SOME HIGHER FUNGI FROM SAGARMATHA NATIONAL PARK
(SNP) AND ITS ADJOINING AREAS, NEPAL
Anjana Giri* and Prabina Rana*
*Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Kathmandu, Nepal.
Abstract: The present paper includes a list of 69 species of wild mushrooms collected from Sagarmatha National Park
(SNP) and its adjoining areas, which are recorded for the first time from this area.
Key words: Mushrooms; Mixed forest; Khumbu region.
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1: Map showing the study area.
The investigation and study on mushrooms of Nepal started
since the period of J.D Hooker (1848-1850), from which
Berkeley (1854) described 44 species of higher fungi. Since
then many authors like Balfour and Browne (1955 & 68);
Imazeki et al. (1966); Kreisel (1969 & 1976); Singh et al. (1977/
78); Pandey (1976); Adhikari (1976, 1984, 1987, 1988abc, 1990,
1991, 1996ab, 1999ab, 2000, 2001); Adhikari and Manandar
(1986, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004ab); Ryvarden (1977); Adhikari 7
Parajuli (1993, 1996); Bhandary (1984 &1991); Otani (1982);
Hjortstam et al. (1984); Cotter (1987); Pandey (1976); Pandey
& Budathoki (2003) and Devkota et al. (2005) have
contributed their knowledge on Nepalese mycoflora.
STUDY AREA
The study area lies in Solu-Khumbu district of the
northeastern region of Nepal. It encompasses the Sagarmatha
National Park (1148 sq. km) and its Buffer Zone area (275 sq.
km) (Fig. 1) .The Park includes the upper catchments areas of
the Dudh Kosi and Bhote Kosi Rivers. Due to its altitudinal
diversity, various type of vegetation is found in different
climatic zones (temperate, subalpine, alpine, nival and
permanent snow zones). The dominant vegetation at the
lower elevation of the park below 3000 meter above sea level
(msl.) is composed mostly of blue pine and Hemlock forest.
The lower subalpine region above 3000 msl. comprises Pinus
walliachana, Abies spectabilis and Juniperus recurva
forests. The upper subalpine, above 3600 msl. consists of
Birch - Rhododendron forest (Betula utilis, Rhododendron
campanulatum and R. campylocarpum) and the lower alpine
region above the timber–line at 3800-4000 msl. houses scrubs
(Juniperus spp, R. anthopogan & R . lepidotum).
to September 2004. The mushroom specimens were collected
by carefully digging them with the help of a sharp knife. Data
on habit and habitat such as ecological parameters such as
altitude forest type, etc. were recorded in the field. The
collected mushroom specimens were photographed in their
natural habitat before they were picked up. Each collection
was placed in butter paper bags and tag numbers were
assigned to them. The morphological characters such as spore
print and colour, habitat, forest type, pileus and tube colour,
colour change induced after bruising or cutting and exposing
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The mushroom specimens were collected from Lukla (2,800
msl.) to Pangboche (4,000 msl.) during the month of August
Author for Correspondence: Anjana Giri, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: anjanagiri@hotmail.com.
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to chemicals such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), Ferrous
sulphate (FeSO4) were noted. The specimens were either sun
dried or dried by placing them on tin foil over a local oven.
Dried specimens were placed in butter paper bags.
Naphthalene balls were used as insect repellents. The dried
specimens were identified in the laboratory with the help of
standard literatures (Adhikari, 2000; Imazeki, Otani & Hongo,
1979; Purukayastha & Chandra, 1985; Svreck, 1975;
McKenny, 1971; Mcknight & Mcknight, 1987) and studying
macro and microscopic characters. The specimens are housed
in Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST),
Khumaltar.
5. Amanita pachycolea (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt
On moist soil, under Rhododendron Forest, Debuche, 3700m,
24.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no.450, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, Europe, Nepal.
Auriculariaceae
6. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc.
Growing on moist soil under Pine forest, Khumjung, 3800m,
22.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 258, NAST.
On tree branch, Tamrang khola (Balfour-Browne, 1968).
Distribution: World wide.
