ILEWG EXOHAB & EUROGEOMARS CAMPAIGNS: HABITABILITY & HUMAN OPERATIONS L. Boche-Sauvan 1,11* , B.H. Foing 1,11* , C. Stoker 2,11* , P. Ehrenfreund 10,11 , L. Wendt 8* , C. Gross 8, 11* , C. Thiel 9 *, S. Peters 1,6* , A. Borst 1,6* , J. Zavaleta 2* , P. Sarrazin 2* , D. Blake 2 , J. Page 1,4,11 , V. Pletser 5,11* , E. Monaghan 1* , P. Mahapatra 1* , A. Noroozi 3 , P. Giannopoulos 1,11 , A. Calzada 1,6,11 , R. Walker 7 , T. Zegers 1 , ExoGeoLab & ILEWG ExoHab teams 1,4,11 & EuroGeoMars team 1,4,5 1 ESTEC/SRE-S Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, NL, 2 NASA Ames 3 Delft TU , 4 ESTEC TEC Technology Dir., 5 ESTEC HSF Human Spaceflight, 6 VU Amsterdam, 7 ESTEC Education Office, 8 FU Berlin, 9 Max Planck Goettingen, 10 Leiden/GWU , 11 ILEWG ExoHab Team, * EuroGeoMars crew (Bernard.Foing@esa.int/ Fax: +31 71 565 4697) Abstract: We studied concepts for a minimal Moon-Mars habitat, in focussing on the system aspects and coordinating every different part as part an evolv- ing architecture [1-3]. We validated experimentally the Habitat and Laboratory ExoHab concept constraints during EuroGeoMars campaign in Utah desert research station (from 24 Jan. to 28 Feb. 2009). We discuss from the ILEWG ExoHab concept studies and field simulations the specifics of human exploration, with focus on habitability and human performance. Moon-Mars outposts: concepts and preparation In the ExoHab pilot concept project (supported by ILEWG, ESA & NASA), we justify the case for a sci- entific and exploration outpost allowing experiments, sample analysis in laboratory (relevant to the origin and evolution of planets and life, geophysical and geo- chemical studies, astrobiology and life sciences, ob- servation sciences, technology demonstration, resource utilisation, human exploration and settlement). In this modular concept, we consider various in- frastructure elements: - core habitat, - Extra Vehicular activity (EVA), - crew mobility, - energy supply, - recycling module, - communication, - green house and food production - operations. Many of these elements have already been studied in space agencies’ architecture proposals, with the technological possibilities of industrial partners (landers, orbiter, rovers, habitats …). A deeper reflec- tion will address the core habitat and the laboratory equipment, proposing scientific and exploration ex- periments. Each element will be added in a range con- sidering their priority to life support in duration [7]. Considering surface operations, protocols will be specified in the use of certain elements. Lunar outpost predesign modular concept. We give a pre-design of a human minimal Moon-Mars outpost (Fig.1) to allow human presence on the Moon and later Mars, and to carry out experiments. Fig. 1: Functional diagram for ExoHab outpost (Boche-Sauvan & Foing 2008) A polar lunar outpost can serve to prepare for a Mars outpost: system and crew safety aspects, use of local resources, operations on farside with limited commu- nication to Earth, planetary protection protocol, astro- biology and life sciences [6]. We focus on the easiest and the soonest way in set- tling a minimal base immediately operational in scien- tific experimentation, but not immediately autono- mous. It will prepare the next permanent lunar base by assessment of its technologies, and give scientific re- sults about the environment. The autonomy will be gained in the evolution of the base, and added equip- ment. Through a modular concept, this outpost will be pos- sibly evolved into a long duration or permanent base. We will analyse the possibilities of settling such a minimal base by means of the current and near term propulsion technology, as a full Ariane 5 ME carrying 1.7 T of gross payload to the surface of the Moon (In- tegrated Exploration Study, ESA ESTEC [1,2]). A lunar outpost in a polar region would allow mis- sions longer than 14 days (period of possible return to an orbiter anywhere else), and a frequent addition of equipments. Moreover, a polar outpost will get both advantages of far-side for communications and dark- 1759.pdf 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010)
