horn "horn" Gothic haurn "horn" Dutch horen "horn" French corn, cor "horn" Swedish horn "horn" Latin language cornu, cornum, cornus "horn" Lithuanian corne "horn" Spanish language cuerno "horn" Welsh corn "horn" The Thracian horseman is an object of worship of the cult widespread in ancient Thrace. Known mainly for sculptures and inscriptions dating from the 4th century BC. e. to the beginning. 4th century AD e. In Greek and Roman inscriptions, he is called a "hero" (often hērōs or heros, less often hērōn, heron, eron). The name of the Thracian horseman probably comes from the Thracian word for "hero" - * ierus or * iarus, which has Celtic parallels [1], which confirms the analogy between this Thracian deity and Greek heroes.The oldest monuments to the Thracian horseman date back to the 4th century BC. e., but his cult was most widespread in Thrace and Lower Moesia in the II-III centuries. n. e. Roman iconography of that time shows that he was identified with Asclepius, Apollo, Dionysus, Sylvanus and other deities. When describing it, such epithets as sōtēr ("savior") and iatros ("healer") were used. In the area of ​​present-day Varna, the Thracian horseman was known as Darzalas and was described as μέγας θε «(" great god "). Photo: Altar of a Thracian horseman with a Latin inscription. Archaeological Museum, Philippi. Photo: Relief depicting a Thracian horseman. National Historical Museum of Bulgaria. The surviving reliefs and figurines belonged either to the funeral cult or to the rituals of taking a vow. The rider is usually depicted galloping from left to right towards a tree entwined with a serpent. The names of the cult participants are known from the oath inscriptions. 61% of the names recorded in Lower Moesia and Dacia are Greek or Greco-Roman, 34% are Roman and only 5% are of Thracian or Thraco-Roman origin, that is, most of the cult followers from Lower Moesia were Greeks. Little is known about the cult itself, which was most likely a combination of Greek and Thracian beliefs. During its heyday, it was associated with the idea of ​​life after death and healing. The cult was widespread in Thrace and Lower Moesia, and its adherents were people of different social status and ethnic origin. There is no evidence that the cult of the Thracian horseman ever assumed a mysterious character with secret societies and a strict hierarchy. In the first half of the 4th century A.D. e. the cult of the Thracian horseman was transformed into the veneration of Saint George, and his characteristic iconography continued to be used in the depiction of St. George slaying the serpent (dragon). Toporov V.N. Once again about the Thracian horseman in the Balkan and Indo-European perspective // ​​Image of the world in word and ritual. Balkan readings - I. M., 1992. S. 3-32. Gawrill I. Kazarow. Die Denkmäler des thrakischen Reitergottes in Bulgarien. - Budapest, 1938. Ioan Petru Culianu, Cicerone Poghirc. Thracian Rider. - 1987. Dimitrova, Nora. Inscriptions and Iconography in the Monuments of the Thracian Rider // Hesperia. - 2002. - No. 71. - S. 209-229. Goceva, Zlatozara. Les traits caractéristiques de l'iconographie du cavalier thrace // Iconographie classique et identités régionales. - Paris, 1986 .-- S. 237-243. Hoddinott, Ralf F. The Thracian Hero at Rogozen // Studia Aegaea et Balcanica in Honorem Lodovicae Press. - Warsaw, 1992 .-- S. 157-165. Winner Georgy Photo: Gold "Olympic" medal, circa 242 found in Macedonia, northern Greece (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) Photo: Seal of Ivan III. 1504 Photo: Cover of The Poem of Alexander by Walter Chatillon in 1591 editions http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Walter_of_Chatillon The acceptance of George the Victorious as the patron saint of Moscow statehood is no less mysterious than the appearance in Russia of a two-headed eagle. The first officially documented evidence of the appearance of Saint George as a state symbol dates back to 1497. Then the rider-serpent fighter appeared on the obverse of the seal of John III. By the way, the first appearance of the two-headed eagle, which was just depicted on the reverse side of the grand ducal seal, also belongs to this moment. It is interesting that up to this point, John III had a seal with a completely different plot - a lion fighting a snake. What made the Grand Duke change the image on the seal, and with him the patron saint of the state? After the death of John III, the symbol of the serpentine rider was used by Vasily III, John IV, Fyodor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, False Dmitry, Vasily Shuisky, Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich, Peter I, but none of these monarchs had a spearman in their documents like George the Victorious. How the Russian tsars "personified" one of the main images of their power will remain a mystery to us. Only in 1730, when 88 coats of arms of Russian cities were approved, the nameless snake fighter received the name of St. George. Photo: Bronze copy of the original by Lysippos. 