&RQWHPSRUDU\'HYHORSPHQWV LQ(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHV DQGWKH1HZ(XURSH clave Vol. 2 &RQWHPSRUDU\'HYHORSPHQWV LQ(PHUJHQW /LWHUDWXUHV DQGWKH1HZ(XURSH (GLWHGE\ &pVDU'RPtQJXH]DQG0DQXV2©'Z\HU 2014 81,9(56,'$'( '( 6$17,$*2'( &203267(/$ Contemporary developments in emergent literatures and the new Europe / edited by César Domínguez and Manus O’Dwyer. — Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2014 Formato en PDF Requisitos do sistema : Adobe Acrobat Reader Modo de acceso: lib{USC}: http://www.usc.es/libros/index.php/spic/index ISBN: 978-84-16183-09-8 1. Literatura europea — Historia y crítica I. Domínguez, César, ed. lit. II. O’Dwyer, Manus, ed. lit. III.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed.  © Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2014 Deseño de cuberta Ildefonso Vidal Ocampo Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Edita Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela usc.es/publicacions Maqueta Isabel Argüelles ISBN 978-84-16183-09-8 ,QPHPRULDPRI&ODXGLR*XLOOpQ $WULEXWHWR'DUtR9LOODQXHYD 7ZR6SDQLVKPDVWHUVRIFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUH &RQWHQWV  &RQWULEXWRUV  ,QWURGXFWLRQ&pVDU'RPtQJXH]DQG0DQXV2©'Z\HU  7KHRULHVRI(PHUJHQFH  &pVDU'RPtQJXH]&ODXGLR*XLOOpQ DQGWKH7KHRU\RI(PHUJHQW /LWHUDWXUHV  6—UHQ)UDQN7KH(PHUJHQFHRID/LWHUDWXUHRI0LJUDWLRQ LQ (XURSH :KHQ:K\:KDW:KHUH 1RW  5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROH3DVWV(PHUJHQW7KH3RVW3RVWFRORQLDOLQ -RVp(GXDUGR$JXDOXVD©V2YHQGHGRUGHSDVVDGRV 7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQV  )UDQFLVFR6HUUD/RSHV(XURSH©V+HDUWRI+HDUWV$Q$IIHFWLYH $UFKDHRORJ\RIWKH(XURSHDQ6SLULW  (PHUJHQW,GHQWLWLHVRQWKH0RYH  (OLVD$QW](PHUJHQW,GHQWLWLHVE\6HQGLQJ6HFRQG*HQHUDWLRQ 0LJUDQWVRQ7UDQVQDWLRQDO3LOJULPDJHV  ,VDEHO'RPtQJXH]6HRDQH*DOLFLDD5RXQG7ULS'HVWLQDWLRQLQ -XOLHWD*yPH]3D]©VDQG'pERUDK9XNXãLü¶V3RHWU\  -XWWD:HLQJDUWHQ0DNH:D\IRUWKH,QGLDQ7KH(PHUJHQFHRI %ULWLVK$VLDQ/LWHUDWXUH  0LUMDP%LWWHU<RXQJ-HZLVK/LWHUDWXUHLQ(XURSHDVD 5H (PHUJHQW3KHQRPHQRQ¦7UDQVQDWLRQDO§ (XURSHDQ,GHQWLWLHV LQ+HOHQD-DQHF]HN©V1RYHO/H]LRQLGLWHQHEUD   (PHUJLQJ3RHWLFV  ,ULD6REULQR )UHLUH'LVVHQW1RYHOW\DQG3RZHU $Q$SSURDFKWRWKH0DQLIHVWRDVD¦)DFLOLWDWRURI(PHUJHQFH§  0DQXHOD3DODFLRVDQG0DUtD;HV~V1RJXHLUD(QGDQJHUHG /DQGVFDSHV3RHWLF,QWHUYHQWLRQVLQ,UHODQGDQG*DOLFLD  0DQXV2©'Z\HU7KH:RUG0DGH)OHVK3RHWLFVRI(PHUJHQFHLQ -RVpºQJHO9DOHQWHDQG&RQWHPSRUDU\%LR$UW 8  7RZDUGVDQ(PHUJHQW(XURSH  -XOLiQ-LPpQH]+HIIHUQDQ7KH3KRQHWLF$UFKLYH9RFDOLW\DQG /RFDOLW\LQ(XURSHDQ5HJLRQDO)LFWLRQIURP0DULD(GJHZRUWK WR,VPDLO.DGDUp  9LUJLQLD5DPRV¦%H\RQGWKH%RUGHU§7KH7UDQVQDWLRQDO6HOI :ULWHV0XOWLGLDORJLF 1DUUDWLYH)RUPVLQDQG RXWRI*OREDO(XURSH  0DUFR3DRQH7KH¦2WKHU§ 'DQXELDQ(XURSH0DJULV5LFKWHU (VWHUKi]\  ,1'(; &RQWULEXWRUV (/,6$ $17= LV D PHPEHU RI WKH (XURSHDQ 3K'1HW ¦/LWHUDU\ DQG &XOWXUDO 