Musakhel: A District Profile

Musakhel A District Profile Road to mountainous Musakhel: land of livestock Bureau of Statistics Planning Studies Section Planning & Development Department Government of Balochistan Quetta The District Profiles for all 26 Districts of Balochistan have been developed under responsibility of the Planning Studies Section and Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan, in the framework of Implan-project. This project is funded by Governments of Balochistan and The Netherlands. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has financed the research and the printing costs of the District Profiles in Kalat Division. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has committed funds for the printing of the Profiles of the other Districts. Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan Planning Studies Section/Bureau of Statistics: • • • Mr. S. Sajid Hussain Gilani, Assistant Chief, Planning Studies Section. Mr. Jawad Ahmed Khan, Research Officer, Planning Studies Section. Mr. Khalid Pervaz, Assistant Director, Bureau of Statistics. Improving the System for Development Planning in Balochistan/ImplanProject. Consultants: • National Management Consultants, Karachi. • Management for Development Foundation, Ede, the Netherlands. • Mr. Koen de Wilde, Chief Technical Advisor Researcher: • Mr. Hamid Sarfraz, Department of Sociology, University of Balochistan. Editors: • • • • Mr. Taj Muhammad Faiz, Chief of Planning Studies Section, P&DD, Government of Balochistan. Ms. Salma Majeed Jafar, Women in Development, IMPLAN, Quetta. Prof. Dr. Mahmood Ali Shah, Department of Political Science, University of Balochistan Ms. Annet van Lier, Consultant, MDF, Ede. Printed by Quetta Printing Press. September, 1997. Musakhel A District Profile Bureau of Statistics Planning Studies Section Planning & Development Department Government of Balochistan Quetta FOREWORD. From my various discussions with the general public, Government officials and NGO representatives on development planning in Balochistan, it is clear that lack of accessible information is a major concern. In order to address this matter, a number of initiatives have been taken over the years. However, in most cases, they are of a sectoral nature. Examples include the creation of the Balochistan Education Management Information System (BEMIS), the initiation of the Health Management Information System (HMIS) and further compilation of Agricultural Statistics. We have entered a phase in which more attention must be given to the information needs generated by inter-sectoral efforts, such as planning for specific geographical areas. It is my view that the Planning and Development Department has the primary responsibility for all multi-sectoral aspects of the planning process which includes providing information. Therefore, I wholeheartedly supported the efforts of the Planning Studies Section & Provincial Bureau of Statistics of P&DD, in the framework of the Dutch supported Implan-project, in developing Profiles for each of the 26 Districts in Balochistan. These Profiles contain information on a variety of sectors and subjects. This is the first time since the publication of the Gazetteers at the start of this century, that information is provided for all the Districts of the Province in such a comprehensive manner. I see a great potential for the use of the Profiles by policy makers, planners and implementors in both the public and private sector. Planners in the Districts and at Provincial and Federal level will find them a useful source of information. It can also be a resource for researchers and members of the general public. The District Profiles are not meant to be policy or planning documents by themselves. The main objective of the Profiles is to provide data, and identification and analysis of issues. It is not intended to provide recommendations or solutions to development problems. The Profiles can be an invaluable input in the process of framing policies, and of identifying and formulating development schemes. No new data has been generated in the preparation of the Profiles. All the statistical information included in the district profiles is based on secondary data gathered by the Planning Studies Section & Bureau of Statistics (Sources for all the statistics are cited). The research and analysis has been carried out by university staff. I am proud to say that this is essentially an indigenous effort, in which the lion’s share of the work has been carried out by people from our Province (all but one of the researchers are from the University of Balochistan). In conclusion, I would like to thank the staff of the Implan-project, particularly Planning Studies Section, for providing support in this endeavour, and the researchers and the editors for their untiring efforts. I also wish to express my gratitude to the Royal Netherlands Embassy, UNICEF and UNDP for their assistance. (Mohammad Yunus Khan Mandokhel) Additional Chief Secretary (Dev.) Government of Balochistan Quetta, July 1997. Musakhel: A District Profile page i Table of Contents Outline District Profile iii Musakhel 1 1. District Resources 3 2. Demography and Housing 8 3. Social Organisation 15 4. Government Organisation 19 5. Productive Sectors • Agriculture / Horticulture • Livestock • Fisheries • Forestry • Mining • Industry & Manufacturing 25 25 30 33 33 34 35 6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications 38 7. Social Infrastructure • Water Supply • Health • Education • Sports 43 43 46 49 53 8. District Accounts and Development Funds 54 9. The District in comparison to Balochistan 57 10. Conclusion: Potential and Constraints 61 © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page ii Annexes: 1. List of all names of all Union Councils and Tehsils 2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995 3. Meteorological Data 4. Functions of Local Government 5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators 6. Agricultural Statistics 7. Livestock Statistics 8. Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and Rest House Services at Union Council level 9. Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level 10. Overview of Health facilities 11. Overview of Educational Facilities 12. Government Staff Establishment 13. Some Observations about the Data 14. List of Acronyms 15. Metric System and its Equivalents 16. Bibliography © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page iii Outline District Profile District at a Glance • District Headquarters Musakhel • Date of Notification 1st January 1992 • Area 5,727 sq. km • Population 1981 1995 1 Male Female Total (Projection) 46,928 44,246 1.06 16 91,174 218,156 • • Sex Ratio m/f Population density per sq.km. • Registered Voters (1995) Male: 38,195 • Major Ethnic Groups Majority (90%) of the population is Pushtun. • Major Languages Pushto is spoken in 85.1 percent of the households followed by Balochi (7.8%).2 • Climate Semi-arid with warm summer and mild winter. • Major Crops (1994-95) 38 Female: 24,161 Wheat Condiments & Spices Maize Pulses Vegetables Jowar Fruits Barley • n/a Area (Ha.) 1,460 1,405 1,100 846 290 200 161 150 Major livestock (1986) Sheep Goats Cattle Draught Animals3 Camels Total Livestock Units (LU)4 1 2 3 4 Total: 62,356 Ave. Yield (kg/Ha.) 1,521 1,609 1,236 597 15,345 950 9,727 1,467 Number 1,136,216 297,450 141,549 12,348 12,657 878,276.5 National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS). Government of Pakistan, 1981 District Census Report of Loralai, (Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, 1983), p. 97. Draught animals include horses and donkeys. A livestock unit (LU) is a comparative unit, based on its fodder requirements, through which all livestock can be summarised; e.g. a cow, bull, camel and horse are defined as 1 LU, while a sheep, goat and donkey are defined as 0.5 LU. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page iv • Economy Agriculture and livestock farming are the major economic activities. • Employment per sector m/f No such data are available. • Important Minerals Some attempts have been made for exploration of coal, oil and gas. • Important Places Musakhel Bazaar, Rarasham, Kingri, and Drug. • Education Facilities (1996) Primary Schools Middle Schools High Schools Intermediate College For Boys 151 4 5 1 For Girls 25 1 1 0 • Level of recurrent expenditure Rs. 4,359 (as per enrolment of all the students in per student (1995-96) Musakhel district in April 1996). • Teacher-student ratio (1996) Primary Middle High Intermediate • Male 1:15 1:12 1:15 1:8 Female 1:22 1:13 0:21 1:1 Number 0 13 1 3 1 2 0 Health Facilities (1997) Hospital Dispensaries Rural Health Centre Basic Health Units Health Auxiliary Unit Mother-Child Health Centres Private Clinics • Water supply (coverage) At present (1997), only a small proportion (8.9%) of the population has access to drinking water through the functional water supply schemes of PHED. • Energy (sources) Mainly fuel wood is used for cooking and heating while kerosene lamps are major source of light. • Major Industries There is no industrial unit in Musakhel. • Communication (1996) Metalled Road Shingle Road Railway Airport 70 km 286 km None None © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page v Map of Musakhel © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page vi Balochistan Map © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 1 Musakhel5 Musakhel, all hilly and green, is hard to be traced in the historical descriptions as there is no isolated account of the area available. However, by studying the history of Kandahár and northern Balochistan little can be ascertained about Musakhel. According to the early history, this area, being a part of Kandahár province, has been ruled by the Ghaznavids, Maliks of Kurat Dynasty, Amir Timur and his successors (1383-1470 AD), Sultan Husain Mirza of Herát (1470-1480 AD), and Amir Shuja-ud-Din Zunnún (1480-1504). In 1505 AD, the Mughals conquered the province of Kandahár and held it till 1559 AD when the Safavid Kings of Persia acquired it. The Mughals regained the province in 1595 AD but lost it again in 1622 AD, to the Safavid Kings of Persia. This time, the Safavids, conferred the government of Pishin and its tribal dependencies upon Sher Khan Tarin. He, after 7 years, refused to submit to the governor of Kandahár and became semi-independent, but had to retreat later on. In 1709 AD, the Afghan inhabitants rose under Mir Wais Ghilzai and established the Ghilzai power in Kandahár. The Ghilzai power was terminated by Nadir Shah in 1737 AD. After the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747 AD, the first democratic government was established in Kandahár by the Afghans as they elected Ahmed Shah Durrani as their ruler. In 1826, the first Amir of Afghanistan, Dost Muhammad Barakzai, took hold of the area and annexed it to Afghanistan. After the first phase of the Afghan war of 1878-79 AD, the British took control of the northern areas of Balochistan under the Treaty of Gandamak. During 1879-84 AD, efforts were made to extend the British influence over the Khetrans and Musakhels of the, now Musakhel, territory. The Musakhels took part in outrages committed by the Kakars under Shah Jahan in 1884, but surrendered to the British government on the conclusion of the expedition in the same year. On 1st November 1887, the whole area was declared part of British India. Zhob agency was formed in 1890 and Musakhel territory was annexed to it. Musakhel was made a tehsil in 1892 and was transferred to Loralai district in October 1903. In 1905, the Musakhel tehsil comprised 61 villages and the total population, according to 1901 census, was 15,537 (8,374 males and 7,163 females). The principal tribes represented were: Isot Afghans (1,941); Jafar Afghans (1,026); Panri Afghans (10,144) including the Musakhel clan (9,748) the principal divisions of which were the Belkhel (7,662) and Laharzai (2,086); and Saiads (271). The chief language spoken was Pushto. Musakhel remained a tehsil of Loralai district till 1st January 1992 when it was notified as a district as a result of splitting Loralai district into 3 districts, Loralai, Musakhel, and Barkhan. Although Musakhel is an old human settlement there is no remarkable archaeological site. 5 Name of a major clan in the area which, later on, was adopted as district’s name. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 2 Well-vegetated mountains of Musakhel A brook flowing over the road © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 1. District Resources 1.1 Introduction page 3 Musakhel was given the status of district in 1992, but to date no land use record is available exclusively for the district. According to the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, only 2.5 percent of the total geographical area is arable of which more than half (58.7%) is left fallow. Although the district is reported to be devoid of forest, the woodlands of Musakhel provide the inhabitants an adequate amount of timber and fuel wood. The data reveal that the net sown area is decreasing significantly, without any obvious reason. This indicates internal inconsistency of data on land use and agriculture. Land use 1994-95 Total Geographical Area6 Area not Reported Area Reported7 - Area not available for cultivation8 - Area under forest9 - Area under permanent pasture - Culturable waste10 - Area under water logging/salinity - Arable land11 Potential area available for cultivation12 Source: 1.2 Area (Ha.) 572,667 % of total district area 100.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 14,434 - 2.5 - Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 Topography Musakhel is located from 30°-17′ to 31°-28′ north latitudes and from 69°-28′ to 70°-15′ east longitudes. It is bounded in the north by the Dera Ismail Khan district, in the east by the Dera Ghazi Khan district, in the south by the Barkhan district, and in the west by the Loralai and the Zhob districts. Total area of the district is 5,727 square kilometres. The district is mountainous for the most part with an exception of the main valley known as Musakhel Sahra. The two principal ranges running from north to south are the Surghar and Torghar branches of the Sulaiman range. The former lies in the west and comprises the Satyara (2405 m), Khiazah (2187 m), Charkundae (2316 m), and Kakal (1807 m). The Torghar lies in the east and includes the Nashtarghar or Mizri Roh (3109 m), Chappar, Salai, Narai, Tiar (2329 m), Buj (2323 m), Hazargat (2455 m), and Behu (2429 m). The valley of Musakhel Sahra lies from south-west to north-east and it is enclosed on all 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total geographical area is the area within the administrative boundaries (of the district). Area reported is the area covered by village and/or district record. The difference between the geographical area and the area reported is the “area not reported” (yet). Area not available for cultivation includes barren or mountainous land, area under roads, canals, sites of villages, houses, etc., or otherwise area put to uses alien to agriculture. Area under forest is any land, which is covered by trees, permanent pastures, game sanctuaries and also those areas, which fall administratively under Revenue and Forest Departments. Culturable waste is such area, which may be available for cultivation but has either not been cultivated or abandoned, is water logged or saline or left fallow for more than four years. Arable land is land suitable for ploughing and crop production (or being ploughed), net sown or left fallow for less than four years. Net potential area available for cultivation is both arable land and the culturable waste, as the latter one can be brought under cultivation by way of e.g. land levelling, irrigation, etc. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 4 sides by hills. It is divided into two parts by the Tang or Vihowa stream, the northern portion being called the Bar and the southern the Lar Sahra. Besides the Sahra it has a number of smaller valleys, the drainage of which, uniting below Khan Muhammad Kot, forms the Luni river or northern branches of the Sanghar. The Bar Sahra comprises tracts of Taláo, Ghund, Baha, Talai, and Ulmai. Lar Sahra, which is much smaller than Bar Sahra, is divided into two unequal portions by the Razana stream which joins the Toi near its exit from the Gat defile. The western portion contains the Loghai and Dámán tracts. The general elevation of the Sahra valley varies from 900-1,200 metres. The general drainage of the valley is from west to east and is carried by three main streams: the Toi, Luni, and the Sanghar. In the north-east, the Zamarai country is drained by the smaller hill torrents: the Ramak and Guzai. The Toi is formed by the junction of the Razana, Tang, and Kharspún or Tangi Sar and is known beyond the boundaries of the district as the Vihowa river. The Sanghar, which at its sources is known as the Lang and Zarni, and in its further course, where the two tributaries meet, as the Drah, drains the Drug valley. The important affluents of the Lúni are the Rod, Lori Tang (made up of Dab and Khajúri), Kingri, and Sarin.13 1.3 Climate The climate of Musakhel, located 1,200-2,400 meters above sea level, is semi-arid.14 It can be placed in the “warm summer and mild winter” temperature region. The summer is hot with mean temperatures ranging from 21°C to 32°C. June is the hottest month when maximum temperature does exceed 32°C and occasionally rises above 38°C. Summer is longer than winter and lasts for about 7 months (April-October). In winter the temperature drops below 21°C, but even in the coolest month (January) the mean monthly temperature does not drop below 10°C. However, the mercury may touch the freezing point during cold spells. Minimum Maximum Mean Temperatures 1995 (in °C), recorded at Barkhan 50.0 40.0 20.0 27.0 16.0 10.0 0.0 3.8 Jan Source: 38.8 34.4 30.0 19.2 7.2 Feb 10.0 Mar 25.1 22.0 22.0 35.3 33.2 34.2 24.5 23.2 20.7 14.7 Apr 30.0 25.0 17.4 16.5 10.4 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 6.0 Dec Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi The total annual rainfall ranges between 325 and 750 mm, most of which takes place in summer due to monsoon.15 The potential evaporation exceeds precipitation but is less than two times as great. Therefore the area is semi-arid with quite some vegetation. According to the Pakistan Meteorological Department, total annual precipitation in 1995 was 429.7 mm at Barkhan. By the extent of vegetation in Musakhel it can be assumed 13 14 15 The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Loralai, (Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986), pp. 324-5. Fazale Karim Khan, A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People, and Economy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 42. Government of Pakistan, Atlas of Pakistan (Rawalpindi: Survey of Pakistan, GoP, 1990), p. 55. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 5 that the level of precipitation here is no less than that in Barkhan. 1.3.1 Annual Mean Rainfall To date no meteorological station has been established in Musakhel by the Pakistan Meteorological Department. Barkhan is a neighbour district of Musakhel and has similar geographic characteristics, therefore, data from Barkhan station have been given here just to have an idea of the situation. In 1993 the total annual rainfall in Barkhan district was 512.5 mm which increased to 601.6 mm in 1994 and again decreased to 429.7 mm in 1995. It may be assumed that Musakhel does have approximately equivalent rainfall levels. Summer rainfall provides water for kharif crops, i.e., jowar, maize, moong, mash, and fodder. Sometimes traffic across the streams is discontinued due to flood waters resulting from rainfall. Rainfall 1995 (in mm), recorded at Barkhan 160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 69.6 37.1 17.9 Jan Source: 1.3.2 136.4 134.1 9.8 8.8 Feb Mar 0.0 Apr May Jun Jul Aug 0.0 7.0 0.0 Sep Oct Nov 9.0 Dec Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Annual Mean Temperature At Barkhan station of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, mid summer mean maximum temperature (in June) varied slightly in the years 1993-1995 (from 37.1°C to 38.8°C) while mid summer mean minimum temperature ranged from 23.8°C to 25.1°C. The mid winter mean maximum temperature (in January) in these three years was between 14.9°C and 16.0°C and mean minimum temperature in mid winter remained between 3.8°C and 5.0°C (see Annex 3 for details). The data on temperature seem consistent through the years as the annual mean maximum temperature for the years 1993-95 ranged from 27.6°C to 28.3°C. Similarly annual mean minimum temperature for these three years varied slightly, from 15.3°C to 15.9°C. This mean temperature data validates the climatic categorisation of the district as “warm summer and mild winter” because mean monthly temperature in summer remains below 32°C and in winter it ranges between 10.3°C and 18.4°C. These temperatures are within the temperature ranges for “warm summer and mild winter” region. 1.4 Soils The Atlas of Pakistan describes the land of Musakhel as rock outcrops and loamy, very shallow steep high mountain soils of mainly arid and semi-arid zones (rock outcrops and Lithic Cambothids).16 The mountainous land of Musakhel is made of rock outcrops, 16 Government of Pakistan, (1990), p. 51. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 6 lithosols, and rigosols. With the virtual absence of vegetation, soil formation is minimal. The foothills are covered with talus cones and alluvial fans, generally composed of gravel, pebbles, and sands. Beyond the foothills, the valley floors are covered with silt and loam. These are fertile soils of great agricultural value in the rocky waste. Limestone, shale and sandstone are the main types of rocks involved in the formation of this area. Volcanic rocks cover the area in patches. Limestone yields very little soils. Most of the soils formed on the slopes are removed by wind, water, and gravity. Stony soils lie over the bedrock and are classified as lithosols. Over the flatter areas, rigosols, soils without many stones, dominate.17 Locally, about six types of soils are found in Musakhel. Lasai or Súr Khaurai is soft red soil containing silt or mat and is found in Kingri circle and the Sahra valley. This land is used for cultivation of wheat, juar, and bajra. Tor Khaurai is dark hard loam found in Drug and Rarasham areas and is used for wheat and maize. Sand loam, the Sagai, is found in Rod Kingri and Rod Karhér areas, and Zhghalína (gravely) in Drug circle are used for cultivating Moong. In some areas of Toisar and Drug earth is spread in rocky ground to form soil artificially. Locally it is called Návrina Mzakka and it is used to cultivate barley and maize. Barley is also cultivated on saline soils, called Tarkhbandae, of Sanghar hills, Rod Srin, Mirzai, and Toisar.18 1.5 Minerals The mountainous land of Musakhel may have potential for mineral resources. There are ample opportunities for coal, oil and gas exploration and a few efforts have been made, but the non-co-operative attitude of the local population and lack of commitment on the government’s part have obstructed the exploitation of mineral resources in the district so far (see also paragraph 5.5.1). It should be mentioned however that the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the Inspectorate of Mines have not indicated any minerals in Musakhel district. 1.6 Vegetation The vegetation in Musakhel consists mainly of grasses and spiny scrubs. Grass and fodder plants are fairly numerous in the district. Some are used as medicine. Other plants and shrubs are used as fodder for goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. The many various trees provide fruits, fuel wood, and timber to the people. 