Boletaceae
7. Boletus auripes Peck
Growing on moist soil, under Rhododendron & Quercus
forest, Muse Forest, Lukla, 2783m 13.8. 2004; Rana, Giri &
Shrestha, no. 33, NAST.
Distribution: North America, Japan, Nepal.
8. Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr.
Growing on moist soil, under mixed forest of Pinus and Tsuga,
Muse Forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8. 2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha,
no. 10I, NAST.
Previously recorded form Kakani (Pandey, 1976); Syabru
(Cotter, 1987) and Suryavinayak (Adhikari et al. 1996).
Distribution: Worldwide.
9. Boletus pulverulentus Opat.
Growing on moist soil, under mixed forest of Rhododendron
sp. and Tsuga sp., Muse Forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Rana,
Giri & Shrestha, no. 22, NAST.
Distribution: Taiwan, North America, Europe, Nepal.
10. Boletinus asiaticus Sing.
Growing on moist soil, in Pinus forest, Tok Tok, 2725m,
15.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 84, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, China, North America, Taiwan, Nepal.
11.Boletinus cavipes (Klotz.: Fr) Kalchbr.
Growing on moist soil associated with mosses, under Pinus
forest, Phakdin, 2500m, 14.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no.
70, NAST.
Place not mentioned (Singh, 1966).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, China, North America, India,
Nepal.
12. Gyrodon merulioides (Schw.) Sing.
Growing on moist soil in open place near to Rhododendron –
Quercus forest, Muse forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Giri,
Rana & Shrestha, no. 32, NAST.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia, South Africa,
Nepal.
13. Phylloporus bellus (Mass.) Corner
Growing on dry soil at steep wall under Coniferous forest,
Lukla/Ghat, 2604m, 14.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 42,
NAST.
Distribution: Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Nepal.
14. Pulverboletus ravenelli (Berkeley & Curtis) Murrill
Enumeration of species
A total of 150 mushrooms specimens belonging to 37 families
and 65 genera were collected from Lukla to Pangboche. Out
of the collected specimens expect five species, all were
identified upto the generic level and 69 were identified upto
species level. The identified 69 species are enumerated as
follows.
Agariaceae
1. Agaricus xanthoderma Genevier
Growing on soil in shady places, under Pinus forest, Phungi
tenga, 3255m, 26 .8.2004;
Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 583, NAST.
Distribution: Ireland, Africa, Nepal.
Amanitaceae
2. Amanita hemibapha (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.
On moist soil, under mixed forest of Rhododendron and Tsuga,
Muse Forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13 .8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha,
no. 20, NAST.
Previously recorded from Manichur; Suryabinayak,
Dakshinkali, Kakani, Nagarkot; Brajayoginin and Kathmandu
valley ((Adhikari, 1976-1996a) and amongst grasses under
tree, Sundarijal (Singh & Nisha, 1976a) (Pandey, 1976).
Distribution: Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Java,
Nepal.
3. Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Gill.
[= Amanita junquillea Quel.; Amanitopsis adnata (W.G.
Smith) Sacc.]
Growing on dry soil in open area, Namche, 3065m, 16.8.2004;
Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 129, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, Europe, America, Nepal.
4. Amanita vaginata (Bull.: Fr.) Vitt.
[= Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull) Roxb.]
Growing on moist soil, under Tsuga and Rhododendron forest,
Muse Forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha,
no. 21, NAST.
Previously recorded from Manichur; Suryabinayak;
Dakshinkali; Kakani; Nagarkot; Brajayogini ; Kathmandu
valley (Adhikari, 1976- 1996a) and amongst grasses under
tree, Sudarijal (Singh & Nisha, 1976a) (Pandey, 1976).
Distribution: Australia, Europe, North America, Japan, India,
China, Nepal.
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Growing on moist soil under Coniferous forest, Lukla/Ghat
2604m, 14.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 43, NAST.
Distribution: Europe, North America, South America, Nepal.
15. Suillus placidus (Bonord.) Singer
Growing on moist soil under Pinus - Daphnea forest, Namche,
3150m, 16.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 128, NAST.
In pine forest, Chautara, Daman, Nagarkot and Syabru (Cotter,
1987).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal.