6WXGLHV§ DQG DV VXFK LV D GRFWRUDO FDQGLGDWH DW WKH 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH IRU &RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG&XOWXUHDWWKH&DWKROLF8QLYHUVLW\RI3RUWXJDODVZHOO DVDWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO*UDGXDWH&HQWUHIRUWKH6WXG\RI&XOWXUHDW-XVWXV /LHELJ8QLYHUVLW\LQ*LH‰HQ*HUPDQ\,QKHUGLVVHUWDWLRQ¦7UDQVQDWLRQDO 5RRW 7ULSV LQ VW FHQWXU\ /LWHUDWXUH DQG &LQHPD§ VKH H[SORUHV WKH QDUUDWLYH LQWHUIDFH RI PRELOLW\ DQG EHORQJLQJ +HU UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV OLH LQWKHILHOGVRI(XURSHDQDUWVDQGFXOWXUHHVSHFLDOO\PRGHUQSKLORVRSK\ GHFDGHQFHDQGXUEDQLVPFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHDQGILOPVWXGLHV 0,5-$0 %,77(5©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©V QRYHO3DQHHWHPSHVWD %URWXQG8QZHWWHU  &e6$5 '20½1*8(= LVDVVRFLDWHSURIHVVRURIFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\ RI6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD,QDGGLWLRQWRQXPHURXVDUWLFOHVDQGERRNVRQ WKHGLVFLSOLQHKHLVFRHGLWRURIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH $VVRFLDWLRQ&RRUGLQDWLQJ&RPPLWWHH©VWZRYROXPH&RPSDUDWLYH+LVWRU\ 10 RI/LWHUDWXUHVLQWKH,EHULDQ3HQLQVXOD+LVWZRPRVWUHFHQWERRNVDUH:RUOG /LWHUDWXUH$5HDGHU 5RXWOHGJH DQG/LWHUDWXUDHXURSHDFRPSDUDGD $UFR/LEURV $VIRUSURIHVVLRQDOVHUYLFHVKHLV9LFH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH 6SDQLVK6RFLHW\RI*HQHUDODQG&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH&KDLURIWKH,&/$ 5HVHDUFK&RPPLWWHHDQGPHPEHURIWKH,&/$ &RRUGLQDWLQJ&RPPLWWHH PHPEHURIWKH$FDGHPLD(XURSDHDDQG)HOORZRIWKH6WRFNKROP&ROOHJLXP RI:RUOG/LWHUDU\+LVWRU\+HKDVMXVWEHHQDZDUGHGD-HDQ0RQQHW&KDLU ,6$%(/ '20½1*8(= 6(2$1( %$ LQ)UHQFK6WXGLHVDQG6SDQLVK6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD  LV D 3K' VWXGHQW LQ 6SDQLVK ODQJXDJH DQG OLWHUDWXUHDWWKH&LW\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN &81< 6KHJRWKHU0$ LQ OLWHUDU\WKHRU\DQGFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI6DQWLDJRGH &RPSRVWHOD6SDLQ+HUUHVHDUFKILHOGVDUHFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUH6SDQLVK OLWHUDWXUHOLWHUDU\V\VWHPVERUGHUODQGVDQGH[LOH 65(1 )5$1. LV DVVRFLDWH SURIHVVRU LQ FRPSDUDWLYH OLWHUDWXUH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6RXWKHUQ 'HQPDUN +LV ERRNV LQFOXGH 0LJUDWLRQ DQG /LWHUDWXUH   6DOPDQ 5XVKGLH $ 'HOHX]LDQ 5HDGLQJ   DQG 6WDQGLQJRQWKH6KRXOGHUVRI*LDQWV$&XOWXUDO$QDO\VLVRI0DQFKHVWHU 8QLWHG   +H KDV ZULWWHQ DUWLFOHV RQ $OHNVDQGDU +HPRQ -DPHV )HQLPRUH &RRSHU -RVHSK &RQUDG +HUPDQ 0HOYLOOH 7DKDU %HQ -HOORXQ -RQDV/LH'DYLG%HFNKDPDQGWKHDHVWKHWLFVRIVRFFHU+HDOVRWUDQVODWHG *LOOHV'HOHX]H©VERRNRQ3URXVWLQWR'DQLVK+LVFXUUHQWERRNSURMHFWLV RQPDULWLPHOLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUHLQLWLDOO\VSRQVRUHGE\DWKUHH\HDUJUDQW IURPWKH&DUOVEHUJ)RXQGDWLRQ -8/,º1 -,0e1(= +())(51$1 