Assessment of Morphometric Diversity for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Tolerance to Heat Stress

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 ISSN: 2457-1024 (Past name: British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, Past ISSN: 2231-0843, NLM ID: 101664541) Assessment of Morphometric Diversity for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Tolerance to Heat Stress S. Sandeep1*, M. Sujatha2, L. V. Subbarao3 and C. N. Neeraja3 1 Agricultural Research Station, Tandur, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana – 501144, India. 2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad , Telangana – 500030, India. 3 Department of Crop Improvement, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana – 500030, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2020/v39i1030626 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Tushar Ranjan, Bihar Agricultural University, India. Reviewers: (1) Janilson Pinheiro de Assis, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region (UFERSA), Brazil. (2) Moataz Eliw Mostafa, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/56945 Original Research Article Received 01 March 2020 Accepted 05 May 2020 Published 18 May 2020 ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Assessment of morphometric diversity for yield and yield attributing traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for tolerance to heat stress” was carried out with objective of assessing genetic divergence in 200 germplasm of rice for eleven characters at ICRISAT, Patencheru, Hyderabad. The genotypes were grouped into fifteen clusters in Tocher’s method, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, out of the 11 characters studied, number of grains per panicle, plant height, pollen viability and spikelet fertility contributed 96.73 per cent of the total divergence and these traits were found to be important potent factors for genetic differentiation in genotypes. Principal component analysis identified five principal components, which contributed for 78.66 percent % of cumulative variance. The overall results of the study revealed that crossing using the genotypes under cluster V and XI and cluster XI and XIII could be exploited by hybridization programme to yield good recombinants because they had maximum inter cluster distance and possessing high genetic diversity for the characters viz. panicle length, number of _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: siluverusandeep088@gmail.com; Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 grains per panicle and single plant yield. The genotypes of cluster I, II, IV, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII and XIII showed high spikelet fertility percentage. Hence the genotypes of these clusters can be used in 2 breeding programmes for development of heat tolerant varieties. Euclidean method indicated that genotypes of cluster III and IX exhibited high spikelet fertility percentage which can be utilized in development of heat tolerant cultivars. The results of principal component analysis revealed that genotypes of cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V, cluster VIII, cluster IX, cluster XI, cluster XII and cluster XV exhibited highest spikelet fertility percentage. Hence, the genotypes of the clusters can be used in breeding programmes for the development of heat tolerant varieties. Keywords: Genetic diversity; clusters; D2 statistic; rice. 1. INTRODUCTION relative contribution of each character to the total divergence. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food crop for more than 60 per cent of the global population and forms the cheapest source of food energy and protein. By origin, the crop is native to South East Asia with two cultivated (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) and 22 wild species. It belongs to the genus Oryza of grass family poaceae. The crop is cultivated under a wide range of agro-ecological situations. Although it is widely adoptable the crop is sensitive to high temperatures. Globally, it is grown in an area of 162.71 m ha with an annual production of 741.47 m t and productivity of 4556 kg ha-1. It is the most important food crop of India with world ranking first in area (43.85 m ha), second to China in production. In India, rice is cultivated in an area of 43.49 m ha with an annual production of 104.40 m t and average productivity of 2400 kg ha-1. In Telangana, it covers an area of 1.04 m ha with a production of 3.04 m t tonnes and average productivity of 2913 -1 kg ha [1]. Heat waves are expected to be more intense and frequent in the future, which could jeopardize more rice areas. Therefore, any further increases in mean temperatures or of short episodes of high temperatures during sensitive stages, may be supra optimal and reduce grain yield. Genetic diversity is the basis for any crop improvement programme. The hybrids involving the parents with more diversity among them are expected to exhibit higher amount of heterotic expression and broad spectrum of variability in segregating 2 generations. Mahalanobis D analysis is useful tool to assess the genetic divergence among population. It also provides a quantitative measure of association between geographic and genetic diversity based on generalized distances [2]. It is a useful tool in studying the nature and cause of diversity prevalent in the available germplasm. It provides a measure of magnitude of divergence between biological population and component 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental material comprised of two hundred germplasm of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Augmented RBD at IIRR Farm, ICRISAT, Patencheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, during Rabi 2014-2015. The recommended agronomic and plant protection measures were followed in order