16. Suillus sibiricus (Singer) Singer
Growing on rocky soil in open area, near to Pinus forest, way
to Namche, 3150m, 16.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 130,
NAST.
In Pine forest, Ghasa, Godavary, Kakani, Larjung, Lete, Syabru
(Cotter, 1987) and Pisang (Bhandary, 1991).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, Nepal.
17. Tylopilus alboater (Peck) Sing.
Growing on steep wall on moist soil, under Coniferous forest,
between Lukla to Ghat, 2604m, 14.8.2004; Giri, Rana &
Shrestha, no. 50, NAST.
Distribution: East Asia, North America, Europe, Nepal.
18. Tylopilus eximus (Peck) Sing.
Growing on moist soil, under pure Rhododendron forest, Jami
khiau, 3825m, 22.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 270, NAST.
Distribution: East Asia, Costa Rica, North America, Europe,
Nepal.
Cantharellaceae
19. Cantharellus cibarius (Fr.: Fr) Fr.
Growing on moist soil, in Rhododendron forest, Khunde,
3900m, 20.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 237, NAST.
In Pinus roxburghii forest, on soil, Bajrajogini (Manichur)
(Adhakari, 1976); Manang (Bhandari, 1991); Sudarijal and
Kathmandu market (Adhikari, 1996a and Adhikari et al. 1996)
and on soil in Pinus roxburghii forest, Lumle (Devkota, 2005).
Distribution: Worldwide.
Clavariaceae
20. Clavaria acuta Sch.: Fr.
Growing on moist soil, under Abies forest, Phurte, 3585m,
17.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 210, NAST.
On soil in Castanopsis forest, Godavary (Adhakari,1988b);
in mixed forest, Suryavinayak and Sundarijal (Adhakari, 1996;
Adhikari, et al., 1996) and on soil of Rhododendron arboreum,
Bhirmuni, Lumle (Devkota, 2005).
Distribution: Europe, Australia, North America, USSR, Japan,
India, Nepal.
Clavulinaceae
21. Clavulina cinerea (Bull.:Fr.) Schroet.
(= Clavaria cinerea Fr.)
Growing on moist soil, Jami khiau forest, Khumjung, 3825m,
22.8.2004; Giri, Rana and Shrestha, no. 268, NAST.
On ground, Godavary (Pandey, 1976) and Kathmandu market
(Adhikari, 1996; Adhikari, 1997; Adhikari et al., 1996)).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, India, Nepal.
Coprinaceae
22. Coprinus micaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr.
(= Coprinellus micaceus (Bull: Fr.) Vil., Hop. & John.
Growing on moist soil and dead tree trunk open area near
Rhododendron and Abies forest, Tengboche, 3702m,
24.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 410, NAST.
Distribution: Worldwide.
23. Coprinus niveus (Pers.) Fr
Growing on moist soil in open area near Pinus forest,
Tengboche, 3445m, 26.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 579,
NAST.
Distribution: America, Europe, Nepal.
24. Coprinus radians (Desm.: Fr.) Fr.
Growing on twig of Rhododendron sp., Jami khiau forest,
3860m, 22.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no.279, NAST.
Distribution: Europe, America, Japan, Nepal.
Cortinariaceae
25. Cortinarius traganus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.
Growing on moist soil, under Rhododendron Forest, Omaka
Forest (Pangboche), 3890m, 25.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha,
no. 552, NAST.
Distribution: North America, Europe, Nepal.
26. Dermocybe phoenicea (Bull.) Moser
Growing on moist soil, under Rhododendron & Abies mixed
forest, Khumjung, 3800m, 22.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha,
no. 261, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, Europe, Nepal.
Fomitopsidaceae
27. Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wolf.: Fr.) Karst.
(= Lenzites sepiaria Wolf.: Fr.)
Growing on Pine root, Pinus forest, Jorsalle, 2690m, 15.8.2004;
Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 100, NAST.
Previously recorded from Hetauda (Pandey, 1976).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, China, North America, India,
Nepal
Ganodermataceae
28. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.
Growing on dead log of Abies, Lausasa 3570m, 23.8.2004;
Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 312, NAST.