LVIXOOSURIHVVRURI(QJOLVKDQGFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &y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¨:ULWLQJDIWHU/LWHUDWXUH© 11 0$5½$ ;(6Ä6 12*8(,5$ KDVD3K'LQ*DOLFLDQOLWHUDWXUHDQGLVDVVRFLDWHSURIHVVRU RI *DOLFLDQ OLWHUDWXUH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD +HU UHVHDUFK KDV FHQWUHG RQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ *DOLFLDQ OLWHUDWXUH SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH ILFWLRQ RI ºOYDUR &XQTXHLUR FRQWHPSRUDU\ SRHWU\ DQG ZRPHQ©V SRHWU\ 6KH KDV SXEOLVKHG 2V RXWURV IHLUDQWHV GH ºOYDUR &XQTXHLUR 6RWHOR %ODQFR   6RxDGRUHV H IDPLOLD 2V SHUVRQD[HV QD QDUUDWLYD GH ºOYDUR &XQTXHLUR 7UHV&WUHV   DQG ºOYDUR &XQTXHLUR 9LDMH D /XJR3iJLQDVVREUHODFLXGDG $OYDUHOORV 6KHFRQWULEXWHGWRWKH +LVWRULD GD OLWHUDWXUD JDOHJD $ 1RVD 7HUUD   DQG WR $ OLWHUDWXUD GHVGHDWDKR[HSRHVtDHWHDWUR +pUFXOHVGH(GLFLRQHV 6KH KDVDOVRFRHGLWHG&UHDWLRQ3XEOLVKLQJDQG&ULWLFLVP  DQG3DODEUD YLYD*DOLFLDH+LVSDQRDPpULFD  6KHLVFXUUHQWO\DPHPEHURIWKH UHVHDUFKJURXS ([VLVWHUH:RPHQ©V0RELOLW\LQ&RQWHPSRUDU\*DOLFLDQ DQG,ULVK/LWHUDWXUHV$VZHOOVKHKDVFRQWULEXWHGYDULRXVDUWLFOHVWRJURXS SXEOLFDWLRQV DQG MRXUQDOV VXFK DV *ULDO $QXDULR GH (VWXGRV /LWHUDULRV *DOHJRV DQG WKH %ROHWtQ *DOHJR GH /LWHUDWXUD ZKHUH VKH DOVR UHJXODUO\ SXEOLVKHVOLWHUDU\FULWLFLVP 0$186 2©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©VSLFWRULDOLPDJHU\6KDNHVSHDUH©V5LFKDUG ,,, DQGDUWLFOHVRQHFRFULWLFLVP 0$5&2 3$21( LV D UHVHDUFK IHOORZ DQG 3K' FDQGLGDWH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD+LV3KGGLVVHUWDWLRQGHDOVZLWKSRHWU\LQ,WDOLDQ DQG6SDQLVKWUDQVODWHGFRQYHUVHO\E\6SDQLVKDQG,WDOLDQSRHWV+LVILHOGV RIUHVHDUFKDUHWUDQVODWLRQSRHWU\DQGZRUOGOLWHUDWXUH 9,5*,1,$ 5$026 LVDSRHWDQGGRFWRUDOVWXGHQWLQWKH&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH GHSDUWPHQW DW 6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KH LV FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ RQ D GLVVHUWDWLRQRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVSDFHDQGQDUUDWLYHLQWKDQG 12 VWFHQWXU\ZLWKDSDUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVRQPRGHUQLVWDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\ WH[WV+HULQWHUHVWVFHQWHURQWKFHQWXU\SRHWLFVSRHWU\O\ULFDOQRYHODQG PXOWLJHQUHWH[WV6KHLVLQWHUHVWHGLQSRHWLFVRIOLPLQDOLW\DQGFRPSDUDWLYH UHDGLQJVWKDWDOORZIRUWKH¦PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ§ RIODQJXDJHWKHTXHVWLRQRI ¦IRUPDVFRQWHQW§¦VSDFHDVFRQWHQW§ DQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKKLVWRULFDO DQGVRFLHWDOVZLIWVWKURXJKWKHFUHDWLRQRIQRYHO QDUUDWLYHDQGSRHWU\ZLWK DQDWWHQWLRQWRSK\VLFDOVSDFHRIWHQXUEDQ+HUZRUN DLPVWRFRQWUDVWDQG WKHRUL]HFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUHWUHQGVRIWUDQVQDWLRQDOWKRXJKWJOREDOO\ )5$1&,6&2 6(55$/23(6 %$ LQ )UHQFK DQG 3RUWXJXHVH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /LVERQ 