Jurnal Predestination: jurnal of Society and Culture.
Vol .1 No.2 , Maret 2021
IMMIGRATION, OTHERNESS, ECONOMIC
MOBILITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN THE
HOMELAND
Gloria Mayen Umukoro1*, Veronica Ebi Odey 2, Mamina Mba Ndifon 2
1,2,3
Department of Modern Languages and Translation Studies
University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Email: umukorogloria@unical.edu.ng1
ABSTRACT
This research focuses on the impact of migration on the Cultural identity of
Francophones in the diaspora. It explores the fascinating role of Culture and identity in
national and regional integration. Examining the experiences of francophone immigrants
from the diaspora, the study shows how ‘otherness’ affects immigrants’ capability to selfassert and adapt to reclaim their Africaness in the homeland. Two sets of immigrants are
presented; the forced immigrant (Slavery), with a forced culture and the liberal immigrant,
with liberal culture. Drawing from interviews, and individual experiences, the study
emphasises the role of the immigrant, the community and the institutions in successful
cultural integration in the homeland.
Keywords: Migration, Otherness, Inclusion, Homeland
INTRODUCTION
Francophone African immigrants in the diaspora are choosing to return to the
homeland rather than remaining in the new world (Lochmann et al., 2019; Trudell, 2012;
Vandeyar, 2012; Vigouroux, 2005). A francophone African diaspora is a group of Africans
whose first language is French or who have the French language as an official language
and who because of colonialism have assimilated the French culture. Resulting from the
fact that there existed many French colonies in West Africa, it is worthy to note that out of
the seventeen African nations in West Africa, ten are Francophones. Resulting from the
dehumanizing treatments, problems of economic instability and negative sentiments, the
creation of anti-immigration feelings and political groups (Scherrer, 2008), and negative
legislations, many immigrants have decided to either immigrate to other countries like the
United States of return to their homeland.
For more than a decade, Africans have continued to migrate for various reasons.
France has been the hub of immigration for both Africans and other nationals, due to her
friendly policy on immigration, since her Revolution in 1789. For Francophones, apart
from the French policy on immigration, their historical, cultural and linguistic connections,
made them choose France as their destination over other developed nations (Braithwaite,
2020; Gao et al., 2012; Love, 2009; Malenkina & Ivanov, 2018; Umukoro & Ohanyere,
2020). Because of her immigration policy, the immigrant population in France increased to
105
Jurnal Predestination: jurnal of Society and Culture.
Vol .1 No.2 , Maret 2021
about ten percent of the total population after the independence of several of the French
colonies and territories, especially including West Africans. (United Nations, 2006)
recorded a total number of 6,471,000 immigrants in France in 2006.
The question “Really, Why do people migrate?” arose in the cause of this study.
People immigrate to a destination for various reasons, such as favourable nationality laws,
Friendly immigration policies, Refugee status, existence of family members,
commonalities in culture, language, standardize higher education, economic opportunities
and marriage among others are common pull-factors. For francophone immigrants, which
is the concern of this study, being familiar with the culture and language of the destination
facilitates assimilation in the new world. Because of this factor, Francophone West African
immigrants have over the years chosen to eventually spend the rest of their lives in France.
To confirm this, (GIST, 2001) reveals that to facilitate immigration and the acquisition of
French nationality, France has created certain accord with some of its former territories.
METHOD
The study employed a face-to-face interview on three sets of Francophone Africans
arriving from Paris-France, London-Britain and Barcelona-Spain. The interview took
twelve weeks. The first phase at designated airports in selected Francophone African
countries. In the second phase, Research students were asked to assist in the data
collections. The results were grouped into “A” and “B”. while ‘A” represented (forced
immigrants) up to three generations who were returning home for the first time, “B”
represented responses from liberal immigrants who returned home either after higher
education or after achieving their goals.
Data Gathering
In the first phase, preliminary questionnaires were administered to 38 returnees to
fill out while waiting for their luggage or connecting fares. Items like gender, nationality,
age range, level of education, country of residence, first visit, and marital status. Reasons
for returning were listed as follows; a) family reunion b) Racial discrimination c)
Deportation d) Address and e) other. The second phase took place about eight months after.
Only 29 of the returnees were located for further questions like 1) Why did you relocate
home rather than other European countries? 2) Do you consider going back to France? 3)
If No, why? 4) Do you leave alone or with family? 5) Have you found adapting to the way
of life here easy? 6) What are your observations so Far? 7) How long do you intend to stay?
8) Speak freely about your experiences in France and now.