On rotten tree, Terai forest, Dharan (Balfour-Browne, 1968);
on rotten tree trunk, Bakhri Kharka (north of Pokhara);
Taglung (Kaligandaki) (Balfour-Browne, 1968); Hetauda
(Pandey, 1976); on Quercus sp., Daman (Singh 1976); on
stump, Phulchoki (Lalitpur Dist.) (Singh & Nisha, 1976c); on
tree trunk, Namrung (Gorkha Dist.) (Adhikari, 1988a) and on
wood of Betula utilis, Nilgatti Odar (Bajhang Dist.) (Adhikari,
1988a). In tropical to temperate belts (Adhikari, 1996).
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Dudh Koshi (Ryv., 1977); on moist ground, Phulchowki(
Lalitpur Dist.) (Singh & Nisha, 1976a) and on thick humus
soil with mosses, Seti khola Agra goan forest (Bajhang Dist.)
(Adhikari, 1988a).
Distribution: Europe, North America, India, Japan, Russia,
Nepal.
Lycoperdaceae
36. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers.: Pers.
(= Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch.)
Growing on soil, under Abies spectabilis tree, Deboche,
3665m, 25.8. 2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no.505, NAST.
Growing on soil in moist shady places among mosses,
Kyangjing, Langtang, Rasuwa district (Central Nepal)
(Adhikari, 1988d); between Khandhe and Seti Khola bagar,
Bajang district (West Nepal) (Adhikari, 1996); and Lohar
(Bhandari, 1991).
Distribution: China, Europe, India, Japan, North America,
Tasmania, Africa, Australia, Nepal.
37. Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff.: Pers.
(= Lycoperdon emodense Berk.)
Growing on moist soil, under Rhododendron forest, Phungi
tenga, 3590m, 24.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no.407, NAST.
Growing on rotten dead wood in moist shady places,
Suliigadh ( West Nepal) ( Balfour- Browne, 1968); Thodung,
Lamjura and Junbesi ( Kreisel, 1969); Phulchowki and
Sundarijal (Singh &Nisha, 1976a); Kakani (Pandey, 1976); Kali
gad, surmasarowa Lekh, Khuli, Simen, Langtang valley
(Kreisel, 1976); between Syabru besi and Lama hotel,
Langtang National Park (Adhikari, 1996); Kakani and Pokhara
(Adhikari et al., 1996) and on moist ground, under shade of
Alnus nepalensis, Gauri Khoria, Lumle (Devkota 2005).
Distribution: Europe, Sino- Japan, Central and South East
Asia, North America, Australia, Africa, Tasmania, New
Zealand, Japan, Australia, Nepal.
Marasmiaceae
38. Rhodocollybia butyraceae (Bull.: Fr) Lennox
[= Collybia butyracea (Bull.:Fr.) Kummer]
Growing on moist soil, under Coniferous forest, way to
Namche, 3150 m, 16.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 141,
NAST.
On soil, Godavary (Pandey, 1976).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, North America, Nepal.
39. Mycena capillaries (Schum.:Fr.)Kummer
Growing on leaf of Quercus sp., under mixed forest of Quercus
- Rhododendron, Muse forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Rana,
Giri & Shrestha, no. 4, NAST.
Distribution: Australia, Europe, Nepal.
Nidulariaceae
40. Cyathus striatus (Hud.: Pers.) Will.
Growing on moist twigs of Abies sp., Phurte, 3585m, 17.8.2004;
Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 211B, NAST.
On ground and rotten wood in forest, Sundarijal (Singh &
Nisha, 1976a).
Distribution: Worldwide.
Gomphaceae
29. Gomphus clavatus (Pers: Fr.) S.F. Gray
(= Craterellus clavatus Pers.)
Growing on soil, shady and moist place, under Abies forest,
Phurte, 3546m, 17.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 206,
NAST.
On soil, Kakani (Pandey, 1976)
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal.
30. Gomphus floccosus (Schw.) Singer var. floccosus
Growing on moist soil, under Abies forest, Lausasa 3570m,
23.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 320, NAST.
On earth bank in Quercus forest (Balfour-Browne, 1968); in
humus in Abies–Betula forest, Ratomata, Chakure Lekh
(Balfour-Browne, 1955) and on ground, in the mixed forest,
Syabru (Adhikari, 1996a).
