Small Article.
Switch Backs of the Sun.
by
Dadarao Dhone
Retiree E E, Hydro, Maha. State. Retiree faculty Member Gramin Polytechnic Visnupuri Nanded; Self Research Worker, at Nanded.
Absract : A Star gives out its particles in gusts to the space around, and they travel in space far long distances. They are called stellar winds. Our Sun also gives out the stellar wind, that is called as, Solar wind. Parkar probe of NASA touched the Sun’s surface and passed through corona. The Sun’s surface called as ‘Alfven critical surface’ is not plane; but, it is containing peaks and valies. This feature is called ‘Swtch Backs’. How they originate is a mystery. In this article an effort is maid to explain their origin in electro magnetic fields of the Sun.
Explaination: The Sun ejects from its all over surface particle in sreams in gusts alongwith magnetic fields. As per electro-magnetic rules, any magnetic field is due to moving electrically charged particles. Hence the particle those are emitted by the Sun, are charged particles. Original electrical charge is negative in the sense. Those solar wind particles engulf our earth and magnetic field associated with it, also affecgts earth’s magnetic field, which is due to, relative speed between earth/s ionosphere and earth itself [please refer my article, The earth’s ionosphere is the result of solar winds and the earth’s gravitational forces.
I am presenting here the study of magnetic zig zack structures in the solar wing.called swtchbacks. The Sun doesn’t have solid surface; but, have sper heated atmosphere made of solar material bond to the Sun by Gravity and solar magnetic fields. The rising heat abd the pressure increasing due to it, inside the Sun, push the solar material out away from the Sun; it reaches a point where gravity and magnetic fields are too weak to hold it.Through that point passes ‘Alfven critical surface’. Solar material with its magnetic energy becomes solar wind crossing that critical surface and that boundary is known as Sun’s surface. Sun is gaseous.
Let consider a as Bose Einstein consate. In it when light pulse is stped before the vertical passing through the ghost atom; in its electros matter and as as it crosses the vertiles and comes in its previous line of motion, the light escapas from the BEC and travels at its original velocity c; similarly, the solar wind particles when ejected from Sun’s inside; must be given out from their respective atom when hydrogen transforming ti helium, they shuld have certain spped.; but, being sunk in solar matter it must be becoming loer due to its participating to its around particled wthin effective range and when getting the out the Sun’s surface it must be getting delivered all its energy back, because if the Sun’s atoms keep preserved with them that, they may become more unstable. There fore the particles get higher speed soon they come out the surface called he Alfven critical surface. Now to see how swichbacks may be formed; remember please the Sun being gaseous ita self around rotation is not same at its different altitudes. It is the highest at its poles and lowest at equator. The Sun cotain contains electronic charges onits particles inside it. Therefore differatial electrical currents are created along altitude lines suitably. Along the altitutude lines there are rotating around the Sun’s north to south pole axis. At jointing altitude lines of the bands, the maganetic fields are reverse therefore have tendendancy of cancellation to each other. there is formed magnetic valley. And at the center of the rotating band , there forms peak of magnetic field. This peak and and vally structure of the Sun’s magnetic field is called ‘Swich backs’. The swich backs origins must be along at boundaries of rotating sun,s bands around its axis. In the reference, Parkarkar has seen have just one origin of this switchback structure. It seems Parker is rotating parallel bur a bit oblique to the altitude line. If it rotates parallel to longitudinal lines of the Sun it will find many origins of the switch backs.
Devide the Sun in suitable bands as shown in the figure-1 below, rotating around the Sun’s axis.
Figure-1
The Sun Spinning Around Itself. Its Surface Angular Speed Is not the Same.
It increases Towards the Poles.
In Geeta, it is said that, our Sun radiates special rays, those support life n earth. Alii matter ia made by the most elementary two dimensional particles Ga having each mass h/c^2 in consistent to Plank’s elementary, Quanta of energy ‘h’ that minimum quatity size is existed in the universe. All matter in universe is originally made up of it. That each particle whiral at frequency 1060 Hz as calculated by the auther. That frequency radiation may be given by the axis that is the solar particles on the axis of the Sun the Sun.
Result: The Switch Backs on Sun’s surface are due to its differential rotation at every altitude from equator to poles.
Referrences: Eplore NASA:NASA enters the solar atmosphere for the first time.Weekly a bit of Space in my In ox.
NASA enters the Sun.s atmosphere first time, bringing new discoveries. Published on in Physical Review Leteers.
