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Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat
Ng, Gareth J Y; Tan, Stephanie; Vu, Anh N.; Del Mar, Chris B.; van Driel, Mieke L.
Published in:
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD008911.pub2
Published: 14/07/2015
Document Version:
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Link to publication in Bond University research repository.
Recommended citation(APA):
Ng, G. J. Y., Tan, S., Vu, A. N., Del Mar, C. B., & van Driel, M. L. (2015). Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore
throat. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(7), [CD008911].
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008911.pub2
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Download date: 21 May 2020
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Ng GJY, Tan S, Vu AN, Del Mar CB, van Driel ML
Ng GJY, Tan S, Vu AN, Del Mar CB, van Driel ML.
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008911.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008911.pub2.
www.cochranelibrary.com
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HEADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . .
BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
. . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDIES . . . . . . . .
DATA AND ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS . . . . . . . .
DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST . . . . . . . . .
SOURCES OF SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOCOL AND REVIEW
INDEX TERMS
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Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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i
[Intervention Review]
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat
Gareth JY Ng1 , Stephanie Tan2 , Anh N Vu2 , Chris B Del Mar3 , Mieke L van Driel4
1 Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia. 2 Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold
Coast, Australia. 3 Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice (CREBP), Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia. 4 Discipline of
General Practice, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Contact address: Gareth JY Ng, Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Butterfield drive, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Qld 4006,
Australia. gareth.ng@gmail.com. gareth.ng@gmail.com.
Editorial group: Cochrane ENT Group.
Publication status and date: New, published in Issue 7, 2015.
Review content assessed as up-to-date: 25 June 2015.
Citation: Ng GJY, Tan S, Vu AN, Del Mar CB, van Driel ML. Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008911. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008911.pub2.
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Background
Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent recurrent sore throat, despite concern about resistance. However, there is conflicting primary
evidence regarding their effectiveness.
Objectives
To assess the effects of antibiotics in patients with recurrent sore throat.
Search methods
The Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group (CENTDG) Trials Search Co-ordinator searched the CENTDG Trials Register;
Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 5); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Clinicaltrials.gov;
ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 25 June 2015.
Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of antibiotics in adults and children suffering from pre-existing recurrent sore throat, defined as
three or more sore throats in a year, examining the incidence of sore throat recurrence, with follow-up of at least 12 months postantibiotic therapy.
Data collection and analysis
Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Multiple attempts to contact the authors of one study yielded no
response.
Main results
We identified no trials that met the inclusion criteria for the review. We discarded the majority of the references retrieved from our
search following screening of the title and abstract. We formally excluded four studies following review of the full-text report.
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1
Authors’ conclusions
There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat. This finding must be
balanced against the known adverse effects and cost of antibiotic therapy, when considering antibiotics for this purpose. There is a
need for high quality RCTs that compare the effects of antibiotics versus placebo in adults and children with pre-existing recurrent sore
throat on the following outcomes: incidence of sore throat recurrence, adverse effects, days off work and absence from school, and the
incidence of complications. Future studies should be conducted and reported according to the CONSORT statement.
PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat
Background
Recurrent sore throat is an inflammation of the throat occurring three or more times per year. Sore throat has many causes, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi (uncommonly) and non-infective causes. It causes throat pain, redness, swelling, swollen lymph nodes and
symptoms of other accompanying respiratory infections. Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent recurrent sore throat on the basis
that sore throats can be caused by bacteria. However, frequent use of antibiotics has been linked to the development of antibiotic
resistance. We looked for studies (randomised controlled trials) that investigated the effectiveness of antibiotics for preventing recurrent
sore throat in adults and children.
Study characteristics
Despite a comprehensive search in June 2015, we were unable to identify any studies that met the inclusion criteria for this review.
Key results
No trials could be included in this review. We therefore conclude that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of
antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat and this finding must be balanced against the known adverse effects and cost of antibiotic
therapy when considering antibiotics for this purpose. We have identified a need for high quality randomised controlled trials that
compare the effects of antibiotics versus placebo in adults and children with pre-existing recurrent sore throat on the following outcomes:
incidence of sore throat recurrence, adverse effects, days off work and absence from school, and the incidence of complications.
BACKGROUND
Description of the condition
Throat infections (known as ’sore throat’, ’pharyngitis’ or ’tonsillitis’, if principally affecting the tonsils) affect the respiratory
mucosa of the throat. The vast majority are self limiting, that is
they remit spontaneously. Throat infections cause inflammation
of the mucosa and very rarely invasive infection of the potential
spaces within and surrounding the oropharynx. They cause the
clinical syndrome of throat pain, redness, swelling and enlarged
lymph nodes, together with other symptoms of acute respiratory
infection. Causes include bacteria, viruses or, uncommonly, fungi.
Other causes of sore throat (sometimes accompanying systemic
disease) include trauma, tumours, gastro-oesophageal reflux dis-
ease and PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis
and adenitis) syndrome. Determining the aetiological agent clinically is sometimes difficult. Acute sore throats are more common
in children aged three to 13 years (30% to 40%) than in children
aged less than three years (5% to 10%) or adults (5% to 15%)
(eTG 2014).
Recurrent pharyngitis and tonsillitis has been defined in different
ways in different studies (Blakley 2009). A definition was developed by Paradise, who studied the effect of tonsillectomy in children with severe recurrent tonsillitis: seven episodes in one year,
five episodes per year for two years, or three or more episodes per
year for three years (the ’Paradise criteria’). These arbitrary cutoff points were once used to guide tonsillectomy decision-making.
In 2000, the criteria were relaxed by the American Academy of
Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) in their
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2
2000 guideline to “three or more attacks of sore throat per year
despite adequate medical therapy” (AAO-HNS 2000). However,
with the publication of the Academy’s new, evidence-based guideline in 2011, this position has now reverted to the original and
more stringent ’Paradise criteria’ (AAO-HNS 2011).
Repeated episodes of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis can cause a significant burden on families (absence from school or work) or society (healthcare costs) (Roos 1995). In a US-based survey, a relatively small proportion of children between four and 15 years old
(1%) experienced repeated group-A beta-haemolytic streptococci
(GABHS) episodes in a three-year period, with the highest incidence between four and six years old (St Sauver 2006). However,
at the population level this represents a significant number.