Distribution: Europe, China, North America, Japan, India,
Nepal.
Gomphidiceae
31. Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murr.) O.K. Miller
Growing on moist soil, in Rhododendron forest, Khunde,
3900m, 20.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 241, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, Nepal.
Hydnaceae
32. Hydnum repandum L.: Fr.
Growing on moist soil under Rhododendron forest, Jami
khiau, 3860m, 22.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 280, NAST.
In Pinus roxburghii forest, on soil, Daman, Kakani, (Pandey,
1976); Kathmandu Manichur (Adhikari, 1976); Suryavinayak
(Singh & Nisha, 1976a); market (Adhikari, 1987) and Tokha
(Adhikari 1996a; Adhikari & Adhikari, 1997; Adhikari et al.,
1996).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal.
Hygrophoraceae
33. Hygrocybe strangulata Orton
Growing on moist soil under Rhododendron forest, Khunde,
3900m, 20.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, No. 227, NAST.
Distribution: Europe, America, Nepal.
34. Hygrocybe coccinea (Schaeff.: Fr.) Kummer
Growing on moist soil under Rhododendron forest, Khunde,
3900m, 20.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 229, NAST.
On soil, Phulchowki (Singh & Nisha, 1976a) and on moist
shady place in Quercus forest, Doka Dada, Lumle (Devkota
2005).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, China, N. America, India, Nepal.
Hymenochaetaceae
35. Coltricia perennis (Fr.) Murr.
[= Polystictus perennis (L.) Fr.]
Growing on dry and sandy soil in open area, Tok Tok, 2725m,
15.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 81, NAST.
Previously recorded from Thodung, Lamjura, Rigmo, and
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& Thind, 1977).
Distribution: North America, Europe, Japan, China, Australia,
Nepal.
Ramariaceae
48. Ramaria flava (Schaeff.: Fr.) Quel.
On Moist Soil, under Abies spectabilis tree, Phurte, 3615m,
17.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 207, NAST.
Sold at Kathmandu market (Adhikari, 1996; Adhikari
&Adhikari, 1997; Adhikari et al., 1996).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia, Japan, India,
China, Nepal.
Russulaceae
49. Lactarius deliciosus (L.: Fr.) S.F. Gray
Growing on moist soil, under Abies forest, Lausasa, 3570m,
23.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 303, NAST.
This species is recorded from Manichur (Adhikari, 1976);
Daman (Pandey, 1976); Manang (Bhandary, 1991); on ground
in Abies spectabilis, Larix himalaica and Rhododendron
sp. forest between Syabrua and Chandanbari (Bill and Cotter,
1989) and in mixed forest, Sundarijal ( Adhikari et al., 1996).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal.
50. Lactarius piperatus (Fr.) S.F. Gray
Growing on moist soil under Coniferous forest, Muse Forest,
Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 10GH,
NAST.
Kathmandu valley (Singh, 1966); Daman (Pandey, 1976);
growing on soil in Pinus roxburghii forest, Tokha, Nagarkot
(Adhikari, 1996; Adhikari et al., 1996); Suryavinayak, Lele
and Phulchoki (Adhikari, 1996); Hetauda (Poudel, 1997) and
on soil in Rhododendron forest, Gauri Khoria, Lumle (Devkota,
2005).
Distribution: China, Europe, Russia, North America, Japan,
Nepal.
51. Lactarius subdulcis (Pers.:Fr.) S. F. Gray
Growing on Moist soil, Muse Forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004;
Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 10L, NAST.
From Kathmandu valley (Adhikari, 1976; Singh, 1966)
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal.
52. Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr.
Growing on moist soil, under Rhododendron - Betula mixed
forest, Deboche, 3665m, 25.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no.
502, NAST.
From Manichur (Adhikari, 1976); Nagarjoon, Kathmandu
Valley (Pandey 1976); on soil in Pinus roxburghii forest,
Nagarkot, Lele, Bajrayogini, Dakshinkali, in mixed forest,
Matatirtha; Suryavinak and Phulchowki ( Adhikari, 1996;
Adhikari et al., 1996); Mai pokhari (Adhikari, 2000) and on
soil in shade of Rhododendron arboreum, Mulbari, Lumle
(Devkota, 2005).