1.7 Energy Fuel wood is the main source of energy for cooking and heating. Diesel is used to run tube wells. Kerosene oil is mostly used for lighting, as electricity is supplied in Kingri town only. The consumption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is negligible as there is no gas agency in the whole district. Some well-to-do people bring gas cylinders from Loralai or Dera Ghazi Khan. Electricity is available in only one town and is used mainly for light while the remaining population uses kerosene lamps for light. Although according to the government records there is no forest in the district, the whole 17 18 Fazale Karim Khan, pp. 54-60. Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Loralai, (1986), p. 135. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 7 of the area is saturated with a variety of trees providing enough fuel wood to the inhabitants. Regular electric supply, which has become a basic amenity of modern life, is needed in the area. Its provision may also help running more tube wells for irrigation and, consequently, can help agricultural development. 1.8 Environment Most of the people in Musakhel district live in small towns where civic facilities are not available at all. Garbage and sewerage water are disposed of in the streets and dirt is a common characteristic of human settlements in the district. Despite its low population density, the district faces problems of solid waste disposal in the towns. People throw their household garbage just outside their houses, in the streets, and drainage is in most cases not channelled. The union councils seem helpless, as they lack resources to improve the situation. To date, noise pollution is not a problem and the main environmental threat is grey (solid waste) pollution which not only contaminates the air but the drinking water also. It poses a serious threat to health of the population. 1.9 Conclusion and major Development Issues There are no land use statistics available for Musakhel, even after 5 years of gaining the status of district. The available data seem highly inconsistent. Average annual rainfall ranges between 325-750 mm therefore the district is semi-arid. To have accurate data on the climate, a meteorological station should be established in the district. At present the only environmental threat to the district is of grey pollution. Fuel wood and dung cakes are used for cooking. As electricity is available to only one town, most of the people use kerosene lamps for lighting. The district has been explored for minerals but presently no mining activity has been reported in the district. After an overview of the district resources it might be concluded that there is much potential for agricultural development if efforts are directed towards motivation of the farmers and provision of technical inputs. Irrigation water is not a problem as the underground water can be exploited for this purpose. There is a need for development of irrigation as well as water supply schemes and availability of agricultural inputs – like fertilisers, seeds, and pesticides – on affordable prices. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 8 2. Demography and Housing 2.1 Population Since independence, four population censuses have been conducted: in 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981. The new census was due in 1991, but as a result of political reservation of the provinces and other political forces it could not be executed. The data provided by previous censuses does not present a consistent trend. The Planning Commission had indicated under-enumeration of population in the 1961 census by 7.5 percent.19 Usually male enumerators are deputed to interview the respondents, male members of the household in most cases. This way of proceeding may cause underreporting of women and girls, especially in figures on the productive sector. Female family members are usually less reported due to the social desirability factor. Their participation in the productive sector is also ignored. All the enumerators of census as well as the supervisory officials were government employees who, as a matter of routine, were not very careful about the validity of censuses. Supervision has also been ineffective and making up census data has been a common practice. Keeping in view all these facts, reliability of all these censuses can be questioned. Population M/F ratio Population Density No. of Households No. of Female Headed Households Average Household Size Percentage under 15 years Urban Population M/F ratio Urban Rural Population M/F ratio Rural Urban Population (%) Source: 1951 20,420 1961 24,320 1972 38,547 n/a n/a n/a 3.6 4.2 6.7 n/a n/a n/a 1981 91,174 106 15.9 10,900 1995 (projected) 218,156 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 20,420 429 917 n/a n/a 23,891 37,630 n/a n/a n/a 0 1.8 2.4 8.4 45.3 0 91,174 106 0 n/a n/a n/a 38.1 n/a 0 218156 n/a 0 1981 District Census Report of Loralai, NIPS projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units Population Density (per sq.km.) 50.0 40.0 38.1 30.0 20.0 15.9 10.0 0.0 3.6 1951 Source: 4.2 1961 6.7 972 1981 1995 1981 District Census Report of Loralai, NIPS projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units NIPS has made a projection of the population of Musakhel for 1995. The population in that year is estimated to be 218,156. The projected population of Musakhel in 1995 shows an annual growth rate (period 1981 to 1995) of 6.4 percent as compared to 10.0 19 Abdul Razzaque Rukanuddin and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui, The State of Population in Pakistan (Islamabad: NIPS, 1988), p. 4. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 9 percent for the inter-census period 1972-81. 2.1.1 Population Growth Pattern The population growth rates for Musakhel district have been inconsistent right from the initial censuses. During the inter-census period 1951-61 a reasonable growth pattern of 1.8% was observed. In the next 11 years (1961-72) this rate increases to 4.3 percent. The population growth rate during 1972-81 has been 10.0 percent which is more than double the previous growth rate (4.3%). This indicates an exaggerated over-enumeration of population, either erroneously or intentionally under some vested interests. The projection for the district’s population for 1995 is not compatible with the total number of voters (62,356)20 in 1995. The recent rate of growth (6.4%), which has been calculated on the basis of projections of population for 1995, is more than double of Pakistan’s population growth rate (3.1%). In 1981, total fertility rate in the district was 7.2. It explains, to some extent, the high growth rate for the district, but the highly fluctuating growth trend cannot completely be explained. National Provincial District Annual Growth Rates 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 10.0 5.5 2.4 3.6 1.5 2.1.2 4.3 3.1 6.4 3.1 3.9 1.8 1951-61 Source: 6.6 1961-72 1972-81 1981-95 1981 District Census Report of Loralai, NIPS Projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units Population Composition According to the 1981 census, the female population in the age group of 0-4 outnumbers the male population, but after the age of 5 this equation inverses and the male population becomes bigger than the female one up to the age of 30. It supports the assumption that poor health care strikes girls more harshly than boys. The other probable reason may be that young girls are often not reported at the time of census as people consider it against the code of honour to tell the names of or details about their young female family members to strangers or enumerators. This way women become less visible in the population statistics. However, final conclusions can only be drawn after availability of age and sex specific birth and death rates at the district level. In 1981, about two fifths (42.2%) of the total population was eligible to vote (21 years of age and above), while adult population (18 years of age and above) was 48.8 percent. Women of child bearing age (15-49 years) were 19.9 percent. The married population constituted 68.4 percent of the population of 15 years and above (which itself is 54.7 of the total population) while 27.1 percent of this population were never married. The percentage of divorcees and widowers constituted 0.2 and 4.3 percent respectively. The average age at marriage for females in Musakhel district was 20.6 years which confirms the high total fertility rate in Musakhel. 20 Assistant Election Commissioner, Musakhel. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 10 Age Sex Composition (1981) 45 to 49 889 569 523 600 558 563 1,119 1,296 1,070 854 1,769 1,465 1,988 1,816 40 to 44 1,938 75 & above 70 to 74 65 to 69 60 to 64 55 to 59 50 to 54 Female Male 2,595 2,644 2,258 2,747 2,238 2,754 3,154 2,508 3,351 2,934 35 to 39 30 to 34 25 to 29 20 to 24 15 to 19 5,662 5,261 10 to 14 8,515 7,346 7,791 7,541 5 to 9 Below 5 4,858 0 Source: 2.1.3 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 1981 District Census Report of Loralai Household Size The average household21 size in the district, according to 1980 housing census, is 8.4. One reason for this relatively high figure may be the high total fertility rate (7.2 in 1981). 2.1.4 Dependent Population According to the 1981 census, about half (49.6%) of the population in the district is dependent, either below the age of 15 or 65 years of age and above. However keeping in view the assumed under-enumeration of young female children, the youth dependency ratio can be higher than the given one. This situation increases the economic pressure for the families which may result in child labour and malnutrition of both the women and children, usually the neglected groups of society. 2.1.5 Rural-Urban Dimensions The definition of an urban area has been changing in different censuses. In 1972, urban areas included municipal corporations, municipal committees, cantonment boards, and town committees. Other places having a concentration of population of at least 5,000 21 A household is defined as a person or a group of persons living together and eating from the same kitchen and using the same budget, whether or not related to each other. Hospitals, hostels, jails and hotels are not considered as households. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 11 persons in a continuous collection of houses where the community sense was well developed and the community maintained public utilities, such as roads, street lighting, water supply, sanitary arrangements, etc., were also treated as urban areas. These places were generally centres of trade and commerce with a population mostly nonagricultural and having a comparatively higher literacy rate. As a special case, a few areas having the above urban characteristics but population less than 5,000 persons, were also treated as urban.22 The 1981 census defined the urban areas on the basis of type of local government institutions. All the localities which had either a metropolitan corporation, municipal corporation, municipal committee, town committee or a cantonment at the time of census, were treated as urban.23 The definition of urban areas in the 1961 census is not given in the census reports. This unavailability of a common definition of urban area has made the comparative analysis a difficult task. Urban Population 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Source: 2.4 1.8 0.0 1951 1961 1972 0.0 1981 0.0 1995 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units, Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Censuses, and NIPS According to the 1981 census, there is no area in Musakhel which could be designated as urban area. However, Musakhel town was designated as urban area in the 1961 and 1972 censuses. No significant inference can be drawn on the basis of these data. 2.1.6 Spatial Population Distribution The major human settlements of the district are Musakhel town, Kingri, Drug, Khajoori, Khan Muhammad Kot, Rarasham, Chasan, Anderpur, Rode, Loghai, Purmzai, Zawar Isot, Loghi Punga, Salli, Wah, Zam, and Zenha. Most of these settlements are alongside agricultural tracts. Administrative offices are located at Musakhel. Kingri is the second important locality. According to the 1981 census, there were 72 (excluding 5 uninhabited) mauzas/villages. The individual population of only one mauza was above 5,000 and of 16 mauzas between 2,000 and 4,999. 2.1.7 Ethnic Composition The Pushtuns constitute a significant majority (about 85%) of the population in the district. Other ethnic groups include Balochs and Punjabis. According to the 1981 census, Pushto is spoken in 85.1 percent of the households, followed by Balochi (7.8%) and then by Saraiki which is spoken in 1.6 percent of the homes. Other languages, including Jafri, Punjabi, Urdu, Sindhi, and Brahvi, are spoken in 5.6 percent of the households. Although Jafars are ethnic Pushtuns, they speak a language of their own (Jafarki), which is a mixture of Pushto, Balochi, and Saraiki. 22 23 Government of Pakistan, District Census Report: Karachi (Islamabad: Census Organisation, 1977). Government of Pakistan, (1983), p. viii. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 2.1.8 page 12 Nature and Extent of Migration The majority of the population is permanently resident in villages. However, nomadic intra and inter district migration can also be found in Musakhel. It may also be called seasonal migration, as the livestock farming communities of the district migrate to less cold areas in winter. Presently no data are available on the extent of migration in Musakhel. 2.2 Labour Force There are no data available for Musakhel district as far as labour force is concerned. However, figures for Loralai district in 1981 may give some idea about the labour force in Musakhel as then it was part of Loralai district. In 1981, the civilian labour force constituted 30.9 percent of the population in Loralai district. More than half (56.6%) of the male population and a small percentage (1.7%) of the females were part of the labour force. The urban and rural labour force participation rates were 22.2 and 31.4 percent respectively. A significant majority of the labour force (81%) was engaged in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing sectors. Agriculture and livestock raising are the main economic activities in which most of the labour is self-employed, though at times tenants are hired. After agriculture, livestock farming is the second important sector of labour force involvement, followed by government sector and the social services sector. The majority of the labour force in the district is local and migrant labour is minimal. The visible labour force in the district consists of males only. However women are involved in various productive sectors, including agriculture, livestock farming, date processing (drying), and handicrafts. Women are allied workers in agriculture and livestock farming. Women can frequently be seen grazing their livestock. They also fetch water for household needs. The main reason behind the invisibility of female labour force lies in the socio-cultural background of the district. Women are not allowed to move around outside their homes. Purdah is practised by most of the women. They wear a veil when they go outside the house, usually a big chaddar (piece of cloth) covering the women from head to toe. Urbanisation is very slow in Musakhel district; so that the subsequent socio-cultural change, allowing and sometimes necessitating women’s active participation in the labour force, is therefore also slow. 2.3 Housing According to the 1980 housing census, there were 10,900 houses in Musakhel. The average household size was 8.4. There is no data available on housing in Musakhel. Data on Loralai district include Musakhel, but figures are cumulative. According to personal observation, most of the people live in huts or single-room houses with a boundary wall made of stones or just wild shrubs. 2.3.1 Tenure No data is available on tenure of houses. Almost all of the houses are occupied by the owners while only a few shops have been rented out in the towns. 2.3.2 Construction Material No significant change can be observed in the construction material used for buildings. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 13 Still mud and un-baked bricks are used for the construction of houses. Many people live in huts. The walls of these huts are made of stones and the roofs are made of mazri or mats shrubs. Some government buildings are made of baked bricks. Roofs in such buildings are constructed using RCC or iron girders and kiln bricks or tiles. 2.3.3 Sources of Energy Kerosene oil lamps are used in most of the houses as source of energy for light. In Kingri electricity is supplied regularly, but all other areas of Musakhel do not have this facility. A very few people have diesel generators to produce electricity by their own. In Musakhel district, a total of 442 electric supply connections were provided up to December 1996, all of which were domestic connections Cooking is done by using fuel wood and dung cakes. The woodlands of the district provide enough fuel wood for the population and livestock along with the other major source of energy in the form of dung. There is no liquefied petroleum gas agency in the whole of Musakhel. Fuel wood is collected by men, women, and children. 2.3.4 Housing Characteristics In the absence of any data on housing characteristics it is difficult to give an accurate account of housing in Musakhel. However, according to observation most of the houses were without separate kitchen and bathroom facilities. Latrines are not available in most of the houses and flush system latrines are a rare exemption. Most of the houses are single-room units and many a people live in hut type structures. 2.3.5 Drinking Water and Sanitation To date, the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) has completed 18 water supply schemes in Musakhel, out of which one third (6) are not functional. Only 8.3 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water through these schemes. The rest of the population uses water from open surface wells, streams and springs. In 4 water supply schemes, drinking water is supplied to the houses through pipelines and house connections, and in others community tanks have been constructed at central places from where people fetch water. In case the source of drinking water is not located inside the house, it is usually the duty of women and children to fetch water for household needs. The Water and Sanitation Section of the Local Government and Rural Development Department (LG&RDD) has installed some deep well hand pumps (on open surface wells) for drinking water in Musakhel. No sewerage and solid waste disposal system exists in the district. 2.4 Conclusion and major Development Issues The majority of the population in Musakhel is Pushtun with an estimated population density of 38.1 per sq.km. It is increasing at an estimated growth rate of 6.4 percent. The average household size in Musakhel is 8.3 and about half of its population is dependent. A high total fertility rate (7.2) and relatively low average age at marriage for females (20.6) explain the high growth rate to some extent. Highly inconsistent population growth trends indicate unreliability of census data. There is an immense need for a more carefully executed fresh census. The under-enumeration of females and cultural © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 14 deprivation, which result in their lesser share in all areas of life, should be kept in mind while making policies and devising strategies. The whole of the district is rural area and people are deprived of even basic civic facilities. Provision of safe drinking water, solid waste disposal, link roads, telephone and electricity are some of the basic prerequisites for their development. The major economic activity is agriculture followed by livestock farming and government services. The very few women involved in the formal sector are employed in educational institutions. However, women are allied workers in agriculture and livestock farming. They graze their livestock and they are engaged in handicrafts. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 3. Social Organisation 3.1 Introduction page 15 Musakhel is a tribal society based on a kinship system. Once the sardars had great influence over the people, but with the passage of time this influence has decreased gradually. However, the sardars’ families still enjoy a superior status because of their economic prosperity. The majority of the people draws its normative structure from the Pushtun culture. The Jafars of Drug have a distinct culture, which has traces of the Baloch culture of people in Dera Ghazi Khan. Although educational expansion and media exposure has introduced some changes in society, the majority of the population is following centuries old codes of conduct. The traditions of vulvar (bride price), generation-after-generation rivalries, hospitality, and keeping fire arms are still prevalent in Musakhel. 3.2 The Family Joint and extended families are common in the district. Male siblings reside in one household even after their marriage. Although media have much propagated the blessings of the nuclear family system, socio-cultural norms and economic compromises restrain the people from adopting this type of family system. It is considered the duty of children to take care of old-aged parents and, in addition, living together in a big family is considered good from an economic as well as a defensive point of view. However, a few nuclear families are found in Musakhel. In most cases, patriarchy is the rule. Although polygamy is not a taboo, most men have only one wife, which may be due to the fact that most men cannot afford to pay another vulvar for their second marriage. 3.3 Marriage Though it is desirable that a young man marries as soon as possible after puberty, some have to wait for many years before they can afford to pay vulvar. Although it is not the sole responsibility of the groom to arrange for the vulvar, it is he who suffers if his family is unable to raise the required amount. The amount of vulvar is decided upon by the fathers of the bride and the groom, keeping in view the family background of the bride and her physical attraction. It is the father of the bride who keeps the full bride-price. In rare cases the bride is given dowry from her parents which, in most cases, is not very expensive. Endogamy is a common practice and brides-exchange is also observed. Sometimes marriages are arranged to mediate a rivalry in which a girl from the aggressor’s family – who is considered the honour of the family – is given in marriage to a member of the victim’s family. Elopement is a taboo and both the girl and the boy are murdered if found by the relatives. The process of marriages starts with the parents of the boy searching a suitable match for their son as soon as he is mature enough to get married. Mothers have a relatively small role in deciding about the marriage of their son or daughter. Neither the groom nor the bride is allowed to choose his or her life partner him- or herself. The decision made by the parents is considered final, however, sometimes the groom is consulted before the final decision. When the parents of the groom select a bride for their son, they make a formal proposal to the bride’s parents, who may accept or reject the proposal. If both parties agree, details of the marriage, including the amount of vulvar and dates of the wedding, © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 16 are finalised. When all the details are decided upon satisfactorily, a mullah offers dua-ekhair (pray of goodness). A few days before the wedding, the Ukkaré (formal engagement) is performed. All the expenses for entertainment of the wedding guests are paid for by the groom’s family. Soon after the wedding, the groom arranges valima (marriage feast) which is attended by a large number of people from the clan and other celebrities of the area. During the whole wedding process, no meals are offered by the bride’s family. However, after the wedding has taken place, the groom and his close relatives are invited by the bride’s parents to a feast which denotes that now he is a formal member of their family. 