1st century. Photo: Egypt, IV century AD e. Photo: Battle of Alexander the Great with the Serpent. Illustration from the book "Iskander-nama". Baghdad, XIII century Photo. "The Miracle of George about the Dragon." Novgorod icon, late 14th century. EPILOGUE From the great to the ridiculous, one step. Napoleon “It is too early to draw definitive conclusions about this short but important piece of history. However, we will try to choose from the currently available hypotheses those that seem to be the most legitimate. This is the only way to recreate, at least in general terms, the story of the young Tutankhaton (as he was called at birth), although this is our version by no means will not be final, since the land of Egypt has not yet revealed to us the truth that it keeps "from 59. Christiane Desroche-Noblcourt Tutankhamun. Son of Osiris The chronology of the history of Ancient Egypt has always been one of the most difficult problems in Egyptology. The reason is that there are no grounds for dating. “The difficulty of defining the time frame of ancient Egyptian history was pointed out by the 17th century encyclopedist Athanasius Kircher. There are so many different opinions, so much confusion in different chronicles, to such an extent different and varied established flows of time, perversion of proper names, that the chronology of ancient Egypt can be called an unknown science, ”he exclaimed in the book“ Egyptian Oedipus. However, the state of the chronology of ancient Egyptian history remained by the beginning of the 21st century in general the same as it was a century ago. “Surprisingly enough, one should realize that it is extremely difficult to fix the true and unconditional dates of Egyptian chronology,” 1 - such a conclusion was made in his book “Chronicles of the Pharaohs”, published in 1994, by the English Egyptologist Peter Clayton. A similar conclusion was made by the Russian Egyptologist Yuri Yakovlevich Perepyolkin (1903-1982). "Due to the lack of data," he noted, "the exact chronology is not feasible for most of the Pharaoh's antiquity". “The lack of documentary materials is, of course, a serious obstacle to building a reliable chronology of the history of Ancient Egypt. But, I think, the main reason for the failure of Egyptologists in this matter is the lack of a proper scientific method for dating the events of ancient Egyptian history. Any chronology of ancient Egyptian history, ever proposed and proposed at the present time in the historical literature, is, therefore, largely conditional. "Tomsinov V.A. Brief history of Egyptology. List of the pharaohs of Egypt. There are several lists. The names on the lists have been erased, and the dates of the board are not indicated. For example, 5 kings of the 18th dynasty are missing in the Abydos: Hatshepsut Akhenaten Smenkhar Tutankhamun Eye The historian Manetho does not have them in the list of pharaohs either. The inhabitants of Ancient Egypt used a dating system in which specific dates were tied to important events and years of the reign of one or another pharaoh, the so-called "royal years", and with each new pharaoh the dating was reset to zero. It is now unknown whether the ancient Egyptian scribes always used a 365-day calendar in their records (or they could mean a slightly longer solar year), it is not known the practice of fixing correlations, when the pharaohs and their heirs for a short period ruled together (it is not clear how they believed these correlations, and generally took them into account or not), the mentioned dates of astronomical events, which may seem indisputable, always depend on the place from which the observations were carried out, and this is almost always unknown or controversial. Thus, long lists of rulers were formed, now known as the "Tsar's lists", in which practically every date could be questioned. As a result of the fact that one ruler of Ancient Egypt had several names, titles, epithets and other errors in our tables, phantoms of real historical characters appeared. They were dated and placed on the chronological axis independently of each other, as a result of which duplicates or phantom reflections of real historical periods were formed in chronology. Nature abhors a vacuum, and the history of each of them individually "overgrown" with conjectures. As a result of various interpretations and conjectures, everything got mixed up in the “house of the pharaohs”. The proposed version of the duplicated pharaohs of Egypt is not the beginning or end of the list of historical phantoms. I believe that the pages of history have been messed up, somewhere by accident, but somewhere deliberately. About the rest of the characters of this confusing antique detective, read in my next book - "And you, Caesar ?!". J. Sadykov. Almaty. 2020