Agro Economist - An International Journal
Citation: AE: 5(1): 13-21, June 2018
DOI: 10.30954/2394-8159.01.2018.3
©2018 Renu Publishers. All rights reserved
Socio-Economic Analysis of Apple Beneficiaries in
Kashmir Valley
Farheen Naqash*, Fehim J. Wani and Ishrat F. Bhat
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, J&K, India
*Corresponding author: naqashfarheen@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This present study attempts to examine apple production system of the Kashmir valley of J&K state. High growth
and low instability in apple production is an ideal condition for achieving sustainable agricultural performance
in the state. There is a growing concern that with technological change in production, variability has increased.
Since the magnitude of growth and instability in production has serious implications for policy makers, the periodwise growth and level of instability in area, production and yield of apple in the Baramulla district of Kashmir
region were estimated by using time series data from 2001-02 to 2014-15. The relative peace in the state has made
it possible for farmers to focus on improving their livelihoods. The apple sector has the potential to influence
several households and improve their economic prospects. New market players have to be invited in, resources
found for investments, change in policy and support systems from the government and building capacities in
individuals and institutions for effective and remunerative participation in the value chain.
Keywords: Apple, Kashmir, socio-economic, schemes
Apple is an ideal value chain in the temperate
horticulture sector and is a profitable product for all
value chain participants (Weinberger and Thomas,
2007; Zbanca and Negritu, 2013). Apples in India are
mainly grown in three mountainous states of North
India viz. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
and Uttaranchal at an altitude of 4000 to 11000 feet.
Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh have
roughly equal acreage under apple, but J&K has the
highest average yield and accounts for more than 65
per cent of total apple production, hence important
for economic growth (Masoodi, 2003). Jammu
and Kashmir state being endowed with natural
advantage of topography, climate and enormous
diversity of agro-climatic niches has immense scope
for horticultural development (Swarup and Sikka,
1987; Deepa, 2008). The apple cultivation in Jammu
and Kashmir is an old age activity and around 200
varieties of apple were used to be cultivated in the
state. Kashmir apple has lived up to its reputation for
being one of the choicest fruits in India (Wani et al.
2015). Amongst all other fruit and field crops apple
has found a better reception with the growers due
to higher returns and ability to stand transportation
stress (Mir, 2014).
The apple crop involving around half a million
households dominates the horticultural industry
and has an important role in economic scenario of
the state (Malik and Choure, 2014). The trends in the
apple production showed that the acreage has been
increasing at a faster rate in the last five years and
the farmers see more potential for the fruit. But the
continued cultivation of apple in districts that are not
best endowed naturally such as Budgam, Anantnag,
Kulgam, etc., results in sub-optimal application of
scarce resources (Ahmed, 2013). Increasing acreage
Naqash et al.
Sampling design
seems to be a spontaneous response to the need for
higher incomes, rather than improved productivity
and efficiency.
Apple forms the most important fruit crops in J&K
state. A combination of secondary and primary
data was collected followed by quantitative and
qualitative assessment for comprehensive analysis
to achieve the desired results and objectives of the
study. District Baramulla of the Kashmir valley was
delineated as it experiences tremendous inclination
of the farming community towards diversification of
agriculture through apple cultivation (Hakeem et al.
2006). One block viz. Pattan with the largest area/
production from the selected district was selected
to ensure wider coverage of the sample. Multistage
Random Sampling was used to select the 75 farmers
from 5 villages with 15 randomly selected farmers
from each village. Primary data collection was
followed by the personal interview method using
pre-structured schedules. Commensurate with the
objective of the study, the sampling design adopted
in the study was stratified simple random sampling
technique and the sampling process consisted of
following steps:
Although apple production in the state is increasing
with positive growth momentum but there is not a
significant growth in exports. Weak production and
supply chain along with poor marketing strategies,
low transparency in the marketing system have
together completely eroded incentive for producers
to improve quality and productivity of apple. The
low quality of apple is linked to large acreage under
senile plantations; planting of varieties requiring
cross pollination; shortage of quality planting
material; low planting density; low quality of farm
inputs; lack of irrigation ;inappropriate pruning
practices; poor orchard management – including
disease and pest control and inadequate extension
services (Lone, 2014). Since the socio-economic
characteristics of the households have an immense
influence on the decision making process and
profitability of apple enterprise, therefore, an
attempt was made to study the Socio-economic
characteristics of apple growers in Kashmir valley.
