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World J Life Sci. and Medical Research 2011;11(3):
(3):60
al., 2011. Growth traits of harco-black cockerel chicken
Ojedapo et al
Original
Article
Effect of Age and Cage Position on the Growth
Traits of Harco-black Cockerel Chicken in the
Derived Savanna Zone of Nigeria
Life
Science
ISSN 2249-0574
Lamidi Oladejo OJEDAPO 1, *, Tosin Ademola ADEDEJI 2, Shola Rasheed AMAO 2, Saliu Akanni AMEEN 2
ABSTRACT [ENGLISH/ANGLAIS
[ENGLISH/ANGLAIS]
ANGLAIS]
Affiliations:
1
The study was conducted to determine the effect of age and cage position on the growth traits of harco-black cockerel
chicken. Two hundred and fifty birds were used for the study and were randomly placed equally in the upper and the
lower tier cage for the period of sixteen weeks. The parameters taken were body length (BLT), comb length (CLT), Keel
length (KLT), Drumstick (DSK), Shank length (SLT) and Chest girth (CGT). Significant effect (p < 0.05) of cage tier and
age on DSK, KLT, SLT, CGT and CLT of Harco-black cockerel were observed. The upper tier cage shows higher
significance for most of the growth traits measured. The correlation coefficients at 9th week of age were only highly
positively significant (p < 0.001) correlation between CGT and KLT while that of 14th week of age shows a highly
negatively significant (p < 0.001) correlated between the BLT and SLT at the upper diagonal. At the upper diagonal of
the 19th week of age, CLT against DSK shows a highly positively significance (p < 0.001) correlation, while a high
negatively significant (p < 0.05) correlation exist between BLT and KLT.CLT against SLT also shows a highly negatively
significance (p < 0.001) correlation. The high positively significant (p < 0.05) correlations exist between BLT and SLT,
KLT and SLT respectively at the upper diagonal. At the lower diagonal, a high positively significant (p < 0.05)
relationship occurred between SLT and DSK with a highly negatively significant (p < 0.05) correlation between CGT and
DSK all the 24 weeks of age. Generally, the correlated coefficients were low to high and positive; it can therefore be
concluded that cage tier and age are strong determinant of growth traits in harco-black cockerels.
Department of
Animal Nutrition and
Biotechnology, Ladoke
Akintola University of
Technology, PMB
4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo
State, NIGERIA
Keywords: Cockerel, growth trait, cage position, correlation coefficient, derived savanna
* Email Address for
Correspondence/
Adresse de courriel
pour la
correspondance:
ojedapolam@yahoo.co
m
RÉSUMÉ [FRANÇAIS/FRENCH]
FRANÇAIS/FRENCH]
L'étude a été menée afin de déterminer l'effet de l'âge et la position de la cage sur les caractères de croissance de poulet
coq Harco-noir. Deux cent cinquante oiseaux ont été utilisés pour l'étude et ont été placés au hasard aussi dans le haut
et le bas de la cage de palier pour la période de seize semaines. Les paramètres pris ont été la longueur du corps (BLT),
longueur de peigne (CLT), la longueur de quille (KLT), le pilon (DSK), longueur de la tige (SLT) et Tour de poitrine
(CGT). effet significatif (P <0,05) de la cage de palier et de l'âge sur DSK, KLT, SLT, la CGT et de la CLT-coq Harco noirs
ont été observés. La cage de palier supérieur montre plus grande importance pour la plupart des caractères de
croissance mesurée. Les coefficients de corrélation à la 9e semaine de l'âge n'ont été que très positivement significative
(P <0,001) corrélation entre la CGT et KLT tandis que celle de la 14e semaine d'âge montre une (p <0,001) très négative
importante corrélation entre le BLT et SLT à la diagonale supérieure . À la diagonale supérieure de la 19e semaine de
l'âge, CLT contre DSK montre un très positive significative (p <0,001) de corrélation, tandis qu'un haut négative
significative (p <0,05) la corrélation existant entre BLT et SLT KLT.CLT contre montre également une très négative
significative (p <0,001) de corrélation. La haute positive significative (p <0,05) des corrélations existent entre les BLT et
SLT, KLT et SLT respectivement à la diagonale supérieure. Au bas de diagonale, une relation positive forte significative
(p <0,05) ont eu lieu entre les modèles SLT et DSK avec un (p <0,05) très négative importante corrélation entre la CGT
et DSK toutes les 24 semaines d'âge. En général, les coefficients de corrélation ont été faible à élevé et positif, il peut
donc en conclure que la cage de palier et l'âge sont fort déterminant les caractères de croissance chez le coq Harco-noir.
