Legal Reasoning and the Construction of Law

Jaap Hage

Legal Reasoning and the Construction of Law

2012

There are two competing views on what makes propositions of law true. The one, legal realism, takes it that propositions of law are true because they reflect an independently existing reality of legal facts. These facts would be generated by legal rules which would operate autonomously, without need for human intervention. The institutional theory of law illustrates this view. On this view it is the function of legal arguments to reconstruct the results of the autonomous rule application. The other view is legal constructivism, according to which propositions of law are true because they are the conclusion of the best (possible) legal argument. On this view the function of legal argumentation is constitutive: argumentation determines the contents of the law. This paper argues that legal realism is not very plausible because it is based on metaphysical assumptions which cannot be verified or falsified. Legal constructivism would be more plausible, in particular in the variant where t......Read more

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' . ' & 2 & 0 4 & & ;4 0 8 . / 0 / 0 . /0 & 0 ;4 7 / & & & / / & & . #"! 4 2' !"#! #$ % &' & 0 & 0/ / 0 ? / 7 / / / 7 && 2 - & 0 04 0 /5 & . 0 / / / & / /0 & . 0 / & && & 2 04 0 0 /0 && & 3 0 &/ 0 / 0 0 . & 0 8 & & / & 0 / & / 0 0 & && / / / > / / / & & && 3 & / 4 & ? 5 / /0 & && 2/ 23 4 0 & & / &/ - & / 0 / & 0 H 7 % #66B && && '? 3 ##@ . / 7 / % !"") && $6 0 '? 3 ' 0 & & 0 & & & #"@ 6 ? # ! 3ON . " ! . & < . ! - . ) '?= ' 8 5 #6B( 9 %? & 0G ) / $ #66B 9 7 1C3 $ ' ! ) >> = M 0 = N . #66( ! ! I . 1 #66# 73C -- 8 7>1 H = * / G8 '? H3 % ?P ) 3 ' 2 " G 1 #6BB && )( (D ! ' ! 7 . 7>1 H = #6B( 7>1 H = & 2 < #6($ 3-- 3 3 2 . /4 " !@ #6$@ && #!# #!@ H 7 #66B '? 3 % '? 3 % 3 " & " ( !""" && #@B #B! ' & 7 !"") '? 3 % '? 3 % * + # 7 4 & / & & . & C !"## < . & 3 < 7 # ! 1 9 0 G '? - ' ? ! 1 #66D 1773 ? 7 % 3 " H 7 #666 1 >3 =I3 3 " ! 8? 1 8 H = 7 #6($ G?--3 1= 7 ! 1 9 0G 1 #66$ ?8 3N <G , $ " ' && B #6!B && #)@ #B" ? <G ?8 3N ! , 3 H G #6@# && #@( #)) ?> % "! % 1 9 0G 1 #6B! 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The book highlights the fundamentals of web page development and prepares students to make real-world, industrial, or business strength web-based applications, and use a wide variety of Web development tools effectively and efficiently. Web technology is necessary for today because the internet has become the number one source of information, and many of the conventional software applications have become web applications. Web applications have become more strong and can fully replace desktop applications in most situations. Web technologies are the several tools and methods that are applied in the activity of communication between different types of devices over the internet. The basic principle, which will cover web browsers and some web app creation programming languages and frameworks which are used in the creation of websites. Data or information collected by the websites to store and access store data at the back-end is used databases connectivity programing. Hypertext markup language, referred to as HTML, is where the WWW started. It is a basic instruction that covers the basics concept of the web. CSS is one of the most important website design technologies that provide look and fill facilities for your web pages, and you can merge cascading style sheets (CSS) into your HTML code. JavaScript help to design interactive web pages, the involvement of graphical elements, database integration, and dynamics of your website. PHP stands for hypertext preprocessor. It is a scripting language preferred to use by both beginners and professionals in the web development areas. This book reflects the author's experience in teaching courses on internet and web technology for more than 12 years. This book provides students and web developers with an understandable introduction to the web programming and scripting languages used to create Web sites and web applications. The main aim is to teach the programming concepts of different Web technologies and the fundamentals needed to program on the internet. We cover in this textbook fundamentals of internet, world wide web (WWW), HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML, PHP, and connectivity with database using MYSQL and also cover the introduction of the web with python and CGI scripting to manage web from data. The contents of the book have been thoroughly organized and spread over eight chapters. Each chapter begins with the basics introduction and describes with syntax, code, result output, diagrams, and examples. We trust this textbook would meet the rich practical hands-on experience in developing web applications, combined with teaching the subject for graduate/post-graduate students and who want to study the internet and web technology. We would very much appreciate receiving any suggestions for improvement in the book from teachers, students, and other readers. We wish to express our deep thanks to all those who helped in making this book a reality. We express our gratitude to our publisher and the team of publications that have taken great pains in publishing the book with speed and accuracy.

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Legal Reasoning and the Construction of Law