3.4 Social Organisation In Musakhel, society is structured on kinship basis. Tribal identity is still important and the people use the name of their clan as their last name. The sardars, whose political and social power used to be hereditary in the past, have reshaped their influence, which now has become based on their economic prosperity. Important decisions, especially in case of mediation, are made at clan level. Communal leadership is in the hands of elder male members of the community. Sometimes, educated individuals are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development activities. Wealth does play some role in social prestige, but the family background is considered to be more important. Sometimes, the Syeds of the area are accepted as mediators. Political decisions are made on the clan level. If the clan has decided to support someone, rarely anybody violates the decision. However these patterns are changing nowadays. In case of conflict, parties first try to mediate through sardars or the Syeds. The aggressor offers a goat or sheep to the Sardar to show his willingness to accept the decision of the Sardar or the clan. Sometimes, the people go to a court of law for their complaints but mostly the conflicts are decided within the community. 3.5 Customs of Co-operation Co-operation has always been a characteristic of traditional societies like that of Musakhel. Although people do co-operate in agricultural tasks, like sowing, reaping, and thrashing, and other communal activities, any formal type of co-operation is non-existent in Musakhel. A newly introduced form of induced co-operation is management of water supply schemes by the community. The schemes are completed by the Public Health Engineering Department and afterwards they are handed over to community committees, called Water Management Associations. These associations fix a tariff for the water consumers, operate and manage the schemes, and arrange for minor repairs up to 10 thousand rupees, if needed. 3.6 Religious Beliefs According to the 1981 census, the Muslims constitute an overwhelming majority (99.6%) of the population. The remaining population includes Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Parsis, Sikhs, Buddhist, and others. In Musakhel, sectarian violence is minimal as most of the people belong to the Sunni sect of Islam and believe in the Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Generally, the people practise Islam according to its fundamental principles. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 17 Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property rights accordingly. All Islamic festive days are celebrated with zeal and fervour. 3.7 Conflict Resolution In Musakhel, people try to solve their conflicts at community level by involving sardars or other influential people. According to the tradition, the aggressor presents a goat or sheep to the mediator which is an indication that the aggressor will accept the decision of the arbitrator. The arbitrator calls upon the elder and wise men of the clan, sometimes the Syeds and also invites the victim for a lunch or dinner. After listening to both sides, a decision is made and usually accepted by all parties involved. Otherwise the aggrieved party can go to a court of law. 3.8 Arms In Musakhel, it is part of the people’s culture that all men carry arms. No matter his age or economic status, every man is supposed to have some fire arm with him. Various types of assault rifles, arms and ammunition are freely and easily available. This situation has resulted in problems in maintaining law and order for the law enforcing agencies. Major crimes like murder and robbery are common in the area due to easy availability of the weapons. There is no check on arms and only a few people want their arms to be registered. That is why only 964 arms licences have been issued in the last 5 years. Arms Licences Issuance 140 127 107 120 100 83 82 78 87 66 80 1992 90 1993 1994 62 60 41 40 41 9 20 1995 31 40 10 1996 5 2 2 0 1 0 Pistols Source: 3.9 Rifles Shotguns Revolvers The Deputy Commissioner, Musakhel Role, position and status of Women A few women have joined the formal sector through government jobs, specially in the field of education. Since 1995, the government has started employing girls who passed middle school as women health workers under the Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health. Through opportunities such as these women strive towards economic independence. However, most women are either deprived of income generating activities or being exploited by being underpaid or not paid at all. The help they offer through grazing livestock is unaccounted for and is considered of no economic value. The economic independence of women in Musakhel does not fully translate into social independence. Sometimes her performance is restricted to the limits which suits her © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 18 husband, father or other male family members. For example, she is free to move around, but just to graze her livestock or to fetch water and collect fuel wood. She makes many of the routine domestic decisions, but decisions regarding major issues, like the children’s marriages, are made by the men in the family, while the women may only give their advice. Girls have no say in the decisions about their marriages. Although purdah is not very strictly practised in Musakhel, very few women are seen in Musakhel Bazaar. It is not decent for women to go outside their homes alone, even for a medical check-up. She needs to be accompanied by a male family member. Musakhel is a male dominated society where male children are preferred. This preference results in discrimination of female children in education, health, nutrition, and love. Expenditure on female education is considered a waste. This way, women lose their chance to be financially independent and they remain dependent on men. Due to male child preference, mothers without a male child are required to conceive repeatedly without an appropriate break, which endangers their lives. In the whole of Musakhel district, only 2 health care centres for mothers and children are available. There is not a single lady medical officer in the whole district. The only political role women in Musakhel can play is casting their vote, but usually they cast their vote to the will of their male family members. 3.10 Apprenticeship and Child Labour UNICEF has termed all those activities which deprive a child of his or her right to get an education as child labour. According to this definition, all the grazing tasks performed by the children in Musakhel can be termed as child labour. On the other hand, these children not only share the economic burden of their family by herding the livestock, but also learn their family trade in the form of apprenticeship. Very few children work at hotels, auto and engineering shops, bicycle repair shops, blacksmith shops, tunnors (loaf makers), hair cutting saloons, and tailoring shops. In most of the cases children work here as apprentices and are paid a little amount as stipend. 3.11 Conclusion and major Development Issues Musakhel is a kinship based society where the tribal system prevails. Decision making is at community level for most of the time and conflicts are resolved through mediation at the community level or by a court of law. Arms are frequent and crime rates are increasing. Child labour is defined as training in family trades and apprenticeship. The educational expansion and media exposure has not done much for the acceleration of socio-cultural change. Women are socially, economically and politically marginalised. Women are subject to male domination. Health is a major problem for women, as there is no single lady doctor available in the entire district. However, women in Musakhel district do have the right to inheritance according to Islamic laws. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 4. Government Organisation 4.1 Administrative Division page 19 Musakhel was notified as a district on 1st January 1992 when Loralai district was divided into three districts, named Musakhel, Barkhan, and Loralai. Previously, Musakhel was one of the 4 sub-divisions of Loralai district. For administrative purposes, the whole district is one sub-division, i.e., Musakhel, and is further divided into one tehsil (Musakhel) and one sub-tehsil (Kingri). Musakhel tehsil is divided into 3 qanungo circles, Saddar Musakhel, Toisar, and Drug which are the patwar circles as well. The whole of Kingri subtehsil is one qanungo circle and patwar circle. 4.2 Brief history of Local Government Institutions The first ever local community development system introduced in Musakhel was the Village Aid programme which was initiated in the whole of Loralai district in July 1957. A total of 40 Village Councils were formed with a total strength of 545 members. The first local government programme was called Basic Democracies Order, which was introduced in 1959. Under the Basic Democracies system 20 union councils were established in the whole of Loralai district. In 1969, all these local government institutions were suspended and on 22 January 1972, they were totally abolished. A new local government system was introduced in 1975 under the Balochistan Local Government Act 1975. This law could not be enforced in its true sense, as the elections proposed under this act were never held. In 1979, yet another local government system was introduced which in Balochistan was implemented under the Balochistan Local Government Ordinance 1980.24 This system is still in force in the province. Under the provisions of this law, there are one district council and 10 union councils in Musakhel district. 4.3 Local Government Administration The local government at Musakhel district comprises 10 union councils and one district council. The mandate of local councils is to address various socio-economic development issues on local level through need assessment, planning and implementation (see annex 4 for functions of local government). These local councils are supervised and supported by the Local Government and Rural Development Department through an Assistant Director at the district level. However, it is a common complaint that instead of working as an auxiliary organisation, LG&RDD plays a constrictive role in the affairs of the local government institutions by posing bureaucratic hurdles. Local government institutions were constituted on the assumption that grassroots decision making and implementation for development could be ensured, but this ideal has not been realised. Although small communities elect their representatives at local level, participation of the common man in decision making process is minimal. After election, members of local councils rarely consult their voters on development issues. In practice, the appraisal of development potential and planning for the exploitation of this potential does not happen according to the bottom-up approach. Rather a top-down decision making and implementation approach is followed. This approach leaves no room for 24 Mahmood Ali Shah, Sardari, Jirga, & Local Government Systems in Balochistan (Quetta: Qasim Printers, 1992), pp. ivv, 54, 60. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 20 participation of local government institutions in development planning. All the local government institutions in Balochistan have been dissolved on 18th of December 1996 for new elections in 1997. Now these institutions are working under the supervision of government officials. 4.3.1 Union Council The union council is the smallest local government institution. In Musakhel membership of union councils varies from 10-14 members. In addition, the elected councillors in every union council elect 2 women and one peasant representatives in their union council. There are 10 union councils in the district, a list of which is given in annex 1. Ideally, a union council provides an opportunity for the people of rural areas to participate in decision making at micro level. It was assumed that a council of a small community will have better chances of grassroots appraisal of the people’s problems. Yet, in practice, chairmanship of union councils has become a status symbol. This has made this vital institution an aggregation of uninterested councillors under the chairmanship of a person with political motives. Distribution of zakat, prominence in the area, and small favours by public officials are some of the vested interests which attracts most of the people to the chairmanship of a union council. The only income of the union councils is a regular grant of Rs. 18 thousand per annum from the provincial government. This small amount does not allow the union council to plan development strategies for the people in rural areas. The union council is not consulted in development planning for the rural areas. Usually, decision making follows top-down approach, therefore, nullifying the potential function of union councils. As no tax culture prevails in Musakhel, union councils are helpless regarding development activities. According to the Treasury Office, cumulative income of a number union council decreased from Rs. 346,621 in 1994-95 to Rs. 216,399 in 1995-96. Surprisingly in the first financial year (1993-94) of Musakhel district, the union councils did well and earned Rs. 1,379,020 from octroi and other taxes. However, a continuous decrease in revenue could not be clarified. On the other hand, expenditure of the union councils, except for the year 1993-94, has been more than their income. The cumulative expenditure by all the union councils was Rs. 1,069,762 in 1993-94, Rs. 904,114 in 199495, and Rs. 865,289 in the financial year 1995-96. 4.3.2 Town Committee At present (1997) there is no town committee in Musakhel. 4.3.3 Municipal Committee At present (1997) there is no municipal committee in the district. 4.3.4 District Council The district council Musakhel consists of 14 councillors, out of which 10 are elected directly (one from each of the 10 union councils) and 4 councillors, including 2 women, one peasant, and one labourer representatives, are elected by the elected councillors. The district council is primarily responsible for the overall development of rural areas of the district (see Annex 4 for detailed functions of the local government institutions). © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 21 Since inception of the district, the district council has not received an Annual Development Plan (ADP). Financially speaking, the council has ever been in deficit balance. In 1993-94, it earned Rs. 3,127,902 against expenditures of Rs. 5,092,589. Its income was Rs. 217,068 against an expenditure of Rs. 2,431,086 in 1994-95. In the financial year 1995-96, expenditure of the district council decreased to Rs 634,959, while the income increased a little to Rs. 325,407. The highly fluctuating trend of the income of the council could indicate mismanagement in revenue collection. If appropriate funding and proper management of revenue collection is arranged, the council can achieve its mandatory goals. 4.4 Federal/Provincial Government Administration At the district level, the provincial government is represented by the Deputy Commissioner. All the Departments functional in Musakhel are supposed to work in liaison with the DC. He is assisted by an Assistant Commissioner at the sub-division level, by a Tehsildar at the tehsil level, and by a Naib-Tehsildar at the sub-tehsil level. In this way Musakhel district has one Deputy Commissioner, one Assistant Commissioner, one Tehsildar, and one Naib-Tehsildar. The Deputy Commissioner is ex-officio member (in most cases head) of all the important committees and forums in the district. He is responsible for maintenance of law and order in the district, for collecting ushar from farmers, and for participating in development planning for the district. The Deputy Commissioner of Musakhel is supervised by the Commissioner of Zhob division and then by the Secretary of the Services and General Administration Department (S&GAD) at the provincial level. The Deputy Commissioner is an intermediary link between micro and macro level administration. Despite the fact that he is supposed to play an important role in socio-economic development of the district, he is rarely consulted during the process of policy making. Currently the strength of government staff amounts to 995. 4.5 Maintenance of Law and Order Musakhel is divided into two areas as far as law enforcement is concerned. Area “A” is controlled by the Balochistan Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) stationed at Loralai. “B” area is controlled by the Balochistan Levies Force headed by the Deputy Commissioner (DC) in Musakhel. There is only one police station in Musakhel: the police station at Musakhel town, manned by 49 policemen. Levies force controls the remaining parts of the district. The Deputy Commissioner controls the levies through his Assistant Commissioner, Tehsildar, and Naib-Tehsildar. In addition, a company of Loralai Scouts is deputed in Musakhel. Musakhel has been characterised by violence, murders, and tribal feuds, but since it has been declared a district and the office of the Deputy Commissioner has been established, the situation has changed to some extent. According to local sources, before 1992 the average number of cases of murder were 45 per annum which have now reduced to 5 only. Crimes include murder, robbery, and physical violence. The offenders often take refuge in neighbouring districts in Punjab province after committing crimes. Easy © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 22 availability of fire arms has further worsened the situation. Justice is administered through regular as well as Qazi courts. Regular courts provide justice under the civil and criminal laws of the state. Previously the District Magistrate and the Sub-division Magistrates had judicial powers, but recently administration and judiciary have been separated. The judiciary is of the view that this action has speeded up the delivery of justice while the administration is of the opinion that the justice process is slow in courts and people are suffering due to delays. However, this action has resulted in a system of checks and balances between administration and judiciary. Qazi courts were established under the provisions of the Civil Disputes (Shariat Application) Regulation of 1976, to provide justice to private parties under the provisions of shariat laws. Appeal against decisions of Qazi courts can be made before a Majlis-eShoora which comprises upon two Qazis under the chairmanship of District and Session Judge. Both types of courts work in complete harmony. Another justice delivery mechanism used to be the jirga system which has officially been abolished. Jirga is a very old institution which provided a legal framework under the Civil Law (Special Provision Ordinance I of 1968) and the Criminal Law (Special Provision Ordinance II of 1968). According to these ordinances a jirga was empowered to decide civil as well as criminal cases. Amongst the influential men of the area, 20 members were nominated for jirga membership by the Deputy Commissioner, out of whom two members were selected by each of the conflicting parties. The Jirga was headed by a nominee of the DC. The Deputy Commissioner and, afterwards, Commissioner was the appellate authority. The Civil Law (Special Provision Ordinance I of 1968) was abolished by the Government of Balochistan itself in 1988 whereas the Criminal Law (Special Provision Ordinance II of 1968) was declared null and void by a judgement of the Balochistan High Court in response to a constitutional petition. In this way the jirga system was completely abolished. According the local sources, it surely was a time saving and economical mechanism of justice administration. However the Arbitration Act of 1940 is still applicable in the area under which arbitration can be made (a) without intervention of the court; (b) with intervention of the court; and (c) in suits already pending between the parties. Through this act, the people can get justice at their doors in an easy and cheaper way. 4.6 Revenue Administration In Musakhel revenue is collected through various agencies. The local councils are responsible for collection of octroi and other revenue which are assumed to be utilised to meet their development and recurrent expenditure. Some utility fees are collected by the provincial government, like water charges and livestock cess. Income tax is levied by the federal government. Usually, revenue generated through local councils is less than is required for development or even less than what is needed for recurrent expenditure. Revenue collection is a tough task in Musakhel. Officials blame the public for non-payment of taxes, but the public demands appropriate facilities in return of the taxes paid. Tax culture is non-existent in Musakhel. People take every facility for granted and expect that the government should provide them every facility without paying any cost. This trend is widespread in Musakhel. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Taxes Water charges Livestock cess Agricultural cess Octroi Business Licence Income tax page 23 Union Council x - Town/ Municipal Comm. - District Council - Board of Revenue/ Dep. Comm. x - Provincial Federal Govt. Govt. x x x x x Legend: x is responsible for collection of revenue concerned. 4.7 Political Parties On the basis of 1997 elections, the major political parties in Musakhel include Jamiat Ulma-e-Islam (JUI), Pakistan Muslim League (PML), and Pushtunkhawa Milli Awami Party (PMAP). Jamiat Ulma-e-Islam has won the Balochistan Assembly seat from Musakhel, while Pakistan Muslim League has taken lead in recently held elections (1997) for the National Assembly from this area. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) does not have much public support in Musakhel. JUI is a party with an emphasis on the Islamic system of governance, while PML is a centre-right party. None of these parties have women’s wings in Musakhel. Students’ wings of these parties, specially Jamiat Tulaba-i-Islam (JTI), are very active and also play a role in political activities of their parent organisations. The political parties have exploited the students politics to accomplish their vested interests. This practice has severely deteriorated the level of education and discipline in the educational institutions. The political parties in the district do not have labour wings, but they support various workers’ unions in government organisations. 4.8 Non Government Organisations At present no non-government organisation (NGO) exists in Musakhel. The only international development intervention in Musakhel is that of the Japanese government that funds the On Farm Water Management Project. GO/NGO/Private Enterprise coverage of major sectors Sector Productive Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Forestry (harvesting) Economic Service Financial Services Roads Social Service Water Supply Health Education Sports Local Govt. x x - Prov. Govt. xx xxx xx x x xx xx xxx xxx xxx xxx x Fed. Govt. x x x xx xx xx x x - NGO - Internat. Donor x x x x x - Private Entr. xx x x xx x x x - © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Sector Social Welfare Women & Development Legend: x xx xxx 4.9 page 24 Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xx x Fed. Govt. x - NGO - Internat. Donor - Private Entr. x - no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement major involvement Conclusion and major Development Issues Musakhel, a completely rural district, has two types of government. Firstly, there are local government institutions to ensure public participation in planning and implementation of development strategies and, secondly, there is district administration to represent the federal and the provincial government. The district council and union councils are under financial pressure and hardly have any money for development activities. Local government institutions can play an important role in development of the area if provided with administrative and financial support. There is an intense need for fiscal bail-out of these vital institutions. The law and order situation is not satisfactory. Local peace and arbitration committees can help to improve it. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 5. page 25 Productive Sectors Agriculture and livestock are the main economic activities in Musakhel, followed by government or social services. There are no data available about the working population of Musakhel by their economic activity. However, to have some idea of the situation, figures about Loralai district in 1981 are given below. According to the 1981 census, the major economic activities in Loralai district were “agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing”, followed by “activities not adequately defined” and then by “community, social, and personal services”. Working Population by Economic Activity (1981) 1% 3% 1% 5% 7% Sector 1 Sector 2 2% Sector 3+4+5 Sector 6 Sector 7+8 Sector 9 Sector 0 81% Source: 1981 District Census Report of Loralai Agriculture, Forestry, hunting, and Fishing Legend: Sector 1 Mining and Quarrying Sector 2 Manufacturing Sector 3 Electricity, Gas, and Water Sector 4 Construction Sector 5 Wholesale & Retail Trade and Restaurants & Hotels Sector 6 Transport, Storage, and Communication Sector 7 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Business Services Sector 8 Community, Social, and Personal Services Sector 9 Activities not Adequately Defined Sector 0 5.1 Agriculture / Horticulture 5.1.1 Introduction In Musakhel agricultural crops are categorised in two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The major Rabi crops of the district include wheat, barley, rape seed, and mustard. Kharif crops in Musakhel include chillies, maize, jowar, melons, potato, onion, and pulses including mash and moong. Vegetables and fodder are cultivated throughout the year. Fruits are produced in Kharif season. As the winter season is mild in Musakhel, some of the fruits of cold areas are produced in the district including apple, almond, apricot, grapes, and pomegranate. Agricultural labour is predominantly done by men. However, women often assist. All farming activities are done by the land owner and his family themselves. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 5.1.2 page 26 Classification of Land In Musakhel, agricultural land can be classified into irrigated and un-irrigated. Irrigation land has permanent sources of water like tube wells, open surface wells, springs, and lohras (flood water channels). This land is mainly in Rarasham, Drug, and Toisar. Unirrigated land in Musakhel valley is either rain-fed, locally called khushkava, or flood irrigated (sailaba). Irrigated land is used for production of fruits, however some crops are also cultivated in orchards. Crops like wheat, jowar, barley, rape seed and mustard, maize, pulses, melons and some fodder are cultivated in both irrigated as well as unirrigated lands while chillies, vegetables, fruits, potato, onion, and some fodder are cultivated on irrigated lands only. For Musakhel, reliable land use statistics are not available. The arable land is said to constitute only 2.5 percent of the total geographical area, out of which more than half (58.7%) has been left fallow. The major reason is lack of motivation on behalf of farmers. 5.1.3 Land Ownership and Tenure System At present, reliable land statistics are not available. According to a local source, the total measured area in the revenue records is 48,317 hectares of which 13,609 hectares (28.2%) is cultivated land. Presently land-holding statistics are not available, as the last census of agriculture was conducted in 1990 and Musakhel was given the status of a district in 1992. Tenancy is not common, as the farms are small and most of the farmers work their fields themselves. Very few large land owners employ tenants. Tenancy contracts are not formal and based upon oral understanding, which is considered sufficient by both parties. In case of irrigated land, tenant gets half of the total yield, while in case of un-irrigated land tenant gets one third share in the yield. In both cases all the inputs are provided by the landowner. 5.1.4 Agricultural Statistics According to the set procedure, agricultural statistics are collected primarily by a Field Assistant posted in every union council. An Agriculture Officer at district level is responsible to compile district data and send it to the Statistics Wing of the Agriculture Department through the Assistant Director of Agriculture Extension. The Directorate General of the Agriculture Department compiles and publishes this data in the form of Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan, every year. Crops (1994-95) Wheat Condiments & Spices25 Maize Pulses26 Vegetables27 Jowar Fruits28 25 26 27 28 Area (Ha.) 1,460 1,405 1,100 846 290 200 161 Production (tonnes) 2,220 2,260 1,360 505 4,450 190 1,566 Yield (kg/Ha.) 1,521 1,609 1,236 597 15,345 950 9,727 Chillies and Onion. Moong and Mash. Tomatoes, Lady Finger, Pumpkin, Peas, Radish, Spinach, Turnip, and others. Apple, Almond, Apricot, Grapes, and Pomegranate. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 27 Crops (1994-95) Barley Fodder29 Rape seed & Mustard 30 Melons Potato Total Source: Area (Ha.) 150 145 130 40 30 5,957 Production (tonnes) 220 3,910 70 350 420 17,521 Yield (kg/Ha.) 1,467 26,966 538 8,750 14,000 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 The data available for the last three years seem highly inconsistent and beyond apprehension. Moreover, there is a gross discrepancy among the data on irrigation sources provided by the Extra Assistant Director of Agriculture Extension in Musakhel and the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 (see Annex 6). There is also a considerable difference between area under crops as reported in the Agricultural Statistics and the area mentioned in the revenue records (see 5.1.3). These discrepancies indicate that the agricultural data available through the government sources urgently need to be improved. 5.1.5 Cropping Pattern Regarding the area under cultivation, wheat is the major agricultural product of Musakhel. It is cultivated in irrigated as well as un-irrigated areas. However, commercially it is not a valuable crop. According to a rough calculation, about half of total income comes from tomatoes while the second important crop is of chillies. Barley is another crop cultivated mostly in khushkaba lands. Wheat Cropping Pattern 1994-95 1% Condiments & Spices 1% Maize 2% 3% 2% 3% 3% Pulses 24% 5% Vegetables Jowar Fruits Barley Fodder 14% Rape Seed & Mustard 24% 18% Source: 5.1.6 Melons Potato Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 Average Yields / Total production The time series data on total production show an inconsistent trend, but in case of unreliable data it seems difficult to comment on this situation. The total agricultural and horticultural production has decreased drastically over the last three years, specially of wheat, onion, and melons. However, the average yield data is consistent, except for melons. A significant decrease (from 11,150 tonnes to 2,220 tonnes) has been observed 29 30 Lucerne, Jowar Fodder, Maize Fodder, Bajra Fodder, Shaftal, and Wheat & Barley Fodder. Water Melon, Musk Melon, and Garma. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 28 in the total production of wheat from 1992-95, while the area under cultivation has also decreased considerably (from 9,790 Ha. to 1,460 Ha.). The same has been the case for onion and melons (see Annex 6 for detailed statistics). The main reason behind this declining trend seems to be the inconsistent statistics. 5.1.7 Organisation of Production/Farming Systems Men are the visible agricultural workers in Musakhel. Females take part in agriculture related activities within the house. For example storage of grains is done by women. Similarly, women prepare manure fertiliser from dung of the livestock they graze. Land owners themselves till the land and tenants are not easily available to be contracted. Although mechanisation, like use of tractors and threshers, is increasing, still most of the farming is performed through indigenous methods, e.g. bullocks are used for ploughing and grains are threshed manually. 5.1.8 Irrigation According to the Agricultural Statistics 1994-95, the major source of irrigation in Musakhel is springs and lohras. Other significant sources are tube wells and open surface wells, both operated by diesel engines. A very small proportion of land is irrigated with karezes while the remaining is khushkaba or sailaba land depending upon rainfall. The total number of tube wells increased in 1993-94, but, according to the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, a sudden decrease has been observed in 1994-95 which is hard to explain. According to the data provided by the Deputy Director of Agriculture of Zhob division, there are 352 private and 130 government tube wells. In addition, the government owns 115 open surface wells and 155 are privately owned. These data are consistent with those provided by the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 Irrigation Sources (1994-95) Tubewells Open Surface Wells Karezes, Spring, & others Total Source: Area (Ha.) 806 660 2,100 3,566 % of total Cultivated Land 5.6 4.6 14.5 24.7 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 In flood irrigation, rain-water is collected in the fields by embanking them. This provides enough water for cultivation of crops like wheat and barley. 5.1.9 Agricultural Mechanisation Agricultural machinery used in the district includes tractors, threshers, and tube wells. There has been a consistent increase in the number of privately owned agricultural machines, but it is not documented adequately, especially the threshers. The Agricultural Engineering Directorate provides bulldozers at the rate of Rs. 300 per hour for levelling of agricultural lands and construction of embankments. 5.1.10 Agricultural / Horticultural inputs At present, no data are available about the use of fertilisers and pesticides in Musakhel district. It was observed that two shops in Musakhel bazaar sell chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Livestock’s manure is used as fertiliser by many farmers. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 29 5.1.11 Marketing Most of the agricultural as well as horticultural produce is consumed locally, however, tomato and chillies are exported to neighbouring districts and a considerable amount of money is earned by this export. The unavailability of roads is a major hindrance in proper marketing of agricultural produce. 5.1.12 Producer and Consumer Prices of major Crops The prices of agricultural products cannot be fixed, as they change with the quantity of the product supplied into the market. Official rates are totally invalid in Musakhel. Grain crops just meet the local needs, therefore, organisations like PASCO are not active in the district. Tomato and chillies give, according to a rough estimate, about three fourth of the income from agricultural as well as horticultural activities. 5.1.13 Levels of Income As most of the agricultural produce is used domestically at local level, agriculture is not a significant source of income. The average yield of cash crops like rice and wheat is low, hence farmers are unable to raise their economic status through agriculture. However, agriculture fulfils part of their nutritional needs. According to an estimate, per capita value of the agricultural produce in 1994-95 was Rs. 3,800. It can be assumed that the agricultural income is insufficient to live a comfortable life. 5.1.14 Department of Agricultural Extension The Department of Agriculture Extension is providing assistance to farmers through dissemination of technical know-how and information regarding agriculture/horticulture. The task of data collection and onward transmission by the Department at the district level needs some improvement. There seems to be very little co-ordination between research activities by the federal government and the knowledge dissemination process by the provincial government through the Department of Agriculture Extension. The department is operating the On Farm Water Management Project, which is executed with assistance from the Japanese government. In this project water channels and water tanks are constructed in the fields by involving the farmers on participatory basis. The Department also sells pesticides and insecticides to the farmers. 5.1.15 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Agricultural Development The Balochistan government and private sector are the main partners providing support to agricultural sectors. Federal government is also involved in agricultural development while the Japanese government has provided financial assistance for the On Farm Water Management Project. Coverage Agri. Services Agr. Extension Input Supply Marketing Price setting Agr. Credit Irrigation Development Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xx xx Fed. Govt. x x xx x NGO - Internat. Donor xx Private Entr. xx xx x - © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Coverage Agri. Services O&M Irrigation Agr. Mechanisation Agr. Statistics Agr. Research Agr. Training/Education Legend: x xx page 30 Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xx x xx x x Fed. Govt. x x x NGO - Internat. Donor x Private Entr. xx - no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement 5.1.16 Conclusion and major Development Issues Traditional crops are sown and innovative farming is non-existent in Musakhel. Although irrigation water is available, only a small area is under cultivation. There is need for human resource mobilisation though media campaigns and a participatory approach, so that the area under cultivation can be increased. The production of tomato and chillies can be organised to give more yield and more income to the farmers, if the government would provide incentives and technical input. 5.2 Livestock 5.2.1 Introduction A vast majority of the population in Musakhel is involved in livestock raising. Also the population involved in agriculture and horticulture raise cattle and small ruminants to fulfil their milk and meat requirements. The only livestock data available about Musakhel district is of the 1986 livestock census. The size of herds varies from one hundred to 150 heads of small ruminants and 5-20 cattle. Other animals like horses, donkeys, and camels are also raised. The livestock farmers follow a regular pattern of seasonal migration. Livestock raising communities live throughout the district, specially in the mountainous areas of Musakhel valley, Drug and Toisar. The majority of the households owns a couple of cows, a pair of bullocks or a camel for ploughing, sometimes a donkey as a beast of burden and several sheep and goats. Poultry is also raised by a vast majority of the households. However, poultry is not an organised sector in Musakhel. Livestock Census Sheep Goats Cattle Horses Donkeys Camels Total Livestock Units (LU) Pastures in Ha. Grazing Capacity31 (Ha./LU) Source: 31 1986 1,136,216 297,450 141,549 2,127 10,221 12,657 878,276.5 n/a n/a Assistant Director, Animal Health, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Loralai The grazing capacity of an area is defined in the same way as the carrying capacity: For our purpose it is defined that one livestock unit can optimally survive on one hectare of area under fodder and range land (range land being forest area and area under pastures). The grazing capacity = Range land + area under fodder / livestock units © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 31 Mostly the women and children graze their animals. Women help feeding animals at home if fodder is available and do the milking. By grazing the animals women and children share in the economic burden of the household. On the other hand, it deprives the children of getting an education which is a basic constitutional right of every child. 5.2.2 Cattle People in Musakhel raise cows for their milk production. Buffaloes are relatively rare. Bullocks and camels are raised for farming as well as for fulfilling nutritional needs. The meat from these animals is not only consumed locally, but in neighbouring districts as well. According to an estimate, local consumption amounts to 3,016 pieces of cattle per month. Hides are sold on the market to retailers, who send it to Karachi and various district of Punjab for processing. No organised marketing system is present. Infrastructure for meat production is lacking too. 5.2.3 Small Ruminants Sheep and goats constitute an overwhelming majority of the livestock population. Even agricultural households have considerable herds of small ruminants. These are raised throughout the district, as there are enough pasture lands in Musakhel. Sheep and goats are raised for multiple purposes like milk, mutton, and their wool and hides. Apart form the meat, their hides and wool give reasonable income to the owner. In Musakhel, at average, 5,500 sheep and 2,250 goats are estimated to be slaughtered every month. 5.2.4 Poultry No poultry farm has yet been reported in Musakhel. However, almost all of the households keep some poultry birds for their domestic needs and sometimes women sell the surplus birds in the town’s bazaar, either directly or through a middleman. If essential training and a marketing network were provided, women of the area could raise poultry birds on a large scale and could probably generate considerable additional income through this activity. 5.2.5 Disease Control Major diseases prevalent among livestock in Musakhel include entero-toximia, anthrax, sheep pox, PPLO, foot and mouth, black quarter, intestinal worms, surra, piroplasmosis and diseases caused by external parasites. Prophylactic vaccination is carried out after regular intervals through veterinary hospitals and dispensaries. The vaccination fee policy has changed over the years, resulting in fluctuations in the vaccination coverage. This in turn results in high mortality. At present, the exact mortality rates are not known. 5.2.6 Veterinary Institutions At present, there are 2 veterinary hospitals and 66 dispensaries in Musakhel district. Artificial insemination is available at Musakhel hospital only. There may be a few private outlets selling veterinary medicine, but most of the people consult the government facilities. Presently, 75 percent of the total treatment cost is charged from the livestock owners. It is planned to let them pay the full 100 percent in the near future. Vaccination was free in 1993-94, but in 1994-95 a fee of two rupees per vaccination was imposed. Since the government made it free again in 1995-96, the rate of vaccination is on the increase (see Annex 7). A sum of Rs. 10,768 was received by the Department in 1995-96 © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 32 on account of animal treatment. In order to provide veterinary services to people living in far flung areas, mobile camps are also organised in winter season. 5.2.7 Department of Livestock Development In Musakhel, the Department of Livestock Development is supervised by an Assistant Director stationed at Loralai. The staff of the Department in Musakhel district include one veterinary officer and 20 stock assistants. The Department is responsible for providing veterinary treatment facilities and for collection of livestock data. 5.2.8 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Livestock Development The provincial government provides veterinary services and, to some extent, input supplies while price setting and marketing is done by the private sector. Coverage Livestock Services Animal Husbandry Veterinary Hospital Veterinary Dispensary A. I. Service Input Supply Marketing Price setting Credit Dairy Development Slaughtering Livestock Statistics Legend: 5.2.9 x xx xxx Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. X Xxx Xxx Xxx Xx X X Fed. Govt. xx x xx NGO x Internat. Donor x Private Entr. xx xx xxx xxx x xx xx - no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement major involvement Conclusion and major Development Issues The landscape of the district is characterised by pasture areas. Livestock farming is still one of the major economic activities. Livestock farming can take the form of an organised sector if the government would provide more effective guidance and veterinary services along with easily accessible credit. Small ruminants are preferred by most of the people, though cows and other animals are also kept. Agricultural development may result in better fodder crops and, consequently, in increased livestock farming. Women play a major role in livestock activities, from grazing, preparing fodder, cleaning abodes and milk processing to cleaning hides and skins. In small ruminant rearing, women rear chickens and sell their eggs. The women’s role in livestock is not just sharing the burden of work, but also sharing the economic burden. However, this usually is overlooked and taken for granted. Moreover there are no training and credit facilities available to develop their potential further and to make the burden of work lighter and income productive. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 5.3 page 33 Fisheries Although fresh water fish is caught in the rivulets, fisheries is not a commercial activity in Musakhel. No fish production in ponds has been reported in Musakhel. 5.4 Forestry 5.4.1 Introduction Woodlands provide fuel wood. There is neither state forest, nor commercial forestry in the district. 5.4.2 Major Vegetation The vegetation in Musakhel consists mainly of grasses and spiny scrubs. Grass and fodder plants are fairly numerous in the district. The most important of these are barwaz (hetoropogon contortus), barara (periploca aphylla), barav (sorghum halepense), buski (lepidium draba), ghalmae (anabasis multiflora), gandérae (nerium odorum), inzar (ficus carica), káshin (cichorium intybus), khár or zmai (suæda fruticosa), khazal, khokhai (allium sphærocephalum), khoryás, lúkha (typha angustifolia), mazari (nannorhops ritchieana), pamangi (boucerosia aucheriana), péwarki (cocculus leæba), parkae, puzkhán, sába (stipa capillata), sargharae (cymbopogon iwarancusa), shamshobae (mentha sylvestris), spalmai (calotropis gigantea), spánda (peganum harmala), tamand, and zawal (achillea santolina). Among these, puzkhán and spánda are used as medicine. Most other plants and shrubs are used as fodder for goats, sheep, cattle, and camels. Trees growing in the district are palosa (acacia modesta), showan (olive), ghaz (tamarix orientalis), hélanae, mákhae (caragana), mánri, angúr (vitis vinifera), kamin angúr (solanam nigrum), gargol (zizyphus oxyphylla), karkanra (zizyphus nummularia), bér (zizyphus jujuba), nashtar (pinus excelsa), shrawan (pistacia cabulica), chalghoza (pinus gerardiana), pasta-wana (grewia oppositifolia), raudewán, wanna (pistacia cabulica), wulla (salix), zarga (prunus eburnea), spédár (populus alba), plawan (salvadora oleoides), and táli (dalbergia sissoo). These trees provide fruits, fuel wood, and timber to the people. 5.4.3 Wildlife According to the wildlife map, the striped hyena (Hyena hyena), chiltan markhor (Capra falconeri chialtanensis) and Suleman markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni) can be found in Musakhel, but they have become rare.32 Game birds are also found in the area 5.4.4 Bee-keeping Bee-keeping is not an organised sector in Musakhel. Honey is obtained from wild bee hives. 32 Government of Pakistan, Wildlife of Pakistan: Baluchistan Province, Map (Karachi: Zoological Survey Department, GoP, 1984). © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 5.4.5 page 34 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Forestry Development Local Govt. - Coverage Forestry Services Tree planting Fuel wood cutting / processing Fuel wood marketing Timber wood cutting Timber wood processing Sale of timber Legend: x 5.4.6 Prov. Govt. x - Fed. Govt. - NGO - Internat. Donor - Private Entr. x x x x x no involvement minor involvement Conclusion and major Development Issues The district is officially reported to be devoid of forests. However, wild plants, grasses, and trees are found, some of which are of pharmaceutical use and others provide fruit, fuel wood, and timber. Wildlife is rare in the district. Organised reforestation is needed for the area, specifically to stop soil erosion by torrential waters. 