The efficiency of farming is influenced more or less
by the resource availability at the command of an
individual farmer and socio-economic overheads.
Formulation of various developmental programs
and their implementation necessitate a critical
examination of the existing resource endowments
at farm level.
Selection of zone and villages
In the first stage of sampling, out of eight tehsils of
the district Baramulla, the Pattan zone (tehsil) of
the district was delineated. The zone is located 25
kms away from Srinagar, the summer capital of the
state. This zone is rich in horticulture and the zone
represents an aggregation of Baramulla district/
Kashmir valley that form extensive territorial zones
characterized by dominance of the common physical,
economical and social peculiarities. The list of
villages from the delineated zone was prepared along
with the area under apple cultivation. A cluster of 6
villages were delineated randomly from the pattan
zone, located within a radius of 5 to 10 kilometers
from the tehsil headquarters. The villages, namely,
Malpora, Nihalpora, Choker, Chekser, Palhalan and
Hanjiwera Payeen from the zone represent the cluster
for the present investigation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The methodology adopted for the selection of
study area, sampling design and analytical tool and
concepts used in the study has been discussed under
the following heads.
Selection of the study area
The study was an attempt to describe and quantify
the various beneficiaries of apple value chain. District
Baramulla of the Kashmir Valley was selected
purposively because of having maximum area (24952
ha) under apple cultivation with the production
of 423637 M.T during 2014-15. Moreover district
experiences tremendous inclination of the farming
community towards diversification of agriculture
through apple cultivation.
Selection of apple growers
During the second and final stage of sampling, a
complete list of apple growers in selected cluster
of villages was compiled along with their land
holdings from the data generated by the revenue
14
Socio-Economic Analysis of Apple Beneficiaries in Kashmir Valley
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
department. Keeping in view the resource constraint
and to present a complete picture of apple value
chain, only 70 farmers were selected for the present
study. These farmers were selected randomly from
the sampled villages through proportional to size
allocation method to the total number of farmers in
each stratum by the following formula:
ni =
Efficiency of farming is influenced more or less by the
resource availability at the command of an individual
farmer and socio-economic overheads. Formulation
of various developmental programs and their
implementation necessitate a critical examination of
the existing resource endowments at farm level. The
socio-economic characteristics of sample households
have immense influence on the decision making
process and profitability of apple enterprise. An
effort has been made to compare and contrast the
resource endowments of apple producers in the zone
under following sub-sections.
Ni
× n ; I = 1,2,3,4,5,6…
N
Where,
ni = Number of farmers to be sampled in ith village
Ni = Total number of farmers in ith village
N = Total number of farmers in all the selected
villages
Growth and Variability of Apple in the District
Baramulla at Disaggregate Level
n = Total sample size to be chosen
High growth and low instability in production is prerequisite for sustainable agricultural performance.
There is a growing concern that with technological
change in production, variability has increased. Since
the magnitude of growth and instability in production
has serious implications for policy makers, the
period-wise growth and level of instability in area,
production and yield of apple in the Baramulla
district of Kashmir region was estimated by using
time series data from 2001-02 to 2014-15. Based on the
annual compound growth rates, the fruit crops can
be classified into four categories: Category A (high
growth rate) – growth rate of 5% or above, category
B: (moderate growth) - growth rate of >1 and 5%,
category C (slow growth) - growth rate upto 1%
and category D (negative growth rate) - growth rate
of < 0%. Similar classification has been followed by
Cuddy and Della (1978), Deb et al. (1999) and Shaheen
and Shiyani (2004).