Mots-clés: Coq, le trait de croissance, position de la cage, coefficient de corrélation, dérivée de savane
2
Department of
Animal Production and
Health, Ladoke
Akintola University of
Technology, PMB
4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo
State, NIGERIA
Accepted/Accepté:
June, 2011
Full Citation: Ojedapo
LO, Adedeji TA, Amao
SR, Ameen SA. Effect
of age and cage
position on the growth
traits of harco-black
cockerel chicken in the
derived savanna zone
of Nigeria. World
Journal of Life Sciences
and Medical Research
2011;11(3):
(3):60-5.
INTRODUCTION
income generation, jobs creation, provision of industrial
Poultry rearing are now ahead of all other livestock in
raw materials and creations of opportunities for scientific
terms of economic importance (such as meat production,
research) in many countries [1]. The most widely spread
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al., 2011. Growth traits of harco-black cockerel chicken
Ojedapo et al
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and most reared is the domestic fowl and they can be
derived savanna lies on longitude 40 151 East of
classified based on their origin and according to [2], a
Greenwich Meridian and latitude 80 151 North of the
livestock population survey in 1991 shows that chickens
equator while the mean temperature and annual mean
has a population of 82.4 million and other livestock put
rainfall are 270C and 1247 mm respectively [10].
together are just 31.9 million. This shows that poultry
keeping out -numbers all other forms of livestock keeping
Experimental Unit
in Nigeria.
The section of the layer house used has 9 units of cages
Geneticist in their concern to improve supply of animal
with 2-tier (upper and lower tier) cages. Each unit of the
protein developed breeds of animals like the cockerels in
cages has seven cells each both at the upper and the lower
the avian species and cockerel rearing and management is
tier. The section was disinfected with a suitable
easier than the broiler production particularly in the rural
disinfectant to prevent infection before the introduction of
areas where modern facilities including electric supply is
the birds.
not available. It is also believed that cockerels are less
susceptible to diseases as compared to broilers [3].
Experimental Birds and their Management
Cages are usually constructed in single, double or triple
A total number of two hundred and fifty birds were used
stages which are respectively described as 1-tier, 2-tier
for the study. Two birds were placed or housed in each
and 3-tier. From the past studies, the performance of
cell of a unit and this makes up a total number of twenty-
chicken have been observed to vary with a number of
eight birds per unit on both the upper and the lower tier.
factors such as feed utilization and body weight [2], water
The birds were managed under intensive system and the
availability [4], tier of cages [5], infection [6] and ambient
experiment lasted sixteen weeks. They were fed with
temperature [7].
standard growers marsh containing 15.85% Crude protein
The management system in terms of the cages to which
and 2400.8kcal/kg ME for the period of the experiment (16
birds are subjected to affects and determines their quality
weeks). The birds were fed and watered under the same
[8] and the cage position to which they are kept
condition throughout the experiment period
determines the quality of their performance [6]. Several
factors both genetic and environmental have been
Data Collection
adduced to be factors that affect their growth. Therefore, it
Birds were collected from different units systematically on
is essential for researchers to continue to look for ways to
a weekly basis i.e. the nine units of the cages were divided
enhance the well being of animals while keeping
into odd and even numbers and birds were taken from
production at high levels. Recent advancement in
even number units in particular week and them from odd
technology
automated
number units the following week). For each week, the
management system in poultry has had a great influence
selected birds were weighed and the measurements of
on poultry industries at large, this led to the introduction
drumstick length (thigh), body length, keel length, shank
of housing system which can be deep litter system, battery
length, chest girth, and comb length (all in cm) were
cage system or both and other management techniques
taken.
which includes the
use
of
[9]. Housing of birds have increased productivity and has
made poultry more attractive than when they are been
Statistical Analysis
reared in a free range system. Therefore, the aim of this
Data was subjected to the analysis of variance of [11] in a
study was to estimate the effect of age and cage position
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Duncan Multiple
on the growth traits of Harco black cockerel chicken in
Range Test of the same statistical software was used to
derived savanna zone of Nigeria.
determine the significant differences observed among
means.