Distribution: Worldwide.
53. Russula densifolia (Secr.) Gill.
Growing on moist soil under Pinus forest, Tengboche, 3702m,
Distribution: North America, China, Europe India, Japan,
Russia, Nepal.
Paxillaceae
41. Paxillus involutus (Batsch : Fr.) Fr.
Growing on moist soil under Rhododendron forest, Jami
khiau, 3825m, 22.8.2004;
Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 271, NAST.
Distribution: North America, Europe, Nepal.
Pezizaceae
42. Peziza badia Pers.: Fr.
Growing on dry soil, under mixed forest of Rhododendron Abies, Tengboche, 3445m, 26.8.2004; Rana ,Giri, & Shrestha,
no.590, NAST.
On soil, Ban Thanti (Otani, 1982).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, Nepal, America.
Pleurotaceae
43. Pleurotus dryinus (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer
[= Pleurotus corticatus Fr.: Fr.) Quel]
Growing on tree trunk of Abies spectabilis, Lausasa, 3570m,
23.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 306, NAST.
On tree trunk of Quercus semicarpifolia, Phulchowki ( Singh
& Nisha, 1976b).
Distribution: Japan, India, Europe, North America, Nepal.
Polyporaceae
44. Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.
Growing on cut stump of Pinus sp. tree, Jorsalle, 2690m,
15.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no 91, NAST.
On wood of Rhododendron arboreum, Manichur (Adhikari,
1988a) and in tropical to temperate belts (Adhikari, 1996a).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, China, North America, India,
Nepal.
Pyronemataceae
45. Aleuria aurantia (Fr.) Fuck.
(= Peziza aurantia Fr.)
Growing on moist places on twigs of Rhododendron sp.,
Deboche, 3665m, 25.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 554,
NAST.
On soil, Ghar Khola (Balfour-Browne, 1968; Singh & Nisha,
1976a); Kyumnu (Otani, 1982) and from Maipokhari area, Ilam
(Adhikari, 1998).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, China, India, America, Nepal.
46. Otidea onotica (Pers.: Fr.) Fuck.
Growing on moist soil, Phungi tenga, 3340m, 21.8 2004; Giri,
Rana & Shrestha, no. 403, NAST.
On soil, Dhunche, Sing Gompa (Otani, 1982).
Distribution: North America, Europe, Japan, Nepal.
47. Scutellinia scutellata (L.: Fr.) Lamb
Growing on Tsuga tree, Deboche, 3665m, 26.8.2004; Rana,
Giri & Shrestha, no. 572, NAST.
On soil, dead Yucca and twigs, Balaju, Kathmandu (Waraitch
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24.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 427, NAST.
Growing on soil in moist shady place in Pinus roxburghii
forest, Royal Botanical Garden, Godavary (Adhikari, 1984);
Lele, Brjayogini, Lele and in mixed forest, Suryavinayak
Adhikari, 2000).
Distribution: Worldwide.
54. Russula olivacea (Schaeff.) Fr.
On moist soil, under mixed forest of Rhododendron - Tsuga,
Muse forest, Lukla, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha,
no. 24, NAST.
Growing on soil in moist shady place in mixed forest of Pinus
wallichiana – Abies sp., Junbesi-Rachuwa (Adhakari, 1990b).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Nepal.
55. Russula metachroa Hongo
Growing on moist soil in open place, in Abies forest, Phurte,
3585m, 17.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 203, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, North America, Europe, Nepal.
56. Russula paludosa Britz.
Growing on moist soil under Rhododendron and Abies tree,
Tengboche, 3645m 24.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no.413,
NAST.
Distribution: North America, Europe, Nepal.
Sclerodermataceae
57. Scleroderma citrinum Pers.:Pers.
[=Scleroderma vulgare (Horneum) Fr.; Scleroderma
aurantium Pers.]
Growing on soil in shady places, in Rhododendron forest,
Khunde, 3900m, 20.8.2004; Rana, Giri& Shrestha, no. 243,
NAST.