The farmers were post stratified into three categories
viz., small, medium and large on the basis of their total
holding size for the present study. The orchardists
having less than 1 hectare of land were classified
as small farmers, those having 1-2 hectares of land
were classified as medium farmers, and the farmers
with more than 2 hactares of land were designated
as large farmers. However, in the sampled area no
farmer was found to be present in category of large
farmers, hence only two categories of farmers, viz:
small and medium were taken into consideration.
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
Growth rate was used to measure the past
performance of economic variables. CAGR is a
business and investing specific term for the smoothed
annualized gain of an investment over a given time
period. CAGR is not an accounting term, but remains
widely used, particularly in growth industries or to
compare the growth rates of two periods because
CAGR dampens the effect of volatility of periodic
returns that can render arithmetic means irrelevant.
CAGR is often used to describe the growth over a
period of time of some element of the business.
The Table 1 represents the growth in area and
production under apple for the last decade (200102 to 2014-15) in the district. Apple has shown
a remarkable growth in area with a percentage
increase of 4.71 per cent compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) in the valley. However, the growth
rate in terms of area under apple cultivation has
been seen in the Baramulla district (1.86%) shows
a significant trend. The performance of apple crop
over the period in the valley is a bit pronounced
on production front with CAGR of 0.23 per cent. In
terms of yield of apple, yield depicted a negative
1
V (tn ) tn − t0
−1
CAGR (t0 , tn ) =
V (t0 )
Where, V (t0): start value, V (tn): finish value, tn − t0:
number of years.
15
Naqash et al.
Table 1: Growth & variability in area, production & yield of apple at disaggregate level
District/Region
Baramulla*
Kashmir
Area
CGR
R2
CV
1.86
0.89
7.82
Moderate growth and moderate
variability*
4.71
0.98
<0.000
Moderate growth and high
variability*
Production
CGR
R2
CV
0.23
0.0001
19.34
Low growth and high
variability
3.28
0.43
21.20
Moderate growth and high
variability*
Yield
CGR
R2
CV
-1.60
0.16
17.08
Negative growth and
high variability
-1.37
0.16
14.31
Negative growth and
high variability
Data Source: Directorate of Horticulture (P&M), Kashmir (Significant at 5% level); *Includes district Bandipora.
trend because most of the area brought under
cultivation is in transition phase. It is general
hypothesis that production instability has increased
due to technology transfer. In order to confirm
this hypothesis, the variability was also computed
and classified into <6% - low variability, 6%-10% moderate variability, >10% - high variability. For
period 2001-14 the apple has registered moderate
growth with moderate instability in area and low
growth with high instability in production front
while as negative growth with high instability on
the productivity front in the valley which may be
attributed to the many factors.
that seeks to maximize returns to land or labor. They
have limited receptivity to improved technologies
and little ability to make new investments in apple
production. Yields among farmers in this category
are estimated to be in the 18 thousand kg per hectare
range.
Medium growers are those farmers who are
cultivating over 1.0 - 2.0 ha of land under apple that
operate as true commercial apple orchards. Such
farmers will invest in certified saplings of good
genetic quality, prepare the soil on an annual basis,
apply fertilizer and use gravity-fed flood irrigation.
Most also apply pesticides, although recommended
dosages and spraying schedules are rarely respected.
These farms generally produce over 2000 to 3000
boxes of apples in a season and many more if
areas cultivated exceed one hectare. Yields may be
similar to small farmers if no improved production
technologies are used, but most farmers in this
category can achieve yields in the 40 to 50 thousand
kg per hectare range. Apple production for this
category of farmer appears to be fairly profitable
(Table 2 & 3).