The statistical model for the analysis is as follows
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site
Yijk =
The experiment was carried out at the Layers House of
Yijk
=
individual measurement of each birds
the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola
µ
=
overall mean
University of Technology, Ogbomoso. Ogbomoso is a
Si
=
effect of ith age (i= 9, 14, 19 and 24)
µ +Si + Aj + (SA)ij + Eijk
Where,
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World J Life Sci. and Medical Research 2011;11(3):
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Ojedapo et al
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Aj
=
effect of jth cage position (j = 1, 2)
while the CGT were significantly (p < 0.05) affected at ages
(S*A) ij
=
Eijk
interaction between age i and cage
19 and 24 weeks. However, the KLT, CLT and SLT were
position jth
significantly (p < 0.05) affected at 14, 19 and 24 week
th
=
random error which is assumed to be
respectively. The higher values of DSK, CLT and CGT
normally and independently distributed
were obtained at the 9, 19 and 24 weeks of age in Harco-
with a mean of zero and variance of
black cockerel reared at the lower cage tier. Generally, the
upper tier had the higher values of growth traits
.
understudy.
RESULTS
The means of growth traits of Harco-black cockerels
Table 1 shows the means of growth traits of Harco-black
reared at different ages within cage tier is as shown in
cockerels to different cage tiers within ages. There were
Table 2. There were significant (p < 0.05) difference of age
significant (p < 0.05) effect of cage tier on the Drumstick
on the DSK, KLT, SLT, CGT and the CLT of birds reared
(DSK),Keel length (KLT).Shank length (SLT), Chest girth
at the upper tier except the BLT. Harco-black cockerels at
(CGT) and comb length (CLT) at speculated ages.
the lower cage tier had the highest KLT and CLT at 24
Significant (p < 0.05) difference were observed in the DSK
weeks of age while the highest values of the DSK and the
of the Harco-black cockerels at weeks 9, 14 and 19 of age
CLT occurred at the 9th and 19th weeks of age respectively.
TABLE 1
Table 1 shows the growth traits (mean ± SEM) of Harco-Black cockerels reared at different cage tiers within ages
Age (Weeks)
Cage tier
n
DSK (cm)
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
9
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
14.65 ± 0.23b
15.63 ± 0.28a
16.11 ± 0.16a
15.30 ± 0.15b
15.53 ± 0.17a
15.03 ± 0.09b
15.86 ± 0.23
15.38 ± 0.13
24.45 ± 0.39
24.20 ± 0.34
24.13 ± 0.22
24.75 ± 0.32
24.86 ± 0.23
24.65 ± 0.22
24.17 ± 0.63
24.97 ± 0.39
10.75 ± 0.19
10.86 ± 0.16
13.08 ± 0.31a
10.90 ± 0.16b
11.55 ± 0.21
11.51 ± 0.11
11.72 ± 0.15
12.02 ± 0.20
10.15 ± 0.03
9.39 ± 0.10
9.02 ± 0.13
9.17 ± 0.04
9.23 ± 0.16
9.33 ± 0.27
9.83 ± 0.14a
9.30 ± 0.07b
4.36 ± 0.06
4.61 ± 0.14
6.31 ± 0.16
6.02 ± 0.12
6.10 ± 0.11a
4.68 ± 0.14b
5.26 ± 0.15b
6.33 ± 0.21a
5.98 ± 0.14
5.76 ± 0.21
6.44 ± 0.25
6.53 ± 0.15
6.40 ± 0.16b
7.99 ± 0.12a
7.24 ± 0.20
7.04 ± 0.12
14
19
24
ab Means
of values in the same column within ages with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05) n: Number of observations, DSK:
Drumstick, BLT: Body Length, KLT: Keel Length, SLT: Shank Length, CGT: Chest girth, CLT: Comb Length
TABLE 2
Table 2 shows the growth traits (mean ± SEM) of Harco-Black cockerels reared at different ages within cage tiers
Cage tier
Age (Weeks)
n
DSK (cm)
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
Upper
9
14
19
24
9
14
19
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
14.65 ± 0.23 b
16.11 ± 0.16 a
15.53 ± 0.17 a
15.86 ± 0.23 a
15.63 ± 0.28 a
15.30 ± 0.15 ab
15.03 ± 0.09 b
15.38 ± 0.13 ab
24.45 ± 0.39
24.13 ± 0.22
24.86 ± 0.23
24.17 ± 0.63
24.20 ± 0.34
24.75 ± 0.32
24.65 ± 0.22
24.97 ± 0.39
10.75 ± 0.19 c
13.08 ± 0.31a
11.55 ± 0.21 b
11.72 ± 0.15 b
10.86 ± 0.16 c
10.90 ± 0.16 c
11.51 ± 0.11 b
12.02 ± 0.20 a
10.15 ±0.03 a
9.02 ± 0.13 b
9.23 ± 0.16 b
9.83 ± 0.14 a
9.39 ± 0.10
9.17 ± 0.04
9.33 ± 0.27
9.30 ± 0.07b
4.36 ± 0.06 c
6.31 ± 0.16 a
6.10 ± 0.11 a
5.26 ± 0.15 b
4.61 ± 0.14 b
6.02 ± 0.12 a
4.68 ± 0.14 b
6.33 ± 0.21
5.98 ± 0.14 b
6.44 ± 0.25 b
6.40 ± 0.16 b
7.24 ± 0.20 a
5.76 ± 0.21 b
6.53 ± 0.15 c
7.99 ± 0.12 a
7.04 ± 0.12 b
Lower
ab Means
