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09/09/2021 - Conference: Modelled, Fired, Transformed: Materiality of Terracotta Sculpture 1400 - 1600, Warsaw
Benedetto da Maiano’s terracotta bust of Filippo Strozzi (ca. 1475, Bode Museum Berlin, Inv. no. 102) is considered to be a model of the signed and dated marble portrait in the Louvre – and a rare testimony to the working practice of a quattrocento sculptor. Unfortunately, almost exactly 400 years later, the original polychromy of the terracotta bust fell victim to this assumption. Although Wilhelm von Bode after the purchase emphasized the “excellent preservation of the old painting“ and praised its high-quality execution, the curator of the collection in Berlin-Dahlem decided to remove it in 1977. However, hitherto unnoticed analyses of the binding agent and pigments as well as unpublished photographs of the removal of the painting (fig. 1) indicate that the polychromy of the Berlin portrait must have been part of the original design. This is also supported by a comparison with other terracotta busts, some of which are little known. The portrait of an unknown woman in the Bode Museum in Berlin (Inv. no. 1575) and the bust of Bernardo Rucellai in the Bayrisches Nationalmuseum in Munich (Inv. no. 53/93, fig. 2) are good examples of what the painting of the Berlin Strozzi must have looked like. The two objects also show the relationship between terracotta and painting in quattrocento portrait busts: in contrast to the self-confident polychromy of the Madonna reliefs in stucco and clay, which competes with the sculptural values, the mostly only thinly applied painting of the busts seems to subordinate itself to the terracotta core. Nevertheless, it should be noted that in the eyes of contemporaries it was polychromy that made the terracotta works complete. My contribution, which is sketched here in its main features, deals with the painted and modelled surface of Florentine terracotta busts. It is to be shown what significance the surface has for the evidence of the ‘face‘ and for the object as a whole.
In a period spanning from the 7th to the 1st century BC, the exterior surfaces of civil and sacred buildings in Italy were mainly decorated with terracottas. The aim of this study is to determine the skills and technological level reached by ancient manufacturers of painted ceramics from the sanctuary of Hercules in the archaeological site of Alba Fucens (Abruzzo, Central Italy). A multi-analytical approach including X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), µ-Raman and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) was applied to determine the mineralogical composition of terracotta samples and to identify the pigments decorating the ceramics. The studied terracottas were decorated using valuable pigments such as Egyptian blue as well as a palette of colors common in the Roman period from the 3rd to the 1st century BC. The mineralogical composition of the ceramics allows estimating a firing temperature lower than 800 °C. Finally, a local origin of raw materials is suggested by the presence of alluvial ...
Studies in Conservation
The terracotta modelli of Palazzo Venezia in Rome: Investigation of the constituent materials for fundamental knowledge and to aid conservation decisions2016 •
2023 •
Балтийское море ‒ важный морской регион для России с точки зрения реализации интересов в области морских перевозок. Здесь расположены пункты базирования Балтийского флота. Гражданские суда и военные корабли РФ пользуются в регионе правами, в соответствии с нормами международного морского права, прежде всего Конвенции ООН по морскому праву 1982 г. В работе показано, как ряд балтийских стран расширительно толкуют положения в области обеспечения национальной безопасности. Особенно это относится к военно-морской деятельности в пределах исключительных экономических зон, где должна соблюдаться свобода судоходства. Речь идет об акватории Вируского пролива как части Финского залива. Значительное внимание в статье уделено правовому статусу Балтийских проливов. Порядок прохода через них может существенным образом отличаться в мирное время и в период международного вооруженного конфликта. Рассмотрены позиции внерегиональных стран, прежде всего США, по вопросу свободы судоходства на Балтике. Сделан вывод, что позиция Вашингтона не всегда противоречит интересам России даже в условиях противостояния.
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