0$ LQ&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH8QLYHUVLW\RI/LVERQ3K'LQ&RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH 8QLYHUVLWDW 3RPSHX )DEUD  LV D PHPEHU RI WKH &HQWUR GH (VWXGRV &RPSDUDWLVWDV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /LVERQ  +LV ILHOGV RI UHVHDUFK DUH FRPSDUDWLYH OLWHUDWXUH KHUPHQHXWLFV VSHFLDOL]LQJ LQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO GHYHORSPHQW RI QHJDWLYH KHUPHQHXWLFV LQ OLWHUDU\ VWXGLHV DQG DHVWKHWLFV DQGVSLULWXDOLW\LQFRQWHPSRUDU\,EHULDQSRHWU\ ,5,$ 62%5,12 )5(,5( LVD7HDFKLQJ)HOORZRI/DQJXDJHDQG/LWHUDWXUH(GXFDWLRQ DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI$ &RUXxD6KHKDVFDUULHGRXWUHVHDUFKLQWKH&HQWUHIRU &RPSDUDWLYH6WXGLHVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI/LVERQ  DQGKDVEHHQ 6SDQLVK /DQJXDJH $VVLVWDQW DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %XUJXQG\   +HUUHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWVDUHIRFXVVHGRQ*DOLFLDQOLWHUDWXUHWKHUROHRIVRFLDO GLVFRXUVHVLQWKHFXOWXUDOILHOGDQGOLWHUDWXUHHGXFDWLRQ6KHKDVSXEOLVKHG VHYHUDOHVVD\VRQWKHPDQLIHVWRDVDGLVFRXUVHJHQUHWKH*DOLFLDQDYDQW JDUGH *DOLFLDQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ SRHWU\ DQG RUDO WUDGLWLRQ DQG OLWHUDWXUH HGXFDWLRQ 6KH LV D PHPEHU RI WKH UHVHDUFK JURXS ¦(GXFDWLRQ 3ROLF\ +LVWRU\DQG6RFLHW\§ DQGRIWKH*$$3 $OHD*URXSIRU3RHWU\$QDO\VLV  -877$ :(,1*$57(1 VWXGLHG (QJOLVK DQG $PHULFDQ /LWHUDWXUH /LQJXLVWLFV DQG 6RFLRORJ\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7ULHU*HUPDQ\DQGWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI6WLUOLQJ 6FRWODQG$IWHUUHFHLYLQJKHU0$ GHJUHHLQVKHMRLQHGWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3K'3URJUDP¦/LWHUDU\DQG&XOWXUDO6WXGLHV§ DQGWKH*UDGXDWH&HQWUHIRU WKH6WXG\RI&XOWXUH DW-XVWXV/LHELJ8QLYHUVLW\LQ*LHVVHQ6KHILQLVKHGKHU 3K'SURMHFW RQ WKH FRQFHSW RI JHQHUDWLRQ LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ %ULWLVK $VLDQ OLWHUDWXUHLQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ &pVDU'RPtQJXH]DQG0DQXV2©'Z\HU /RFDWLQJOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFHLQ WKH1QHZ (XURSHLVERWKDFKDOOHQJHWR WKHXVXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVDVSRVWFRORQLDODQGDQ RSSRUWXQLW\WRH[SORUHQRWLRQVRIDSURYLQFLDOL]LQJDQGGHFRORQL]LQJ(X URSHLQDSRVWWKHRUHWLFDOFRQWH[W7KHFRQFHSWRI¦HPHUJHQWHPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUH§ FDSWXUHVWKH SURFHVVZKHUHE\VXEPHUJHGOLWHUDU\SKHQRPHQD FRPHWRWKH VXUIDFHDQGWUDQVIRUPWKHOLWHUDU\ODQGVFDSHZKHUHDVWKH QHZ (XURSH SODFHV XV EHIRUH WKH SDUDGR[ RI VHHLQJ QRYHOW\ LQ WKH ROG FRQWLQHQWSUHFLVHO\LQWKRVHUHJLRQVZKRVHVWDWXVDV(XURSHDQKDVEHHQ TXHVWLRQHG 7KLV YROXPH FRPSDUDWLYHO\ H[SORUHV WKH OLQNV EHWZHHQ WZR SUHYL RXVO\ XQUHODWHGFRQFHSWV HPHUJHQWHPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUHDQG WKH 1QHZ (XURSH$OWKRXJKHDFKFRQFHSWLVURRWHGLQDGLVWLQFWLYHWUDGLWLRQWKHLU FRQYHUJHQFHPD\KDYHSURIRXQGLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHYHORSLQJDWUDQVQD WLRQDO(XURSHDQOLWHUDWXUHDQGLGHQWLW\ 7KH FRQFHSW RI ¦HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV§ LV ZLGHO\ XVHG ZLWKLQ WKH IUDPHZRUNRIFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHDQG\HWWKHUHLVQRFRQVHQVXVDV WRZKDWLWPHDQV7KHIDFWWKDWWKHILUVWWKUHHVFKRODUVZKRDWWHPSWHGWR SURYLGHDQH[DFWGHILQLWLRQRI¦HPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV§ GLGVRLQWKH ODWH VDQGWKHHDUO\VZKHQ¦HPHUJHQWHFRQRPLHV§ DQG¦HPHUJHQW PDUNHWV§ ZHUHNH\FRQFHSWVRIILQDQFLDOSDUODQFHLVQRWLQFRQVHTXHQWLDO ,Q:ODG*RG]LFKFRQWULEXWHGWR&OD\WRQ.RHOEDQG6XVDQ1RDNHV©V 7KH&RPSDUDWLYH3HUVSHFWLYHRQ/LWHUDWXUH$SSURDFKHVWR7KHRU\DQG 3UDFWLFH ZLWKDFKDSWHUWLWOHG¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHDQGWKH)LHOGRI&RP 14 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ 6LJQLILFDQWO\ ¦HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV§ ZHUH QRW GH ILQHGEXWMXVWOLVWHG¦¨(PHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV©DUHQRWWREHXQGHUVWRRG§ VWDWHV *RG]LFK ¦DV OLWHUDWXUHV WKDW DUH LQ D VWDWH RI GHYHORSPHQW WKDW LVVRPHKRZLQIHULRUWRWKDWRIIXOO\GHYHORSHGRU¨HPHUJHG© OLWHUDWXUHV >ž@ HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV ZLOO LQFOXGH ZULWLQJV E\ UDFLDO DQG HWKQLF PL QRULWLHVLQFRXQWULHVVXFKDVWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVOLWHUDWXUHE\ZRPHQLQ OHWXVVD\,WDO\)UDQFHRU$XVWUDOLDDVZHOODVPXFKRIWKHQHZZULWLQJ IURP $IULFD $VLD DQG /DWLQ $PHULFD LQFOXGLQJ WKH &DULEEHDQ§   ,Q  &ODXGLR *XLOOpQ FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH YROXPH (PHUJLQJ /LWHUD WXUHV HGLWHGE\5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROHZLWKDQLQWURGXFWRU\FKDSWHUWLWOHG ¦(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV&ULWLFDO4XHVWLRQLQJVRI D+LVWRULFDO&RQFHSW§ )RUWKHILUVWWLPHDSUHFLVHGHILQLWLRQZDVJLYHQEXWLQDFRQWUDU\GLUHF WLRQWRWKHRQHDGYRFDWHGE\*RG]LFK¦, SURSRVHWREULQJXSKHUHVHYHQ SULQFLSDOTXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHSKHQRPHQDRIQDWLRQDODQGOLQJXLVWLF HPHUJHQFHLQWKHKLVWRU\RIOLWHUDWXUH§ VD\V*XLOOpQXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDW ¦>Z@KDWHPHUJHVLVZKDWZHXVXDOO\FDOODQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH§  $QG LQ -HDQ0DULH*UDVVLQRSHQHGKLVYROXPH/LWWpUDWXUHVpPHUJHQWHV (PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHVZLWKDQLQWURGXFWLRQWLWOHG¦7KH3UREOHPDWLFVRI (PHUJHQFH LQ &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDU\ +LVWRU\§ LQ ZKLFK D QHZ XQDP ELJXRXVGHILQLWLRQZDVRIIHUHGLQOLQHZLWK*RG]LFK©VOLVWLQJDQGFRQWUDU\ WR*XLOOpQ©VQDWLRQDODUJXPHQW¦(PHUJHQFHXVXDOO\GHVLJQDWHV§*UDVVLQ FRQFHGHV ¦WKH SURFHVV E\ ZKLFK ERGLHV RI WH[WV HQVHPEOHV OLWWpUDLUHV  ZKLFK ZHUHQRW IXOO\OHJLWLPDWHG E\WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ RUZHUH QRW VRIDU LQWHJUDWHG LQWR D GLVWLQFWLYH OLWHUDU\ V\VWHP RU DUH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ RI D QHZO\DVVHUWHGLGHQWLW\RUFRQGLWLRQLQWHJUDWHWKHOLWHUDU\ODQGVFDSHDWD JLYHQPRPHQWLQKLVWRU\XVXDOO\WKHFRQWHPSRUDU\SHULRG§   %HVLGHVWKHSRVVLEOHLQIOXHQFHRIILQDQFLDOSDUODQFHXSRQHPHUJHQW HPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUHV WKUHH IXUWKHU LVVXHV VKRXOG QRW EH RYHUORRNHG LQ UHODWLRQWRWKHVHIRXQGDWLRQDODSSURDFKHV )LUVWO\ QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJ *UDVVLQ©V SKUDVLQJ DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK ¦HPHUJHQFHXVXDOO\GHVLJQDWHVž§ WKHUHZDVQRWVXFKDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO DJUHHPHQWDERXWWKHGHILQLWLRQRIHPHUJHQFHXQOHVV*UDVVLQ©VVWDWHPHQW LV XQGHUVWRRG DV H[FOXVLYHO\ UHIHUULQJ WR SUHYLRXV UHVHDUFK FDUULHG RXW DWWKH&HQWUHGHUHFKHUFKHVXUO©pPHUJHQFHGHQRXYHOOHVOLWWpUDWXUHVGH Introduction 15 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ AND MANUS O’DWYER QRXYHOOHVIRUPHVG©DUWG©H[SUHVVLRQHW GHFRPPXQLFDWLRQZKLFKZDV FUHDWHGDWWKH8QLYHUVLWpGH/LPRJHVLQ 6HFRQGO\*UDVVLQGRHVQRWTXRWHLQ*RG]LFK©VDQG*XLOOpQ©V FRQWULEXWLRQVWRZDUGVDGHILQLWLRQRIOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFHQRUGRHV*RG ]LFKTXRWH*XLOOpQ©VFRQWULEXWLRQLQDUHLVVXHRIKLVVWXG\ QRUGRHV*XLOOpQTXRWH*RG]LFKDQG*UDVVLQLQWKH¥RQO\SRVVLEOH IRUWKHIRUPHULQWKLVFDVH¥DQGUHLVVXHVRIKLVVWXG\ $QGWKLUGO\WKLVLJQRUDQFHRIFRQWHPSRUDU\UHVHDUFKRQHPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV ZLWKLQ FRPSDUDWLYH OLWHUDWXUH H[WHQGV WR SUHYLRXV FRQWULEX WLRQVLQERWKWKHILHOGVRIOLWHUDU\VWXGLHVDQGRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHV$VIRU WKHIRUPHUDPDMRURPLVVLRQLV5D\PRQG:LOOLDPV©V  FDWHJRUL]D WLRQRIFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFH:KHUHDVDIRUPDWLRQPD\EHGRPLQDQWGXULQJ FHUWDLQVWDJHRIWKHSURFHVVLWVKHJHPRQ\FDQQRWEHDEVROXWHIRUKLV WRULFDODQGLQWHUQDOO\FRPSDUDWLYHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQVKRZVRWKHUIRUFHVLQ DFWLRQQDPHO\¦UHVLGXDOIRUPDWLRQV§¥ZKLFKDUH¦QRWRQO\DQGRIWHQ QRW DW DOO >ž@ DQ HOHPHQW RI WKH SDVW EXW >ž@ DQ HIIHFWLYH HOHPHQW RI WKHSUHVHQW§ :LOOLDPV DQG¦HPHUJHQWIRUPDWLRQV§WKDWLV¦QHZ PHDQLQJVDQGYDOXHVQHZSUDFWLFHVQHZUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGNLQGVRIUH ODWLRQVKLS>ZKLFK@ DUHFRQWLQXDOO\EHLQJFUHDWHG§  $VIRUUHVHDUFK LQRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHV*UDVVLQPHQWLRQVLQSDVVLQJWKDWHPHUJHQFH¦SURE DEO\FRPHVOLNHVRPDQ\RWKHUOLWHUDU\WHUPVIURPWKHVRFLDOVFLHQFHV SUHVXPDEO\WKURXJKWKHFRPPRQODQJXDJH§  $OWKRXJKWKLVJHQHDOR J\PDLQH[SODLQWKHKLJKH[WHQWWRZKLFK¦HPHUJHQFH§ LVPHWDSKRULFDOO\ XVHGLQOLWHUDU\VWXGLHVLWSXVKHVDQRWKHUPXFKPRUHLPSRUWDQWJHQHDOR JLHVLQWRWKHEDFNJURXQGQDPHO\WKHWKHRU\RIHPHUJHQFHDVDFRQFHSW LQSKLORVRSK\DQGWKHQDWXUDOVFLHQFHV3DXO&:'DYLHV  GDWHV WKHILUVWXVHRIWKHWHUP¦HPHUJHQFH§WRGHILQHDSKLORVRSKLFDOFRQFHSW