Related Papers
GLOBAL AND MID-LATITUDE IMPACT OF TEN YEARS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY USING OBSERVATIONAL DATA OF THE GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA, 2018
The focus of this thesis is to identify the role and dynamics of different current systems for storm-time activity at mid-latitude ground level and their relation with other solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic parameters, in the 2007-2016 time interval. For this purpose, I compared the synthetic series of six magnetospheric current systems computed with the data-based semi-empirical model of Tsyganenko and Sitnov 2005 (TS05), with the measurements of four mid-latitude geomagnetic stations at very near geomagnetic latitudes, but well apart in longitude (Coimbra (COI), Portugal; Panagyurishte (PAG), Bulgary; Novosibirsk (NVS), Russia; Boulder (BOU), USA), and with other ground and satellite-based solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic parameters obtained from the OMNI/NASA database. An evaluation of TS05 model is presented, in order to determine the model ability to reproduce both the total magnetospheric transient signal and to explain this signal through the contribution of each TS05 magnetospheric current system at ground level, comparing them with hourly data of the four geomagnetic stations selected.
It was found that TS05 model is a useful tool to explain ground-based North-South (or X) component of geomagnetic activity at mid-latitudes, in terms of main current sources. It was verified that TS05 is efficient to reproduce the X component of terrestrial magnetospheric field at mid-latitudes during high geomagnetic activity time, with correlations r ≥ 0.7 in ∼50% of compared data, presenting a lower efficiency during calm time, with correlations r ≥ 0.7 only in ∼30% of data compared. Results
are less favourable for the East-West (or Y ) component, probably due to the fact that TS05 model closes Birkeland (or field-aligned, FAC) currents through the Earth’s centre instead of through the ionosphere. It was found that currents that contribute most to the X component during geomagnetic active periods are the cross-tail (TAIL), the symmetric ring (SRC) and the partial ring (PRC) currents. The currents that contribute
most to Y component are FAC and PRC currents. For all stations the highest correlations among observations and TS05 simulations are obtained for stronger geomagnetic activity. The results in this study indicate that the implementation of TAIL and SRC currents in TS05 model is more successful than that for the FAC current.
The quiet daily (QD) variation has a main contribution from ionospheric currents, which are not considered in TS05 model. For observatories at Northern Hemisphere’s mid-latitudes that are localized close to the ionospheric current vortex center (COI and PAG), it was possible to separate efficiently the QD ionospheric contribution using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For the other two stations (NVS and BOU) it
was found a relatively higher contribution of magnetospheric signal in the QD variation. After removing the QD variation from data, COI and PAG are better correlated with TS05 series than BOU and NVS. However, BOU and NVS are better correlated with geomagnetic indices Dst (disturbance storm-time) and RC (ring current), with RC showing a slightly less good performance with respect to Dst. Correlations between 33 solar, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and geomagnetic activity proxies were analysed for the 2009-2016 time interval. It was found that series of 27-day averages (Bartels’ rotation) give higher correlations than daily or annual series. Parameters that show higher cross-correlations among different groups are the Sun’s northern and southern facular areas (FA-N and FA-S), two geomagnetic indices derived from TS05 model (T-SRC and T-PRC), the total IMF intensity (B), the percentage of IMF southward component (BZS GSM) and the interplanetary coupling Newell’s function. We propose that these parameters are the best candidates to use if we want to relate meaningfully the solar surface events to geomagnetic activity felt on the Earth’s surface. Two new proxies were tested, 1) TI-indices, calculated from the X TS05-derived series of TAIL, SRC, PRC and FAC contributions for the four observatories and 2) BZS GSM, calculated as the daily percentage of IMF southward component along the GSM Z-axis.
Helio-magnetic asymmetries were calculated for the 33 parameters, as the difference between their averaged values in the towards and away magnetic sectors of the interplanetary medium. Improvement in 27-day correlations with respect to annual correlations is the result of an annual oscillation in this asymmetry, which is present in most studied proxies and is probably due to the Russell-McPherron effect. Due to this effect, BZS GSM and BZ GSM have a well-defined annual modulation, and geomagnetic activity indices (GAI) also have annual oscillation and good correlations with BZS GSM and BZ GSM. TI-indices have annual oscillation at declining phase of the cycle, but insignificant oscillation near the minimum. Major percentage of towards days in negative polarity epoch and of away days in positive polarity epoch means that the Earth has been mostly at the northern magnetic hemisphere during the solar cycle 24.
In conclusion, the main part of this Ph.D. thesis was dedicated to the design and implementation of a statistical approach that was applied to test the performance of the TS05 model in explaining geomagnetic activity observed at Earth’s Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. This approach can be applied to test any other magnetospheric model. At the end of this work, a prospective study was made using different proxies that describe the Sun surface, the interplanetary medium and geomagnetic activity, to identify those parameters that should be more meaningfully used to relate the Sun to the geomagnetic activity observed on Earth.
Keywords: Sun-Earth interaction, solar activity, solar and geomagnetic data, space weather.