to raise a normal crop. Observations on eleven different quantitative characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of tillers per hill, number of productive tillers per hill, number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight, pollen viability and single plant yield were recorded on five randomly selected competitive plants for each genotype except for days to 50% flowering and days to maturity where data is recorded on plot basis during various phenophases of the crop. Mean values from the five randomly selected plants for each genotype were averaged and expressed as the mean of the respective character and considered for statistical analysis. Genetic 2 diversity was estimated as per Mahalanobis D statistics and the grouping of genotypes into different clusters was done using the Tocher’s method [3]. The criterion used in clustering by this method is that any two varieties belonging to the same cluster should at least on an average show a similar D2 value than those belonging to 2 different clusters. For this purpose D values of all combinations of each genotype were arranged in ascending order of magnitude in a tabular form [4]. Canonical variate analysis was used to compare the clustering pattern 2 obtained by Mahalanobis D statistic. The canonical roots vectors were calculated to present the genotypes in the graphical form The Inter cluster and intra cluster distances and contribution of each character to the 30 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 total divergence were also estimated. For statistical analysis, Windostat Version 9.2 software package was used. (916.36), cluster II (661.30) and cluster I (377.09). Solitary clusters (VI, VII, VIII, X, XII and XIII) showed zero intra cluster distances. Lowest intra cluster value for cluster I indicated that the genotypes included in the group showed closeness between them as compared to the genotypes included in cluster XV which showed maximum divergence within the group. It was reported that genotypes with in a cluster with high degree of divergence would produce more desirable breeding material for achieving maximum genetic advance with regard to yield per se, provided that there is an adequate 2 complementation [8]. The inter cluster D values ranged from 212.13 to 18118.28. Minimum inter 2 cluster D values were observed between cluster VI and VII (212.13) followed by cluster VI and cluster VIII (392.67) indicating the close relationship among genotypes included in these clusters. Maximum inter cluster D2 values were observed between cluster V and XI (18118.28) and cluster XI and XIII (16896.00). Thus, it can be inferred that genotypes in these clusters are genetically diverse and may give rise to high heterotic response. Similar results were reported by Jagadish et al. [9], Sabesan et al. [10], Baradhan et al. [11], Karthikeyan et al. [12], Venkanna et al. [13], Bhati et al. [14]., Devi et al. [15], Abhinav Sao and Preeti Singh [16] and Priya et al. [17]. Hence the crosses between the genotypes falling in cluster V (DOM SOFID, CPAU -12, NERICA-L-49, NERICA 14, MRC 603-383, WAB96-1-1, AZUCENA, DOMZARD, IR 50.) and cluster XI (BALILLA, HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y1, HHZ 12 SALB Y1 SAL1, HHZ 5 Y3 SAL2 SUBI, HHZ 5 DT 1 DT 1, ARC 15210, HHZ 12 SAL 8 Y1 Y2), cluster XI (BALILLA, HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y1, HHZ 12 SALB Y1 SAL1, HHZ 5 Y3 SAL2 SUBI, HHZ 5 DT 1 DT 1, ARC 15210, HHZ 12 SAL 8 Y1 Y2.) and cluster XIII (NAN-GUANGZHAN) could be exploited by hybridization programme for obtaining the desirable segregants with high potential. Based on cluster means, the important clusters are cluster VII for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and number of productive tillers per hill. Cluster XIII for panicle length. Cluster III for number of tillers per hill. Cluster VI for spikelet fertility, cluster VIII for pollen viability, cluster X for 1000 grain weight, cluster XI for number of grains per panicle and single plant yield Thus, involving the genotypes of outstanding mean performance from these clusters in the crosses will be useful in the development of varieties with high yield and other desirable traits. Their segregating generations are also likely to yield good recombinants for economic traits. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance for the experiment involving a set of 200 germplasm lines of rice for all the characters revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters indicating sufficient variability existed in the present material selected for the study and indicating the scope for selection of suitable initial breeding material for crop improvement. Similar results were also reported by [5]. Based 2 on D values, the genotypes were grouped into fifteen clusters using Tocher’s method. The dendrogram of the 200 genotypes presented in Fig. 1. Out of the fifteen clusters obtained, cluster IX was the largest with 46 genotypes followed by cluster II (38), cluster IV (34), cluster XIV (28), cluster III (17), cluster I and V (9), cluster XI (7), cluster V (6) and the remaining clusters (VI, VII, VIII, X, XII and XIII) are solitary. The formation of solitary clusters may be due to total isolation preventing the gene flow or intensive natural or human selection for diverse adaptive complexes. These genotypes may be very unique and useful in breeding point of view. The clusters IX, II, IV and XIV together included 146 genotypes reflecting narrow genetic diversity among them. The narrow genetic diversity may be attributed to similarity in the base material from which they have been evolved. The numbers of genotypes in each cluster with the genotypes were presented in the Table 1. The clustering pattern observed in the present study revealed that, genetic diversity was not necessarily parallel to geographic diversity. Genotypes evolved in the same area were grouped into different clusters [6]. 