ness for observations. The low solar rays incidence may permit having ice in deep craters, which will be beneficial for the evolution of the outpost into an autonomous base. After a robotic sample return mis- sion, a human presence will allow deeper research through well chosen geological samples. EuroGeoMars campaign We investigated experimentally the ExoHab concept (Moon-Mars habitat and laboratory) and operations constraints during EuroGeoMars campaign in Utah desert (from 24 January to 28 February 2009) . The goal of the mission was to demonstrate instru- ments from ExoGeoLab and ExoHab pilot projects [8], support the interpretation of ongoing lunar and plane- tary missions, validate a procedure for surface in-situ and return science, study human performance aspects, and perform outreach and education projects [9-10]. The EuroGeoMars campaign included: - a technical preparation week (24-31 Jan): instrumen- tation deployment and technology field demonstration; - 1st rotation – crew 76 (1-15 Feb): further deployment and utilization; - 2nd rotation – crew 77 (15-28 Feb): further science exploitation and in depth analysis. The EuroGeoMars campaign had 4 main objectives: 1) Technology demonstration aspects: a set of instru- ments were deployed, tested, assessed, and training was provided to scientists using them in subsequent rotations 2) Research aspects: a series of field science and ex- ploration investigations were conducted in geology, geochemistry, biology, astrobiology, astronomy, with synergies with space missions and research from planetary surfaces and Earth extreme environments. 3) Human crew related aspects [10]: (a) evaluation of the different functions and interfaces of a planetary habitat, (b) crew time organization in this habitat, (c) evaluation of man-machine interfaces of science and technical equipment; 4) Education, outreach, multi-cultural communications and public relations We docuemented from the ExoHab concept studies and EuroGeoMars field simulations the lessons for future human habitats, research laboratories and opera- tions. We acknowledge support from ILEWG, ESA, NASA and partner institutions. Fig.2: Habitat geochemical laboratory with XRD and Raman spectrometer for geochemistry/ astrobiology Fig.3: EVA simulation for instruments and sampling References: [1] “Exploration Architecture Trade Report”, ESA 2008. [2] “Integrated Exploration Architecture”, ESA, 2008. [3] 9 th ILEWG International Conference on Explora- tion & Utilization of the moon, 2007, sci.esa.int/ilewg [4] Schrunk et al , “The Moon: Resources, Future De- velopment and Colonization”, 1999. [5] “The Moon as a Platform for Astronomy and Space Science”, B.H. Foing, ASR 14 (6), 1994. [6] Boche-Sauvan L. & Foing B (2008) MSc/ESTEC report. [7] Anthony J. Hanford, “Advanced Life Support, Baseline Values and Assumptions Document”, 2004. [8] Foing, B.H. et al . (2009) LPI, 40, 2567. [9] Foing, B.H., Pletser, V., Boche-Sauvan L. et al , Daily reports from MDRS (crew 76 and 77) on http://desert.marssociety.org/mdrs/fs08/ . [10] Boche-Sauvan L. , Foing BH (2008) LPICo1446, 24. 1759.pdf 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010)
41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010)
1759.pdf
ILEWG EXOHAB & EUROGEOMARS CAMPAIGNS: HABITABILITY & HUMAN OPERATIONS
L. Boche-Sauvan1,11*, B.H. Foing1,11*, C. Stoker2,11*, P. Ehrenfreund10,11, L. Wendt8*, C. Gross8, 11*, C. Thiel9*, S. Peters1,6*, A.
Borst1,6*, J. Zavaleta2*, P. Sarrazin2*, D. Blake2, J. Page1,4,11, V. Pletser5,11*, E. Monaghan1*, P. Mahapatra1*, A. Noroozi3, P.
Giannopoulos1,11 , A. Calzada1,6,11, R. Walker7, T. Zegers1, ExoGeoLab & ILEWG ExoHab teams1,4,11 & EuroGeoMars team1,4,5
1
ESTEC/SRE-S Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, NL, 2NASA Ames 3Delft TU , 4ESTEC TEC Technology Dir., 5ESTEC HSF
Human Spaceflight, 6VU Amsterdam, 7ESTEC Education Office, 8FU Berlin, 9Max Planck Goettingen, 10Leiden/GWU , 11ILEWG
ExoHab Team, * EuroGeoMars crew (Bernard.Foing@esa.int/ Fax: +31 71 565 4697)
Abstract: We studied concepts for a minimal
Moon-Mars habitat, in focussing on the system aspects
and coordinating every different part as part an evolving architecture [1-3]. We validated experimentally the
Habitat and Laboratory ExoHab concept constraints
during EuroGeoMars campaign in Utah desert research
station (from 24 Jan. to 28 Feb. 2009). We discuss
from the ILEWG ExoHab concept studies and field
simulations the specifics of human exploration, with
focus on habitability and human performance.