5.5 Mining 5.5.1 Introduction The mountainous land of Musakhel may be rich of minerals, but lack of interest in exploration of mineral resources by the government and the non-co-operative attitude of the local population are the main reasons that so far no mining activities have been carried out in the district. About ten years ago, the presence of coal was indicated near Kingri, but the local people started posing problems to the explorers just to black mail the local administration. As a result work was suspended and still is suspended to date. Similarly, when oil and gas reserves were indicated at Hamzazai near Drug, the work was stopped due to interference by the local people. 5.5.2 Mineral Resources According to the local resources, the presence of coal near Kingri and the presence of oil and gas reserves near Drug have been reported. In the near future, a British gas company will explore the presence of gas near Khajoori. 5.5.3 Conclusion and major Development Issues Exploration Legend: xx Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. - Fed. Govt. - NGO - Internat. Donor - Private Entr. xx no involvement substantial involvement Although the land has mineral resources, the negative and non-co-operative attitude of the local population is one of the major hurdles to their exploration. The government would have to facilitate the explorers and provide them security. The attitudes of the local population may be changed through awareness creation. They should be assured that © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 35 the exploration and onward exploitation of the mineral resources in the district will not only benefit the national economy, but will also help socio-economic development of the area. 5.6 Industry and Manufacturing 5.6.1 Introduction There is no industrial unit in the district. The sole production unit was a power generation plant at Musakhel, but this plant is not active anymore. Commercial activities are limited in Musakhel. 5.6.2 Small Enterprise Development (SME) Small enterprise seems hard to develop in Musakhel in the absence of infrastructure. Roads, electricity, credit facilities, skilled manpower, and technical support are considered basic prerequisites for enterprise development, and these are all severely lacking in Musakhel. In view of the widespread livestock farming, milk and meat production and processing seems a potential cottage industry to be developed. Skilled manpower can get employment outside the district, but at present there is no vocational institute in the district to train the interested youth in various trades. There has been hardly any planning regarding skill development and provision of infrastructure, due to lack of interest and financial resources. 5.6.3 Manufacturing Manufacturing units are almost non-existent in the district. A very few units at Musakhel include a flour mill and furniture making workshops. Embroidery work is done by women in their houses and is therefore not accounted for, despite the fact that at times it helps to improve the financial situation in the household. 5.6.4 Trade (import/export) Although a small quantity of vegetables, especially tomato and chillies, is exported to various districts of Punjab, the import/export balance remains import oriented. Most of the consumable goods are imported from Punjab. 5.6.5 Tourism Musakhel is endowed with natural beauty. It is one of the most beautiful parts of Balochistan, but infrastructure for development of tourism is absolutely non-existent. There are only three rest houses with limited accommodation, but no hotel to accommodate tourists. There is no remarkable archaeological site worth seeing. 5.6.6 Handicrafts Women in Musakhel are expert in traditional embroidery work, but for the most part this work is done on women’s dresses for personal use. Although at present it is not a commercial activity, it can be developed as a cottage industry if proper guidance were provided to the women. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 5.6.7 page 36 Department of Small and Medium Enterprise and Industrial Development The Department of Industries exists at provincial level but it does not play any role in the development of industries or small business enterprises at the district level. 5.6.8 GO/NGO/SME, etc. involvement in Industrial Development The only government support available for development of small enterprise and manufacturing is a banking facility, which is at its minimum as there is only one bank in the whole district. Only the private sector is to some extent involved in marketing. Coverage Commercial Services Credit Marketing Legend: x 5.6.9 Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. - Fed. Govt. x - NGO - Internat. Donor - Private Entr. x no involvement minor involvement Conclusion and major Development Issues There is no industrial activity in Musakhel. A few manufacturing units and routine commercial activities shape economic life of the district. Imports to the district supersede the exports. In the absence of infrastructure it may not be possible to develop small enterprise. Technical know-how, training for different skills, and provision of appropriate physical infrastructure are highly needed to encourage industrial development in Musakhel. Embroidery work is done by women for personal use. Organised efforts may be directed towards development of embroidery work as cottage industry and, consequent, towards the development of women in Musakhel. Tourism is minimal, as no facilities are available in the district. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 37 An agricultural tract near Musakhel Sheep and goats: major segment of livestock © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 38 6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications 6.1 Introduction Musakhel, a rural district, is connected with other parts of the province and the country by black top as well as shingle roads. However, the amount of traffic on these roads is low. Electricity is available in one town only and telephone facilities are suspended these days due to poor functioning of the installations. Gas is not available. The banking facility is limited to Musakhel town only and postal services are not available to all the villages. Radio and television ownership is not registered. 6.2 Roads The total length of roads within the district is 356 kilometres, out of which only 70 kilometres are metalled (black top). This only piece of black top road is part of the National Highway (N-70) which connects Loralai to Dera Ghazi Khan via Kingri (a town of Musakhel district). This road is maintained by the National Highway Authority. All shingle roads were constructed and are maintained by the provincial Buildings and Roads (B&R) Division of the Communications and Works (C&W) Department. Unavailability, and sometimes improper utilisation, of development budget and highly unfavourable costbenefit analyses are two major factors behind this little length of roads. Type of Road Metalled (km.) Shingle (km.) Total (km.) Source: National Highway Provincial Roads 70 0 70 0 286 286 District Council Other Agencies 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0 70 286 356 Provincial Buildings and Roads Division, Balochistan Unavailability of black top roads in the district has hampered transportation and, consequently, trade activities on a widespread scale. Due to high maintenance cost of the vehicles, transporters demand high fares. Some areas do not even have shingle roads, as a result of which agriculture products cannot be marketed. In order to travel the best road – still shingle – to Musakhel town, one has to cross 6 streams. No bridges have been constructed on the rivulets throughout the district, so it is impossible to cross them during times of heavy rain. As a consequence, the district is at times cut from other parts of the country. 6.3 Transport Since Musakhel is a fairly new district, registration of motor-vehicles has not been started for private vehicles. Only a few government vehicles do have registration numbers issued from Musakhel. There are a limited number of vehicles registered in other districts like Loralai and Dera Ghazi Khan. Some illegally imported vehicles have also been seen in Musakhel. These vehicles have fake number plates but no authority is there to check them. Only one bus, one mini-bus, one van, and three pick-ups ply between Musakhel and Loralai while one van plies between Musakhel and Dera Ghazi Khan. The main route of public transport is via Kingri while the only bus service is available via Murgha Kibzai. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 6.4 page 39 Rail- and Airways The district has neither railways nor air links to other parts of the country. 6.5 Radio and Television Only some people have television sets and hardly any of them pays Ptv licence fee. Therefore, no records about the number of television sets is available. The same is the situation for radio ownership. However, through observation it can be estimated that every tenth household has a radio set. There is no local radio station and people listen to broadcasts from the Dera Ghazi Khan, Loralai (test transmission only), and Quetta stations. 6.6 Telecommunications The Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) established telephone exchanges at four villages in Musakhel – Kingri, Rarasham, Drug, and Musakhel – but at present none of these is functional. Telephone wires are often cut and installations are destroyed. Bills are hardly paid. After an incidence of firing at the Musakhel exchange, telephone services in the district have been suspended. At present, there are 4 telephone exchanges in Musakhel district with a capacity of 200 lines at Musakhel, of 50 lines at Kingri and Drug each and of 30 lines at Rarasham. To date, 196 telephone connections have been provided in the whole district, but they are still suspended. However, a few microwave telephone connections are working in the district. At present, there is no public call office or fax service available in the district. 6.7 Post Offices / Courier Services In Musakhel district, the Pakistan Postal Services Corporation has established one post office at Musakhel town and 13 other localities have mail distribution facilities. Delayed mail delivery, where this facility is available, is a common complaint. No special mail service is available. At present, no courier service has established its office in the district. 6.8 Banking/Financial Institutions There is only one bank in the district, i.e. the National Bank of Pakistan, at Musakhel town. It provides banking services to residents and functions as a treasury bank on behalf of the State Bank of Pakistan. There used to be one branch of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan at Musakhel, but it has been closed since 1st July 1996 due to poor performance. It was a bank providing loans to farmers for agricultural development. The bank lent an amount of 2.345 million rupees in 1993-94 and of 13.729 million rupees in 1994-95. In the year 1995-96, this amount decreased to just 0.27 million rupees. Of the total amount given out in loans (16.344 million rupees) only 4.143 million rupees could be recovered. In this situation the authorities decided to close down the Musakhel branch. However, the Loralai branch still provides loans to the farmers of Musakhel if required. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 40 In order to sanction a loan by the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan agricultural land is mortgaged and a loan up to 66 percent of its value can be provided on which 14.5 percent mark-up is charged. Sometimes, a personal guarantee is accepted if the required loan does not exceed 30 thousand rupees. Usually, the loan is used to purchase a tractor or to install a tube well. Any type of agriculture based industry can be financed under the bank’s manifesto. Credit is also given for things like seeds and fertilisers. 6.9 Electricity and Gas There is only one town, i.e. Kingri, which has regular electric supply. All other parts of the district do not have electricity. There was one diesel power generation plant functioning at Musakhel which provided electricity to the town for a limited number of hours per day. In the beginning of 1997, somebody fired upon one of the transformers and destroyed it partially. Although the damage was not severe, WAPDA decided to suspend its operation. To date, 442 connections have been given at Kingri, 46 of which are commercial. No connection has yet been given for agricultural purposes. The overall realisation of the assessed revenue from Musakhel district is 35-40 percent. Estimates about the load requirement of the area is not available. However, development work for laying high tension 11 kV transmission lines from Kingri grid station to Musakhel is in progress. After completion of the transmission lines it may be expected that at least some of the towns will have access to this basic amenity. However, there is an intense need for creation of a befitting environment to provide security to the installations as well as the personnel. Musakhel does not have access to gas through pipelines, nor is there an agency for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in the district. However, some well-to-do people buy gas cylinders from Loralai or Dera Ghazi Khan. Most of the people use fuel wood and dung cakes for cooking and heating. 6.10 Rest Houses There are only 3 rest houses in the district at Kingri, Musakhel, and Drug. These rest houses provide accommodation for visitors, but do not play a role in the development of the tourism sector. 6.11 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Energy, Transport and Communications Development Most of the economic infrastructure and communications are developed and managed by government, either federal or provincial. The private sector is involved in transport only. Control of all these sectors by government creates a non-competitive atmosphere which ultimately hampers socio-economic development. Coverage Economic Infrastructure Services Road works Transport (buses) Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xx - Fed. Govt. xx - NGO - Internat. Donor - Private Entr. xxx © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Coverage Economic Infrastructure Services Radio & Television Banking/Financial Institutions Electricity Rest houses Legend: x xx xxx 6.12 page 41 Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xxx Fed. Govt. x xxx xxx - NGO - Internat. Donor - Private Entr. - no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement major involvement Conclusion and major Development Issues Musakhel is connected to other parts of the country by road only, but the length of the only black top road is only 70 kilometres. Development of any area is hard to be imagined without roads. Therefore it may be imperative to construct more metalled roads and link farms to markets by more shingle roads. The construction of bridges on brooks also seems to be necessary in view of the relatively high level of rainfall. At present the district is deprived of basic amenities like electricity, telephone, and gas. Electricity is the most demanded facility, both for lighting and tube wells to irrigate the field. It is hoped that electricity provision to Musakhel through national grid will remove a major stumbling block to development. Postal services need to be expanded and improved. In view of the crucial role of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan, the Musakhel branch should be re-opened. Another issue in this respect, is that this bank should also provide credit facilities for women to encourage their participation in handicraft and livestock. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 42 Traditional but efficient transportation One has to cross rivulets like this one to reach Musakhel © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 43 7. Social Infrastructure 7.1 Water Supply Most of the ground water in Musakhel is potable, though in some villages the water is slightly saline. Drinking water is obtained from open surface wells, tube wells, and even from brooks. The Public Health Engineering Department has constructed 18 water supply schemes – of which 6 are not functional – through which drinking water has become available through overhead and community tanks. Diesel operated tube wells are used to obtained water for 10 schemes while 5 schemes are based upon open surface wells from which water is obtained through diesel pumps. Two schemes are spring based and one is on gravity flow. According to the PHED statistics, 8.9 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water through these schemes. However it is estimated that illegal connections are twice the legal ones. Sources of Water Supply Piped Water Supply Perennial Streams Springs Karezes Wells (open surface) Hand pumps Tubewells Total Source: 7.1.1 House connection 5.9 - Percentage of population served (1997) Community Tank < 250 m > 250 m 3.0 - Total 8.9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 5.9 3.0 - - 8.9 Executive Engineer, PHED, Loralai Drinking Water A small proportion (8.9%) of the population is being provided drinking water through 12 functional water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department. In case of overhead tank, water is supplied through house connections as well as community tanks. A monthly flat water fee has been imposed on consumers with house connections, but nobody pays. A connection fee is charged without which a connection is not given. Mostly, community tanks are used to provide drinking water from where children and adults fetch water. The remaining population obtain water from open surface wells, rivulets, and springs. In collaboration with the UNICEF, the Water and Sanitation Cell of Local Government and Rural Development Department has installed some deep well hand pumps throughout the district which has made the fetching of water a more easy task. Basically these hand pumps are installed on already existing open surface wells. Therefore the number of water sources has not increased. Women and children fetch water for domestic use and sometimes they use donkeys and small trolleys if they have to bring the water from a distant source. Usually people live near the water source. One third (6) of the water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department is not functioning. Three of these schemes are not functioning due to tribal feuds or people’s undue demands and interference for employment. Two schemes are not functioning due to mechanical disorders and one scheme was damaged by last year’s flood. In a number of cases, people do not seem to be eager to operate the schemes themselves. They do not understand why they are asked to run the schemes themselves, © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 44 while some other schemes are funded by the government. However, to date 4 schemes have been handed over to the community and all of them function properly. Water supplied through schemes is neither chlorinated nor treated in some other way. However, all community tanks are lined and water pipelines are laid one metre below the surface to avoid breakage and consequent water contamination. At present, all schemes are diesel operated as a result of which operational costs are high. Although water supply schemes have facilitated people with the provision of drinking water, the overall satisfaction level in the community seems to be low. 7.1.2 Drinking Water Supply Administration Most of the water supply schemes are administered by the Public Health Engineering Department. Out of the functional schemes 4 have been handed over to the community for operation and management. The water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department supply water in two ways; through house connections or commercial connections and through community tanks. A monthly flat rate of Rs. 30 per house connection and Rs. 250 per commercial connection is charged, but nobody pays. In case of water supply through community tanks no water charges are levied. In case the schemes are being operated by the community, the Water Management Association fixes the tariff and levies for water. The community arranges operation and repairs costing less than 10 thousand rupees. Major repairs (more than 10 thousand rupees) are taken care of by the Public Health Engineering Department. Three of the 4 schemes handed over to the community are in Kingri union council. The fourth one is in Musakhel union council. 7.1.3 Ground Water Sub-sector The overall quality of drinking water in Musakhel is good, though in some areas ground water is slightly brackish and not suitable for drinking. Deep drilling is required there to obtain potable water. A total of 4 test wells were drilled in Musakhel by the Balochistan Development Authority (BDA) to examine the quality of water. WAPDA has also carried out investigations to estimate ground water potential in Musakhel. According to the WAPDA report, an area of about 300 square kilometres has been surveyed and it was found that the average annual precipitation in Musakhel amounts to 230 mm. It was estimated that there is an approximate ground water potential of 10 cubic feet per second (cusecs), of which now only 3 cusecs are extracted. So there remain 7 cusecs of ground water to be extracted. 7.1.4 Sanitation In Musakhel district, sanitation is very poor. There is no sewerage system and no solid waste management. Three organisations, the Public Health Engineering Department, the District Council, and the union councils, have the task to provide sanitation services to people, but none of them is addressing this important issue. They all have an excuse of unavailability of funds. The result is that sewerage water flows in the streets and household garbage is dumped just outside houses. None of the government or nongovernment organisations has a plan for a motivational campaign to educate the people. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 45 Old and new way to obtain drinking water Rain water has many purposes to serve © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 7.1.5 page 46 Public Health Engineering (PHE) Department The Public Health Engineering Department is mainly responsible for the construction, operation, and maintenance of water supply schemes; to look after water resources; to provide sewerage and solid waste disposal facilities; and to levy water and sanitation charges. The whole of Musakhel district is a sub-division of the Public Health Engineering Department, headed by a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO). In 1995-96, the recurrent budget of the Department was about Rs. 124,982, and no development budget was released to the Department. It is hoped that after handing over water supply schemes to the community, the Department will direct its attention to the exploitation of more water resources and sanitation services. 7.1.6 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Water Development The provincial government plays a major role in the provision of drinking water in collaboration with some international donors. Increased participation of communities in the operation and management of water supply schemes will not only lessen the burden on the public exchequer, but will also ensure better service delivery. Coverage Water and Sanitation Services Construction Management Operation & Maintenance Legend: x xx xxx 7.1.7 Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xxx xxx xxx Fed. Govt. - NGO xx Internat. Donor x - Private Entr. - no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement major involvement Conclusion and major Development Issues Access to the drinking water is still a problem for the people in Musakhel, as only 8.9 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water through water supply schemes. If all schemes constructed to date would be functioning, the coverage percentage would approximately be twice the present one. Non-functioning schemes can be put in operation again by motivating communities to settle their feuds and take over these schemes. The provision of electricity for operation of water supply schemes can cut down the operational costs. 