3.1 Intra and Inter Relation of Clusters The average D2 values within (intra) and between (inter) clusters are given in Table 2 and Fig. 2. The inter cluster distances were higher than the average intra cluster distances, which indicated wide diversity among the genotypes of different groups than those of the same cluster. Similar results were reported in the studies of Hoque et al. [7]. Maximum differences among the genotypes within the same cluster were shown by cluster XV (4555.49) followed by cluster I (377.09), cluster XI (2433.02), cluster XIV (2395.25), cluster V (1604.39), cluster IV (1234.22), cluster IX (1209.23), cluster III 31 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 3.2 Contribution of Different Characters towards Divergence 3.4 Canonical Graph The principal factor scores of the canonical vectors for the five roots PC I (Z1), PC II (Z2), PC III (Z3), PC IV (Z4) and PC V (Z5) are presented in Table 6. The mean scores of the first two canonical vectors were used to obtain graphical depiction of the genetic distance of the 200 genotypes. Using these scores, all the genotypes (numbers assigned to them) were plotted for PC I and PC II which cumulatively explained 43.52 percent variability and accounted for the most important yield contributing characters. The scatter plot of PC scores of the first two PC axes is presented in Figs. 5 & 6. The canonical root analysis in the present study accounted for 78.66 percent. For getting clear association of twodimensional representation of variation, the first three canonical roots should be more than 95 percent [26]. On the contrary, the three canonical vectors as a whole contributed only for 57.31 percent towards genetic diversity because of which discernible overlapping which was observed in group constellations of canonical vectors. Most of the entries accumulated towards the left side of the PC II axis. Along the PC I axis, most of the entries accumulated towards the middle of the axis which accounts for the traits viz., single plant yield, number of grains per panicle and spikelet fertility with positive contribution towards divergence. The contribution of different characters towards the genetic diversity is presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4. Number of grains per panicle (ranked first 11325 times out of 19900 total numbers of combinations) contributed 56.91 percent to the divergence of genotypes. This was followed by plant height (15.57%) by 3099 times, pollen viability (14.11%) by 2807 times, spikelet fertility (10.14%) by 2018 times, days to maturity (1.38%) by 275 times, days to 50% flowering (0.91%) by 181 times, single plant yield (0.65%) by 129 times, number of tillers per hill (0.24%) by 48 times, 1000 grain weight (0.05%) by 10 times, number of productive tillers per hill (0.03%) by 5 times, panicle length (0.02%) by 3 times ranked least, contributed very less towards divergence. The characters contributing maximum to the divergence were given greater emphasis for deciding the type of cluster for the purpose of further selection and the choice of parents for hybridization. The results revealed that number of grains per panicle, plant height, pollen viability and spikelet fertility have contributed more towards divergence, so the direct selection for these traits would be helpful as evident from the number of times these traits appeared or ranked first during contribution to diversity. These results are in conformity with the reports given by earlier workers [18-25]. 3.3 Principal Component Analysis Canonical Variate Analysis 3.5 Distribution Pattern of Genotypes on Canonical Graph or The plot of PC I - PC II accounting for 43.52 per cent variation showed clear differentiation of genotypes according to their cluster membership. Genotypes belonging to common clusters have fallen nearer to each other and vice versa. Cluster VIII was largest comprising of 20 genotypes followed by cluster V, XI and XIII (18), cluster X and XII (17), cluster II and III (16), cluster I (12), cluster IX (11), cluster IV and XV (9), cluster VI (8), cluster XIV (7) and cluster VII (4). The clustering pattern of genotypes by PCA was shown in Table 7. Group constellations were also independently developed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to verify grouping obtained 2 statistics in two and threethrough D dimensional graph forms. The eigene values, percent variance, per cent cumulative variance and factor loading of different characters studied are given in Table 5. In canonical variate analysis, the number of variables is reduced to linear functions called canonical vectors which accounts for most of the variation produced by these characters. The five vectors accounted for 78.66 per cent of the total variability produced by all the characters under study. The first canonical vector (PC I) accounted for 25.62 percent of the total variability followed by second vector (PC II) accounted 17.89 percent, vector III (PC III) which accounted for 13.79 percent total variance, vector IV (PC IV) which accounted for 12.66 percent total variance and vector V (PC V) accounted for 8.68 percent total variance. 3.6 Mean Performance of the Clusters Mean values of clusters for yield contributing characters were presented in Table 8. From the data, it can be concluded that considerable differences existed for all the characters studied. The data indicated that days to 50% flowering was lowest in cluster I (94.70 days) and 32 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020;; Article no.CJAST.56945 no. Fig. 1. Clustering of two hundred genotypes of rice employing Tocher’s method Fig. 2. Statistical distances among two hundred genotypes of rice by Tocher’s method (Not to the scale) productive tillers per hill was recorded highest in nd lowest in cluster VII cluster IX (14.67) and (10.17). Highest number of grains per panicle were recorded in cluster IV (167.97) and lowest in cluster VI (55.83). Spikelet fertility was recorded highest in cluster IX (88.14 %) and weight lowest in cluster XIV (26.52%). 