of values in the same column within ages with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05) n: Number of observations, DSK:
Drumstick, BLT: Body Length, KLT: Keel Length, SLT: Shank Length, CGT: Chest girth, CLT: Comb Length
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al., 2011. Growth traits of harco-black cockerel chicken
Ojedapo et al
Table 3 shows the correlation coefficient among growth
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from low to high and also there were positive correlation
traits of Harco-black cockerels reared at 9 weeks of age
than negative. There was a negatively high significance (p
within different cage tiers. The correlation shows that
< 0.05) between the KLT and BLT and CGT and CLT. A
there were more positive relationship than negative. The
highly positive significance (p < 0.001) correlation was also
relationship between the KLT and SLT, CGT and SLT
observed between the DSK and the CLT. A highly
were positively low. However, between the CGT and the
negatively significant (p < 0.001) correlation exist between
DSK, CLT and the SLT were positive relationship than
CGT and CLT.
negative and these values ranges from low to high. There
Table 6 reveals the correlation coefficients among growth
was a highly significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation
traits of Harco-black cockerels reared at 24 weeks of age
between the CGT and the KLT while the relationship
within different cage tiers. Generally, the values obtained
between CLT and the SLT was positively low.
were from low to high. At the lower diagonal, the
The correlation coefficients among growth traits of Harco-
correlation between the SLT and the DSK was positively
black cockerels reared at 14 weeks of age within different
high and significant (p < 0.05) while the correlation
cage tiers as shown in table 4 shows that at the upper
between the CGT and the DSK was negatively high and
diagonal depicts a very high negatively significance (p <
significant (p < 0.05). At the upper diagonal, the
0.001) between the SLT and the BLT. The DSK and BLT
correlation between the SLT and BLT, SLT and KLT were
show a low positive relationship while the KLT, BLT and
positively high and significant (p < 0.05). The interaction
CLT have a positive correlation.
between the age and cage tiers shows a very high
Table 5 shows the correlation coefficients among growth
significance (p < 0.05) correlation in the DSK, KLT, SLT,
traits of Harco-Black cockerels reared at 19 weeks of age.
CGT and the CLT.
Generally, it was observed that the values obtained range
TABLE 3
Table 3 shows the correlation (coefficients) among growth traits of Harco-black cockerels reared at 9 weeks of age within
different cage tiers
Cage tier
DSK (cm)
DSK (cm)
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
-0.139
-0.164
-0.105
0.382
-0.072
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
0.269
-0.423
0.38
-0.415
0.168
-0.143
-0.168
-0.264
0.620**
-0.389
-0.362
-0.443
-0.083
0.006
-0.051
0.184
0.087
-0.413
-0.258
0.026
0.144
0.190
0.008
0.404
0.193
Upper diagonal represents 9th week of age, cage tier 2; Lower diagonal represents 9th week of age, cage tier 1; ** (p < 0.001);
DSK: Drumstick, BLT: Body Length, KLT: Keel Length, SLT: Shank length, CGT: Chest girth, CLT: Comb length
TABLE 4
Table 4 shows the correlation (coefficients) among growth traits of Harco-black cockerels reared at age of 14 weeks within
different cage tiers
Cage tier
DSK (cm)
DSK (cm)
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
0.120
0.174
-0.213
-0.253
0.119
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
0.028
0.290
0.431
0.205
0.295
0.399
0.137
-0.296
-0.264
0.296
0.420
-0.518**
0.290
-0.156
-0.293
0.008
-0.069
-0.109
-0.340
-0.119
0.088
0.187
-0.020
0.287
-0.148
Upper diagonal represents 14th week of age, cage tier 2; Lower diagonal represents 14th week of age, cage tier 1; ** (p < 0.001);
DSK: Drumstick, BLT: Body Length, KLT: Keel Length, SLT: Shank length, CGT: Chest girth, CLT: Comb length
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TABLE 5
Table 5 shows the correlation (coefficients) among growth traits of Harco-black cockerels reared at 19th weeks of age
within different cage tiers
Cage tier
DSK (cm)
DSK (cm)
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
-0.278
0.239