WRZLWK*HRUJH+HQU\/HZLV©V 3UREOHPVRI/LIHDQG0LQGZKHUH LWUHIHUUHGWRWKHIDFWWKDWLQSK\VLFDOV\VWHPVWKHZKROHLVRIWHQLUUHGXF LEOHWRWKHVXPRILWVSDUWV(PHUJHQFHEHFDPHDVLJQLILFDQWFRQFHSWLQ WKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKDQGHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHILHOGVRI ELRORJ\DQGFKHPLVWU\DVLWRIIHUHGDPLGGOHJURXQGEHWZHHQDYLWDOLVP WKDWSRVLWHGDQHVVHQFHRUOLIHIRUFHLQKHUHQWLQOLYLQJRUJDQLVPVDQGD PHFKDQLFDOUHGXFWLRQLVPWKDWDUJXHGWKDWDQ\V\VWHPFDQEHXQGHUVWRRG 16 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LQ WHUPV RI EDVLF SK\VLFDO ODZV ,Q  &RQZ\ /OR\G 0RUJDQ SXE OLVKHG (PHUJHQW (YROXWLRQ LQ ZKLFK KH DUJXHG WKDW ¦HPHUJHQW HYROX WLRQ§ H[SODLQVKRZQRYHOW\¥VSHFLILFDOO\OLIHDQGFRQVFLRXVQHVV¥WDNHV SODFH +LV FRQFHSW LQIOXHQFHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI V\VWHPV WKHRU\ DQG FRPSOH[LW\WKHRU\DVZHOODVFRUHILHOGVRIPRGHUQSKLORVRSK\VXFKDV RQWRORJ\ DQG HSLVWHPRORJ\ ,Q  IRU LQVWDQFH 0DULR %XQJH XVHG WKHFRQFHSWRIHPHUJHQFHWRPDNHUHIHUHQFHWRWKRVHSURSHUWLHVZKLFKD ZKROHSRVVHVVHV DQGLWVSDUWVODFN   ,WLVREYLRXVWKDWWKHVHQHJOHFWHGPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\JHQHDORJLHVPD\ FRQWULEXWH WR GHYHORS D PRUH VSHFLILF DQG XQDPELJXRXV GHILQLWLRQ RI ¦OLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH§IRUZKDWWKHODWWHUFRQFHSWWULHVWRFRQYH\LVSUH FLVHO\KRZQRYHOW\WDNHVSODFHLQOLWHUDWXUHDQGZKLFKUROHVQRYHOW\SOD\V ZLWKLQOLWHUDU\V\VWHPV$ PRVWLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQLQWKLVGLUHFWLRQ LVWKH)HVWVFKULIW IRU*UDVVLQ )RQWDQLOOHHWDO ZKRVHILUVWVHFWLRQLVVLJ QLILFDQWO\WLWOHG¦(SLVWpPRORJLHGHO©pPHUJHQFH§ HSLVWHPRORJ\RIHPHU JHQFH 7KHDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWYROXPHLV WR ZRUNIXUWKHULQWKLVGLUHFWLRQ DQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHWRH[SORUHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIHPHUJHQFHZLWKLQD VSHFLILFFRQWH[WQDPHO\WKH¦1QHZ (XURSH§ ([FHSWIRUWKHWLWOHZKHUHDVLQJOHIRUPKDVEHHQDGRSWHGIRUWKH VDNHRIVLPSOLFLW\¥DQGSHDFHRIPLQGRIOLEUDULDQV¥WZRIRUPVRIHDFK RI WKH FRQFHSWV WR EH DQDO\]HG KDYH EHHQ XVHG ,Q VRPH FDVHV WKLV LV GXH WR VFKRODUO\ WUDGLWLRQV DQG VW\OLVWLF SUHIHUHQFHV :KHUHDV *RG]LFK SUHIHUV¦HPHUJHQW§ DVDGMHFWLYH*XLOOpQDQG*UDVVLQSUHIHU¦HPHUJLQJ§ 2QO\*RG]LFK MXVWLILHVKLVFKRLFH¦(PHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV§*RG]LFK DU JXHV¦UHSUHVHQWDGLIIHUHQWFRQFHSWLRQRIILHOGDQGRIREMHFWWKDQWKDW UHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHRIWHQXVHGH[SUHVVLRQ¨HPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUHV©7KHODW WHU UHIOHFWV D +HJHOLDQ FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK WKH QHZ OLWHUDWXUHV DUH YLHZHG DV UHSUHVHQWLQJ OHVVPDWXUH VWDJHV RI FDQRQLFDO OLWHUDWXUHV§   &RQVHTXHQWLDOO\ SUHIHUHQFHV RI FRQWULEXWRUV WR WKLV YROXPHKDYHEHHQUHVSHFWHG$VIRU¦1QHZ(XURSH§ ERWKRSWLRQVLP