Categorization of apple growers
The survey from the study area showed that the area
under fruit trees was 29367 hectares out of which
an estimated 84% were apple farms—implying
that the Baramulla district has a total area of 24675
hectares under apple farms. Of this number, 40
% are estimated to have land areas under 0.1 ha
allotted to fruit-tree cultivation. Such farmers
cannot be considered to be real fruit producers in
any commercial sense because little, if any, of their
production reaches the market. The apple growers
can be grouped into two major categories:
Table 2: Categorization of sample farm households
Small growers with land holding under apple upto
1.0 ha, for whom apple production constitutes
a major component of household revenue but is
unlikely to be the most important source of income.
These farmers will have a volume of production
generally under 1000 boxes of apple that justifies
some effort spent at harvesting and marketing, but
they do not treat apple production as a commercial
activity with a rationalized system of production
Farm category
No. of farmers
Percentage
Small (0-1 ha)
26
37.14
Medium (1-2 ha)
44
62.86
Large(> 2 ha)
Nil
—
Total
70
100
Source: Field survey, 2015.
The small size of most orchard plots is a major
constraint for apple orchard development because
16
Socio-Economic Analysis of Apple Beneficiaries in Kashmir Valley
Table 4: Family size, sex ratio and earning members
(Number/family)
it limits capital investment possibilities and, in the
absence of any collective marketing, makes for a
multiplicity of farm level points of sale that add to
collection costs.
Particulars
No. of sample
households
Males
Table 3: Categorization of apple growers in different
villages (In Number)
Name of the
village
Nihalpora
Chekser
Choker
Malpora
Hanjivera Payeen
Palhalan
Total
Small
farmers
3
4
2
3
6
8
26
Medium
farmers
12
6
7
2
5
12
44
Jammu & Kashmir
Small
Medium
26
44
Females
Total
farmers
15
10
9
5
11
20
70
Overall
average
70
3.72
3.65
3.68
3.19
3.29
3.24
Children
1.38
2.03
1.70
Total per family
Sex Ratio
8.29
858
8.97
901
8.63
880
Earning members (%)
25.38
27.13
Source: Field survey, 2015.
Educational indicators
Literacy level plays a catalytic role in the scientific
management of farming and more so in case of new
technology adoption. Education plays a vital role
in the betterment of socio-economic conditions and
provides healthy as well as clear environment for a
good standard of living through a developmental
change in social and cultural life of the people, living
both in plains and hilly regions. The educational
status of farm families is an indicator of human
capital formation and economic status. An educated
head of household is an important indicator to
influence decision making process in managing his
livelihood sources efficiently and effectively. Better
formal education helps the farmer in improving his/
her ability to know modern science and technology
and in utilizing them for betterment of living.
Source: Field survey, 2015.
Family size, sex ratio and earning members
The economic growth and employment generation
depends on the availability of labour force in the
family, which ultimately depends upon family size.
The type and size of the family, work force and
literacy among the apple growers are the important
factors influencing the apple crop enterprise, which
happens to be family labour based occupation at
the village level. These factors determine the socioeconomic well-being of the family in particular and
the area under consideration at large. It plays a
vital role in farm business and marketing activities.
Information on family profile was collected from the
sample households in the study area and the results
are presented in Table 4. The overall average family
size was 8.63 persons consisting of about 3.68 males,
3.24 females and 1.70 children. The average family
size was found to be 8.29 persons in case of small
sample households as compared to 8.97 persons on
medium farms in this region. On an average it was
observed that there were 880 females for every 1000
males and were in close proximity to the figures
obtained in the human census of 2011. Each family
consisted of earners, helpers and dependents. The
number of agricultural earners included those who
were deriving their livelihood from agriculture and
allied activities and included agricultural labourers
on other farms. On an average each family possessed
26.25 per cent earners.
Table 5: Distribution of head of household according to
educational status (in per cent)
Educational status
Illiterate
Primary/Middle
High school
Graduate and above
Total
Small Medium Overall average
45.34
42.02
43.68
17.60
17.66
17.63
23.94
25.22
24.58
13.12
15.10
14.11
100
100
Source: Field survey, 2015.
Education also helps in adopting better cultivation
practices of the crops as well appropriate technologies.