Growing on soil in moist shady places, in Pinus roxburghii
forest, Methand Pokhara (Balfour - Browne, 1968); Nagarjoon
(Pandey, 1976); Godavary (Singh & Nisha, 1976a); Manichur,
Sybrubesi (Langtang area), (Adhikari, 1987); Sundarijal,
Kathmandu valley; sold in Kathmandu market, in mixed forest,
Matatirtha and Pokhara, Raniban (Adhikari et al., 1996).
Distribution: Europe, North and South America, Australia,
Japan, India.
Strobilomycetaceae
58. Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.:Fr.) Berk.
[=Strobilomyces floccopus (Vahl. : Fr.) Karst.]
Growing on moist soil under Coniferous forest, Lukla/Ghat,
2604m, 14.8.2004; Rana, Giri& Shrestha, no. 41, NAST.
On ground, Phulchowki (Singh & Nisha, 1976a) and
Suryavinayak. (Adhikari, 1996).
Distribution: Worldwide.
Strophariaceae
59. Hypholoma capnoides (Fries) Kumm.
(= Naematoloma capnoides (Fr.: Fr.) Kumm.
Growing on moist soil in bunch, under Pinus and
Rhododendron forest, Phurte 2840m, 17.8.2004, Rana, Giri &
Shrestha, no. 121, NAST.
Distribution: North America, Europe, Japan, China, Nepal.
Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, June 2007
60. Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch.: Fr.) Quel
Growing on Yak dung, Lausasa, 3770m, 23.8.2004; Rana, Giri
& Shrestha, no.302A, NAST.
Distribution: America, Europe, China, Japan, Nepal.
61. Pholiata aurivella (Batsch.: Fr.) Kummer
Growing on Abies tree trunk in a bunch, shady moist place,
Tengboche, 3702m, 24.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no.408,
NAST.
Manichur (Adhikari, 1976); Market and Landrung (Bhandary,
1984).
Distribution: Worldwide.
62. Pholiota nameko (Ito) Ito & Imai
[= Collybia nameko T. Ito; Pholiota gultinosa Kawam.;
Kuehneromyces nameko (T. Ito) S. Ito]
Growing on moist soil, under Abies tree, Khumjung, 3800m,
21.8.2004; Rana, Giri, & Shrestha, no. 251, NAST.
Place not mentioned (Bhandary, 1984).
Distribution: Japan, Nepal.
Tremellaceae
63. Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.
Growing on dead log of Rhododendron tree, Omaka forest
(Pangboche), 3890m, 25.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no.
550, NAST.
Distribution: America, Japan, Europe, Nepal.
Tricholomataceae
64. Armillaria mellea (Vahl.: Fr.) Kummer.
Growing under coniferous forest, Lukla, Muse forest, 2783m,
13.8.2004; Giri, Rana and Shrestha, no. 1, NAST.
Host not mentioned, Lele (Pandey,1976); Arun valley (Balfour
- Browne, 1968); Phulchoki (Singh & Nisha,1976a);
Kutungsang and Kalopani (Cotter,1987) and growing on
decayed log in moist shady place in afforested area of pine
(exotic), Kakani (Adhikari et al., 1996).
Distribution: Worldwide.
65. Laccaria amethystina (Huds.) Cooke
Growing on moist soil under coniferous forest, Lukla, Muse
forest, 2783m, 13.8.2004; Rana, Giri and Shrestha, no.10c,
NAST.
On soil, Hetauda (Pandey, 1976); Suryavinayk (Bhandari,
1980); in Pinus forest, Kakani, Brajayogini, in mixed forest
Suryabinayak, Matatirtha and Sundarijal (Adhikari &
Adhikari, 1997).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal.
66. Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton
Growing on moist soil associated with mosses, under Pine
forest, Phakdin, 2500m, 14.8.2004; Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no.
61, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, Nepal.
67. Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr) Cooke
Growing on moist soil under Rhododendron and Juniperus
forest, Syanboche, 3940m, 20.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha,
no. 233, NAST.
72
and Technology (April 24-29,1988). pp. 237-241.