The information given by each respondent was analyzed one by one, responses were
compared and conclusions were drawn based on the stories as narrated by the respondents
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
Respondents in group “A-Forced immigrants”, were either relative of slaves who as
a result of the new laws were no longer at home in France, so decided to trace their lineage
back to the homeland, it took some time though but some succeeded. Others were
trafficked, while some merely deceived by the stories they heard, decided to try it. This
group of respondents was almost hit by the new laws; some had families, and most were
young within the ages of 18 to 20. While the elderly ones travelled back with some of their
children, the younger returnees left France without their parents who were already citizens
and were benefiting. Some members of group “A” believed that with the standard of
106
Jurnal Predestination: jurnal of Society and Culture.
Vol .1 No.2 , Maret 2021
education they have attained before leaving France, Africa would be a stepping-stone,
while it was for some; others found the homeland and the people strange, complicated and
difficult to adapt.
Group “B” respondents were focused on immigrants who voluntarily immigrated for
greener pastures. While some planned to acquire what they went for and leave, others
informed that they decided to stay back longer than they planned due to the opportunities
available. However, this desire was cut short by the treatments they received from the
government, and French nationals and the subsequent laws that deprived them of their
expectations and finally reminded them of the homeland.
The two groups shared the following commonalities
1. They found it difficult to adapt to the homeland, though for those who came with
degrees, they found it easy to get jobs, the general standard of living did not meet their
expectations.
2. There were little or insufficient economic opportunities available in the homeland
3. They are likely to reconsider relocating to other western countries like the United
States, China, Canada or Ukraine
CONCLUSION
Francophone African immigrants are either leaving France to other western countries
or returning to the homeland. Past studies and face-to-face interviews have revealed that
due to commonalities in language, culture and perceived economic opportunities,
Francophone immigrants would have preferred to remain in France rather than, relocate or
return home. However, the focus of this study was to find out why Francophone immigrants
are returning to the homeland and the difficulties in integrating. The study was based on
interviews and individual experiences of some francophone returnees. Findings reveal that
while commonalities in language and culture, job, healthcare and higher education
opportunities, remained pull-factors for Francophone immigrants to France, unfriendly
nationality laws that led to immigration sentiments, racial discrimination, resentment were
deciding factors not to remain in France. The study further reveals that, while the forced
immigrants with a forced culture are finding it difficult to integrate, the liberal immigrants
who willingly immigrated to the new world with a focus on improving life, and probably
return home to impart in the homeland, has little or no challenges integrating with the
homeland. They are rather disappointed by the level of underdevelopment in the homeland.
Thus, this study suggests that to achieve successful cultural integration, government, the
community as well as the immigrants themselves have vital roles to play.
REFERENCE
Braithwaite, B. (2020). Ideologies of linguistic research on small sign languages in the
global South: A Caribbean perspective. Language & Communication, 74, 182–194.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.06.009
Gao, B. W., Zhang, H., & Decosta, P. L. (2012). Phantasmal destination: A Post-modernist
Perspective.
Annals
of
Tourism
Research,
39(1),
197–220.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.06.003
Lochmann, A., Rapoport, H., & Speciale, B. (2019). The effect of language training on
immigrants’ economic integration: Empirical evidence from France. European
107
Jurnal Predestination: jurnal of Society and Culture.
Vol .1 No.2 , Maret 2021
Economic
Review,
113,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.01.008
265–296.
Love, N. (2009). Science, language and linguistic culture. Language & Communication,
29(1), 26–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2008.04.001
Malenkina, N., & Ivanov, S. (2018). A linguistic analysis of the official tourism websites
of the seventeen Spanish Autonomous Communities. Journal of Destination
Marketing
&
Management,
9,
204–233.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.01.007
Scherrer, C. P. (2008). Prevention of Violent Conflict by Structural Accommodation (L. B.
T.-E. of V. Kurtz Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition) (ed.); pp. 1725–1781).
Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373985-8.00168-9
Trudell, B. (2012). Of gateways and gatekeepers: Language, education and mobility in
francophone Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(3), 368–
375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.11.007
Umukoro, G. M., & Ohanyere, L. (2020). French is not my Language”: Reactions by
Foreign Language Learners in Africa. Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research,
17(2), 122–142.
Vandeyar, S. (2012). Immigrant students’ shifting identifications in South African schools.
International Journal of Educational Development, 32(2), 232–240.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.006
Vigouroux, C. B. (2005). ‘There are no Whites in Africa’: Territoriality, language, and
identity among Francophone Africans in Cape Town. Language & Communication,
25(3), 237–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2005.03.002
108