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Every adequate semantics for conditionals and deontic "ought" must offer a solution to the miners paradox about conditional obligations. Kolodny and MacFarlane have recently argued that such a semantics must reject the validity of modus ponens. I demonstrate that rejecting the validity of modus ponens is inessential for an adequate solution to the paradox
Since it was presented in 1963, Chisholm’s paradox has attracted constant attention in the deontic logic literature, but without the emergence of any definitive solution. We claim this is due to its having no single solution. The paradox actually presents many challenges to the formalization of deontic statements, including (1) context sensitivity of unconditional oughts, (2) formalizing conditional oughts, and (3) distinguishing generic from nongeneric oughts. Using the practical interpretation of ‘ought’ as a guideline, we propose a linguistically motivated logical solution to each of these problems, and explain the relation of the solution to the problem of contrary-to-duty obligations.
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 1993
Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy
A contrary-to-duty obligation (CTD obligation) is a type of conditional obligation that tells us what to do when a primary duty is violated. Chisholm’s Paradox is one of the most famous deontic puzzles about CTD obligations. It is widely believed that Chisholm’s Paradox does not arise for ordering semantics, today’s orthodox semantics for modals and conditionals. In this paper, I propose a new puzzle, the CTD Trilemma, to show that ordering semantics still has difficulties in adequately representing natural reasoning with CTD obligations. I argue that to solve the CTD Trilemma a formal account must attend to two different functions played by ought-statements in our normative reasoning and discourse: ought-statements as normative rules and normative judgments. To formally capture this distinction I develop a new dynamic account of ought-statements and normative reasoning inspired by Frank Veltman’s update semantics for default reasoning. Finally, I show how my update semantics for no...
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
In the classic Miners case, an agent subjectively ought to do what they know is objectively wrong. This case shows that the subjective and objective ‘oughts’ are somewhat independent. But there remains a powerful intuition that the guidance of objective ‘oughts’ is more authoritative—so long as we know what they tell us. We argue that this intuition must be given up in light of a monotonicity principle, which undercuts the rationale for saying that objective ‘oughts’ are an authoritative guide for agents and advisors.
dialectica
Stephen Finlay analyses ‘ought’ in terms of probability. According to him, normative ‘ought’s are statements about the likelihood that an act will realize some (contextually-supplied) end. I raise a problem for this theory. It concerns the relation between ‘ought’ and the balance of reasons. ‘A ought to Ф’ seems to entail that the balance of reasons favours that A Ф-es, and vice versa. Given Finlay’s semantics for ‘ought’, it also makes sense to think of reasons and their weight in terms of probability. In this paper, I develop such a theory of weight. It turns out, however, that it cannot explain the entailments. This leaves Finlay with a challenge: to explain these entailments in some other way consistent with his theory, or to show why the appearances deceive and there are no such entailments.
Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam, 2023
Indo-Aryan -(a)u̯artanna in the Kikkuli treatise, in: H. Fellner, M. Malzahn, M. Peyrot, lyuke wmer ra. Indo-European Studies in honor of Georges-Jean Pinault, Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, 331-336 , 2021
Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences, 2023
Historia Actual Online, 2024
BMC Palliative Care, 2015
Revista de Urbanismo, 2023
Power and Electrical Engineering, 2014
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Revista Adm, 2007
Journal of Dentistry, 1978