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Introduction Health services provision is absolutely unsatisfactory in Musakhel. Common prevalence of malaria, ARI, and gastrointestinal diseases indicates lack of preventive measures and an inefficient primary health care system. The situation is even worse for women than for men. On the one hand women are culturally deprived of free movement outside their house and consequently they always need some male member of the family to accompany them. On the other hand, health facilities exclusively for women are almost non-existent and there is severe shortage of female health care staff, medical and paramedical. Malnutrition of females is a cultural phenomenon in Pakistan. This not only results in poor health of females, but also increases the burden on secondary health care facilities. There is not a single medical officer, either male or female, in the whole district. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 47 The only medical graduate in Musakhel is the District Health Officer who does not provide health care services himself. The only hospital in the district is under construction, hence, unable to provide medical facilities. No. of Doctors (m/f) Hospitals Dispensaries RHCs BHUs Health Auxiliary Unit MCH Centres Private Clinic Total Unit/population ratio 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0:247,113 Health Services (1997) No. of No. of Nurses (m/f) Paramedical (m/f) - No. of Beds No. of Units - 1* 13 1 3 1 2 0 21 1:11,767 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: District Health Officer and Medical Superintendent, DHQ Hospital, Musakhel * Under construction 7.2.2 Health System In Musakhel, only primary level health services are available. At present, 3 basic health units (BHU), one rural health centre (RHC) , 13 dispensaries, one health auxiliary unit, and 2 mother and child health care centres (MCHC) are established throughout the district. Primary health care includes prevention of diseases through community health programmes, cure of minor diseases, and provision of emergency medical services, while secondary health care includes provision of specialised health services to cure major ailments at the, currently being under construction, District Headquarters Hospital. At present, indoor patient facility is available at the Rural Health Centre in Musakhel with a capacity of 10 beds and at the civil dispensary in Drug with 4 beds. None of the health care facilities in Musakhel employs a college trained medical professional. Only paramedical staff provides health care services to the people. Female medical professionals are either not available or not willing to serve in this rural area. This results in unavailability of professional gynaecological services to the female population of Musakhel. There is no private clinic, according to the local sources, in the whole district. There are a few medical stores that are run by paramedics who prescribe medicine to the patients. 7.2.3 Major Disease Incidence In Musakhel, the disease pattern changes with the seasons. In summer, malaria is the most prevalent disease together with gastrointestinal diseases. Absence of sewerage systems and improper garbage disposal results in swamps and marshy areas which not only provides mosquitoes ample opportunity to grow, but also contaminates drinking water. Diarrhoea and dysentery are common gastrointestinal diseases. In winter, acute respiratory infections including bronchitis, sore throat, and pneumonia (specially in children) are very common. Apart from these diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are also common. Major paediatric diseases are acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoea. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 7.2.4 page 48 Special Health Services Special health services in Musakhel include the Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI) and the Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health. The Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health was started in 1995. Under this programme local females with minimal qualification, middle school graduates, are employed as Lady Health Workers for a fix remuneration of rupees 1200 per month. They are provided three months of training and they are supposed to collect health statistics on the area, register births and deaths, impart health education, and treat minor ailments like headache, common cold, and flu. They also refer children and pregnant women to the EPI centres for immunisation. The house of the Lady Health Worker is called “health house”. These health workers help pregnant women, give them advice and refer them to the gynaecologist – who is not available in Musakhel district – in case of any gynaecological or obstetrics complication. 7.2.5 Administration of Health Services In Musakhel, a District Health Officer is responsible for primary health care and related facilities like basic health units, dispensaries, and mother and child health care centres. He is also responsible for EPI and the Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health. 7.2.6 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Health Development Although the federal government is providing support to special health services like EPI and the Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health in the district, the provincial government is the major actor in the provision of health care services to the people of Musakhel. The private sector’s involvement is limited to the medical stores only. At present, the district headquarters hospital is under construction, after completion the provincial government will be providing secondary health care services as well. Health Facility Hospitals Civil Dispensaries Basic Health Units Rural Health Centre MCH Centre EPI Centre Family Welfare Clinic Family Planning Clinic Homeopathic Clinic Hakeem/Local Medical Practitioner Health Houses Chemists Loc. Govt. - Prov. Govt. x xxx xxx xxx xxx xx x x - Fed. Govt. xx - NGO - Private x Internat. Donor - - xx - xxx - - x xxx - Total 1* 13 3 1 2 n/a 0 0 n/a 2 n/a Source: District Health Officer, Musakhel and HMIS Legend: no involvement x minor involvement xx substantial involvement xxx major involvement * Under construction © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 7.2.7 page 49 Conclusion and major Development Issues The provision of health care services is quite unsatisfactory in the district. The EPI coverage is low and needs immediate attention. Health statistics are not available at the district level. Although the Health Management Information System (HMIS) has been initiated in the district, its performance requires much improvement. Furthermore, stationery and accessories to run the system efficiently are not being supplied regularly. The district is facing problems in finding female medical staff. There are very few local females paramedics. The consequence is inadequate health services for a half of the total population. To date, there is no hospital in Musakhel, therefore, specialised health services are not available to the people. The medical professionals who were posted in the district have all left. Presently, no practising medical officer is available in the whole district. 7.3 Education 7.3.1 Introduction The educational institutions in Musakhel district include one intermediate college, 6 high schools, 5 middle schools and 176 primary schools. There is no private educational institution in the district. Many of the public sector schools in Musakhel exist on paper only. Their staff is getting salary but no teaching activity is being carried out in these schools. Unfortunately, no reliable data are available about these non-functional schools. Enrolment (in public sector) Muhallah/Home School Madrassas Mosque School Primary School Primary School Passed No. of Primary Teachers Vocational Training Vocational Trained Middle Schools Middle School Pass High School High School Pass College College Graduates University University Graduates Source: 7.3.2 1994 m/f 0 Number of Pupils 1995 m/f 0 1996 m/f 0 n/a n/a n/a 1,161/0 2,227/628 1,152/85 2,938/1,301 634/0 2,838/990 n/a n/a n/a 198 0 195 0 219 0 n/a n/a n/a 761/20 727/114 812/65 n/a n/a n/a 285/13 335/58 453/21 n/a n/a n/a 51/12 85/8 93/11 n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 n/a n/a n/a District Education Officer, Musakhel, BEMIS, and Principal, Government Inter College, Musakhel. Government School System The government school system in Musakhel follows the national pattern. It is divided into three stages: primary, middle, and high. The entry point to primary stage is kachi, which is actually first part of class one while the second part is pakki. In this way the student © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 50 spends two years to pass class one. After class one four more years are required to pass primary stage (class 5). Middle stage (class 6 to 8) is of 3 years’ duration and high section (class 9 and 10) is of two years. In order to obtain a secondary school certificate a total of 11 years’ schooling is required. 7.3.3 Primary Schools There are 151 boys’ and 25 girls’ primary schools in the district. Thirty-nine of these are mosque schools which have the status of primary schools. Fourteen other primary schools used to be mosque schools, but have now been designated primary schools. Mosque schools are exclusively attended by boys. A vast majority (82.4%) of the primary schools in Musakhel are single teacher schools. Usually a Junior Vernacular Teacher (JVT) is appointed in a primary school. The teacher-student ratio in boys’ primary schools is 1:15 and for girls’ primary schools this ratio increases to 1:25. C-education was found in only 2 boys and 3 girls primary schools. 7.3.4 Vocational Training There is no vocational training facility in the district, neither in the public nor the private sector. 7.3.5 Middle Schools In Musakhel, there are 4 boys’ and one girls’ middle schools. These schools provide education up to the 8th grade which includes the primary section as well. Ideally, the staff of a middle school comprises Secondary School Teachers, Junior English Teachers, Junior Arabic Teachers, Drawing Master, Physical Training Instructor, Mualim-ul-Quran, and Junior Vernacular Teachers. The teacher-student ratio in primary section of both the boys’ and girls’ middle schools is 1:13. For the middle sections the ratio is 1:8 and 1:15 for boys and girls respectively. 7.3.6 High Schools Musakhel has 5 boys’ and one girls’ high schools. All the high schools in the district have all the 3 sections: primary, middle, and high. In addition to the sanctioned teaching staff for a middle school, every high school is considered to have a head master/mistress and subject specialists. In the boys’ high schools the teacher-student ratios for the primary, middle, and high sections is 1:14, 1:14, and 1:15 respectively. For the female students in the girls’ high schools this ratio is 1:12 for the primary and middle sections, while in high section there is not a single teacher for 21 girl students. 7.3.7 Inter College There is only one intermediate college in the district. Here, boys and girls study together. Although the cultural milieu of the area does not allow co-education, a few families have allowed their daughters to get a college education together with boys, considering the importance of female education. This not only indicates a positive attitude of the parents towards female education, but also reveals a strong determination on the part of girls of the district for getting an education. This phenomenon necessitates the need for a girls college in Musakhel. It is easy to imagine, keeping in mind the socio-cultural fabric of the area, how many girls have been deprived of higher education because of the unavailability of a girls’ college. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 51 In 1996-97, there were 93 male and 11 female students enrolled in the intermediate classes. A total of 12 teachers – all males – are appointed in the college to teach these students. 7.3.8 School Administration The school administration in Musakhel is the responsibility of the District Education Officer and the Sub-divisional Education Officer, who administer the government school system in Musakhel. Every high school is headed by a headmaster or headmistress (in BPS 17), every middle school by a Senior Science Teacher as headmaster of headmistress (in BPS 16); primary schools are headed by a senior Junior Vernacular Teacher (in BPS 7). 7.3.9 School Buildings In Musakhel, primary school buildings usually have one room, either kacha (made of mud or un-baked bricks) or pakka (made of baked bricks or cement blocks) . There are 4 shelterless primary schools for boys. some of the girls’ primary schools do not have the required boundary wall. Usually a middle school is provided with 5 class rooms and toilet facilities. Despite the specifications provided by the Department of Education, boundary walls are not always provided around the girls’ middle schools. High schools are supposed to have 15-20 class rooms with a toilet and a boundary wall. Although the budget for construction and repair work of the school buildings is allocated on district basis, the Third Education Project and the Primary Education Department are responsible for the way the budget is spent. The planning for construction work is centralised and the concerned headmaster is rarely consulted in this regard. This practice sometimes results in inappropriate utilisation of funds. 7.3.10 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Education Development The provincial government is the main actor in the provision of educational facilities in Musakhel. At present, involvement of the private sector is non-existent. Mosque Schools Primary Schools No. of Teachers Middle Schools High Schools Colleges Legend: x xx xxx Local Govt. - Prov. Govt. xx xxx xxx xxx xxx Xxx Fed. Govt. - NGO - Private x x - Internat. Donor x - Total 39 137 395 5 6 1 no involvement minor involvement substantial involvement major involvement © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 52 Map: Distribution of Schools in Musakhel © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 53 7.3.11 Conclusion and major Development Issues The girls in Musakhel face great problems in getting college education in the absence of a separate girls college. This not only deprives the females of an equal opportunity for higher education, but also results in unavailability of educated females for health and education sectors. However, the determination of girl students for getting an education and the favourable attitude of their parents are evident from enrolment of girl students in the boys’ college. There are few refresher courses for school teachers. The teachers are not appropriately trained for teaching. Many schools do not function due to absence of teaching staff. Most school buildings do not provide the facilities they should. Most of the primary schools are single room schools and in some schools, the students have to sit outside under the trees or sky for lack of a building. 7.4 Sports 7.4.1 Introduction According the report of Social Welfare Officer of Musakhel, there is neither a playground nor a sports club in the whole of the district. The report denies the presence of any sports activities and sports teams. However, some of the schools do have some sports activities. 7.4.2 Conclusion and major Development Issues The government should have an important role in the promotion of recreational activities, but in practice sports are given hardly any attention. This may be one reason behind the lack of any considerable sports activities carried out in the district. The youth of the area should be motivated and incentives should be introduced for the promotion of sports in Musakhel. Otherwise the youth can be attracted by asocial or antisocial activities. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 54 8. District Accounts and Development Funds 8.1 District Accounts An attempt has been made to gather data on government income collected in the Musakhel district and government expenditures spent in the district for the various levels of government. See in this context also paragraphs 4.3.4. (District Council) and 4.6. (Revenue Administration). The results, not complete and most probably not fully reliable, are given in the tables below. With all its shortcomings, the tables allow a number of conclusions to be drawn: • Over the last three years the gap between income and expenditures increased; the district seems to move away from a financial balanced situation. • The government income generated in the district is not sufficient to cover even the recurrent costs of the government machinery. • The local resource mobilisation is too meagre to allow allocation of any substantial amount for development. Essentially funds for development come from outside the district, which implies that a large part of the decision making process on developmental activities takes place outside Musakhel. Income in Pak. Rps Federal Govt. Income tax General Provident Fund Benevolent Fund Group Insurance Fund P. Deposit Zakat Miscellaneous & Others PM’s Flood Relief Fund Post Office Prov. Govt. Property Tax Land Revenue Stamps State Treading Food Justice Police Health Animal Husbandry Agriculture Miscellaneous & Others General Provident Fund H. P. Advance Benevolent Fund Group Insurance S. Remittance Audit Fee Education District Zakat Committee 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 58,578 2,500 1,577 259 0 60 0 327,166 624,675 3,650 2,008 475 1,487,718 85,660 0 173,697 386,991 12,375 7,287 1,984 2,304,000 0 28,953 86,632 780 32,200 49,077 9,483,350 0 279,036 200 26,708 47,303 29,588 561,071 21,328 142,624 33,196 564,666 4,560 8,324 106,350 60 30,037 22,964 7,237,725 0 295,578 200 23,008 201,111 424,600 796,881 158,151 208,356 38,632 440,245 10 18,352 126,900 2,310 29,411 19,948 4,810,605 3,600 345,204 1,200 10,073 379,611 25,398 1,345,723 16,578 231,014 79,456 6,150 0 18,843 0 © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 55 Income in Pak. Rps O. B. Advance Printing & Stationery Cycle Advance Extra Ordinary Land Arms License Fee C. C. Deposit District Council Union Councils Total Source: 8.2 1994-95 141,963 13,997 998 33,312 5,900 0 217,068 346,621 13,160,552 1995-96 55,600 20,000 1,296 0 6,960 329 325,407 216,399 10,779,337 Treasury Office, Musakhel Expenditure in Pak. Rps Productive Agriculture (R) Agriculture (D) Animal Husbandry (R) Social Administration (R) Administration (D) Community Centre (R) Court (R) Dist. Zakat Fund Pension (R) Education (D) Education (R) Election (R) Health (R) Levies (R) Zakat Collection P. W. Deposit & Remittance Pension PHE (R) Project Director (R) Population (R) R&C Institution (R) Rural Development (R) Treasury Dept. (R) District Council Fund Union Council Fund Total Source: Legend: 1993-94 102,897 18,344 1,846 0 0 0 3,127,902 1,379,020 16,410,510 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 3,436,452 75,000 34,962 2,993,949 0 188,534 3,859,383 0 196,230 9,159,119 45,000 231,365 102,458 0 461,637 0 15,318,884 149,423 4,500,525 3,119,685 255,215 3,956,557 549,114 0 0 0 0 1,443,496 482,421 5,092,589 1,069,762 49,483,664 10,627,893 0 265,111 115,029 12,000 299,153 570,000 22,214,608 215,391 6,309,435 4,257,582 150,167 5,032,307 550,535 0 100,000 75,988 0 1,736,324 511,069 2,431,086 904,114 59,560,275 12,091,201 550,000 441,516 90,015 0 499,760 0 25,790,329 281,381 7,425,314 4,404,698 0 1,050,680 1,128,052 124,982 0 0 514,230 1,915,086 547,842 634,959 865,289 62,410,947 Treasury Office, Musakhel R Recurrent D Development Development Funds The previous paragraph has made it clear that funds for social and economic development have to come from outside Musakhel. The most important source of finance for developmental activities is the provincial Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP). The revised allocation in the PSDP for the financial year 1995-95 amounted to Rs. 3.615 © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 56 million for 5 projects in Musakhel. None of these projects had a foreign assistance component. In the next year (1996-97), the allocation decreased to Rs. one million, to be spent on one project. The PSDP for 1997-98 gives a much different picture. The number of schemes increased to 17, while the total allocation is Rs. 49.794 million, including a foreign aid component of Rs. 28.854 million. The projects include those projects located in the district and those with a provincial wide character that have activities in the district. These figures have to be treated with some caution however, since it is not certain whether the provincial government can secure enough finances to underwrite the whole PSDP. The projects mentioned in the PSDP 1997-98 are in the following sectors: forestry, roads, secondary and college education, drinking water, education (as part of the Social Action Programme) and health (SAP). The total of non-SAP sectors amounts to Rs. 38.302 million (77%), which leaves 23% for SAP. The biggest share by far is earmarked for roads (Rs. 32.5 million or 65%), followed at some distance by health activities in the SAP sector (Rs. 7.702 or 15.5%). © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile 9. page 57 The District in comparison to Balochistan The data and other information provided so far in this District Profile, were in most cases district specific. They reflected the situation in Musakhel district without providing a relation with the situation in other districts or in the province as a whole. To add that perspective, 32 indicators have been compiled on which the districts can be compared. These indicators can be found in the table on the following two pages. Each of the 26 districts is ranked on each of the indicators. The relative position of Musakhel district with regard to the 32 indicators is given in the diagram on the third page. It is a bottom-up ranking: position number 1 means the highest score on that indicator, while position number 26 means the lowest score. An overall ranking of the districts is not given, since that would require attaching a weight to each of the indicators. • The table indicates that Musakhel district has a comparatively small area, while its population ranking is in the middle. This implies a relatively high population density. The estimated population growth rate is much higher than the one of the province as a whole. • The district scores low on nearly all the agricultural indicators (such as area cultivated, total production and total value of production); but the value of production per cultivated ha. is relatively high, which seems to point a good productivity. • The text in chapter 5 (5.2.) makes it clear that livestock is an important economic activity which involves a large part of the population of Musakhel. The density of livestock scores in the top half, but the value per capita of the livestock offtake takes the 8th position from the bottom. • • The enrolment figures for boys and girls in primary education are the lowest in the province. These low enrolment figures might partly explain why the ratio between number of pupils and teachers on primary schools is relatively favourable. • Musakhel district is still in want of a hospital (currently a district hospital is under construction), which makes its position in the top on the population per bed indicator not surprising. Since there is no practising doctor in the district, the same position is taken on the population per doctor indicator. • The district scores low as far as coverage of the population with water supply schemes is concerned. • The density of metalled road is in Musakhel the lowest of all districts in Balochistan, while for shingle roads the district takes a relatively high position. © P&DD copyright 2004 1,322,045 2,238,498 0.15 433 1,357 1,020 1,515 718 133 396 193 419 434 209 320 399 182 42 291 195 186 527 1,329 652 527 1,468 1,466 959 1,607 0.163 0.232 0.194 0.030 0.043 0.013 0.040 0.055 0.073 0.056 0.140 0.042 0.039 0.054 0.017 0.036 0.063 0.032 0.080 0.031 0.030 0.042 0.031 0.065 0.063 0.095 2,644 0.008 16,977 0.049 280 44 909 31 659 89 603 21 16 343 104 45 Percentage of villages electrified Number of villages electrified Villages 86 82 3 106 0 286 53 133 66 30 7 215 31 58 51 40 50 0.083 0.034 0.029 0.012 0.001 0.000 0.013 0.005 0.000 0.011 0.055 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.117 0.007 0.043 0.011 0.005 0.000 0.010 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 % of villages Number of villages Villages 1.2 Length of shingle road per sq.km 42 km/sq.km 1.97 Length of shingle road (Bureau of Statistics 1995) 219 200 153 605 19 4 131 16 Length of metalled road per sq.km 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 8.8 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.5 1.5 3.5 3.5 0.7 3.7 0.3 0.8 0.4 LU per capita (1995) Available pasture per LU (1995) 14,518,540 1,319,321 51 88 88 6 44 44 60 60 60 35 35 211 43 127 127 22 22 105 105 53 52 35 31 11 14 10 km 5,137,459 30,968 18,171 102,400 20,988 0.20 1.67 1.67 2.14 2.12 2.12 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.70 1.70 15.28 2.88 0.90 0.90 0.53 0.53 2.55 2.55 5.82 5.82 1.19 7.42 0.42 1.34 0.68 km/sq.km 6,349,711 159,120 127,425 85,910 70,088 70,525 246,704 40,766 51,355 Length of metalled road (Bureau of Statistics 1995) 909,691 437,236 1,471,374 253,324 216,184 164,828 323,852 1,604,830 441,213 740,544 km 35,669 15,508 256,209 20,997 133,629 36,936 822,136 1,150,302 Value Livestock offtake per capita in Rps. 167,219 59,150 581,366 26,034 167,131 382,211 13,010 20,302 64,589 9,445 '000s Rps./capita 973,701 828,049 117,284 51,201 78,351 398,399 1,181,861 LU density (1996) 35,562 6,592 42,529 3,038 17,297 3,457,030 0.29 0.07 0.07 0.96 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.28 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.50 0.50 0.03 0.03 0.24 0.24 0.36 0.09 0.34 0.32 0.43 LU/sq.km 1,581 2,541 2,583 5,946 509 820 1,485 961 588 115 2,956 4,111 1,597 613 1,985 2,165 2,720 39,088 73,065 LU/capita 7.7 10,016 130,101 59,086 169,675 16,145 1,566 27,186 48,245 6,632 95 2,640 1,397 1,936 850 34,083 65,923 46,092 136,371 975,167 Ha/LU 53.8 317,237 1,895,487 163,208 150,803 154,761 291,351 53,240 17,521 173,468 48,595 51,662 19,429 396,683 652,518 261,556 94,356 298,194 301,883 469,369 Pasture Area (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95 and/or District Authoroties) 6.7 446,417 37,067 42,190 110,848 99,562 14,434 96,694 12,141 27,563 21,014 190,335 220,018 Ha. 48,943 19,046 13,904 20,814 42,971 16,859 5,957 25,517 3,391 7,766 8,971 148,822 189,377 38,996 43,895 42,277 31,237 80,454 Livestock units (derived from 1996 Livestock Census projections) 26.9 48.1 0.0 3.5 68.5 61.2 53.6 5.1 56.8 15.4 79.2 21.3 5.5 15.5 18.