The long-term sequelae of sore throat and its infective causes include suppurative complications (quinsy, acute otitis media, acute
sinusitis) and non-suppurative complications (e.g. acute rheumatic
fever, acute glomerulonephritis) (eTG 2014; Ilyas 2008; Spinks
2013). Currently there are no good data on the natural history
of recurrent sore throat (eTG 2014). However, an observational
study on the symptoms and complications of sore throat is currently being performed in the UK (DESCARTE).
In our review, we have defined recurrent sore throat as three or
more self reported episodes of sore throat per year, to include
any studies undertaken during the transiently relaxed definition
period.
Acute sore throat treatment include antibiotics (as well as supportive treatment including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), analgesics (e.g. paracetamol) and corticosteroids).
Description of the intervention
The use of antibiotics for acute sore throat is controversial. In
some countries (e.g. parts of the USA), it is routine to culture
the throat to establish whether Streptococcus is the infecting agent.
Whether or not to initiate antibiotic treatment is based on the
result of the culture (Bisno 2002). In other countries, it is routine
to use (imperfect) decision algorithms to estimate the likelihood
of the cause of the symptoms being bacterial (Matthys 2007).
There are large differences in clinical practice between countries
(Froom 1990) and between primary care clinicians (Howie 1971).
The adverse effects of antibiotic therapy include nausea, diarrhoea,
major and minor allergic reactions, and development of antibiotic
resistance.
approach is to target group A beta haemolytic Streptococcus specifically with penicillin.
Using acute sore throat treatment as a corollary, a Cochrane review assessed the effects of antibiotics and found that they showed
a slight benefit in achieving symptom reduction (Spinks 2013).
Most patients (90%) are symptom-free by seven days, regardless
of whether antibiotic therapy is used or not. Antibiotics provide
benefit in reducing the incidence of suppurative (e.g. quinsy) and
non-suppurative complications (e.g. acute rheumatic fever and
acute glomerulonephritis, attributed to infection with GABHS),
but the numbers needed to treat to prevent one case are high
(Spinks 2013).
It is not clear if more benefit can be expected from treatment with
antibiotics in patients with frequent, recurring episodes of acute
sore throat.
Why it is important to do this review
This review was prompted by the participation of one of the authors (CDM) in writing guidelines (eTG 2014). Long-term antibiotics are sometimes recommended for preventing recurrent sore
throat. However, there is conflicting primary evidence regarding
their effectiveness (eTG 2014). Frequent use of antibiotics adds
to the burden of antibiotic resistance in the community.
The effect of antibiotics on pre-existing recurrent sore throats is
not directly addressed in the Cochrane review of tonsillectomy
or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/
recurrent acute tonsillitis (Burton 2014). The question in that
review differs from this in 1) focusing on tonsillitis and 2) defining
’recurrent’ as two or more episodes in a 12-month period.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of antibiotics in patients with recurrent sore
throat.
METHODS
Criteria for considering studies for this review
How the intervention might work
Antibiotics are commonly used against any bacteria that may be
causing the infection in the throat.
The rationale for using antibiotics is to remove the source of infection. Several types of antibiotics may be used, although one
Types of studies
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
We included studies that followed up patients for a minimum of
12 months post-antibiotic therapy.
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Types of participants
Adults and children who presented in any clinical setting suffering from pre-existing recurrent sore throat according to a clinical
definition (where recurrent is three or more episodes per year).
Types of interventions
Intervention
All antibiotics by any route of administration, at any dose and for
any duration.
We excluded combinations of antibiotics.
• Incidence of sore throat recurrence, measured by the
number of self reported episodes per year (patients were followed
up for a minimum of 12 months post-antibiotic therapy; we
then planned to calculate the results as occurrence per year); and
cumulative severity, measured in days of disability for incident
cases.
• Adverse effects (including diarrhoea, thrush, rashes, nausea
etc.).
Secondary outcomes
• Days off work, absence from school.
• Incidence of complications (quinsy, acute rheumatic fever,
acute glomerulonephritis, acute otitis media etc.).
Comparison
Placebo.
Types of outcome measures
Primary outcomes
Search methods for identification of studies
The Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group
(CENTDG) Trials Search Co-ordinator (TSC) conducted systematic searches for randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials. There were no language, publication year or publication
status restrictions. The date of the search was 25 June 2015 (Figure
1).
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
4
Figure 1. Process for sifting search results and selecting studies for inclusion
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5
Electronic searches
The TSC searched:
• the CENTDG Trials Register (searched 25 June 2015);
• the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
(CENTRAL 2015, Issue 5);
• PubMed (1946 to 25 June 2015);
• Ovid EMBASE (1974 to 2015 week 25);
• Ovid CAB Abstracts (1910 to 2015 week 24);
• EBSCO CINAHL (1982 to 25 June 2015);
• LILACS, lilacs.bvsalud.org (searched 25 June 2015);
• KoreaMed (searched via Google Scholar 25 June 2015);
• IndMed, www.indmed.nic.in (searched 25 June 2015);
• PakMediNet, www.pakmedinet.com (searched 25 June
2015);
• Web of Knowledge, Web of Science (1945 to 25 June
2015);
• CNKI, www.cnki.com.cn (searched via Google Scholar 25
June 2015);
• ClinicalTrials.gov (searched via the Cochrane Register of
Studies 25 June 2015);
• ICTRP, www.who.int/ictrp (searched 25 June 2015);
• ISRCTN www.isrctn.com (searched 25 June 2015);
• Google Scholar, scholar.google.co.uk (searched 25 June
2015);
• Google, www.google.com (searched 25 June 2015).
In searches prior to 2013, we also searched BIOSIS Previews 1926
to 2012.
The TSC modelled subject strategies for databases on the search
strategy designed for CENTRAL. Where appropriate, they were
combined with subject strategy adaptations of the highly sensitive
search strategy designed by The Cochrane Collaboration for identifying randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials
(as described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of
Interventions Version 5.1.0, Box 6.4.b. (Handbook 2011). Search
strategies for major databases including CENTRAL are provided
in Appendix 1.
