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Urban science in 18th century Mexico City
miruna achim2021, A Companion to Viceregal Mexico City, 1519-1821, Brill, edited by John Lopez
This essay examines the ways in which science and the city shaped each other in the context of the era of the Bourbon Reforms, between the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 and the beginning of the War of Independence in 1810. Characterized by imperial attempts to impose a more efficient political control and economic exploitation of the colonies in the New World, this period saw the formation of a comprehensive agenda for the study of nature, carried out through the deployment of scientific expeditions, the foundation of new institutions for learning, and the promotion of novel spaces for the production and exchange of natural knowledge. Though they had their roots in metropolitan ambitions and in the sciences of the Enlightenment, the ways these developments played out in Mexico City reveal deeply local configurations of political and intellectual interests, where natural and urban orders produced each other as part of the same historical process.
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Antonio Lafuente y Tiago Saraiva, “The Urban Scale of Science and the Enlargement of Madrid (1851-1936)”, Social Studies of Science, 34: 531-569, 2004., 2004
During the Enlightenment Madrid scientific institutions such as the Botanical Garden or the Natural History Museum served the demands of court ornament as well as colonial efficiency. They were landmarks of new urbanism and new science. In the XIX th Century engineers and hygienists shifted from empire to the city. The relevance of their know-how was now certified by their capacity to solve the city problems. They had to bring water, design urban expansion and fight epidemics. Once again the sites from which these new actors reformed the city were heterotopias, symbols of the promised metropolis: new monuments both by their architecture and their noble function as scientific institutions. All these local concerns were to be set aside by a new scientific community emerging in Madrid in the first decade of the XXth century. A group of physicists, chemists and biologists in search of international recognition, formed a new scientific campus on the outskirts of the city. The rationalism of their buildings was the best symbol of the new scientific culture of precision. A change of architectures which also meant a change of cultures. Our aim is to recover a lost sense of the city by placing ourselves at the beginning of the process of urban production. We hope that such a focus will reveal the fundamental role of scientific activity in the definition of the urban spaces.
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A Companion to Viceregal Mexico City, 1519–1821
Brill’s Companions to the
Americas
History, Societies, Environments and Cultures
Volume 3
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bcah
A Companion to Viceregal
Mexico City, 1519–1821
Edited by
John F. López
leiden | boston
Cover illustration: Anonymous, Detail of the Biombo de la Conquista de México y vista de la ciudad de
México, oil on canvas, 2.13 × 5.63 m. × 2 cm, c.1670–90. Courtesy of the Museo Franz Mayer
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn 2468-3000
isbn 978-90-04-33556-1 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-33557-8 (e-book)
Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi,
Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
Contents
List of Figures and Tables ix
Archival and Image Repositories
Notes on Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
xii
Intoduction: Viceregal Mexico City, Colonial Cosmopolitanism, and the
Hispanic World 1
John F. López
PART 1
History and Society
1
Fear, Wonder, and Absence
Our Distorted View of Moctezuma´s Tenochtitlan 29
Matthew Restall
2
The Weirdest of All?
Indigenous Peoples and Polities of Colonial Mexico City 51
Luis Fernando Granados
3
Blackness and Blurred Boundaries in Mexico City
Joan C. Bristol
4
Of Pleasures and Proscriptions
Or How Residents of Mexico City Negotiated Gender and Family Norms 95
Sonya Lipsett-Rivera
5
War, Legitimacy, and Ceremony in 18th-Century Mexico City
The Annual Funerary Honors for Fallen Soldiers 114
Frances L. Ramos
76
PART 2
Religious Life
6
City of Friars, City of Archbishops
The Church in Mexico City in the Age of the Hapsburgs
Antonio Rubial García
137
vi
Contents
7
The Cabildo of Mexico City, Patron Saints, and the Making of Local and
Imperial Identities 163
Alejandro Cañeque
8
Visualizing Corporate Piety
The Art of Religious Brotherhoods 181
Cristina Cruz González
PART 3
Institutions
9
Permanence and Change in Mexico City’s Viceregal Court,
1535–1821 215
Iván Escamilla González
10
Finance and Credit in Viceregal Mexico City
María del Pilar Martínez López-Cano
11
Uneven Chances
Education in Colonial Mexico City 257
Enrique González González
12
Medicine and Municipal Rights in Viceregal Mexico City
Paula S. De Vos
237
282
PART 4
Special Themes
13
The Urban Plans of Mexico City, 1520–1810
Barbara E. Mundy
14
The Desagüe´s Watermark
Cartography and Environmental Crisis at Viceregal Mexico City
John F. López
15
Urban Science in 18th-Century Mexico City
Miruna Achim
303
353
328
vii
Contents
PART 5
The Arts
16
A Culture of Print in Viceregal Mexico City
Kelly Donahue-Wallace
17
Novohispanic Baroque Poetry
A Lyric Chronicle of Mexico City
Martha Lilia Tenorio
18
Music and Literature in New Spain
The Politics of Buen Gusto in 18th-Century Mexico City 424
Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell
19
The Royal Academy of San Carlos, 1781–1800 440
Amy C. Hamman and Stacie G. Widdifield
Index 467
377
402
15
Urban Science in 18th-Century Mexico City
Miruna Achim
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Venus, the Sun, and Mexico City
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Unit Plantas,
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Noticias Curiosas y Eruditas sobre Agricultura y demás Artes, Oficios, etcétera
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Urban Expertise
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, Observaciones útiles, . .
, Opinión pública y censura en Nueva España.
Los espacios públicos en Iberoamérica.
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, Proyecto para desaguar la laguna de Tescuco.
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Gazeta de Literatura de México
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How to Write the History of the New World.
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