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 6.8 1.4 0.0 1.2 0.9 38.4 7.2 19.3 76,352 162,013 '000 Rps/ Ha 166.6 102.5 0.0 83.0 182.7 124.1 138.4 30.2 137.7 58.2 283.4 75.8 12.8 19.9 21.7 41.0 14.0 47.0 69.3 33.8 0.0 32.5 107.3 106.0 122.0 87.2 144,789 393,173 LU Agricultural Produce Value per potential Ha. (1995) Agricultural Produce Value per cultivated Ha. (1995) 1,156 707 4,509 371 1,509 3.1 9.1 0.0 8.5 7.4 12.1 10.6 3.5 3.8 10.3 20.5 5.6 0.8 10.9 7.4 4.5 5.9 9.9 6.8 6.4 0.0 3.1 3.6 7.4 2.3 6.2 78,884 110,255 '000 Rps/ Ha 2,118 5,298 12,712 51,707 580,979 Agricultural Produce Value per capita (1995) Production Value (based on Quetta wholesale figures from Agricultural Statistics 1994-95) Fruit Production (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95) tonnes (Agricultural available area Potential Agricultural Statistics 1994-95) Agricultural Production (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95) tonnes 1.12 Ha. 21 3.9 Ha. 1.26 1.06 1.07 1.03 1.12 1.21 1.18 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.96 1.05 1.02 0.97 0.96 1.03 1.01 1.08 1.20 1.14 1.21 1.34 1.12 1.21 Area cultvated (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95) Sex ratio m/f (Census 1981) Percentage population growth in period 1981-95 (based on NIPS' projection) 4.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.4 5.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 4.9 3.2 3.4 2.6 3.0 '000s Rps/ capita 7,357,859 255 53 52 4 21 20 57 42 38 18 32 14 15 80 227 45 33 34 48 10 8 29 4 27 11 14 000,000s of Rps. 347,192 % annual growth 676,941 312,227 272,221 186,454 344,122 213,403 562,387 147,599 218,156 143,589 46,942 105,050 153,032 270,327 555,557 358,670 102,995 200,000 316,787 424,450 169,432 367,566 198,195 607,628 160,980 243,149 Density 1995 (based on NIPS' projection) Population 1995 (NIPS projection) 2,653 5,850 5,264 50,545 16,520 10,609 9,829 3,514 5,728 7,796 1,489 7,610 10,160 3,387 2,445 8,036 3,078 5,896 6,621 43,261 21,630 12,574 48,051 22,539 15,216 16,891 people /sq.km Balochistan people District Quetta Pishin Killah Abdullah Chaghi Zhob Killah Saifullah Loralai Barkhan Musakhel Sibi Ziarat Kohlu Dera Bugti Nassirabad Jaffarabad Bolan Jhall Magsi Mastung Kalat Khuzdar Awaran Lasbela Kharan Kech (Turbat) Gwadar Panjgur sq.km Area (Bureau of Statistics Balochistan) Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan na na na 16 na na na na na na na na na 3 14 3 na na na na na na na na na na 213,072 13.1 21.8 84,000 59,030 58,101 32.3 14.7 12.2 774,160 4,535 680,250 20 71,950 50,000 139,000 20,000 149,400 162,650 86,660 0 0 0 50 75 193 324 190 252 441 410 3,150 40,500 20,850 32,550 89,400 39,000 39,900 Water supply coverage of Population 372 13,500 17,550 10,650 11,400 0 0 0 0 7,500 11,250 28,950 48,600 28,500 37,800 66,150 61,500 0 55,800 0 13 8 68 26 18 20 0 6 47 23 11 0 0 25 0 27 6 9 11 17 10 33 35 101 59 94,500 21 270 139 217 596 260 266 105 90 117 71 76 % of population 0 99 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 212 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 91 50 Number of beneficiaries water supply through hand pumps (LG&RDD) Number of hand pumps (LG & RDD) Handpumps 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 385 248 210 persons Number of beneficiaries water supply (PHE) persons 0 0 0 12,534 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,135 3,279 2,235 30.8 Health expenditure per patient (1995) Health expenditure per capita (1995) 7,249 Rps/capita 6.9 Rps/ patient-contact 5.4 6,294 916 Number of patient-contacts per doctor (1995) 1,845 6,004 10,082 9,323 8,393 9,278 13,079 49,200 27,270 3,682 3,353 9,550 11,772 15,902 12,920 18,877 20,599 8,000 15,085 13,692 33,886 7,658 12,387 7,891 8,049 9,006 Patient contacts/ Doctor 2.6 2.5 7.7 9.8 10.5 14.1 8.9 15.7 0.0 6.5 9.9 45.0 13.1 13.3 8.8 8.2 0.0 6.3 7.4 11.8 0.0 8.0 6.6 23.7 25.6 17.4 Recurrent Health Expenditure (DHO 1995) 950 366 197 79 153 20 234 24 262 25 155 11 417 47 94 6 89 0 222 34 89 9 270 6 275 21 226 17 309 35 222 27 97 0 125 20 251 34 330 28 67 0 313 39 239 36 355 15 179 7 174 10 '000,000s of Rps Number of patient-contacts (District Health Officer & Medical Superintendent) 158 Patient-contacts 857 Population per doctor 1,776 People /doctor 1,423 4,144 M/F ratio of paramedical staff 47 Female paramedical staff: nurses & lady health visitors (filled posts, April 1997, HMIS) 22 2.4 12.0 12.5 5.7 9.3 22.0 9.8 2.0 3.0 6.8 6.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 13.3 0.0 0.0 7.3 9.5 14.5 0.0 23.0 15.0 24.7 9.0 26.0 Female paramedics 25.8 108 4 2 3 4 1 4 1 2 5 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 2 2 0 2 1 3 2 1 Male paramedical staff: nurses (filled posts, April 1997, HMIS) 13,171 259 48 25 17 37 22 39 2 6 34 12 11 13 14 40 19 5 22 19 29 5 46 15 74 18 26 Male paramedics 282 4,803 3,403 2,331 3,246 3,334 11,716 14,760 10,908 614 1,269 1,910 2,733 7,509 8,961 2,474 5,150 8,333 3,168 4,564 8,472 3,115 2,574 4,900 4,351 7,151 M/F ratio of Doctors 19 2,399 69 65 52 80 54 80 70 106 33 64 101 48 28 10 23 20 59 234 21 37 68 55 60 56 35 36 79 62 60 145 40 20 35 24 72 100 74 93 18 20 96 118 66 77 92 124 58 37 41 34 Female Doctors (filled posts, April 1997, HMIS) 35 38 101 63 68 30 30 34 25 32 46 17 81 75 41 54 41 49 93 74 121 52 79 74 104 62 Female Doctors 38 23 30 18 23 17 22 20 15 14 14 13 17 20 17 15 15 21 18 21 21 21 17 25 26 24 Male Doctors (filled posts April 1997, HMIS) 37.2 35.7 31.9 25 28.2 19.2 23.2 21.5 16.7 17.4 20.1 13.5 18.2 25.1 21.3 17.5 18.1 25.4 22.5 25.9 26.8 24.8 22.6 35.5 35.5 34.9 Male Doctors 1593 979 571 457 520 419 670 382 179 344 191 328 481 383 948 648 293 398 345 662 239 638 277 695 189 342 Population per bed Beds (HMIS, 1996) Beds 0 388 0 154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 308 0 0 0 0 0 0 217 156 109 People /bed Health Institutions Database (HMIS, 1996) Health Units Educational recurrent expenditure per pupil PS Girls/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) 2.2 PS Boys/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) 2.4 Girls/ teacher 176,119 5.2 Boys/ teacher 380,844 0 4,362 0 2,407 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,041 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,823 2,846 2,256 PS Pupils/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) 7.1 1.2 3.3 2.7 1.4 6.4 4.0 1.6 1.5 3.1 1.7 2.6 1.0 3.1 1.4 4.1 0.5 3.5 3.4 1.9 4.7 1.6 1.4 3.4 0.7 11.3 1.1 3.7 1.7 2.2 1.1 3.4 1.6 3.8 2.9 2.0 1.3 3.0 1.5 2.8 1.6 2.8 1.8 2.4 1.7 2.3 3.0 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.9 1.3 Pupils/ teacher 8.8 8.9 8.7 6.4 4.7 4.5 3.0 6.0 1.6 6.4 7.6 4.8 8.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 6.1 5.7 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.0 4.5 5.5 4.8 Number of Primary School Teachers (BEMIS 1996) 48,248 10,256 3,724 7,475 5,280 3,692 5,445 2,122 990 4,832 2,211 1,489 1,088 2,937 9,616 4,016 1,655 5,804 3,969 6,546 2,635 6,639 3,411 18,035 4,590 9,414 Teachers % Rps./pupil Primary School Enrollment Boys (BEMIS 1996) as a percentage of the projected 1995 population Primary School Enrollment Girls (BEMIS 1996) as a percentage of the projected 1995 population Gender indicator on primary school enrolment (1 = m/f equal access to education) % Primary School Enrollment Girls (BEMIS 1996) girls 59,514 27,765 23,684 11,924 16,285 9,701 16,947 8,800 3,472 9,247 3,568 5,032 12,325 10,743 21,393 13,523 6,289 11,447 11,780 18,059 7,369 16,206 7,840 27,312 8,840 11,779 Edu. recurrent expenditure per capita (1995) 6,906 1,395 Primary School Enrollment Boys (BEMIS 1996) Recurrent Expenditure Primary Education 1995/96 '000,000s of Rps 127 102 121.1 23 45 28.7 37 54 73 43 25 59 31 41 39 46 151 39 38 31.7 52 26 37 20 61 36 103 131.7 28 25.2 59 26.6 boys Primary Educational Units for Girls (BEMIS 1996) Girls Pr. Schools 262 449 348 226 348 278 416 281 151 170 90 220 228 228 505 339 158 215 248 352 160 364 230 326 146 168 Rps./capita Balochistan Primary Educational Units for Boys (BEMIS 1996) District Quetta Pishin Killah Abdullah Chaghi Zhob Killah Saifullah Loralai Barkhan Musakhel Sibi Ziarat Kohlu Dera Bugti Nassirabad Jaffarabad Bolan Jhall Magsi Mastung Kalat Khuzdar Awaran Lasbela Kharan Kech (Turbat) Gwadar Panjgur Boys Pr. Schools Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan (cont.) Socio-economic bottom up ranking of Musakhel compared to other districts in Balochistan Population 1995 (NIPS projection) Percentage pop. growth in 1981 - 1995 (NIPS) Area cultivated (Agr. Statistics 1994 - 1995) Agricultural Production (Agr. Statistics 1994 - 1995) Socio-economic indicators Production Value (based on Quetta wholesale figures 1994 - 1995) Agr. Prod. Value per cultivated Ha. (1995) Livestock units (from 1996 Livestock Census projections) Available pasture per LU (1995) LU density (1996) P. S. Enrolment Boys (BEMIS 1996) as perc. of NIPS pop. Gender indicator p. s. enrolment PS Boys/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996) Population per bed M/F ratio of Doctors Water supply coverage of Population Length of shingle road per sq.km 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 District ranking Musakhel: A District Profile 10. page 61 Conclusions: Potential and Constraints Musakhel, which was given the status of district just 5 years ago, needs a lot of inputs to make it a district in the real sense. Many of the offices have not yet been shifted to Musakhel town, the district headquarters. Many basic institutions, like a hospital, are still non-existent in the district. More than anything, very little data is available about the district, which poses a major obstacle to the development planning. From land use statistics to agricultural statistics, no data are either available or seem reliable. There are external as well as internal inconsistencies observed in the data. The last census figures available for the area are of 1981 when this area was a sub-division of Loralai district. Although some census figures are available at the sub-divisional level, most of the data are of cumulative nature for the whole former district. The housing characteristics are unavailable for Musakhel area. Girls were under-represented in the age group from 5 to 30 years, which shows, that the enumerators have not been able to get to the real picture. Since 1981, there has been no population census conducted anyway. It is obvious that data collection has to be improved. Development planning will benefit from reliable data, which may be collected, processed, aggregated and analysed at the lowest possible level, i.e. on district level or even lower. At this moment, however, there is no adequate infrastructure available for such exercise at the district level of government and below. The role of local government institutions in Musakhel in development planning is limited, as these are rarely consulted in development activities. The fiscal balance of the district is deteriorating every year, as the district council’s income has decreased from 33.2 percent in 1993-94 to 17.3 percent of the total annual expenditure in 1995-96. The development budget is negligible (less than one percent), so the only hope is the provincial Public Sector Development Programme. Currently, development planning is mainly done from federal or provincial level down, without much involvement of the lower levels of government. Implementation of development activities is mainly done through the line departments. On district level, the Deputy Commissioner may play an active role through co-ordination, monitoring and enhancing accountability. Keeping in view the average annual rainfall and area not yet explored for agriculture, it may be inferred that there is lot of potential in agriculture and livestock. Presently tomato and chillies are the most beneficial crops, in economic terms, which provide about three fourth of the total agricultural income. Efforts should be directed to increase the production of such crops. Livestock is another area which has great potential for development. There are plenty of pasture lands which surely have sustainable grazing capacity – although it could not be calculated – for livestock development. Musakhel can provide skilled manpower for the neighbouring districts of Punjab and Balochistan, if vocational training is arranged for the local youth. A micro credit system and technical inputs may encourage the people to get engaged in small scale manufacturing and cottage industry. At present, women in Musakhel do not have equal opportunities in almost all fields of life. Women contribute a lot to domestic economy, but their efforts are not accounted for. This invisibility is a constraint towards their development, which needs to be highlighted. The district is deprived of telephone, electricity, and gas – basic amenities of life – and no attention is being directed towards these issues. The only black top road is a piece of National Highway, while all the other roads of Musakhel are shingle ones. Postal services are not available to all human settlements. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile page 62 Less than ten percent of the population has access to safe drinking water. One third of the water supply schemes, constructed by the PHED, is not functioning. Unavailability of safe drinking water is one of the major causes for gastrointestinal diseases among adults and diarrhoea among children. Musakhel may be the only district of the province where not a single medial officer – neither male nor female – serves the local population. The only hospital is under construction and other primary level health care facilities are run by paramedics. The centralised system of medicine procurement has its shortcomings as it cannot serve areaspecific needs. Girls within the district do not have equal educational opportunities, particularly in higher education. There is no girls’ college where girls can get education while abiding by their cultural values. Without female education, it may not be possible to get local female health or education professionals. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annexes © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 1. List of all Names of all Union Councils and Tehsils Administrative/Revenue Division District Musakhel Sub-division Musakhel Tehsil Musakhel QC & PC Saddar Musakhel Legend: QC PC QC & PC Drug Sub-tehsil Kingri QC & PC Toisar QC & PC Kingri Qanungo Circle Patwar Circle Local Councils District Council Musakhel Union Council Saddar Musakhel Union Council Ghuryasa Union Council Gharwandi Union Council Kingri Union Council Sarakhawa Union Council Toisar Union Council W ah Hassankho Union Council Zam Union Council Kewan Union Council Drug © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995 Population 1981 and 1995 Musakhel District and Sub-division (all rural) Male 46,928 1981 Female 44,246 Total 91,174 Musakhel Tehsil (all rural) 37,938 35,352 73,290 Saddar QC & PC Toisar QC & PC Drug QC & PC 15,899 14,111 7,928 15,484 12,708 7,160 31,383 26,819 15,088 Kingri Sub-tehsil (all rural) 8,990 8,894 17,884 Kingri QC & PC 8,990 8,894 17,884 Source: 1995 Total 218,156 1981 District Census Reports of Loralai and NIPS projections Population Growth Trends Census Years 1951-61 1961-72 1972-81 1981-95 Source: Period (years) 10 11 9 14 Total Increase in Population 3,690 13,520 53,544 126,982 Inter-censal Variation (%) 118.1 156.1 242.3 239.3 Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 1.7 4.1 10.3 6.4 1981 District Census Reports of Loralai, NIPS projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 3. Meteorological Data33 Rainfall (mm) Year 1993 1994 1995 Source: Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 30.0 3.5 26.0 45.8 2.3 56.8 9.4 30.9 17.9 9.8 8.8 134.1 May. 20.9 7.0 0.0 Jun. 108.0 17.8 37.1 Jul. 131.4 229.1 136.4 Aug. Sep. 70.7 76.2 96.7 135.5 69.6 0.0 Oct. Nov. Dec. 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.1 11.7 7.0 0.0 9.0 Total 512.5 601.6 429.7 Jul. 35.1 33.3 35.3 Aug. 36.5 33.0 33.2 Sep. 33.8 31.1 34.2 Oct. 29.0 28.8 30.0 Nov. 26.5 25.0 25.0 Jul. 23.5 23.3 24.5 Aug. 22.9 23.8 23.2 Sep. 21.1 19.2 20.7 Oct. 15.5 15.3 16.5 Nov. Dec. Average 11.9 7.0 15.9 11.7 6.5 15.6 10.4 6.0 15.3 Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mean Maximum Temperature (°C) Year 1993 1994 1995 Source: Jan. 14.9 17.3 16.0 Feb. 22.0 17.2 19.2 Mar. 21.9 25.7 22.0 Apr. 24.5 27.5 27.0 May. 36.8 35.8 34.4 Jun. 37.1 38.5 38.8 Dec. Average 21.5 28.3 18.3 27.6 17.4 27.7 Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi Mean Minimum Temperature (°C) Year 1993 1994 1995 Source: 33 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. 5.0 9.2 10.3 16.9 23.3 4.7 5.7 13.7 15.4 22.7 3.8 7.2 10.0 14.7 22.0 Jun. 23.8 25.1 25.1 Pakistan Meteorological Department, Karachi The following data were recorded at Meteorological station, Barkhan which is a neighbouring district of Musakhel. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 4. Functions of Local Government Functions of District Councils34 The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance identifies a number of functions in relation to identification, appraisal, implementation and monitoring of development of the various local councils, the district council being one of them. See the local government structure of Balochistan underneath: Figure 1: Balochistan Local Government Structure Provincial Council Commissioner = chairman Divisional Coordinatiuon Committee Divisional Coordination Committee Divisional Coordination Committee Divisional Coordination Committee No elected members Quetta Municipal Corporation Members are elected Directors of Dept's are ex-officio members District Council District Council District Council Municipal Committee Members are elected Dep.Commissioner & Ass. Directors of Dept's are ex-officio members One elected member to District Council Union Council Union Council Union Council Union Council Town Committee Members are elected Wards, one elected member to Union Council 34 Government of Baluchistan (1980): The Baluchistan Local Government Ordinance, 1980 © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Although in reality the District Council does not function according to the Ordinance, an extract of the functions of the District Council in relation to the various sectors is given underneath in alphabetical order to indicate the background of their interest in the DPs. Agricultural Development and Economic Welfare 1. Agricultural, industrial and community development 2. Promotion of national reconstruction 3. Promotion and development of: • co-operative movement • village/cottage industry 4. Adoption of measures for increased agricultural production 5. Establishment and maintenance of model agricultural farms 6. Popularisation of improved methods of agriculture 7. Maintenance of improved agriculture implements and machinery and lending of such implements and machinery to cultivators 8. Adoption of measures for bringing waste land under cultivation 9. Promotion of: • agricultural credit • agricultural education 10. Promotion and co-ordination with Agroville 11. Provision, regulation and maintenance of markets 12. Promotion of education in co-ordination 13. Construction and repair of embankment supply, storage and control of water for agricultural purposes Culture 1. 2. 3. 