1000 grain wei was highest in cluster V (21.04 g) and lowest in cluster IX (16.86 g). Pollen viability was highest highest in cluster VIII (111.40 days). Days to maturity was lowest in cluster I (124.42 days) and highest in cluster VIII (141.45 days). Plant height was lowest in cluster XI (86.66 cm) and highest in cluster III (100.38 cm). Panicle length was highest in cluster VIII (23.84 cm) and the lowest in cluster I (19.64 cm). Highest number of tillers per hill were observed in cluster IX (18.27) whereas lowest in cluster VII (13.50). Number of 33 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 Table 1. Clustering pattern among two hundred genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Tocher’s method Cluster I Number of Genotypes 9 II 38 III 17 IV 34 V VI VII VIII IX 9 1 1 1 46 X XI XII XIII XIV 1 7 1 1 28 XV 6 Genotypes IR 10C146, IR 11C114, IR 19746-28-2-2, IR 11C134, IR 11C149, NERICA-L-8, HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y2, NERICA 12, HHZ 12 Y4 Yl DTI. IR 10C108, IR IOC 143, IR 10C161, IR 1OC 167, NERICA 18, IR 10C112, IR 72046-B-R-3-2-1, CPAU -25, IR 83143 B 151 1, CPAU -24, IR 10C 173, IR 64197 - 3B -15-2, IR 61336-4B-14-3-2(PSB RC94), IR 28, IR 6, IR 11C126, BR 7414-22-1, IR 68144-2B-4-2-3-2, HHZ 11 DT7 SAL1 SAL1, IR 72, IR 700031-4B-R-2-2-1, IR 10C 103, NERICA-L-4, IR 8866-30-3-1-4-2, IR 10C 153, IR 10C110, HHZ 5 SAL 14 SAL2 Y1, IR 10C 126, IR 10C 174, KHARA HANJA, IR IOC 136, IR 71895-3R-26-2-1-2B-2, CPAU -26, DOMSIAH, FIROOZ, IR1552, HUANG ANZHAN, IR 70865-B-P-6-2. WAB56-125, GANJA RANGWALA, HHZ5 Y3 Yl DTI, CPAU -27, NERICA-L-9, IR 10C 138, KHIRI, IR 11C128, IR 72049-B-R-8-3-1-1-1, HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 Y2, GUANG JIANG 1, JIJAI, ARC 15210, CPAU -13, KHAU MA TUOI, ATTEY, NERICA-L-2. IR 10C 103, CPAU -22, IR 10C 179, NERICA-L-3, IR 10C137, BR26, IR 61250-3B-7-1-2, SAKHA 104, NERICA-L-47, IR 83142-B-32-B, CPAU -19, BR 7232-6-2-3, NERICA-L-52, CPAU -28, CPAU -20, N12, GZ 948-2-2-1, IR 71 866-3R-3-1, BAKTULSHI, PADI HOJONG, AKITAKOMACHI,, AS 996-HR 1, NERICA-L-54, BALA, IR 2307-247-2-2-3, LIETO, MULAI, GIZA 176, XUE HE, IDSA 77, TCHAMPA, SAUNFI, IR 65192-4B-17-3, IR 71864-3R-1-1-3-1. DOM SOFID, CPAU -12, NERICA-L-49, NERICA 14, MRC 603-383, WAB96-1-1, AZUCENA, DOMZARD, IR 50. TAK RATIA NERICA 13 IR 11C127 HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 SALI, HHZ 12 Y4 DT1 Y3, NERICA-L-1, IR 70031-4B-R-9-3-1, IR IOC 157, HHZ12 Y4 DT1 Y2, CR 547-1-2-3, TODOROKIWASE, SADRI, ZAKHA, TEQING, TAREME, IR 11C170, LEMONT, IR 10C172, HHZ 5 SAL8 DTZ SAL1, GANJAY, IR 11C130, RJT 74, HHZ 8 SAL14 SAL1 SUB1, PEH-KUH-TSAO-TU, IR 11C173, GHARIB, HHZ8 SAL12 Y2 DT1, NERICA 17, IR 10C 113, HHZ 5 SAL 1O DT3 Y2, IR 10C139, HHZ I7 DT6 YI DTI, HHZ 12 SAL2 Y3 Y2, LAROME, HHZ5 SAL14 SAL2 Y2, DARIAL, IR 11C119, HHZ 5 DT20 DT2 DTI, HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 Y1, IR 11C120, NERICA 10, NERICA-L-46, GIZA 178, IR 11C169, IR 11C115, GANJA CHOOTA, NERICA-L-42, IR 83142-B-36-B, IR 10C132. IR 70868-B-P-11-3 BALILLA, HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y1, HHZ 12 SALB Y1 SAL1, HHZ 5 Y3 SAL2 SUBI, HHZ 5 DT 1 DT 1, ARC 15210, HHZ 12 SAL 8 Y1 Y2. IR 72593-B-3-2-3-3-2B-1 NAN-GUANG-ZHAN KHASRAN, SATHI 34-36, CPAU -16, CPAU -18, CPAU -17, CPAU -15, CPAU -23, MALA, KINMAZE, NERICA 15, CPAU -14, KALAHITTA, JAMREE, JATTA, IR 1561-228-3-3, TOOR THULLA, CPAU -21, TAM CAU 9 A, IR 73055-1-2-2-3-3, RATRIA, IR 74099-3R-5-1, MOROBEREKAN, CT 9993-5-10-M, CPAU -11, NERICA-L-45, CPAU -30, IR 11C138, ZARDROME. NERICA-L-44, CPAU -29, GIZA 159, CO 18, CARREON, IR 65199-4B-19-1-1. 34 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 2 Table 2. Average intra (bold) and inter cluster D and D values for fifteen clusters in two hundred genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cluster Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster IV Cluster V Cluster VI Cluster VII Cluster VIII ClusterI X Cluster I 377.09 (19.42) Cluster II 1979.16 (44.49) 661.30 (25.72) Cluster III 6651.81 (81.56) 3250.54 (57.01) 916.36 (30.27) Cluster IV 5011.81 (70.79) 1879.92 (43.36) 2103.54 (45.86) 1234.22 (35.13) Cluster V 10543.06 (102.68) 6219.07 (78.86) 1994.76 (44.66) 3805.99 (61.69) 1604.39 (40.05) Cluster VI 665.71 (25.80) 881.08 (29.68) 5239.46 (72.38) 3122.30 (55.88) 8747.66 (93.53) 0.00 (0.00) Cluster VII 1003.44 (31.68) 926.09 (30.43) 5673.76 (75.32) 3313.43 (57.56) 9156.79 (95.69) 212.13 (14.56) 0.00 (0.00) Cluster VIII 1055.76 (32.49) 908.23 (30.14) 4682.02 (68.43) 2763.57 (52.57) 7920.92 (89.00) 392.67 (19.82) 770.61 (27.76) 0.00 (0.00) Cluster X Cluster IX 1578.96 (39.74) 2033.94 (45.10) 5615.33 (74.94) 4086.80 (63.93) 8680.68 (93.17) 1294.10 (35.97) 1539.64 (39.24) 1532.60 (39.15) 1209.23 (34.77) Cluster XI Cluster XII Cluster XIII Cluster XIV Cluster XV Figures in parenthesis indicate D values 35 Cluster X 3768.20 (61.39) 1846.55 (42.97) 1616.22 (40.20) 2420.96 (49.20) 4315.06 (65.69) 3113.61 (55.80) 3293.62 (57.39) 3155.90 (56.18) 3648.70 (60.40) 0.00 (0.00) Cluster XI 2464.49 (49.64) 6510.20 (80.69) 13675.29 (116.94) 11076.83 (105.25) 18118.28 (134.60) 3657.43 (60.48) 4029.20 (63.48) 4566.38 (67.57) 4500.88 (67.09) 9527.83 (97.61) 2433.02 (49.33) Cluster XII 4467.15 (66.84) 3362.12 (57.98) 2920.53 (54.04) 4169.46 (64.57) 6132.15 (78.31) 4405.74 (66.38) 4848.11 (69.63) 4721.92 (68.72) 4732.47 (68.79) 512.77 (22.64) 9838.54 (99.19) 0.00 (0.00) Cluster XIII 9115.74 (95.48) 4282.02 (65.44) 1717.01 (41.44) 1857.48 (43.10) 2588.38 (50.88) 6736.14 (82.07) 7124.09 (84.40) 6058.61 (77.84) 7376.04 (85.88) 2887.67 (53.74) 16896.00 (129.98) 4198.16 (64.79) 0.00 (0.00) Cluster XIV 9017.57 (94.96) 4989.00 (70.63) 