Searching other resources
We scanned the reference lists of identified publications for additional trials and contacted trial authors where necessary. In addition, the TSC searched PubMed, TRIPdatabase, The Cochrane
Library and Google to retrieve existing systematic reviews relevant
to this systematic review, so that we could scan their reference lists
for additional trials.
Data collection and analysis
Selection of studies
Initially we analysed the titles and abstracts from the searches. We
then acquired the full text of the studies that potentially met the
eligibility criteria. We then also obtained full-text articles if eligibility of the study could not be determined due to insufficient information supplied in the abstract or absence of an abstract. Two
authors (AV and ST) independently assessed study eligibility to
ensure they met the inclusion criteria for the review. We resolved
any disagreements over which studies to include by discussion and
consensus, or if disagreement could not be resolved by these methods, we consulted a third author (CDM). Where clarification was
required, we contacted the study authors to request the relevant
information. We documented the reasons for exclusion of studies.
Data extraction and management
Two authors (GN and ST) independently extracted data using
standardised, pre-piloted data collection forms. Collection forms
included:
1. authors;
2. publication year;
3. name of journal;
4. participants (including total number, demographics,
duration and characteristics of illness etc.);
5. intervention (type of antibiotic, route and duration); and
6. results (outcome measures, time points, effect, statistical
significance, adverse effects).
We resolved any disagreements by discussion and consensus or if
disagreement could not be resolved by these methods, we consulted a third author (CDM). Where clarification was required, we
contacted the study authors to request the relevant information.
If disagreement remained unresolved, we reported disagreement
in the review.
We tabulated extracted information in a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel before entering data into RevMan 5 (RevMan 2014).
We made all statistical conversions using a computer to ensure
complete recording, as advised in Chapter 7.8 ’Managing data’
in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
(Handbook 2011).
Assessment of risk of bias in included studies
Two authors (AV and GN) planned to assess independently the
risk of bias of each trial using the standard Cochrane criteria (
Handbook 2011), with the following taken into consideration:
• sequence generation;
• allocation concealment;
• blinding;
• incomplete outcome data;
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6
• selective outcome reporting; and
• other sources of bias.
We planned to use the Cochrane ’Risk of bias’ tool in RevMan 5,
which involves describing each of these domains as reported in the
trial and then assigning a judgement about the adequacy of each
entry: ’low’, ’high’ or ’unclear’ risk of bias.
Any disagreements would have been resolved by discussion and
consensus or if disagreement could not be resolved by these methods, a third author (MVD) was to be consulted. Where clarification was required, we planned to contact the study authors to
request the relevant information. If disagreement remained unresolved, this was to be reported in review.
Measures of treatment effect
For numerical data, if outcomes were measured in the same way we
used the mean difference (MD) (+/- standard deviation (SD)) to
compare the differences between groups. We planned to combine
trials that measured the same outcome but used different methods
using the standardised mean difference (SMD).
For dichotomous data, we planned to present the results as odds
ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Assessment of reporting biases
We planned to investigate reporting biases (such as publication
bias) by using funnel plots when there were 10 or more studies
eligible for meta-analysis. If the outcomes were dichotomous, we
planned to assess the funnel plot using the approach proposed
by Egger (Egger 1997). For continuous outcomes, we planned
to assess the funnel plot using the tests proposed by Harbord
(Harbord 2006).
Data synthesis
We synthesised data using the Review Manager software (RevMan
5.3) (RevMan 2014).
In the absence of important heterogeneity we planned to use a
fixed-effect model. We did not intend to pool trials found to be
heterogeneous or, in the case of statistical heterogeneity, we would
have pooled studies using a random-effects model (Handbook
2011).
Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity
Planned subgroup analyses included:
1. children versus adults;
2. children under two years versus older children; and
3. risk of bias (low versus high risk of bias).
Unit of analysis issues
The unit of analysis was the unit of randomisation. For repeated
observations on participants, we intended to avoid unit of analysis
errors by defining different outcomes based on different periods
of follow-up and by performing separate analyses. For events that
may have re-ocurred, we would have taken care to avoid unit of
analysis issues. In the case of cluster-randomised trials we planned
to make appropriate adjustment for clustering according to the
guidelines outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Handbook 2011).
Dealing with missing data
We planned intention-to-treat analysis when possible (assuming
missing data as treatment failure).
Assessment of heterogeneity
We would have assessed heterogeneity between trials with a twostepped approach. First, we planned to assess heterogeneity at face
value (e.g. when populations differ substantially or where setting
and/or treatment are different). Second, we planned to assess statistical heterogeneity by performing a Chi2 test and calculating the
I2 statistic. Cut-off values for the I2 statistic would have followed
the guidelines in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of
Interventions (Handbook 2011). We planned to describe identified sources of heterogeneity.
Sensitivity analysis
If heterogeneity had been present, we would have examined the
methodological and clinical characteristics of the included trials
to explore the causes. We would then have determined the impact
of any clinical or methodological differences found by performing
sensitivity analyses.
We planned to produce a summary table to report all sensitivity
analyses.
’Summary of findings’ table
In future updates of this review, if studies are included, we will
use the GRADE approach to rate the overall quality of evidence.
The quality of evidence reflects the extent to which we are confident that an estimate of effect is correct and we will apply this in
the interpretation of results. There are four possible ratings: high,
moderate, low and very low. A rating of high quality of evidence
implies that we are confident in our estimate of effect and that
further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the
estimate of effect. A rating of very low quality implies that any
estimate of effect obtained is very uncertain.
The GRADE approach rates evidence from RCTs that do not have
serious limitations as high quality. However, several factors can
lead to the downgrading of the evidence to moderate, low or very
low. The degree of downgrading is determined by the seriousness
of the these factors:
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
7
•
•
•
•
•
study limitations (risk of bias);
inconsistency;
Indirectness of evidence;
imprecision; and
publication bias.
We will include a ’Summary of findings’ (SOF) table, constructed
according to the recommendations described in Chapter 11 of
the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (
Handbook 2011).
Risk of bias in included studies
No studies were included.