On soil, Arun Valley (Balfour - Browne, 1968); Bajrabarahi,
Nagarjoon ( Pandey,1976); Godavari ( Singh & Nisha, 1966c);
growing in moist shady place in Pinus forest, Kakani, Tokha,
Bajrayogini, Lele, Nagarkot, in mixed forest, Sudarijal,
Suryavinayak, Matatirtha and Pokhara (Adhikari et al.,1996)
and on soil, Syaniswara, Lumle (Devkota, 2005).
Distribution: Worldwide.
68. Lacccaria proxima (Boudier) Pat
Growing on moist soil, under Pine forest, Jorsalle, 2690m,
15.8.2004; Giri, Rana & Shrestha, no. 102, NAST.
Distribution: Japan, North America, Bulgaria, Nepal.
69. Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.:Fr.) Kummer
Growing on shady places, on soil, under Abies forest, Phurte,
3615m, 17.8.2004;
Rana, Giri & Shrestha, no. 208, NAST.
On soil, Godavary (Pandey, 1976).
Distribution: Europe, Japan, North America, Nepal.
Adhikari, M.K.1990a. History of mycological explorations in Nepal.
Cryptog. mycol. 11: 111-128.
Adhikari, M.K. 1990b. The genus Russula from Nepal (II).In:
Cryptograms of the Himalayas, Central and Eastern Nepal. M
Watanabe and S. B. Malla (Eds.). National Science Museum,
Tsukuba. Japan. pp.101-112.
Adhikari, M.K.1991. Notes on some higher fungi from Nepal. Jour.
Nat. Hist. Mus. 12: 9-18.
Adhikari, M.K. and Parajuli, P. 1993. The genus Amanita in Nepal.
Banko Jankari 4: 5-8.
Adhikari, M.K. 1994-95. Mycodiversity in Nepal; a Glimpse. Bull.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Nep. 4: 4-6.
Adhikari, M.K.1995. New records of fleshy fungi from the Kathmandu
valley. Green World 6: 37-38.
Adhikari, M.K. and Parajuli 1996. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity in the
Pine forests of Kathmandu valley, Nepal: An ecological approach.
Environment and a Biodiversity: In the context of South Asia.
ECOS, Kathmandu, Nepal pp.182-197.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Adhikari, M.K., Adhikari, K.S., Joshi, A.R., Bhandary, R.C., Gyawali,
M.B. and Pradhan, B.1996. Studies on food value and mycotoxic
wild mushrooms of Nepal submitted to APINMAP/ SCAPMAP/
UNESCO Committee of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Nepal. p.92.
We are grateful to Prof. Dr. H.N. Bhattarai, Vice chancellor
and Prof. Dr. D. Subba Secretary, of NAST for their support.
Our special thanks go to Mr. Shekhar Shah, Chief, Planning
and Evaluation Division of NAST. We express our profound
gratitude to Ev-K2-CNR, Italy for the financial support. We
would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Prof. R. Baudo,
Mr. A Polenza, Ms. B. Schommer, and Mr.G. P. Verza of CNR,
Italy for their constant support. Our special appreciation goes
to Warden, staff and people of Sagarmatha National Park
(SNP). We would like to thank Mr. S. K. Shrestha for assisting
us during our field work. We are indebted to Mr. M.
Christensen, PhD scholar of the Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural University, Denmark for assisting us in the
identification work.
Adhikari, M.K. 1996. Biodiversite des Basidiomycetes au Nepal. Etdue
Systematique et biogeographique. Specialtite Ecologie-Mycoloique.
1996. These due Doctorat de l’Universite present devant
l’Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, No. D’ordre 2309,
pp.205.
Adhikari, M.K. and Durrieu, G. 1996. Ethnoimycologie Nepalaise
Bull. Soc. Myc. France 113: 31-41.
Adhikari, M.K. and Manandhar, V. 1996. The genus Lactarius in
Nepal. Advances in Botany. 21: 238-395, India.
Adhikari, M.K. and Manandhar, V. 1997. Fungi of Nepal, Part 2:
Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina and Ascomycotina. Bull. Dept.
Pl. Res. 16, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 60.
Adhikari, M.K. and Manandhar, V. 1998. New record of Clavatia
gigantean from Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Nat. Hist. Sco. Nep.
Bull. 8 (1-4): 10.
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