Keeping this point in view the respondents were
17
Naqash et al.
categorized into four categories viz. illiterate,
primary/middle education, high school education
and college education. The distribution of sample
households according to the education of the head of
the family is shown in Table 5. On an average 43.68
per cent heads of respondents were illiterate. The
persons having primary/middle level education,
high school and graduates comprised of 17.63,
24.58 and 14.11 per cent respectively. The analysis
among the farm categories revealed that incidence
of illiteracy was on higher side and was more
pronounced among small orchardists compared to
medium orchardists.
and livestock rearing as subsidiary activity. Other
occupations i.e. labour/rural artisans, business etc.
could not find a significant place as an occupational
source in various villages. On an average, business,
labour and service are the major occupations of 5.19,
4.17 and 3.80 per cent respectively. To sum up one
may conclude that wage labour is more prominent
among small category farms, while service and
business is more predominant among medium
category farms. Agriculture is the subsidiary
occupation of nearly 9.80 per cent workers in the
total work force. The workers whose subsidiary
occupation is the wage labour were present mainly
among small orchardists.
Occupational distribution
Livelihood resources
Occupational distribution of the head and other
members of the family is very important in
determining the economic status of the family. It
is assumed that more developed is the area, the
more diversified the employment pattern and same
would result in increased income to the household.
Across all the surveyed villages of the zone, the main
livelihood activities were agriculture with about
67.56 per cent of working force (Table 6).
The natural resources in the surveyed villages
primarily comprise land, water and livestock. The
income of a household largely depends upon the
utilization of available resources. These are the
basic building blocks upon which households are
able to undertake production, engage in labour
markets and participate in reciprocal exchanges with
other households (Ellis 2000, Singh, et al. 2007). The
important livelihood resources are discussed under
following categories.
Table 6: Main and subsidiary occupation of the
respondents (% of households)
Average land holding
Particulars
Main occupation
Agriculture
Livestock
Labour, artisans, others
Business
Service
Subsidiary occupation
Agriculture
Livestock
Labour, artisans, others
Business
Service
Total
Small Medium
Overall
average
64.02
4.48
6.63
4.28
3.49
71.10
1.70
1.70
6.10
4.11
67.56
3.09
4.17
5.19
3.80
10.16
1.07
3.20
1.07
1.60
100
9.45
0.68
1.11
1.35
2.70
100
9.80
0.88
2.15
1.21
2.15
Land is the main resource base of farmers in the
production process. The economic and social
progress of the farmers in India largely depends on
the size of operational holding (Dhaka et al. 1998). The
small size of holdings is one of the principle causes
of inefficiency of our agriculture with perceptible
tendency towards a continuous decrease in size due
to rapid population growth.
Table 7: Average land holding (ha/household)
Source: Field survey, 2015.
Although, not significant, there is general tendency
for the relative importance of agriculture as the main
Particulars
Small
Medium
Irrigated land
Orchard land
Fallow land
Land put to other uses
Operational land
Total
0.37
0.87
0.01
0.06
1.24
1.31
0.97
1.84
0.03
0.14
2.81
2.98
Source: Field survey, 2015.
18
Overall
average
0.67
1.36
0.02
0.10
2.03
2.15
Socio-Economic Analysis of Apple Beneficiaries in Kashmir Valley
given in Table 9. Overall apple farming dominates
the whole cropping scenario, occupying on an
average more than 1.36 hectares per farm. Paddy and
vegetable crops were found to be most important
kharif crops in the zone. These field crops were
grown by orchardists to meet their domestic demand.
The cropping intensity was higher (108.4 %) on
small farms than the medium farms (106.4 %), with
an overall average of 107.0 per cent. Low cropping
intensity could be attributed due to perennial crops
dominating the production system.
Land distribution pattern among landholders was
highly skewed with high proportion of smallholders.
The average holding size is so low in the state that if
scientific farm practices/diversification not followed
livelihood asset is not economically viable (Wani et al.
