Chief Joseph Brant's Lasting Impact on Canada

Chief Joseph Brant: Indigenous Missionary who Rescued Canada By the Rev. Dr. Ed & Janice Hird -an article for the Engage Light Magazine Unlike our neighbours to the south, we Canadians do not always remember our heroes. In 2007, the Canadian Royal Mint produced a Canadian loonie with the imprint of Chief Joseph Brant (1742-1807). Born near present-day Akron, Ohio, and raised in his ancestral lands in New York, he is Canada’s most famous Mohawk. Through the tragedy of war, Chief Brant was apostolically sent to Canada to be a blessing. His story reminds us of the scattering of the church in Acts 8:1 where setback became a setup for missionary breakthrough. More Canadians need to hear this story of this indigenous missionary who rescued Canada. Without the military and spiritual support of Chief Brant, Canada would have likely never survived. Might that have been part of the reason that God sent him to Canada? Missions is about being sent, sometimes unexpectedly. Brant was described by Mark Jodoin as having the mind of a statesman, the heart of a leader, and the soul of a warrior. Chief Joseph Brant’s Mohawk name was Thayendanegea which means “two sticks bound together for strength”. Isabel Thompson Kelsay notes that “the most famous (aboriginal) who ever lived, has been for two centuries a virtual unknown.” Isabel Thompson Kelsay, Joseph Brant: Man of Two Worlds, (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, !984, p.ix “. I suspect that he is unknown to most North Americans because he chose the side of Canada in the American revolutionary war. As A Six Nations Iroquois/Haudenosaunee Chief and Canada’s foremost First Nations leader, Brant had the privilege of meeting both Georges in person: King George III and President George Washington. Brant learned to speak, read and write English at a New Hampshire school. It was led by Rev Wheelock who described Brant as being “of a sprightly genius, a manly and gentle deportment, and of a modest, courteous and benevolent temper.” In 1772, Brant was then mentored by Rev John Stuart, being trained in the art of Bible and Prayer Book translation. During that time, Brant developed a deep prayer life, becoming a committed Anglican Christian. During the American Revolutionary war, Brant was falsely accused of committing atrocities in locations where he was not present, including the tragic Wyoming and Cherry Valley Massacres. His enemies gave him the nickname “Monster Brant”. Those who knew Brant well testified that he often prevented atrocities through the use of his persuasive leadership. As a devout Anglican Christian, he exhibited compassion and humanity, especially towards women, children, and non-combatants. American Colonel Ichabod Alden commented that he “should much rather fall into the hands of Brant than either of the Loyalists or Tories.” It was frequently said of Joseph Brant that during the American revolution, he fought with a tomahawk in one hand, and a copy of the New Testament in the other. Joseph Brant’s father was one of the sachem/chiefs, known as the Four Indian Kings, who visited Queen Anne in 1710. These chiefs asked ‘for missionaries to be sent to the People of the Longhouse to teach them more about Christianity.” A Roy Petrie, Joseph Brant, (Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 2004), 3-4. Queen Anne sent this request to the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, promising to build them a chapel. In 1711, Queen Anne’s Royal Chapel was built in the Mohawk Valley in New York State. When the Mohawks relocated to Southern Ontario, the Mohawk Royal Chapel was rebuilt there in 1785. Joseph Brant’s grave is located right next to the historic Mohawk Chapel, the oldest protestant church in Ontario. Queen Elizabeth II, while visiting Ontario, presented the Mohawk Chapel with a set of eight silver hand bells engraved ‘The Silver Chain of Friendship 1710-2010’. Peter Small, “Crowd Thrilled by Queen’s Visit to St. James’ Cathedral”, Toronto Star, July 4th 2010, (...)The Queen presented a set of eight silver hand bells engraved “The Silver Chain of Friendship 1710-2010” to representatives from two Chapels Royal of the Mohawk, located on two First Nations territories in Ontario. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/queenelizabethii/article/831819--crowd-thrilled-by-queen-s-visit-to-st-james-cathedral (accessed May 1st 2021). On each side of the Mohawk Chapel pulpit are two tablets in the Mohawk language of the Lord’s Prayer and the Ten Commandments. Joseph Brant was a brilliant linguist translating the Bible and Anglican Prayer Book into Mohawk (of which there are microfiche copies at Simon Fraser University). He also wrote a concise history of the Bible and a Mohawk language catechism. Brant spoke at least three and possibly all of the Six Nations’ languages. When the Chapel was dedicated in 1788, each person was given a Mohawk book containing the Gospel of Mark and the Anglican Prayer Book. At that celebration, sixty-five Mohawks were baptized and three couples were married. Petrie, 50. When Joseph Brant first visited England in 1775, he was described by a British commander as ‘His Majesty’s greatest North American subject’, and painted in full aboriginal regalia by George Romney. Petrie, 28. Receiving a captain’s commission, Brant met with King George on two occasions, with a dinner being held in his honour. Brant was honoured by the English leaders in the arts, letters and government, including James Boswell, the famed biographer of Samuel Johnson. In 1779 Brant was commissioned by King George as ‘captain of the Northern Confederate Indians’ in recognition of his “astonishing activity and success’. Brant was described as “the perfect soldier, possessed of remarkable stamina, courage under fire, and dedicated to the cause, an able and inspiring leader and a complete gentleman.” Joseph Brant’s Six Nations were tragically driven out of their homeland in central New York State. Brant was hurt that in granting their Mohawk homeland in Central New York State to the Americans, England had ‘sold the Indians to the US Congress’. Writing to King George III, he reminded the British that “we, the Mohawks, were the first Indian Nation that took you by hand and invited you to live among us, treating you with kindness…” The Six Nations were eventually resettled by Governor Frederick Haldimand in the Grand River area around modern-day Brantford. Petrie, 41. “On Oct 25th 1784, Haldimand signed a formal deed on behalf of George III ceding land on both sides of the Grand River, ten kilometres wide from its source to its mouth on Lake Erie, “Which they and their posterity are to enjoy forever.” The British realized that locating the Six Nations in the Grand River area would be a natural protection against any future American invasion. Initially the Mississauga First Nation resisted the concept of having their former foes on their land. One Mississauga Chief Pokquan however persuaded his other chiefs by arguing that other aboriginals would be better neighbours than European settlers, and that Brant’s knowledge of the British could prove useful. Sadly Simcoe reneged on some of the original terms of the agreement with Chief Joseph Brant. Petrie, 55 “In 1793, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe issued a new deed: “the land belonged to the Aboriginals only so long as they remained on it. If at any time they left, it would revert to the Crown. They were not able to sell or transfer it to others.” “Brant protested that this was contrary to the Haldimand agreement and carried the case to Lord Dorchester, Governor of Upper and Lower Canada, and Simcoe’s Superior...Dorchester supported Brant’s contention but he, in turn, was overruled by the British Government. Brant renewed his application to Simcoe’s successor, the Honorable Peter Russell, and was jubilant when in 1797 the Executive Council of Upper Canada, meeting at York (Toronto), agreed to comply with the Aboriginal’s request to allow them to dispose of some of their land. Brant’s high hopes were again dashed, however, when the British Home Secretary refused to endorse the Council’s decision.” There was also heartbreak in the tragic death of his son Isaac. Petrie,.56 “Isaac Brant, Joseph’s oldest son by his first wife,...grew more hateful and jealous of his seven half-brothers and sisters...Isaac drank heavily and could become completely uncontrollable, mutilating a traveller and murdering another man...Isaac lunged at his father with a knife, severely cutting the back of Brant’s hand” While defending himself, he lacerated Isaac’s scalp. It became infected and Isaac died. The Government Aboriginal Council acquitted Joseph Brant of all blame, calling it justified homicide. “Brant often wept in his room gazing at the dagger that killed his son. It was a sorrow that he was to carry with him to his grave.” The term Brantford comes from Brant’s Ford, the shallow part of the Grand River that could be forded. The first years at Brantford were difficult as there was a drought with game being hard to find. Petrie, 42. Throughout all the challenges, Chief Brant’s deep Christian faith sustained him. His sacrificial love for God and nation should inspire all of us. He memorably said: “No person among us desires any other reward for performing a brave and worthwhile action but the consciousness of having served one’s nation.” May all of us be willing to learn from the bravery and loyalty of Chief Joseph Brant, Canada’s most famous indigenous missionary. Rev. Dr. Ed and Janice Hird Co-authors of the Blue Sky novel