Moon-Mars outposts: concepts and preparation
In the ExoHab pilot concept project (supported by
ILEWG, ESA & NASA), we justify the case for a scientific and exploration outpost allowing experiments,
sample analysis in laboratory (relevant to the origin
and evolution of planets and life, geophysical and geochemical studies, astrobiology and life sciences, observation sciences, technology demonstration, resource
utilisation, human exploration and settlement).
In this modular concept, we consider various infrastructure elements:
- core habitat,
- Extra Vehicular activity (EVA),
- crew mobility,
- energy supply,
- recycling module,
- communication,
- green house and food production
- operations.
Many of these elements have already been studied
in space agencies’ architecture proposals, with the
technological possibilities of industrial partners
(landers, orbiter, rovers, habitats …). A deeper reflection will address the core habitat and the laboratory
equipment, proposing scientific and exploration experiments. Each element will be added in a range considering their priority to life support in duration [7].
Considering surface operations, protocols will be
specified in the use of certain elements.
Lunar outpost predesign modular concept.
We give a pre-design of a human minimal Moon-Mars
outpost (Fig.1) to allow human presence on the Moon
and later Mars, and to carry out experiments.
Fig. 1: Functional diagram for ExoHab outpost
(Boche-Sauvan & Foing 2008)
A polar lunar outpost can serve to prepare for a Mars
outpost: system and crew safety aspects, use of local
resources, operations on farside with limited communication to Earth, planetary protection protocol, astrobiology and life sciences [6].
We focus on the easiest and the soonest way in settling a minimal base immediately operational in scientific experimentation, but not immediately autonomous. It will prepare the next permanent lunar base by
assessment of its technologies, and give scientific results about the environment. The autonomy will be
gained in the evolution of the base, and added equipment.
Through a modular concept, this outpost will be possibly evolved into a long duration or permanent base.
We will analyse the possibilities of settling such a
minimal base by means of the current and near term
propulsion technology, as a full Ariane 5 ME carrying
1.7 T of gross payload to the surface of the Moon (Integrated Exploration Study, ESA ESTEC [1,2]).
A lunar outpost in a polar region would allow missions longer than 14 days (period of possible return to
an orbiter anywhere else), and a frequent addition of
equipments. Moreover, a polar outpost will get both
advantages of far-side for communications and dark-
41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010)
1759.pdf
ness for observations. The low solar rays incidence
may permit having ice in deep craters, which will be
beneficial for the evolution of the outpost into an
autonomous base. After a robotic sample return mission, a human presence will allow deeper research
through well chosen geological samples.
EuroGeoMars campaign
We investigated experimentally the ExoHab concept
(Moon-Mars habitat and laboratory) and operations
constraints during EuroGeoMars campaign in Utah
desert (from 24 January to 28 February 2009) .
The goal of the mission was to demonstrate instruments from ExoGeoLab and ExoHab pilot projects [8],
support the interpretation of ongoing lunar and planetary missions, validate a procedure for surface in-situ
and return science, study human performance aspects,
and perform outreach and education projects [9-10].
Fig.2: Habitat geochemical laboratory with XRD and
Raman spectrometer for geochemistry/ astrobiology
The EuroGeoMars campaign included:
- a technical preparation week (24-31 Jan): instrumentation deployment and technology field demonstration;
- 1st rotation – crew 76 (1-15 Feb): further deployment
and utilization;
- 2nd rotation – crew 77 (15-28 Feb): further science
exploitation and in depth analysis.