4. Holding of fairs and shows Promotion of public games and sports Provision, organisation and maintenance of museums, exhibitions and arts galleries Provision and maintenance of public halls, public meeting places and community centres 5. Celebration of national occasions 6. Establishment, management and maintenance of Welfare Homes and other institutions for the relief of the destitute 7. Suppression of: • beggary • prostitution, • gambling, • taking of injurious drugs, • consumption of alcoholic drinks • and other social evils 8. Establishment and maintenance of Information Centres 9. Encouragement of national and regional languages 10. Provision and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Education 1. Provision, maintenance and management of Primary Schools 2. Construction and maintenance of buildings as hostels of students 3. Payment of grants and subsidies to institutions and organisations engaged in the promotion of education 4. Promotion of adult education Livestock and Dairy Development 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Voluntary registration of the sale of cattle and other animals Prevention of cruelty to animals Measures to combat ordinary and contagious diseases of birds and animals Provision, maintenance and improvement of pastures and grazing grounds Regulation of milk supply Establishment and maintenance of cattle colonies Public Health 1. Prevention and cure of infectious diseases and enforcement of vaccination 2. Establishment, maintenance and management of: • hospitals • rural health centres 3. Establishment, maintenance and management of First Aid Centres 4. Provision and maintenance of Medical Aid Units 5. Establishment, management and visiting of • health centres • maternity centres • centres for the welfare of infants and children 6. Training of Dais and adoption of other measures likely to promote health and welfare of women, infant and children 7. Payment of grants to medical aid societies and institutions 8. Establishment, management, maintenance and the visiting of Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic dispensaries 9. Promotion of sanitation, public health and educating people in public health 10. Protection of food stuff 11. Prevention of adulteration 12. Provision and maintenance of adequate system of public drains 13. Regulation of the disposal of industrial wastes Public Safety 1. Relief measures in the event of any: • fire, • flood, • hail storm, • earth quake, • famine • and other natural calamities © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Public Works 1. Provision, maintenance, improvement and management of its • public roads, public streets, public ways • culverts, bridges, • public buildings, walls, • water pumps, tanks, ponds and other works of water supply 2. Provision, maintenance and management of • sarais, dak bungalows, rest houses and other buildings for the convenience of travellers 3. Plantation and preservation of trees on roads sides, public ways, public places and public buildings 4. Provision and maintenance of public gardens, public playgrounds and public places Regulation through bye-laws 1. Collection and removal of manure and street sweepings 2. Disposal of industrial waste 3. Offensive and dangerous trades 4. Disposal of carcasses 5. Slaughter of animals 6. Registration of birth, death and marriage 7. Registration of sale of cattle and other animals 8. Registration of brick kilns, lime kilns, potteries, etc. 9. Registration of dyeing or tanning of skins 10. Regulation for grant of licenses, sanctions, levy of licenses fee and permission thereof Rural development 1. Aggregation of financial allocation, physical programs and targets received from the Provincial Government in different sectors and draw up a District Development Programme. In this work the Council will take into account Federal Projects, their allocations and the physical targets falling in or benefiting the districts. (Generally the organisation may develop and take on complete planning functions) 2. To propose/submit, if necessary, to the Local Government and Rural development Department for modifications in the aggregate district programs after identifying the: • gaps • internal inconsistencies • compatibility of the programme with capacity available in the District implementation, maintenance and supervision • evaluating in the light of the local priorities 3. To facilitate the formation of associations for the performance of tasks that can be done/performed collectively, e.g.: • consumer association for distribution of electricity • farmers association for water courses management • associations for distribution of agricultural inputs • co-operative marketing associations, etc. 4. To discharge the overall responsibility for the identification, appraisal and approval of projects prepared and to be constructed by Rural Local Councils and Town Committees in the sub-sectors of: • primary schools © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes • basic health units • family welfare clinics • piped water supply • potable water/storage tanks • hand pumps • sanitation • rural roads 5. To propose disbursement of `ADP funds for the approved projects to various Local Councils mentioned above 6. To take appropriate measures for the development of skills, crafts and cottage industries. Development of skills would include promotion of industrial homes, domestic and cottage level crafts and trades, modest repairs of agricultural and other machinery, training of (un)skilled labour, etc. 7. To review the implementation of the District Development Programmes (as an extension of the function of the Government and as their agent) by holding review meetings within the district as well as through periodic inspections and progress reports from the lower tiers, etc. 8. To supervise and submit to the Government regular progress reports on the implementation of Development projects at different levels within the district 9. To evolve standard designs and specifications to the extent possible and desirable in harmony with the general conditions obtaining in the district and use appropriate technology to execute its development projects on a more economic basis 10. To monitor the supply of agricultural inputs and to make appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities 11. Disseminate information about the projects and allocations of funds for the District Development Programmes throughout the district to keep the people fully informed about the projects to be executed in the district. This will not only mobilise the interest of the people in the development work for the district, but also make them more watchful about the use of development funds by the better community supervision Other functions 1. Prevention and abatement of: • nuisances • encroachment 2. Regulation of: • traffic • licensing of vehicles 3. Establishment and maintenance of public stands for vehicles in rural areas. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators Senators No resident of Musakhel district has ever been a senator. MNAs (NA-199) No resident of Musakhel district has yet been elected as MNA. MPAs (PB-11) Maulana Amir Zaman (1997 to date) Maulana Amir Zaman (1990-93) Maulana Abdus Salam (1988-90) Sardar Asmatullah Khan Musakhel (1985-88) © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 6. Agricultural Statistics Land Use Statistics Land use (Ha.) Geographical area Area not reported Reported area - Not available for cultivation - Forest - Culturable waste - Current fallow - Net sown - Area sown more than once Potential area available for cultivation Source: 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 572,800 572,800 572,800 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 n/a n/a n/a 16653 16653 0 - 8477 8477 0 - 8477 5957 0 - Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan Area under Cultivation Crop Wheat Chillies Maize Moong Fodder Jowar Vegetables Mash Barley Onion Fruits Melons Potato Tobacco Rape seed and Mustard Total Source: 1992-93 9,790 1,540 1,080 1,000 992 950 327 280 180 180 139 135 60 0 0 16,653 Area (Ha.) 1993-94 4,888 1,200 497 576 90 197 286 264 150 12 139 60 65 13 5 8,477 1994-95 1,460 1,400 1,100 576 145 200 290 270 150 5 161 40 30 0 130 5,957 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Total Annual Production Crop Wheat Chillies Maize Moong Fodder Jowar Vegetables Mash Barley Onion Fruits Melons Potato Tobacco Rape seed and Mustard Total Source: Production (tonnes) 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 11,150 6,550 2,220 2,715 2,120 2,180 1,270 620 1,360 776 480 340 34,350 3,240 3,910 755 157 190 4,850 4,340 4,450 203 168 165 260 215 220 2,610 180 80 1,800 1,802 1,566 1,590 810 350 830 900 420 0 9 0 0 3 70 63,159 21,954 17,521 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan Average Annual Yield Crop Wheat Chillies Maize Moong Fodder Jowar Vegetables Mash Barley Onion Fruits Melons Potato Tobacco Rape seed and Mustard Source: 1992-93 1,139 1,763 1,176 776 34,627 795 14,832 725 1,444 14,500 12,950 11,778 13,833 0 0 Yield (kg/Ha.) 1993-94 1994-95 1,340 1,521 1,767 1,557 1,248 1,236 833 590 3,600 26,966 797 950 15,175 15,345 636 611 1,433 1,467 15,000 16,000 12,964 9,727 13,500 8,750 13,846 14,000 692 0 600 538 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan Sources of Irrigation Ha. % of total Cultivated Land Irrigation Sources 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1994-95* 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1994-95* Tubewells 2,400 2,860 806 1,350 7.2 16.9 5.6 9.3 Open Surface Wells 660 660 660 330 2.0 3.9 4.6 2.3 Karezes, Spring, & others 2,663 2,100 2,100 1,700 8.0 12.4 14.5 11.8 Total 5,723 5,620 3,566 3,380 17.2 33.2 24.7 23.4 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan * These 1994-95 figures were provided by the Extra Assistant Director, Agriculture Extension, Musakhel © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Number of Units per Source of Irrigation Source of Irrigation Open Surface Wells Tubewells Source: 1992-93 110 190 Number of Units 1993-94 1994-95 110 110 220 62 1995-96 270 482 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1995-96 figures were provided by the Deputy Director Agriculture, Zhob division Number of Tubewells by Ownership and Power Source Tubewells run by Electricity Diesel Total 1992-93 G P 0 0 150 40 150 40 Number of Units 1993-94 1994-95 G P G P 0 0 0 0 155 65 10 52 155 65 10 52 1995-96 G P 0 0 130 352 130 352 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1995-96 figures were provided by the Deputy Director Agriculture, Zhob division Legend: G Government P Private Agricultural Mechanisation Type of Machinery Tractors Threshers 1992-93 G P 2 175 0 10 Number of Units 1993-94 G P 5 185 0 15 1994-95 G P 0 175 0 25 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan Legend: G Government P Private © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes 1994/95 calculation of agricultural production value for Musakhel district Crop Wheat Jowar Barley Maize Moong Mash Rape Seed/Mustard Fodder Onion Potato Water Melon Musk Melon Garma Chillies Fruits Almond Apples Apricot Vegetables Okra Pumpkin Tomato Peas Radish Spinach Turnip Other Total Source: Average Quetta wholesale rate per Production in tonne in Rupees tonnes 4,841 2,220 4,800 190 4,000 220 8,080 1,360 16,085 340 21,922 165 37,500 70 1,500 3,910 4,610 80 6,545 420 33,725 180 5,100 20 7,000 150 70,555 2,180 Value in million of Rupees 10.75 0.91 0.88 10.99 5.47 3.62 2.63 5.87 0.37 2.75 6.07 0.10 1.05 153.81 % of total value 2.1 0.2 0.2 2.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.2 0.0 0.2 30.2 135,000 12,140 9,444 106 1,165 296 14.31 14.14 2.80 2.8 2.8 0.5 12,251 15,400 83,280 3,240 11,850 13,070 17,450 10,390 210 160 3,060 50 270 170 270 260 17,522 2.57 2.46 254.84 0.16 3.20 2.22 4.71 2.70 509.37 0.5 0.5 50.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 100.0 Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Map of agro-ecological zones of Balochistan © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 7. Livestock Statistics Number of Animals Slaughtered by Type at Town Slaughter House Type Cattle Sheep Goat Buffalo Source: 1993-94 322 3,621 4,837 3 1994-95 150 4,300 3,450 6 1995-96 3,016 5,500 2,250 0 1994-95 98,620 104,165 2,272 1995-96 81,094 159,609 1,720 1993-94 1994-95 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1995-96 2 66 1 0 Livestock Department, GoB Number of Animal Treated Animal Treatment Treatment Vaccination Castration Source: 1993-94 83,532 85,137 2,572 Livestock Department, GoB Veterinary Institutions Veterinary Institution Hospitals Dispensaries A. I. Centres D. I. L. Units Source: Livestock Department, GoB © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 8. Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and Rest House Services at Union Council level Local Council UC Saddar Musakhel UC Ghuryasa UC Gharwandi UC Kingri UC Sarakhawa UC Toisar UC Wah Hassankho UC Zam UC Kewan UC Drug Postal Service x x x x x x x x x x Telecomm. x x x Banking x - Rest House x x x © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 9. Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level Local Council UC Drug UC Gharwandi UC Ghuryasa UC Kingri UC Musakhel UC Toisar Name of Water Supply Scheme WSS Drug WSS Karkana WSS Gharwandi WSS Ghuryasa WSS Maghdozai WSS Kingri WSS Tadni* WSS Rarasham WSS Sham WSS Ghulam Muhammad* WSS Gidder Dag* WSS Musakhel WSS Ulmii WSS Chassan* WSS Toisar Wah WSS Loghi Ponga WSS Nali Mir Dadzai WSS Nikhel Total Population Covered 900 1,000 1,500 3,500 300 5,000 500 500 7,000 1,000 500 200 200 22,100 Daily Water Supply (Gln.) 9,000 2,000 15,000 30,000 4,000 15,000 25,000 2,000 120,000 20,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 - Status Not functional Functional Functional Not functional Functional Not functional Functional Functional Not functional Functional Functional Functional Functional Functional Not functional Functional Not functional Functional Source: Executive Engineer, PHE, Loralai * Schemes handed over to the community. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 10. Overview of Health facilities Number of Health Facilities Type of Facility Hospitals RHCs BHUs Dispensaries MCH Centres Health Auxiliary Unit Total 1991-92 0 1 2 8 2 0 13 1992-93 0 1 2 8 2 0 13 1993-94 0 1 3 11 2 2 19 1994-95 0 1 3 12 2 2 20 1995-96 1* 1 3 13 2 1 21 Source: Directorate of Health, GoB, Quetta and District Health Officer, Musakhel * Under construction © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 11. Overview of Educational Facilities Number of Students Enrolled in Educational Institutions 1992 Enrolment M Primary School 2,790 Middle School 566 High School 157 Inter College 0 Total 3,513 Source: 1993 F M 525 3,031 47 654 18 217 0 22 590 3,924 Number of Pupils 1994 1995 1996 F M F M F M F 724 3,388 628 4,090 1,386 3,472 990 124 761 20 727 114 812 65 37 285 13 335 58 453 21 7 51 12 85 8 93 11 892 4,485 673 5,237 1,566 4,830 1,087 BEMIS, Directorate of Colleges, GoB, Quetta, and Principal, Government Inter College, Musakhel. Number of Educational Institutions 1992 Level Primary School Middle School High School Inter College Total Source: M 132 3 5 0 140 1993 F 19 0 1 0 20 M 145 4 5 1 155 Number of Institutions 1994 1995 F M F M F 20 149 20 143 20 1 5 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 22 160 22 154 22 1996 M F 151 25 4 1 5 1 1 0 161 27 BEMIS, Directorate of Colleges, GoB, Quetta, and Principal, Government Inter College, Musakhel. Number of Teachers in Educational Institutions Level Primary School Middle School High School Inter College Total Source: 1993 246 75 34 9 364 Number of Teachers 1994 1995 198 195 71 65 110 107 9 13 388 380 1996 219 55 109 12 395 BEMIS, Directorate of Colleges, GoB, Quetta, and Principal, Government Inter College, Musakhel. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 12. Government Staff Establishment Name of Office Deputy Commissioner District Health Officer Social Welfare Officer, Musakhel Assistant Director, Local Government Development Officer, Local Government, Musakhel District Education Officer XEN, B&R Extra Assistant Director, Agriculture Extension Principal, Government College, Musakhel Head Master, High School, Drug Extra Assistant Director Agriculture (Project), Musakhel Treasury Officer Head Mistress, Girls High School, Musakhel Head Master, High School, Gargoji Head Master, High School, Musakhel Head Master, High School, Karkana Head Master, High School, Rarasham Sub-divisional Education Officer Veterinary Officer Total Source: BPS-16 to BPS-5 to BPS-1 to BPS-22 BPS-15 BPS-4 Total 5 29 86 120 7 39 98 144 1 5 1 7 3 3 3 9 1 17 3 21 11 64 15 90 4 34 90 128 3 25 46 74 9 8 4 21 5 17 5 27 3 7 10 20 1 7 2 10 3 14 5 22 4 14 3 21 8 16 7 31 4 12 3 19 8 16 5 29 2 195 3 200 2 0 0 2 84 522 389 995 Treasury Office, Musakhel © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 13. Some Observations about the Data The statistical data of Musakhel, as quoted and used in this profile, are not only inadequate but contradicting too, once in a while. Besides that all statistics, used in this profile, are just enumerated, without any basic calculation done in relation to their variance, etc. In addition many other bottlenecks need to be considered too: • Meteorological stations are only available in a few places all over the province. • Geological surveys have not been conducted yet in major parts of the province. • A population census has not taken place for the last 16 years. The war in Afghanistan caused enormous migration flows, which not only affected the population figures in the border districts, but those in a number of districts more inward country as well. Currently, however one is dependent on the 1995 projection figures of the National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS). • Agricultural trends are given in the agricultural statistics, but they are not un-disputed either. Per capita value of the agricultural production for 1994-95 has been based on the Quetta whole-sale prices, which - of course - are not valid for all over Balochistan, but which are just used to give a general indication. • Statistics on forestry, range-lands and area for pasture are not reliable as major parts of the province have not yet been reported, from administrative point of view. Herders and their livestock go their own way to find green pastures, whether the area is reported or not. The grazing capacity in accordance with the range-lands is therefore not exactly known either. The figures indicated in the tables only present the known areas, except the livestock density, which is based on the total district area. Given one Livestock Unit per hectare as a sustainable standard, conclusions are to be drawn for areas with a livestock population over 100 LU per sq.km. • In the table underneath livestock data have been taken from a preliminary draft of the 1996 livestock projection census of April 1997. Using the very consultancy report35 the value of the livestock offtake has been calculated per capita on basis of 1996 prices. • The official data on mineral exploitation do not have much reference to the reality of mining activities. The statistics concerned only cover the quantities produced, that are officially registered. An un-certified figure of minerals is produced, processed and transported, without any registration with the authorities concerned. • Similarly no consistent data are available on e.g. total labour force, un-employment, employment opportunities, etc. in all economic sectors. The available data are either from the 1981 census, or from the official registers. Actual employment figures are just guesswork. Data regarding sources of energy and energy consumption are also not available. Therefore issues pertaining the economic use of scarce resources cannot be analysed properly either. For instance, it is difficult to indicate per district, or per union council, what environmental consequences there are of the current use of fuel wood for cooking • 35 Consultancy report: Migratory Livestock Systems and Livestock Marketing in Balochistan, IMPLAN, April 1997. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes and heating purposes in reference to future use. • In the social sector only - and in particular through BEMIS and HMIS - statistics have gained a level of reliability on which basis comparisons are possible. However, even those statistics do not always give much glue. For instance enrolment of boys and girls by itself do not say more than that more boys than girls go to school in absolute figures. The enrolment figures may only make sense as they are taken as a percentage of their age group, a figure which currently is not available at all. The 1981 census age group figures do not make sense any longer for such interpretations. Assuming that there is an equal distribution of the school going age group all over the province, the enrolment may be taken as a percentage of the projected population figures (NIPS) per district, which percentages than are comparable over the districts. Assuming an equal percentage of boys and girls (which according to the 1981 census is not true) in the school going age groups, it is not only very clear that percentage-wise much less girls go to schools than boys, but even that in a number of districts the percentage of boys is far above the provincial average, while in the same district the percentage of girls is far below the average. It emphasises the gender difference in access to education between the districts. Despite all these remarks, data have been collected. Some on basis of actual censuses, others on basis of sample surveys and/or extrapolation. So far, data have not been coordinated and/or analysed at district level. The current exercise has been a first comprehensive trial to bring district based data together and analyse them in the district context. A lot of work to improve the data base on district level is to be foreseen in the near future. A planning cell on district level, or a district information centre in particular, may play a major data collection and monitoring role in reference to all development processes in the district. © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 14. List of Acronyms ADBP ARI B&R BDA BRP DC DHQH EAC FPAP GoB GoP LG&RDD LHW LPG n/a O&M PASCO PC PEDP PHED PTCL Ptv QC RBC RCC RCD SP TC UC WAPDA WB WSS Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan Acute Respiratory Infections Buildings and Roads Balochistan Development Authority Balochistan Reserve Police Deputy Commissioner District/Divisional Headquarters Hospital Education, Awareness, and Communication Family Planning Association of Pakistan Government of Balochistan Government of Pakistan Local Government and Rural Development Department Lady Health Worker Liquefied Petroleum Gas Not Available Operation and Maintenance Pakistan Agricultural Storage Corporation Patwar Circle Primary Education Development Project Public Health Engineering Department Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited Pakistan Television Qanungo Circle Reinforced Bricks Concrete Reinforced Cement Concrete Regional Co-operation for Development Superintendent of Police Town Committee Union Council Water and Power Development Authority The World Bank Water Supply Scheme © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 15. Metric System and its Equivalents Metric Unit Centimetre (cm) Cubic metre (cum.) Hectare (Ha) Kilogram (kg) Kilometre (km) Kilometre (km) Litre (l) Metre (m) Square kilometres (Sq.km.) Square metres (Sq.m.) Equivalent = 0.39370 Inches = 35.3147 Cubic feet = 2.47105 Acres = 2.20462 Pounds = 0.53961 Nautical miles = 0.62137 Miles = 0.21998 Imperial gallon = 3.28084 Feet = 0.38610 Square miles = 10.7639 Square feet © P&DD copyright 2004 Musakhel: A District Profile Annexes Annex 16. Bibliography Government of Balochistan. Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, Quetta: Statistical Wing, Directorate General of Agriculture Dept., GoB, 1996. Government of Balochistan. Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1993-94, Quetta: Statistical Wing, Directorate General of Agriculture Dept., GoB, 1995. Government of Balochistan. Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1992-93, Quetta: Statistical Wing, Directorate General of Agriculture Dept., GoB, 1994. Government of Pakistan. 1981 District Census Report of Loralai, Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, GoP, 1983. Government of Pakistan. 1990 Census of Agriculture: Balochistan, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore: Economic Affairs and Statistics Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP, 1994. Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Census of Livestock 1976, Final Report. Lahore: Statistical Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP. Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Census of Livestock 1986, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore: Statistical Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP. Government of Pakistan. Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Census: Loralai District, Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, GoP, 1989. Government of Pakistan. Wildlife of Pakistan: Baluchistan Province, Map, Karachi: Zoological Survey Department, GoP, 1984. Khan, Fazale Karim. A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People, and Economy, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993. Rukanuddin, Abdul Razzaque and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui. The State of Population in Pakistan, Islamabad: NIPS, 1988. Shah, Mahmood Ali. Sardari, Jirga & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, Quetta: Qasim Printers, 1992. The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Loralai, Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986. © P&DD copyright 2004 View publication stats