Effects of interventions
No studies were included.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Description of studies
Results of the search
The search retrieved a total of 1360 references. We excluded 694 of
these in first-level screening (i.e. removal of duplicates and clearly
irrelevant references), leaving 666 references for further consideration. Out of those 666 studies, we discarded 455 following screening of the title and 207 on the basis of the abstract. We excluded
the remaining four studies after the full text was obtained and
studied. There are no studies ’awaiting assessment’ or ’ongoing’
studies. Figure 1 depicts a flow chart of the study screening and
selection process.
Included studies
No studies met the inclusion criteria.
Excluded studies
See Characteristics of excluded studies.
We excluded four studies following review of the full text (Jensen
1991; Liltholdt 2003; Mora 2003; Sirimanna 1990). We excluded
Jensen 1991 because the authors did not compare antibiotic treatment with placebo (they compared with no antibiotic treatment)
and tonsillectomy was conducted before follow-up was complete.
We excluded Liltholdt 2003 because tonsillectomy was carried out
before follow-up was complete. We excluded Mora 2003 because
the results were uninterpretable. We made numerous attempts to
contact the investigators for further information, however no response was received. We excluded Sirimanna 1990 because the
authors compared antibiotic treatment with no treatment instead
of placebo.
Summary of main results
Given the fact that recurrent sore throat is a relatively common
clinical condition, we were surprised that there were no studies
available that addressed our clinical question. Most studies have
been performed in ENT outpatient settings and compared the
effects of antibiotics versus tonsillectomy, or the effectiveness of
different antibiotics. However, research in primary care and into
the effectiveness of antibiotics versus placebo is lacking.
Further research is necessary to help determine the best management of patients with recurrent sore throat.
Overall completeness and applicability of
evidence
Does recommending antibiotic therapy for recurrent sore throat
reduce the number of future episodes per year? Are there adverse
effects from recommending antibiotics for recurrent sore throat?
Does recommending antibiotics for recurrent sore throat reduce
the amount of days taken off work or absent from school? Does
recommending antibiotics for recurrent sore throat reduce the incidence of complications? There are currently no studies to answer
any of these questions.
Quality of the evidence
We were unable to include any studies in this review.
Potential biases in the review process
Were we too strict in our inclusion criteria? Perhaps we could have
also included non-randomised studies? This could be regarded
as a potential source of bias. However, the inclusion of non-randomised studies would have diluted the quality of evidence from
any randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and this would have introduced a risk of bias in the overall effect estimate.
Another potential source of bias was our inability to obtain information from a trial author. Mora 2003 conducted a RCT in
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
8
children with recurrent tonsillitis, but the abstract provided insufficient information for us to decide on inclusion. The authors of
the study did not respond to our requests for information despite
multiple attempts.
Agreements and disagreements with other
studies or reviews
No other systematic reviews have been published on this topic.
The question of whether there are any adverse effects from recommending antibiotics for recurrent sore throat was addressed by
three of the formally excluded studies:
Jensen 1991 suggested that there were potential adverse effects
from recommending antibiotics in recurrent sore throat and reported that 24% of patients taking clindamycin stopped treatment
because of adverse effects: 13% complained of diarrhoea, 11% of
abdominal pain, 2% of anogenital itching and 2% of dizziness.
However, the study comparison was not versus placebo (antibiotics versus tonsillectomy).
Lildholdt 2003 found that 25% of patients receiving azithromycin
complained of gastrointestinal pain and 2% complained of rash,
whilst 4% of those receiving placebo complained of rash and none
of gastrointestinal pain.
Mora 2003 suggested that there were no side effects from antibiotic
therapy when compared to placebo.
The apparent variation in the incidence of side effects of antibiotic
therapy when compared to placebo may be related to the type of
antibiotic and duration of treatment. However, there were no trials
available that could to provide an explanation for this finding.
Further research needs to determine the risk/benefit of prescribing
antibiotics for recurrent sore throat.
Another potential benefit from antibiotics would be to reduce the
duration and severity of illness. Interestingly, none of the excluded
studies reported the amount of days taken off work or absent from
school as an outcome measure for severity and duration of disease.
Mora 2003 suggested a marked decrease in the severity of symptoms on a subjective evaluation scale following administration of
antibiotics. The severity score of symptoms on a scale between zero
and four showed that those treated with antibiotics had a mean
decrease in severity from 2.61/4 to 0.88/4, whilst those treated
with placebo had only a 2.53/4 to 2.20/4 decrease. A more objective measure, such as time taken off work or absence from school,
would be more clinically relevant.
Further research needs to determine whether antibiotics cause a
reduction in the duration and severity of recurrent sore throat.
An important complication of recurrent sore throat is the development of a peritonsillar abscess. Sirimana 1990 reported that of the
untreated people with recurrent sore throat, 4% developed peritonsillar abscesses and 28% deteriorated to the extent of requiring
treatment in the form of tonsillectomy or antibiotic treatment due
to recurrent tonsillitis. However, they compared antibiotics to no
treatment (rather than placebo) and did not report the number of
complications in those treated with antibiotics.
Further research also needs to determine whether antibiotics reduce the incidence of complications in those with recurrent sore
throat.
The formally excluded studies did not answer our clinical question
and those that seemed to address it did not report any of the
outcome measures that we defined for this review a priori. Two
of these studies presented results that could be misinterpreted. In
addition, two of the studies made no attempt at blinding. At least
three of the four studies included participants referred to ENT
specialists, so extrapolation to patients in the primary care setting is
problematic. This is of significance, as most patients with recurrent
sore throat will not be referred to ENT specialists and it is likely
that most of those that are referred to ENT would be more severe.
There is insufficient evidence to support guidelines, e.g. eTG
2014, or recommendations about long-term antibiotic therapy to
prevent recurrent sore throat. However, the lack of evidence to
determine the effectiveness of antibiotics for preventing recurrent
sore throat must be balanced against the known adverse effects
and cost of antibiotic therapy, when considering antibiotics for
this purpose.
AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS
Implications for practice
Currently there is insufficient evidence from randomised trials to
guide clinicians on the effectiveness of antibiotics to prevent recurrent sore throat. However, this finding must be balanced against
the known adverse effects and cost of antibiotic therapy, when
considering antibiotics for this purpose.