2478.56 (49.79) 3425.10 (58.52) 3532.82 (59.44) 7191.14 (84.80) 7567.97 (86.99) 6674.89 (81.70) 7696.72 (87.73) 3299.48 (57.44) 16380.98 (127.99) 4608.22 (67.88) 2481.30 (49.81) 2395.25 (48.94) Cluster XV 6365.54 (79.78) 8227.71 (90.71) 8342.78 (91.34) 10010.35 (100.05) 9868.27 (99.34) 7623.31 (87.31) 8293.88 (91.07) 8122.29 (90.12) 6964.27 (83.45) 6473.09 (80.46) 8659.49 (93.06) 6185.55 (78.65) 12032.91 (109.69) 10999.74 (104.88) 4555.49 (67.49) Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 Table 3. Cluster mean values (Tocher’s method) for eleven characters in two hundred genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) ClusterI ClusterII ClusterIII ClusterIV ClusterV ClusterVI ClusterVII ClusterVIII ClusterIX ClusterX ClusterXI ClusterXII ClusterXIII ClusterXIV ClusterXV Days to 50% flowering 110.222 102.461 105.294 102.147 101.722 103.500 99.000 110.500 105.239 100.500 107.214 103.500 99.500 101.607 101.000 Days to maturity 140.089 132.904 136.229 132.171 130.839 135.700 126.450 143.200 134.825 130.200 138.950 131.200 129.700 130.977 130.867 Plant height (cm) 87.743 84.458 91.329 99.765 105.895 88.790 84.625 88.995 93.680 77.695 96.401 81.595 109.350 94.854 104.353 Panicle length (cm) 23.920 22.219 21.000 22.020 22.325 21.951 24.808 20.961 23.503 24.160 22.619 22.521 25.150 20.843 21.782 Tillers per hill 17.112 15.815 17.979 17.295 16.151 17.140 16.590 14.090 16.579 12.690 16.554 12.690 10.340 15.360 13.723 Productive tillers per hill 12.028 12.478 13.015 12.560 12.017 14.895 16.245 4.720 12.175 10.720 13.209 10.520 8.895 11.729 11.662 Grains per panicle 142.786 107.959 70.615 81.997 59.333 129.288 129.154 123.686 129.588 90.986 176.801 94.986 54.289 64.195 135.635 Spikelet fertility (%) 83.826 84.672 62.818 80.808 42.364 88.161 87.401 85.061 79.727 79.151 84.626 87.151 84.351 70.206 42.016 1000-grain weight (g) 20.354 21.146 19.976 20.395 19.200 14.063 20.603 20.915 19.927 23.395 19.624 22.105 19.962 17.862 17.994 Pollen viability (%) 71.111 82.421 62.000 83.985 65.889 84.250 88.250 89.250 76.212 49.250 70.071 29.250 69.250 63.634 28.667 Table 4. Percent contribution of different characters towards divergence in two hundred genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) S. no. 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Characters Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) Number of tillers per hill Number of productive tillers per hill Number of grains per panicle Spikelet fertility (%) 1000-grain weight (g) Pollen viability (%) Single plant yield (g) Times ranked first 181 275 3099 3 48 5 11325 2018 10 2807 129 36 Contribution (%) 0.91 1.38 15.57 0.02 0.24 0.03 56.91 10.14 0.05 14.11 0.65 Single plant yield (g) 29.154 24.683 13.106 19.218 7.719 26.458 30.853 18.673 24.126 19.472 31.639 21.253 10.038 11.063 13.947 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 Table 5. The eigene values, per cent variance and per cent cumulative variance for three principal components (PC’s) and factor loading between PCs and traits studied in rice (Oryza sativa L.) PC1 2.819 25.623 25.623 Eigene Value (Root) % Var. Exp. Cum. Var. Exp. Traits Days to 50% Flowering Days to Maturity Plant Height (cm) Panicle Length (cm) Number of Tillers per Hill Number of Productive Tillers per Hill Number of Grains per Panicle Spikelet Fertility (%) 1000-Grain Weight (g) Pollen Viability (%) Single Plant Yield (g) PC 2 1.969 17.898 43.522 Factor loading 0.538 0.541 0.019 0.141 -0.244 -0.322 0.064 -0.270 -0.117 -0.296 -0.237 0.323 0.320 -0.064 0.256 0.126 0.169 0.404 0.360 0.213 0.261 0.522 PC 3 1.517 13.793 57.315 PC 4 1.393 12.664 69.979 PC 5 0.955 8.686 78.665 0.128 0.119 0.086 0.142 0.632 0.582 -0.094 -0.337 -0.163 -0.223 -0.071 0.143 0.169 -0.666 -0.517 0.134 0.052 -0.068 0.221 -0.391 0.099 -0.059 0.228 0.215 0.280 -0.026 0.060 0.033 -0.608 0.156 0.137 0.590 -0.238 Table 6. The PCA scores for two hundred genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) S.NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Genotypes KHASRAN IR 19746-28-2-2 DOMSIAH GANJA CHOOTA SADRI GIZA 178 ZAKHA TODOROKIWASE ATTEY CARREON IR 50 GIZA 176 IR 71 866-3R-3-1 Vector 1 171.967 207.703 196.761 201.585 194.835 185.995 191.969 194.536 172.048 176.282 146.225 168.138 166.851 Vector 2 74.399 78.956 78.852 62.497 69.379 71.247 73.413 88.197 79.793 100.422 89.131 76.083 72.262 37 Vector 3 -10.174 -6.288 2.522 -8.468 -5.582 -6.979 -4.833 0.310 15.099 12.704 22.267 11.511 4.539 Vector 4 -0.003 -22.722 -32.177 -55.179 -42.377 -53.796 -45.180 -40.522 -27.202 -72.603 -52.430 -35.385 -26.322 Vector 5 90.828 43.991 66.045 69.734 77.937 66.712 91.940 83.217 66.761 19.098 90.553 76.837 74.353 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 S.NO 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. Genotypes GIZA 159 ZARDROME MRC 603-383 FIROOZ CT 9993-5-10-M WAB96-1-1 JIJAI KHAU MA TUOI ARC 15210 KHIRI DOM SOFID GZ 948-2-2-1 LIETO AZUCENA IR 73055-1-2-2-3-3 TAREME LEMONT IR 65192-4B-17-3 IR 61250-3B-7-1-2 SAKHA 104 MULAI SAUNFI IR 2307-247-2-2-3 IR 1561-228-3-3 IDSA 77 WAB56-125 TCHAMPA IR1552 CR 547-1-2-3 TEQING NERICA 10 GHARIB NERICA 12 NERICA 13 Vector 1 140.443 110.092 127.432 203.108 155.126 136.697 165.843 155.940 211.586 158.593 144.812 174.636 170.856 151.157 175.770 194.546 174.181 183.847 183.230 181.178 159.944 174.356 159.452 165.548 194.853 158.526 165.865 200.496 188.460 180.378 222.703 214.361 214.583 205.346 Vector 2 105.085 101.442 91.829 72.017 81.387 89.704 90.211 67.966 68.905 91.412 91.693 69.654 72.362 87.736 82.131 95.191 74.626 58.870 68.854 73.192 61.493 62.640 63.245 72.924 64.539 95.690 59.653 73.755 68.771 67.640 83.662 70.040 87.125 66.499 38 Vector 3 30.619 36.565 28.298 -2.690 6.106 25.393 19.148 11.081 -5.217 19.892 24.399 0.889 7.642 12.832 4.981 6.961 -1.684 -0.594 -8.585 4.601 1.983 -9.937 -2.523 3.446 2.154 19.361 -5.445 -0.338 -0.765 -7.606 -13.883 -14.281 -8.239 -8.354 Vector 4 -64.195 -45.885 -37.910 -25.210 -57.045 -52.673 -21.180 -23.926 -59.439 -28.358 -30.935 -31.685 -42.138 -42.377 -47.554 -30.996 -27.694 -33.655 -25.370 -30.806 -27.780 -7.093 -24.943 -40.764 -37.775 -31.322 -28.396 -28.670 -31.035 -31.257 -34.132 -21.375 -29.798 -21.256 Vector 5 33.576 75.662 84.848 64.909 81.154 69.041 96.627 90.642 43.064 74.239 96.114 98.816 98.066 114.122 81.453 55.968 62.479 66.190 97.511 93.255 99.171 92.743 79.892 114.048 93.375 78.215 107.120 81.446 63.516 60.831 42.575 47.577 50.133 56.980 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 S.NO 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. Genotypes NERICA 14 NERICA 15 NERICA 17 NERICA 18 NERICA-L-1 NERICA-L-2 NERICA-L-3 NERICA-L-4 KHARA HANJA NERICA-L-54 JAMREE NERICA-L-52 MOROBEREKAN DARIAL NERICA-L-49 DOMZARD IR 71864-3R-1-1-3-1 BR26 IR 61336-4B-14-3-2(PSB RC94) IR 70031-4B-R-9-3-1 LAROME JATTA XUE HE TOOR THULLA AS 996-HR 1 SATHI 34-36 MALA NERICA-L-47 NERICA-L-46 IR 28 BALA PEH-KUH-TSAO-TU RATRIA NERICA-L-45 Vector 1 140.041 143.929 205.696 193.210 204.759 163.198 184.085 191.943 180.452 187.399 155.442 204.815 151.721 195.940 136.640 151.868 182.001 185.556 199.733 207.756 210.374 159.360 165.192 159.021 166.860 172.273 152.332 182.996 186.688 196.104 166.062 189.265 170.701 153.187 Vector 2 80.296 89.687 59.184 86.966 70.360 86.836 81.624 72.237 70.379 66.021 64.678 83.740 91.789 89.298 104.897 91.144 92.776 74.080 73.205 73.526 95.297 69.407 78.839 74.612 63.478 74.174 72.749 71.677 95.232 62.322 75.067 87.329 96.499 107.316 39 Vector 3 16.024 5.710 -8.423 -3.257 -2.850 16.332 -3.229 -6.911 -4.211 -1.312 2.050 -2.261 11.623 -1.443 21.989 2.967 5.319 -6.744 -4.838 -8.682 6.282 0.968 9.154 -1.626 -12.192 -4.587 3.362 -0.879 0.364 -8.271 -3.105 6.489 13.080 26.809 Vector 4 -39.566 -9.373 -28.097 -5.894 -25.408 -4.598 -20.256 -25.746 -21.154 -10.281 -27.014 -26.261 -29.517 -35.939 -35.664 -22.998 -9.922 -20.378 -22.345 -36.602 -35.936 -35.326 -47.100 -37.445 -21.874 -1.753 -12.544 -29.576 -41.647 -19.652 -30.560 -17.329 -40.745 -53.784 Vector 5 94.156 82.036 45.841 72.345 75.084 76.066 92.937 67.775 84.855 82.013 118.394 85.892 53.060 40.026 79.647 107.133 84.191 92.400 81.002 75.466 54.639 122.465 88.902 117.674 100.717 86.003 103.029 102.547 39.376 75.999 108.224 50.979 71.303 71.198 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 S.NO 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. Genotypes NAN-GUANG-ZHAN NERICA-L-44 GUANG JIANG 1 IR 72049-B-R-8-3-1-1-1 GANJA RANGWALA IR 6 BR 7232-6-2-3 PADI HOJONG NERICA-L-42 CO 18 N12 TAM CAU 9 A BAKTULSHI TAK RATIA RJT 74 NERICA-L-41 BALILLA BR 7414-22-1 NERICA-L-8 NERICA-L-9 IR 8866-30-3-1-4-2 IR 72 GANJAY KALAHITTA IR 10C110 IR 10C172 IR 10C139 IR 83142-B-36-B HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y2 HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 Y1 HHZ 5 DT 1 DT 1 IR 10C137 IR 83142-B-32-B IR 10C132 Vector 1 155.731 162.823 147.231 169.306 155.732 188.225 189.885 172.332 179.217 175.179 175.710 138.394 164.385 204.200 200.149 147.268 229.150 199.506 209.801 157.879 199.106 200.615 192.627 157.433 183.949 203.278 199.257 183.083 212.972 212.124 219.452 182.525 185.373 175.612 Vector 2 79.571 122.597 92.029 95.680 98.954 67.311 90.301 74.326 63.153 103.927 78.326 85.316 78.909 76.698 77.983 93.263 95.303 64.433 86.263 97.888 84.105 73.500 98.830 72.514 65.092 84.226 76.144 85.318 95.486 86.128 98.816 81.387 72.063 95.431 40 Vector 3 -0.039 19.468 6.648 9.477 17.723 -11.113 10.694 2.218 -9.915 19.896 4.148 6.283 -0.083 -5.163 -12.418 16.477 -11.281 -9.755 -1.373 15.421 -13.550 -5.024 16.910 -13.038 0.443 4.831 0.450 3.077 -7.862 -10.098 -2.601 7.263 -1.696 1.481 Vector 4 -34.462 -31.492 -21.449 -22.817 -27.860 -21.664 -27.239 -14.283 -9.180 -56.839 -38.149 -26.465 -13.683 -17.763 -14.010 -23.458 -27.845 -10.011 -19.753 -20.952 -21.239 -16.768 -29.448 -15.385 -19.477 -16.200 -18.574 -16.088 -27.164 -26.559 -34.330 -16.718 -32.517 -22.611 Vector 5 102.806 3.408 88.098 71.331 83.344 73.057 82.207 88.472 65.467 47.961 104.699 75.963 93.032 59.049 55.543 94.287 23.289 66.810 54.146 92.936 74.865 65.491 61.151 109.204 65.259 52.137 33.523 54.397 50.147 25.763 10.727 86.702 86.423 48.716 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 S.NO 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. Genotypes IR 10C108 IR 83143 B 151 1 HHZ 12 SAL2 Y3 Y2 IR 10C 153 HHZ 12 SAL 8 Y1 Y2 IR 10C 103 HUANG ANZHAN HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y1 IR 10C 174 HHZ 12 SALB Y1 SAL1 HHZ8 SAL12 Y2 DT1 IR 10C161 IR 10C 138 HHZ12 Y4 DT1 Y2 HHZ 5 SAL 14 SAL2 Y1 HHZ 8 SAL14 SAL1 SUB1 IR IOC 157 HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 Y2 HHZ I7 DT6 YI DTI HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 SALI HHZ 5 DT20 DT2 DTI HHZ 5 Y3 SAL2 SUBI HHZ 5 SAL 1O DT3 Y2 IR 10C 113 IR 1OC 167 HHZ 11 DT7 SAL1 SAL1 IR IOC 136 IR IOC 143 HHZ 12 Y4 DT1 Y3 HHZ 5 SAL8 DTZ SAL1 KINMAZE IR 10C 126 IR 10C 173 AKITAKOMACHI Vector 1 190.978 194.068 222.089 183.112 207.067 187.474 197.409 232.007 195.521 237.246 224.724 192.780 162.651 209.139 187.988 205.095 201.038 173.583 198.617 212.248 212.764 230.605 220.655 223.306 192.054 208.451 188.143 191.793 204.578 198.246 142.972 178.409 190.923 160.394 Vector 2 77.916 70.442 88.736 69.970 100.408 76.952 80.577 83.771 79.052 82.277 83.280 74.075 87.157 81.080 77.868 77.778 89.457 96.097 91.953 86.037 66.640 84.515 92.442 77.991 79.717 75.353 89.361 76.917 86.185 99.183 78.504 79.332 79.223 66.113 41 Vector 3 -7.810 -3.098 -2.900 -5.008 2.743 0.540 -1.452 -10.955 -5.843 -8.208 -6.493 -2.968 10.923 -6.655 6.656 -0.318 -2.693 9.527 -7.364 -3.888 -18.008 -8.643 -9.589 -6.342 -9.598 -12.996 -2.641 -5.780 -6.268 1.050 0.194 -2.515 -9.869 -1.425 Vector 4 -9.221 -20.639 -25.257 -23.189 -20.433 -18.338 -18.333 -34.484 -27.459 -22.015 -22.659 -9.836 -28.771 -17.352 -20.592 -13.057 -15.603 -20.799 -32.136 -26.716 -20.338 -12.610 -26.837 -18.737 -7.277 -16.957 -18.198 -10.970 -25.974 -19.994 2.861 -21.438 -17.677 -28.883 Vector 5 68.497 76.115 46.553 82.684 10.776 64.339 52.958 21.015 58.157 33.384 56.028 61.795 79.367 85.165 60.303 49.992 81.368 88.857 35.785 73.210 37.924 28.047 54.649 51.060 72.216 68.142 80.242 63.604 65.448 53.160 93.338 79.075 71.960 96.274 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 S.NO 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. Genotypes HHZ5 SAL14 SAL2 Y2 IR 10C 179 NERICA-L-40 IR 64197 - 3B -15-2 HHZ5 Y3 Yl DTI HHZ 12 Y4 Yl DTI IR 10C112 IR 10C146 IR 11C114 IR 11C115 IR 11C120 IR 11C126 IR 11C128 IR 11C130 IR 11C134 IR 11C138 IR 11C149 IR 11C169 IR 11C170 IR 65199-4B-19-1-1 IR 68144-2B-4-2-3-2 IR 700031-4B-R-2-2-1 IR 70865-B-P-6-2 IR 70868-B-P-11-3 IR 71895-3R-26-2-1-2B-2 IR 72046-B-R-3-2-1 IR 72593-B-3-2-3-3-2B-1 IR 74099-3R-5-1 IR 11C119 IR 11C127 IR 11C173 CPAU -11 CPAU -12 CPAU -13 Vector 1 202.966 182.321 191.520 195.249 156.578 213.638 196.589 213.696 213.385 166.550 209.448 184.383 161.867 191.991 208.196 126.505 205.694 187.072 192.866 169.982 195.968 192.897 203.014 171.987 202.430 191.092 172.514 143.464 183.160 201.801 200.641 157.931 145.365 147.813 Vector 2 99.663 89.985 88.668 84.388 109.737 99.592 74.732 83.590 85.678 85.990 96.891 74.953 82.258 79.117 92.862 107.003 86.320 90.167 88.749 85.569 69.479 76.962 73.291 85.514 86.876 72.257 91.325 106.083 102.984 88.445 92.738 85.449 99.607 74.751 42 Vector 3 -1.174 -2.932 -5.855 -10.819 18.698 2.971 -3.762 -4.284 -2.860 13.656 1.400 -2.700 6.630 -4.484 -0.614 29.050 -1.841 2.116 3.331 8.751 -12.623 -6.642 -10.174 1.348 -7.616 -12.747 3.311 28.503 11.609 -11.457 -2.478 11.070 24.619 5.812 Vector 4 -22.384 -20.549 -21.157 -13.050 -34.744 -25.414 -4.042 -18.414 -16.613 -33.542 -27.197 -21.435 -25.550 -15.725 -25.271 -23.021 -15.750 -15.878 -36.226 -21.741 -16.841 -18.643 -16.644 -19.749 -15.932 -13.972 -20.993 -27.334 -24.404 -18.078 -4.117 -55.865 -34.292 -22.212 Vector 5 36.358 91.727 92.107 79.053 72.268 39.415 72.668 37.648 40.363 62.818 29.000 63.059 83.515 45.675 36.360 72.234 49.733 39.900 48.364 6.169 56.957 61.344 57.168 57.778 60.557 78.176 46.215 61.053 45.815 70.485 57.800 87.547 92.000 89.600 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 S.NO 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. Genotypes CPAU -14 CPAU -15 CPAU -16 CPAU -17 CPAU -18 CPAU -19 CPAU -20 CPAU -21 CPAU -22 CPAU -23 CPAU -24 CPAU -25 CPAU -26 CPAU -27 CPAU -28 CPAU -29 CPAU -30 Vector 1 159.460 157.085 163.045 150.690 169.525 177.632 167.015 165.988 192.045 170.595 199.042 184.155 175.886 166.022 179.829 168.887 148.657 Vector 2 71.177 90.698 69.567 73.271 87.077 90.195 92.944 101.731 83.844 85.585 65.100 78.539 76.983 96.719 72.355 122.557 98.573 Vector 3 0.220 13.743 6.426 13.001 9.330 6.519 2.678 14.113 -3.910 7.571 -6.727 -9.760 -1.325 14.103 5.688 21.321 18.552 Vector 4 -1.789 8.373 6.695 -6.078 4.691 -30.055 -34.430 -42.044 -20.806 -15.526 -14.606 -19.103 -23.296 -21.296 -33.929 -33.639 -65.750 Vector 5 63.641 83.639 96.442 93.554 92.102 88.175 90.679 85.287 95.549 105.326 74.111 71.628 68.955 82.763 84.058 16.654 74.180 Table 7. Clustering pattern of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes by principal component analysis Cluster No I No. of genotypes 12 II 16 III 16 IV 9 V 18 VI VII 8 4 Names of the genotypes KHAU MA TUOI, MULAI, IR 2307-247-2-2-3, TCHAMPA, JAMREE, JATTA, TOOR THULLA, AS 996-HR 1, KALAHITTA, AKITAKOMACHI, CPAU -14, CPAU -16. KHASRAN, ATTEY, GIZA 176, IR 71 866-3R-3-1, GZ 948-2-2-1, LIETO, LEMONT, IR 1561-228-3-3, XUE HE, SATHI 34-36, BALA, PADI HOJONG, N12, BAKTULSHI, IR 11C128, CPAU -26. IR 50, KHIRI, DOM SOFID, AZUCENA, WAB56-125, NERICA 15, MOROBEREKAN, DOMZARD, GUANG JIANG 1, GANJA RANGWALA, NERICA-L-41, NERICA-L-9, CPAU -11, CPAU -12, CPAU -15, CPAU -30. NERICA 10, BALILLA, HHZ 12 SAL2 Y3 Y, HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y1, HHZ 12 SALB Y1 SAL1, HHZ8 SAL12 Y2 DT1, HHZ 5 Y3 SAL2 SUBI, HHZ 5 SAL 1O DT3 Y2, IR 10C 113. GIZA 178, IR 65192-4B-17-3, IR 61250-3B-7-1-2, SAKHA 104, SAUNFI, CR 547-1-2-3, TEQING, KHARA HANJA, NERICA-L-54, BR26, NERICA-L-47, IR 6, NERICA-L-42, IR 10C110, IR 83142-B-32-B, IR 10C 153, IR 11C126, CPAU -28. CT 9993-5-10-M, NERICA 14, MALA, NAN-GUANG-ZHAN, TAM CAU 9 A, KINMAZE, CPAU -13, CPAU -17, NERICA-L-45, NERICA-L-44, HHZ5 Y3 Yl DTI, CPAU -29. 43 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 Cluster No VIII No. of genotypes 20 IX 11 X 17 XI 18 XII 17 XIII 18 XIV XV 7 9 Names of the genotypes NERICA 12, LAROME, NERICA-L-8, HHZ 17 Y16 Y3 Y2, HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 Y1, HHZ 5 DT 1 DT 1, HHZ 12 SAL 8 Y1 Y2, IR IOC 157, HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 SALI, HHZ 12 Y4 DT1 Y3, HHZ5 SAL14 SAL2 Y2, HHZ 12 Y4 YlDTI, IR 10C146, IR 11C114, IR 11C120, IR 11C134, IR 11C149, IR 71895-3R-26-2-1-2B-2, IR 11C127, IR 11C173. GANJA CHOOTA, ARC15210, IDSA77, GHARIB, NERICA13, NERICA17, NERICA-L-1, IR28, BR 7414-22-1, HHZ 5 DT20 DT2 DTI, CPAU -24. TODOROKIWASE, TAREME, NERICA18, DARIAL, NERICA-L-46, PEH-KUH-TSAO-TU, BR 7232-6-2-3, GANJAY, HHZ I7 DT6 YI DTI, IR IOC 136, HHZ 5 SAL8 DTZ SAL1, NERICA-L-40, IR 64197 - 3B -15-2, IR 11C169, IR 11C170, IR 11C119, CPAU -22. DOMSIAH, SADRI, AKHA, NERICA-L-4, IR 10C108, IR 83143 B 151 1, IR 10C 103, IR 10C 174, IR 10C161, HHZ 5 SAL 14 SAL2 Y1, IR 1OC 167, IR IOC 143, IR 10C 173, IR 10C112, IR 11C130, IR 68144-2B-4-2-3-2, 2, IR 700031-4B-R-2-2-1, IR 72046-B-R-3-2-1. IR 19746-28-2-2, FIROOZ, IR1552, NERICA-L-52, IR 61336-4B-14-3-2(PSB RC94, IR 70031-4B-R-9-3-1, TAKRATIA, RJT 74, IR 8866-30-3-1-4-2, IR72, IR 10C172, IR 10C139, HUANGANZHAN, HHZ12 Y4 DT1 Y2, HHZ 8 SAL14 SAL1 SUB1, HHZ 11 DT7 SAL1 SAL1, IR 70865-B-P-6-2. CARREON, JIJAI, NERICA-L-2, RATRIA, IR 72049-B-R-8-3-1-1-1, CO18, IR 10C132, IR 10C 138, HHZ 8 SAL6 SAL3 Y2, IR 11C115, IR 65199-4B-19-1-1, IR 70868-B-P-11-3, IR 72593-B-3-2-3-3-2B-1, CPAU -18, CPAU -20, CPAU -21, CPAU -23, CPAU -27. GIZA 159, ZARDROME, MRC 603-383, WAB96-1-1, NERICA-L-49, IR 11C138, IR 74099-3R-5-1. IR 73055-1-2-2-3-3, NERICA-L-3, IR 71864-3R-1-1-3-1, IR 83142-B-36-B, IR 10C137, IR 10C 126, IR 10C 179, CPAU -19, CPAU -25. 