2004). The data presented in the Table 7 revealed that
the operational area in case of sample households
from small and medium farms was 1.24 and 2.81
hectares respectively. On the average, of the total
land holding, orchards occupied nearly 1.36 hectare
area, followed by irrigated land (0.67 ha). The area
occupied by the fallow land and other land uses
comprised of 0.02 and 0.10 hectares respectively.
Table 9: Cropping pattern and intensity (ha/household)
Distribution of area under fruit crops
Particulars
The distribution of area under fruit crops is given
in Table 8. The perusal of the table showed that,
apple occupied more than 89 per cent of fruit area,
followed by pear, peach and cherry in almost both
the categories of the farms. These figures are also in
agreement at the state level.
Paddy
0.37
Fruit crops
0.87
Fodder
0.01
Vegetables
0.06
1.31
Total kharif
Rabi
0.04
Oilseeds
0.01
Fodder
Vegetables
0.06
0.11
Total rabi
Gross cropped area
1.42
Net cropped area
1.31
Cropping intensity (%) 108.4
Kharif
Table 8: Area under fruit crops in the sampled region
Category
Small
Medium
Overall
average
Area under Kind wise area under fruit
crops (%)
orchards
(hectares) Apple Pear Peach Cherry
0.87
91.48 4.05
3.08
1.38
1.84
87.96 6.17
4.56
0.88
1.36
89.72
5.11
3.82
Small
Medium
0.97
1.84
0.03
0.14
2.98
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.19
3.17
2.98
106.4
Overall
average
0.67
1.36
0.02
0.10
2.15
0.03
0.02
0.10
0.15
2.30
2.15
107.0
Source: Field survey, 2015.
1.13
Livestock resources
Source: Field survey, 2015.
Livestock is an important sub sector to agriculture in
Jammu and Kashmir, providing gainful employment
and nutritional security to a large section of rural
population. The surveyed households maintain
livestock for milk production, draught power and
small ruminants for additional source of income.
The productivity of apple orchards is greatly affected
by the use of farm yard manure. The detailed
view of different types of livestock being kept on
different categories of selected farms is presented
in the Table 10. One of the significant features of the
table is that small orchardists keep more number of
animals as compared to medium category in order
to supplement their farm income. Low availability of
per capita land, substantial availability of common
property resources, and lack of other income
Cropping pattern and intensity
Agriculture in the state is characterized by subsistence
farming a prominent feature of hill agriculture. The
cropping pattern shows the spatial distribution of
different crops with respect to area at a particular
point of time and thus, indicates the relative
importance of each crop in the total cropped area.
Allocation of area under crops depends mainly on
physical and environmental factors like the type of
soil, climate, etc. It is also governed by the economic
factors such as prices of the outputs, income, cost of
inputs, farm size, availability of inputs, marketing
outlet, etc. The spatial allocation of area under
different crops grown in the study area has been
19
Naqash et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
generating activities compels the small farmers to
rear more number of animals.
This study is a part of M.Sc Thesis submitted in the
discipline of Agricultural Economics at SKUAST-K,
Shalimar during the academic year2015.
Table 10: Livestock density in the sampled household
(No./household)
Livestock
Cows
Bullocks
Young stock
Small
ruminants
Total
2.28
1.00
1.08
2.00
1.25
0.30
Overall
average
2.14
1.12
0.69
2.22
2.86
2.54
6.58
6.41
6.49
Small (No.) Medium (No.)
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The Table 10 depicts that, on an average, each
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the total livestock population, crossbred cows being
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CONCLUSION
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Adoption level of production recommendations in
apple cultivation by fruit growers of Baramulla district.
SKUAST Journal of Research, 8: 168-174.
Apple production is an important economic pursuit
and source of livelihood to 35 lakh people of the state
of J&K and particularly to the people of Baramulla
district. The state in recent years has given lot of
attention to the development process of apple
industry. However, there exists wide and marked
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Socio-Economic Analysis of Apple Beneficiaries in Kashmir Valley
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