Implications for research
High quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to
determine any benefit or harm from antibiotics for preventing
recurrent sore throat.
We recommend that RCTs in the future should include adults
and children who are suffering from pre-existing recurrent sore
throat, where recurrent is defined as three or more episodes of
sore throat per year. These trials should investigate the effect of
antibiotics by any route of administration and for any duration
(excluding combination antibiotics) versus a placebo comparison.
The most clinically important outcomes measured should include
the incidence of sore throat recurrence, adverse effects, days off
work, absence from school and the incidence of complications,
with patients followed up for a minimum of 12 months.
RCTs addressing this issue should follow the CONSORT
Statement to enable transparency and ensure the validity of the
results presented.
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Assistance was given by the Cochrane Ear, Nose & Throat Disorders Group including Samantha Faulkner (Trial Search Co-ordinator and Assistant Managing Editor), who performed the searches
and helped us gain access to full-text articles.
This project was supported by the National Institute for Health
Research, via Cochrane Infrastructure, Cochrane Programme
Grant or Cochrane Incentive funding to the Cochrane ENT
Group. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Systematic Reviews Programme, NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health.
REFERENCES
References to studies excluded from this review
Jensen 1991 {published data only}
Jensen J, Larsen S. Treatment of recurrent tonsillitis with
clindamycin. An alternative to tonsillectomy?. Clinical
Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 1991;16:498–500.
Liltholdt 2003 {published data only}
Lildholdt T, Doessing H, Lyster M, Oetzen KE. The
natural history of recurrent acute tonsillitis and a clinical
trial of azithromycin for antibiotic prophylaxis. Clinical
Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 2003;28(4):371–3.
Mora 2003 {published and unpublished data}
Mora R, Salami A, Francesco M, Cordone M, Ottoboni S,
Passali G, et al. Efficacy of cefpodoxime in the prophylaxis
of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis. International Journal of
Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2003;67 Suppl 1:S225–8.
Sirimanna 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not
used)}
Sirimana KS, Madden GJ, Miles SM. The use of longacting penicillin in the prophylaxis of recurrent tonsillitis.
Journal of Otolaryngology 1990;100:343–4.
Additional references
Blakley 2009
Blakley BW, Magit AE. The role of tonsillectomy in
reducing recurrent pharyngitis: a systematic review.
Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2009;140:291–7.
Burton 2014
Burton MJ, Glasziou PP, Chong LY, Venekamp RP.
Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical
treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. [DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD001802.pub3]
CONSORT Statement
Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT
Group. CONSORT Statement 2010. http://www.consortstatement.org.
DESCARTE
Little P. DEcision rule for severe Symptoms and
Complications of Acute Red Throat in Everyday practice
(DESCARTE). http://public.ukcrn.org.uk/search/
StudyDetail.aspx?StudyID=2421 (accessed 18 April 2014).
Egger 1997
Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in
meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ
1997;315:629–34.
AAO-HNS 2000
AAO-HNS. Clinical indicators: tonsillectomy,
adenoidectomy, adenotonsillectomy. Clinical Indicators
Compendium () 2000 (accessed 1 November 2010).
eTG 2014
Pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis. eTG complete http://
www.etg.hcn.net.au/ Revised October 2014 (accessed 22
February 2015).
AAO-HNS 2011
Baugh RF, Archer SM, Mitchell RB, Rosenfeld RM, Amin
R, Burns JJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy
in children. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2011;
144:S1–30. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599810389949]
Froom 1990
Froom J, Culpepper L, Grob P, Bartelds A, Bowers P,
Bridges-Webb C, et al. Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment
of acute otitis media: report from International Primary
Care Network. BMJ 1990;300:582–6.
Bisno 2002
Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz
RH. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management
of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clinical Infectious
Diseases 2002;35(2):113–25.
Handbook 2011
Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook
for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0
[updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration,
2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10
Harbord 2006
Harbord RM, Egger M, Sterne JA. A modified test for
small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with
binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 2006;25:3443–57.
Howie 1971
Howie JGR, Gill G, Durno D. Respiratory illness and
antibiotic use in general practice. Journal of the Royal College
of General Practitioners 1971;21:657–61.
Ilyas 2008
Ilyas M, Tolaymat A. Changing epidemiology of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in Northeast Florida:
a comparative study. Pediatric Nephrology 2008;23(7):
1101–67.
Lildholdt 2003
Lildholdt, Doessing H, Lyster M, Outzen KE. The
natural history of recurrent acute tonsillitis and a clinical
trial of azithromycin for antibiotic prophylaxis. Clinical
Otolaryngology 2003;28:371–3.
Matthys 2007
Matthys J, De Meyere M, van Driel ML, De Sutter A.
Differences among international pharyngitis guidelines: not
just academic. Annals of Family Medicine 2007;5:436–43.
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration.
Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen:
The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration,
2014.
Roos 1995
Roos K, Claesson R, Persson U, Odegaard K. The economic
cost of a streptococcal tonsillitis episode. Scandinavian
Journal of Primary Health Care 1995;13:257–60.
Sirimana 1990
Sirimanna KS, Madden GJ, Miles SM. The use of longacting penicillin in the prophylaxis of recurrent tonsillitis.
Journal of Otolaryngology 1990;100:343–4.
Spinks 2013
Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB. Antibiotics for sore
throat. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue
11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub4]
St Sauver 2006
St Sauver JL, Weaver AL, Orvidas LJ, Jacobson RM,
Jacobsen SJ. Population-based prevalence of repeated group
A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis episodes. Mayo
Clinic Proceedings 2006;81(9):1172–6.