44 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 Table 8. Cluster mean values for eleven characters in two hundred genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Principal component analysis) Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster IV Cluster V Cluster VI Cluster VII Cluster VIII Cluster IX Cluster X Cluster XI Cluster XII Cluster XIII Cluster XIV Cluster XV Days to 50% flowering 94.708 99.844 104.375 110.556 97.639 96.125 109.125 111.400 97.636 109.941 101.667 105.324 106.306 98.857 107.111 Days to maturity 124.429 129.841 134.747 141.950 127.033 125.669 140.513 141.450 127.291 139.215 132.603 135.553 135.742 128.236 137.311 Plant height (cm) 95.196 98.293 100.389 92.535 94.562 94.386 99.268 88.984 97.759 91.581 86.661 88.827 93.784 97.596 92.489 Panicle length (cm) 19.645 20.819 20.931 23.041 21.943 20.367 21.078 23.849 22.838 23.795 22.108 23.245 22.884 23.244 22.862 Number of tillers per Hill 15.907 16.481 15.799 17.234 17.335 14.478 13.503 16.178 18.276 15.075 16.021 17.790 16.527 16.390 15.584 Number of productive tillers per hill 11.992 12.997 11.768 12.684 12.705 10.933 10.173 11.426 14.670 11.652 12.546 12.992 12.320 11.958 11.609 45 Number of grains per panicle 60.933 78.729 65.940 167.974 96.228 55.835 114.815 140.647 128.340 116.958 109.596 122.685 88.972 66.876 89.504 Spikelet fertility (%) 82.641 76.078 57.001 85.305 82.907 72.491 38.432 83.499 88.144 73.765 85.139 85.806 69.298 26.526 80.564 1000-grain weight (g) 19.091 19.469 17.671 20.943 21.045 16.868 17.269 19.920 20.575 20.798 20.940 19.730 20.235 19.732 20.901 Pollen viability (%) 82.917 78.188 61.484 85.583 85.014 64.594 35.500 70.050 90.182 71.985 79.931 84.809 54.444 42.393 74.556 Single plant yield (g) 12.955 17.315 9.194 31.018 22.552 8.992 8.708 26.444 30.728 20.733 24.722 27.353 16.080 5.800 18.517 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020;; Article no.CJAST.56945 no. Fig. 3. Statistical distances among two hundred genotypes of rice (Cluster analysis analysis) (Not to the scale) Fig. 4. Relative contribution of different characters towards genetic diversity Fig. 5. Three-dimensional dimensional principal p component scatter plot 46 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 Fig. 6. Two-dimensional scatter plot of principal component analysis showing positions of two hundred genotypes of rice two clustering methods grouped differently and clustering pattern for genotypes is not same. The Principal Component Analysis sorted out the total characters into five main principal components. The contribution of the main characters for variance easily identified by the characters loaded on the PC1 as it explained maximum variance. By PCA, the in-depth 2 analysis for genetic diversity can be made. In D analysis, the characters viz., number of grains per panicle, plant height, pollen viability and spikelet fertility contributed more for the divergence. In PCA, the characters viz., single plant yield, number of grains per panicle and spikelet fertility in PC1and days to 50% flowering and maturity were loaded in PC2, and number of tillers per hill and number of productive tillers per hill in PC3, spikelet fertility, days to maturity and days to 50%flowering in PC4 and pollen viability in cluster IX (90.18%) and lowest in cluster VII (35.50%). Highest single plant yield was recorded in cluster III (31.01 g) and the lowest was observed in cluster XIV (5.80 g). The genotypes of cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V, cluster VIII, cluster IX, cluster XI, cluster XII and cluster XV exhibited highest spikelet fertility percentage. Hence, the genotypes of the cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V, cluster VIII, cluster IX, cluster XI, cluster XII and cluster XV can be used in breeding programmes for the development of heat tolerant varieties. 3.7 Comparison between D2 Statistic and Principal Component Analysis The pattern of distribution of genotypes into different clusters was at random (or independent from their geographic origin). Furthermore, the 47 Sandeep et al.; CJAST, 39(10): 29-49, 2020; Article no.CJAST.56945 and plant height in PC5towards variability. In the 2 present study, D cluster analysis and principal factor analysis revealed that number of grains per panicle and spikelet fertility as major contributors to the total divergence. The results 2 of both D cluster analysis and principal components analysis corroborated with each other. 6. 7. 4. CONCLUSION Genetic diversity was the outcome of several factors along with a factor geographic diversity. Hence, the selection for hybridization should be more based on genetic diversity than geographic diversity. In the present study, D2 cluster analysis and principal factor analysis revealed that number of grains per panicle and spikelet fertility as major contributors to the total divergence. The 2 results of both D cluster analysis and principal components analysis corroborated with each other. 8. 9. 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar (PJTSAU) and Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad for providing experimental materials, technical support and facilities for executing the research and also thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC) for providing financial assistance under National fellowship for Higher Education. 11. 12. COMPETING INTERESTS Authors have interests exist. declared that 13. no competing REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 14. Indiastat. 2015-16. 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