0.023
0.177
0.015
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
-0.80
0.099
-0.477*
0.130
-0.313
0.263
-0.380
-0.34
0.301
-0.210
0.700**
0.043
-0.029
0.329
-0.699**
-0.267
0.232
0.102
-0.022
0.090
0.203
0.108
0.113
-0.108
-0.093
Upper diagonal represents 19th week of age, cage tier 2; Lower diagonal represents 19th week of age, cage tier 1; ** (p < 0.001);
DSK: Drumstick, BLT: Body Length, KLT: Keel Length, SLT: Shank length, CGT: Chest girth, CLT: Comb length
TABLE 6
Table 6 shows the correlation (coefficients) among growth traits of Harco-black cockerels reared at 24 weeks of age within
different cage tiers
Cage tier
DSK (cm)
DSK (cm)
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
0.179
0.159
0.553*
-0.493*
0.008
BLT (cm)
KLT (cm)
SLT (cm)
CLT (cm)
CGT (cm)
0.012
0.401
0.191
-0.068
0.490*
0.467*
0.127
0.216
0.135
-0.013
0.094
-0.030
0.285
0.426
-0.270
0.009
0.102
0.106
0.154
-0.148
0.104
-0.087
-0.359
0.285
0.183
Upper diagonal represents 24th week of age, cage tier 2; Lower diagonal represents 24th week of age, cage tier 1; ** (p < 0.001);
DSK: Drumstick, BLT: Body Length, KLT: Keel Length, SLT: Shank length, CGT: Chest girth, CLT: Comb length
DISCUSSION
physiological
The significant effect of cage tier on some of the growth
majority of the growth traits obtained at advanced ages of
traits is an indication that DSK, KLT, SLT, CGT and CLT
the birds in both tiers are reasonable because the feed
responded positively to the upper tier of the cage used in
intake and conversion efficiency of birds had gone up at
rearing. Cage density plays a major role in determining
this period.
the well being of birds. [12] reported that greater stocking
Generally
density reduces feed intake and reduce body weight. In
coefficients amongst the growth traits at all ages agrees
addition, the higher values obtained at the upper tier
with past literatures of Ojedapo et al. [16]. This positive
generally
be
correlation suggests that these traits are under the same
recommended for the rearing of cockerels. This agrees
gene action and by implication selection for improvement
with the reports of Carmichael et al. [13] who discovered
in one trait would bring about a corresponding
higher performance with the birds reared at upper tier
improvement in the other traits on a correlated response.
showed
that
the
upper
tier
could
development.
the
pattern
of
The
highest
variation
of
values
of
correlation
cage. This result might be due to the fact that the cockerels
at the lower tier were unavoidably more exposed to the
ammonia gas coming from their droppings which might
CONCLUSION
invariably interfere with their metabolic processes.
The result revealed higher values at the upper tier which
The significant variations in the growth traits as age of the
shows that the upper tier could be recommended for the
birds advanced both in the upper and lower theirs agrees
rearing of cockerels between fourteen and twenty weeks
with reports of Sonaiya et al. [14] and Pingel et al. [15] that
of age. This result might be due to the fact that the
age is also a major factor affecting of growth rate and
cockerels at the lower tier were unavoidably more
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World J Life Sci. and Medical Research 2011;1(3)::65
al., 2011. Growth traits of harco-black cockerel chicken
Ojedapo et al
exposed to the ammonia gas coming from their droppings
[9]
[10]
British
American
Tobacco
Company,
meteorological site. Ogbomoso. Nigeria 2004.
upper tier for rearing harco black cockerels chicken
between fourteen and twenty weeks of age. Alternatively
Obioha FC. A guide to poultry production in the
tropics. Arenna publishing, Lagos, Nigeria. 1992.
which might be interfering with some of their metabolic
processes. Therefore, it could be preferable to use the
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[11]
Statistical Analysis System, user’s guide. Version
persistent (very frequent) replacement of litters and
9.2, Statistical Analysis System. institutes inc. Cary
evacuation of the dropping should be done, but this may
no. 27513.UK. 2009.
attract extra-cost
[12]
Carey VB. Effects of pullet stocking density on
performance
of
laying
hens.
Poultry
Science
1987;66:1283-7.
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