∗
Indicates the major publication for the study
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
11
CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDIES
Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]
Study
Reason for exclusion
Jensen 1991
ALLOCATION:
Randomised controlled trial, non-blinded
PARTICIPANTS:
54 patients with recurrent acute tonsillitis (> 3 episodes in the previous 2 years)
INTERVENTIONS:
150 mg clindamycin 4 times a day for 10 days versus no antibiotic treatment (no placebo used). 28 of the included
patients in both arms had a tonsillectomy within the 1-year period
Excluded because no placebo used and tonsillectomy was used for treatment before follow-up was complete
Liltholdt 2003
ALLOCATION:
Randomised controlled trial, blinded
PARTICIPANTS:
110 patients (adults and children) with recurrent acute tonsillitis (> 3 episodes in the past 2 years)
INTERVENTIONS:
Azithromycin 500 mg or placebo once a week for 6 months. If any patient had confirmed acute tonsillitis, it was
considered failed treatment and they were offered tonsillectomy
Excluded because tonsillectomy was used as treatment before follow-up was complete
Mora 2003
ALLOCATION:
Randomised controlled trial
PARTICIPANTS:
180 children with recurrent pharyngotonsillitis (at least 3 episodes in the past year)
INTERVENTIONS:
Cefpodoxime proxetil (100 mg twice a day, 6 days a month for 6 months) versus placebo
OUTCOMES:
Authors reported that cefpodoxime may be effective in reducing symptoms of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis and
preventing recurrences
Excluded because the results were uninterpretable; we made numerous attempts to contact the investigators
but received no response
Sirimanna 1990
ALLOCATION:
Randomised controlled trial, non-blinded
PARTICIPANTS:
Patients with recurrent tonsillitis (> 4 attacks in the past year)
INTERVENTIONS: intramuscular dose of benzathine penicillin each month for 6 months versus no treatment
Excluded because no treatment was used as a comparison
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
12
DATA AND ANALYSES
This review has no analyses.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Search strategies
CENTRAL
EMBASE (Ovid)
PubMed
#1 MeSH descriptor Pharyngitis explode all trees
#2 pharyngit*
#3 MeSH descriptor Nasopharyngitis explode all trees
#4 (Retropharyngeal OR Peritonsillar) NEAR Abscess
#5 nasopharyngit*
#6 MeSH descriptor Tonsillitis
explode all trees
#7 tonsillit*
#8 (SORE* or INFLAMM* or
INFECT*) NEAR THROAT
#9 Pharyngotonsillitis
#10 (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8
OR #9)
#11 MeSH descriptor AntiBacterial Agents explode all
trees
#12 MeSH descriptor Antibiotic Prophylaxis explode all
trees
#13 MeSH descriptor Lactams
explode all trees
#14
MeSH
descriptor
Quinolones explode all trees
#15
MeSH
descriptor
Macrolides explode all trees
#16 antibiot* OR (anti ADJ
biot*) OR antimicrobial* OR
(anti ADJ microbial*) OR bacteriocid* OR antibacterial* OR
(anti ADJ bacterial*)
#17 penicillin* OR amoxicillin
OR ampicillin OR clavulanic
1 *sore throat/
2 exp *pharyngitis/
3 exp *tonsillitis/
4 (pharyngit* or nasopharyngit* or (retropharyngeal and
abscess) or (peritonsillar and
abscess) or tonsillit* or (sore
and throat) or (inflamm* and
throat) or (infect* and throat)
or pharyngotonsillitis).ti.
5 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
6 recurrent infection/
7 chronic disease/
8 exp relapse/
9 (recurr* or recrudesc* or relaps* or reappear* or chronic*
or prophyla* or prevent*).tw.
10 6 or 7 or 8 or 9
11 5 and 10
12 chronic tonsillitis/
13 11 or 12
14 exp antibiotic agent/
15 exp lactam/
16 exp quinolone derivative/
17 (antibiot* or (anti and
biot*) or antimicrobial* or (anti
and microbial*) or bacteriocid or antibacterial* or (anti
and bacterial*) or penicillin*
or amoxicillin or ampicillin or
(clavulanic and acid) or amoxiclav or augmentin or ticarcillin
or timentin or flucloxacillin
or fluampicil or magnapen
or piperacillin or tazocin or
#1 “Pharyngitis” [Mesh] OR
“Nasopharyngitis” [Mesh] OR
“Tonsillitis” [Mesh]
#2 pharyngit* [ti] OR nasopharyngit* [ti] OR (retropharyngeal [ti] AND abscess [ti])
OR (peritonsillar [ti] AND abscess [ti]) OR tonsillit* [ti] OR
(sore [ti] AND throat [ti]) OR
(inflamm* [ti] AND throat [ti])
OR (infect* [ti] AND throat
[ti]) OR pharyngotonsillitis [ti]
#3 #1 OR #2
#4 “Recurrence”[Mesh] OR
“Chronic Disease”[Mesh]
#5 “Secondary Prevention”
[Mesh]
#6 recurr* [tiab] OR recrudesc*
[tiab] OR relaps* [tiab] OR
reappear* [tiab] chronic* [tiab]
OR prophyla* [tiab] OR prevent* [tiab]
#7 #4 OR #5 OR #6
#8 #3 AND #7
#9 “antibiotic prophylaxis”
[Mesh]
#10 #3 AND #9
#11 “anti-bacterial agents”
[Mesh] OR “lactams” [Mesh]
OR “quinolones” [Mesh] OR
“macrolides” [Mesh]
#12 (antibiot* [tiab] OR (anti
[tiab] AND biot* [tiab]) OR
antimicrobial* [tiab] OR (anti
[tiab] AND microbial* [tiab])
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13
(Continued)
acid OR amoxiclav OR augmentin OR ticarcillin OR timentin OR flucloxacillin OR
fluampicil OR magnapen OR
piperacillin OR tazocin
#18 cephalosporin* OR cefaclor OR distaclor OR cefadroxil OR baxan OR cefalexin
OR ceporex OR keflex OR
cefamandole OR kefadol OR
cefazolin OR kefzol OR cefixime OR suprax OR cefotaxime OR claforan OR cefoxitin OR mefoxin OR cefpirome
OR cefrom OR cefpodoxime
OR orelox OR cefprozil OR cefzil OR cefradine OR velosel
OR ceftazidime OR fortum OR
kefadim OR ceftriaxone OR rocephin OR cefuroxime OR zinacef OR zinnat OR cefonicid OR aztreonam OR azactam
OR imipenem OR cilastatin
OR primaxin OR meropenem
or meronem or tetracycline* or
deteclo or demecleocyclin or
ledermycin or doxycycline or
vibramycin or minocycline or
minocine or oxytetracycline or
terramycin
#19
macrolide*
OR erythromycin OR erymax OR erythrocin OR erythroped OR azithromycin OR
zithromax OR clarithromycin
OR klaricid OR telithromycin
OR ketek OR trimoxazole OR
septrin OR trimethoprim OR
monotrim OR trimopan OR
metronidazole OR flagyl OR
metrolyl
#20 quinolone* OR ciprofloxacin OR ciproxin
#21 (#11 OR #12 OR #13 OR
#14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17
OR #18 OR #19 OR #20)
#22 (#10 AND #21)
#23 MeSH descriptor Recurrence explode all trees
cephalosporin* or cefaclor or
distaclor or cefadroxil or baxan
or cefalexin or ceporex or keflex
or cefamandole or kefadol or cefazolin or kefzol or cefixime or
suprax or cefotaxime or claforan
or cefoxitin or mefoxin or cefpirome or cefrom or cefpodoxime or orelox or cefprozil
or cefzil or cefradine or velosel
or ceftazidime or fortum or
kefadim or ceftriaxone or rocephin or cefuroxime or zinacef
or zinnat or cefonicid or aztreonam or azactam or imipenem
or cilastatin).ti.