The EuroGeoMars campaign had 4 main objectives:
Fig.3: EVA simulation for instruments and sampling
1) Technology demonstration aspects: a set of instruments were deployed, tested, assessed, and training
was provided to scientists using them in subsequent
rotations
References:
2) Research aspects: a series of field science and exploration investigations were conducted in geology,
geochemistry, biology, astrobiology, astronomy, with
synergies with space missions and research from
planetary surfaces and Earth extreme environments.
3) Human crew related aspects [10]: (a) evaluation of
the different functions and interfaces of a planetary
habitat, (b) crew time organization in this habitat, (c)
evaluation of man-machine interfaces of science and
technical equipment;
4) Education, outreach, multi-cultural communications
and public relations
We docuemented from the ExoHab concept studies
and EuroGeoMars field simulations the lessons for
future human habitats, research laboratories and operations. We acknowledge support from ILEWG, ESA,
NASA and partner institutions.
[1] “Exploration Architecture Trade Report”, ESA
2008.
[2] “Integrated Exploration Architecture”, ESA, 2008.
[3] 9th ILEWG International Conference on Exploration & Utilization of the moon, 2007, sci.esa.int/ilewg
[4] Schrunk et al , “The Moon: Resources, Future Development and Colonization”, 1999.
[5] “The Moon as a Platform for Astronomy and Space
Science”, B.H. Foing, ASR 14 (6), 1994.
[6] Boche-Sauvan L. & Foing B (2008) MSc/ESTEC report.
[7] Anthony J. Hanford, “Advanced Life Support,
Baseline Values and Assumptions Document”, 2004.
[8] Foing, B.H. et al . (2009) LPI, 40, 2567.
[9] Foing, B.H., Pletser, V., Boche-Sauvan L. et al , Daily
reports from MDRS (crew 76 and 77) on
http://desert.marssociety.org/mdrs/fs08/.
[10] Boche-Sauvan L. , Foing BH (2008) LPICo1446, 24.
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Segala Puji syukur saya ucapkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat dan bimbingan-Nya, sehingga saya mampu menyusun Questioning Strategy untuk siswa SMA/ MA program IPS. Modul ini disusun berdasarkan kurikulum 2013. Dikemas dengan ringkasan materi yang menarik berserta soal- soal latihan yang memungkinkan siswa untuk dapat memahami teks naratif lebih cepat. Saya berharap supaya modul ini dapat bermanfaat bagi siswa dan guru dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar, sehingga mampu menambahkan pengetahuan bagi guru dan meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks naratif. Oleh karena itu, demi perbaikan modul ini, segala kritik, saran dan masukan yang membangun akan senantiasa saya terima dengan lapang hati. Semoga modul ini berguna dan bermanfaat bagi siswa dan guru.
Breast Cancer is found as the most dangerous and most commonly affecting diseases in the world by WHO. The severity of breast cancer and early diagnosis of it has gained the attention of researchers to save humankind from such devastating disease. Early prediction of breast cancer has geared up its journey after the introduction to machine learning supervised algorithms. In the paper, the use of various machine learning algorithms along with the ensemble algorithms is shown. The results obtained are highly accurate to help one correctly predict cancer. The paper aims at early diagnosis of breast cancer with a humble motto of saving patients suffering from the disease by allowing them to know whether the diagnosed tumor is cancerous or non-cancerous, being Malignant and Benign respectively. This paper would be useful and aiding for those who are novel researchers in prediction and diagnosis of breast cancer using machine learning.
In seafood processing plants, industrial waste water discharge reached virtually the level B (QCVN 11-MT:2015/BTNMT) after using mechanical, physicochemical and biological wastewater treatment methods. However, their COD values (COD = 20-120 mg/L) were not qualified for allowable concentration of discharge requirement - level A (COD ≤ 75 mg/L) in many cases. In this paper, bio-treated seafood waster water was continually treated by TiO2 photocatalyst modified by doping Fe and N to degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants to obtain the A level water which can be resused. TiO2 modified by doping Fe and N were prepared and investigated the physico-chemicalproperties. The results showed that modified TiO2 had a lower band gap and more photoactivity than pure TiO2. Beside that, at the reaction conditions: reaction temperature 25 oC, dissolved oxygen concentration 7.6 mg/L and pH = 7, the optimal concentration of catalysts was determined (1.25 g/L). After 12 hours of treatment, COD removal...