18 (primaxin or meropenem
or meronem or tetracycline*
or deteclo or demecleocyclin
or ledermycin or doxycycline
or vibramycin or minocycline
or minocine or oxytetracycline
or terramycin or macrolide*
or erythromycin or erymax
or erythrocin or erythroped
or azithromycin or zithromax
or clarithromycin or klaricid or telithromycin or ketek
or trimoxazole or septrin or
trimethoprim or monotrim or
trimopan or metronidazole or
flagyl or metrolyl or quinolone*
or ciprofloxacin or ciproxin).ti.
19 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18
20 13 and 19
21 antibiotic prophylaxis/
22 5 and 21
23 20 or 22
OR bacteriocid [tiab] OR antibacterial* [tiab] OR (anti [tiab] AND
bacterial* [tiab]) OR penicillin*
[tiab] OR amoxicillin [tiab] OR
ampicillin [tiab] OR (clavulanic [tiab] AND acid [tiab])
OR amoxiclav [tiab] OR augmentin [tiab] OR ticarcillin
[tiab] OR timentin [tiab] OR
flucloxacillin [tiab] OR fluampicil [tiab] OR magnapen
[tiab] OR piperacillin [tiab] OR
tazocin [tiab] OR cephalospOR
in* [tiab] OR cefaclOR [tiab]
OR distaclOR [tiab] OR cefadroxil [tiab] OR baxan [tiab]
OR cefalexin [tiab] OR ceporex
[tiab])
#13 (keflex [tiab] OR cefamandole [tiab] OR kefadol [tiab]
OR cefazolin [tiab] OR kefzol
[tiab] OR cefixime [tiab] OR
suprax [tiab] OR cefotaxime
[tiab] OR claforan [tiab] OR cefoxitin [tiab] OR mefoxin [tiab]
OR cefpirome [tiab] OR cefrom [tiab] OR cefpodoxime
[tiab] OR [tiab] OR elox [tiab]
OR cefprozil [tiab] OR cefzil
[tiab] OR cefradine [tiab] OR
velosel [tiab] OR ceftazidime
[tiab] OR f[tiab] OR tum [tiab]
OR kefadim [tiab] OR ceftriaxone [tiab] OR rocephin [tiab]
OR cefuroxime [tiab] OR zinacef [tiab] OR zinnat [tiab]
OR cefonicid [tiab] OR aztreonam [tiab] OR azactam [tiab]
OR imipenem [tiab] OR cilastatin)
#14
(primaxin [tiab] OR meropenem
[tiab] OR meronem [tiab] OR
tetracycline* [tiab] OR deteclo
[tiab] OR demecleocyclin [tiab]
OR ledermycin [tiab] OR doxycycline [tiab] OR vibramycin
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
14
(Continued)
#24 recurr* or recrudesc* or relaps* or reappear*
#25 MeSH descriptor Secondary Prevention explode all
trees
#26 prophyla* or prevent*
#27 (#23 OR #24 OR #25 OR
#26)
#28 (#22 AND #27)
[tiab] OR minocycline [tiab]
OR minocine [tiab] OR oxytetracycline [tiab] OR terramycin
[tiab] OR macrolide* [tiab]
OR erythromycin [tiab] OR
erymax [tiab] OR erythrocin
[tiab] OR erythroped [tiab] OR
azithromycin [tiab] OR zithromax [tiab] OR clarithromycin
[tiab] OR klaricid [tiab] OR
telithromycin [tiab] OR ketek
[tiab] OR trimoxazole [tiab]
OR septrin [tiab] OR trimethoprim [tiab] OR monotrim
[tiab] OR trimopan [tiab] OR
metronidazole [tiab] OR flagyl
[tiab] OR metrolyl [tiab] OR
quinolone* [tiab] OR ciprofloxacin [tiab] OR ciproxin)
#15 #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR
#14
#16 #8 AND #15
#17 #10 OR #16
CINAHL (EBSCO)
Web of Science
Trial registries
S1 (MH “Pharyngitis”)
S2 (MH “Tonsillitis”)
S3 TI pharyngit* OR nasopharyngit* OR (retropharyngeal AND abscess) OR (peritonsillar AND abscess) OR tonsillit* OR (sore AND throat)
OR (inflamm* AND throat)
OR (infect* AND throat) OR
pharyngotonsillitis
S4 S1 or S2 or S3
S5 (MH “Recurrence”)
S6 (MH “Chronic Disease”)
S7 TX (recurr* OR recrudesc*
OR relaps* OR reappear* OR
chronic* OR prophyla* OR
prevent*)
S8 S5 or S6 or S7
S9 S4 and S8
S10
(MH
“anti-bacterial agents”) OR (MH “lactams”) OR (MH “quinolones”)
OR (MH “macrolides”)
#1 TI=((pharyngit* OR nasopharyngit* OR (retropharyngeal AND abscess) OR (peritonsillar AND abscess) OR tonsillit* OR (sore AND throat)
OR (inflamm* AND throat)
OR (infect* AND throat) OR
pharyngotonsillitis) AND (antibiot* OR (anti AND biot*)
OR antimicrobial* OR (anti
AND microbial*) OR bacteriocid OR antibacterial* OR
(anti AND bacterial*) OR penicillin*
OR amoxicillin OR ampicillin
OR (clavulanic AND acid) OR
amoxiclav OR augmentin OR
ticarcillin OR timentin OR flucloxacillin OR fluampicil OR
magnapen OR piperacillin OR
tazocin OR cephalosporin* OR
cefaclor OR distaclor OR cefadroxil OR baxan OR cefalexin
ICTRP
sore AND throat OR throat
AND infection OR pharyngitis
OR tonsillitis OR retropharyngeal OR peritonsillar OR nasopharyngitis
Clinicaltrials.gov
(recurrent OR relapse OR
chronic OR prophylaxis OR
prophylactic OR prevention
OR preventative OR reappear)
AND ((throat AND infection)
OR pharyngitis OR tonsillitis)
AND (antibiotic OR antibiotics OR antimicrobial OR antimicrobials)
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
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(Continued)
S11 primaxin or meropenem
or meronem or tetracycline*
or deteclo or demecleocyclin
or ledermycin or doxycycline
or vibramycin or minocycline
or minocine or oxytetracycline
or terramycin or macrolide*
or erythromycin or erymax
or erythrocin or erythroped
or azithromycin or zithromax
or clarithromycin or klaricid or telithromycin or ketek
or trimoxazole or septrin or
trimethoprim or monotrim or
trimopan or metronidazole or
flagyl or metrolyl or quinolone*
or ciprofloxacin or ciproxin
S12 antibiot* or (anti and
biot*) or antimicrobial* or (anti
and microbial*) or bacteriocid or antibacterial* or (anti
and bacterial*) or penicillin*
or amoxicillin or ampicillin
or (clavulanic and acid) or
amoxiclav or augmentin or
ticarcillin or timentin or flucloxacillin or fluampicil or magnapen or piperacillin or tazocin
or cephalosporin* or cefaclor
or distaclor or cefadroxil or
baxan or cefalexin or ceporex
or keflex or cefamandole or
kefadol or cefazolin or kefzol
or cefixime or suprax or cefotaxime OR claforan OR cefoxitin OR mefoxin OR cefpirome
OR cefrom OR cefpodoxime
OR orelox OR cefprozil OR cefzil OR cefradine OR velosel
OR ceftazidime OR fortum OR
kefadim OR ceftriaxone OR rocephin OR cefuroxime OR zinacef OR zinnat OR cefonicid
OR aztreonam OR azactam OR
imipenem OR cilastatin
S13 S10 or S11 or S12
S14 S9 and S13
S15 (MH “antibiotic prophylaxis”)
OR ceporex))
#2 TI=((pharyngit* OR nasopharyngit* OR (retropharyngeal AND abscess) OR (peritonsillar AND abscess) OR tonsillit* OR (sore AND throat)
OR (inflamm* AND throat)
OR (infect* AND throat) OR
pharyngotonsillitis) AND (keflex OR cefamandole OR kefadol OR cefazolin OR kefzol
OR cefixime OR suprax OR cefotaxime OR claforan OR cefoxitin OR mefoxin OR cefpirome OR cefrom OR cefpodoxime OR orelox OR cefprozil OR cefzil OR cefradine
OR velosel OR ceftazidime OR
fortum OR kefadim OR ceftriaxone OR rocephin OR cefuroxime OR zinacef OR zinnat
OR cefonicid OR aztreonam
OR azactam OR imipenem OR
cilastatin))
#3 TI=((pharyngit* OR nasopharyngit* OR (retropharyngeal AND abscess) OR (peritonsillar AND abscess) OR tonsillit* OR (sore AND throat)
OR (inflamm* AND throat)
OR (infect* AND throat) OR
pharyngotonsillitis) AND (primaxin OR meropenem or
meronem or tetracycline* or
deteclo or demecleocyclin or
ledermycin or doxycycline or
vibramycin or minocycline or
minocine or oxytetracycline or
terramycin OR macrolide* OR
erythromycin OR erymax OR
erythrocin OR erythroped OR
azithromycin OR zithromax
OR clarithromycin OR klaricid OR telithromycin OR
ketek OR trimoxazole OR septrin OR trimethoprim OR
monotrim OR trimopan OR
metronidazole OR flagyl OR
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
16
(Continued)
S16 S4 and S15
S17 S14 or S16
metrolyl OR quinolone* OR ciprofloxacin OR ciproxin))
#4 #3 OR #2 OR #1
#5 TS=(recurr* OR recrudesc*
OR relaps* OR reappear* OR
chronic* OR prophyla* OR
prevent*)
#6 #4 AND #5
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS
Gareth Ng, Stephanie Tan and Anh Vu wrote the protocol under the guidance and supervision of Chris Del Mar and Mieke van Driel.
Gareth Ng and Stephanie Tan wrote the review under the guidance and supervision of Chris Del Mar and Mieke van Driel.
DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST
There are no real or perceived biases in regards to this review introduced by the receipt of any benefit in cash or in kind, any hospitality
or any subsidy derived from any source that may have or be perceived to have an interest in the outcome of the review.
Gareth JY Ng: none known.
Stephanie Tan: none known.
Anh N Vu: none known.
Chris B Del Mar: none known.
Mieke L van Driel: none known.
SOURCES OF SUPPORT
Internal sources
• No sources of support supplied
External sources
• National Institute for Health Research, UK.
Infrastructure funding for the Cochrane ENT Group
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOCOL AND REVIEW
We have added details of the method that we will use to create a ’Summary of findings’ table, if studies are identified for inclusion in
future updates of this review.
INDEX TERMS
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Anti-Bacterial Agents [∗ therapeutic use]; Pharyngitis [drug therapy; ∗ prevention & control]; Recurrence; Secondary Prevention
[∗ methods]
MeSH check words
Adult; Child; Humans
Antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat (Review)
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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