SO\GLVWLQFWLYHEXWQRWOHVVORDGHGLGHRORJLFDOPHDQLQJV$WOHDVWWKUHH GLIIHUHQW XVHV PD\ EH IRXQG 2Q -DQXDU\  WKH WKHQ86 6HFUHWDU\ RI'HIHQVH'RQDOG5XPVIHOGLQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWKWKH'XWFKMRXUQDO LVW&KDUOHV*URHQKXLMVHQXVHGWKHWHUP¦2OG(XURSH§ WR UHIHUWRWKRVH Introduction 17 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ AND MANUS O’DWYER FRXQWULHV WKDW GLG QRW VXSSRUW 86 RSHUDWLRQV LQ ,UDT 7KH IOLS VLGH RI WKHFRLQZDVREYLRXVO\D¦1HZ(XURSH§ WKDWGLGVXSSRUWWKH86DQG ZKLFKZRXOGLQFOXGHWKH8.'HQPDUNWKH1HWKHUODQGV,WDO\3RUWX JDODQG6SDLQ¦1HZ(XURSH§ ZDVDOVR XVHGWRUHIHUWR(XURSHDQSRVW FRPPXQLVWHUDFRXQWULHVVRPHRIZKLFKZHUHWREHFRPHPHPEHUVWDWHV RIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQZLWKWKHHQODUJHPHQW,QWHUHVWLQJO\ERWK GHILQLWLRQVRI¦1HZ(XURSH§ DUHGXHWRFRQVHUYDWLYHSROLWLFDODQDO\VWVLQ WKH86RQHRIWKHPDLQ2WKHUVIRU(XURSHDQVHOILGHQWLW\FRQVWUXFWLRQ $VIRU¦QHZ(XURSH§ DOWKRXJKRQHPD\JREDFNWRZLWK1HOOLH% $OOHQ©VFRLQDJH LQORZHUFDVH DQGZRQGHUZK\3RODQGZDV¦RQHRIWKH PRVWLQWHUHVWLQJFRXQWULHVRIWKHQHZ(XURSH§  PRUHUHFHQWXVHVRI WKHSKUDVHVHHPWRSRLQWWRWKHFRPSOH[GLDOHFWLFVEHWZHHQ(XURSHDQG WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DV ZKHQ 'RQDOG 0F1HLOO DWWHPSWV ¦WR KLJKOLJKW WKHFRPSOH[LW\RIXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKH1HZ(XURSH>ZLWK DFDSLWDO¦Q§@ GXHRQWKHRQHKDQGWRWKHRIWHQFRPSHWLQJLPDJLQDULHVRIUHJLRQQD WLRQDQGFLW\DQGRQWKHRWKHUWRWKHIDFWWKDW(XURSHLVDFRQWLQHQWLQ PRWLRQ§  RUZKHQ7DULT0RGRRGVKRZVKLVFRQFHUQIRUD¦¨QHZ (XURSH©>LQORZHUFDVH@§ ZKLFKFRQVLVWVRI¦HWKQLFKHWHURJHQHLW\LQVHUWHG LQWRDPXOWLFXOWXUDOVXSUDVWDWH§  ,QVKRUW¦1QHZ(XURSH§ SLQSRLQWV D (XURSHDQ PXOWLSOLFLW\ IURP WKH ¦KRXVH RI (XURSH§ WR ¦(XURSHIRU WUHVV§7KH¦1QHZ(XURSH§ KDVEHHQ¥DQGVWLOOLV¥LQVWUXPHQWDOLQWKH SURFHVV RI GHWHUULWRULDOL]DWLRQ 7KXV IRU LQVWDQFH ¦>E@RWK 6WUDVERXUJ DQG%UXVVHOVDUHFHQWHUVRIVXUSOXV(XURSHDQLPPLJUDWLRQ%XWLWLVWKHVH LPPLJUDQWVMXVWDVPXFKDVWKHRIILFLDOVDQGSROLWLFLDQVRIWKH(8ZKR DUHFUHDWLQJWKH¨QHZ(XURSH© E\WKH ZD\WKH\FDUU\RXWWKHLUHYHU\GD\ OLYHV§ -RKOHU 7KLVGRHVQRWPHDQKRZHYHUWKDWWKHGHWHUULWRUL OL]DWLRQSURPRWHGE\WKH¦1QHZ(XURSH§ LVXQSUREOHPDWLF $VVWDWHGEHIRUHWKLVLVWKHILUVWWLPHWKDW¦HPHUJHQWHPHUJLQJOLW HUDWXUHV§ DQG¦1QHZ(XURSH§ FRQYHUJH$WOHDVWWZRIDFWRUVVXSSRUW WKLVFRQYHUJHQFH)LUVWO\DWDPRPHQWZKHQIXQGDPHQWDODVVXPSWLRQV DERXW WKH (XURSHDQ EXLOGLQJSURFHVV DUH EHLQJ VHULRXVO\ TXHVWLRQHG¥ PD\ WKH P\WKLFDO IRXQGDWLRQ RI (XURSH *UHHFH OHDYH WKH (8"¥DQG RI ¦ZRUOGZLGH FULVLV RI HGXFDWLRQ§ 1XVVEDXP   LW VHHPV WLPHO\ WR DGGUHVVDGLVPLVVDOZKLFKKDVSDVVHGSUDFWLFDOO\XQQRWLFHG¦>,@QWKHP 18 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe VHOYHV§ VD\V%HQHGLFW$QGHUVRQ¦PDUNHW]RQHV¨QDWXUDO©JHRJUDSKLFRU SROLWLFRDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGRQRWFUHDWHDWWDFKPHQWV§$QGKHDGGV¦:KR ZLOOZLOOLQJO\GLHIRU&RPHFRQRUWKH((&"§  /HWXVOHDYHDVLGHWKH LVVXHRIDQDWWDFKPHQWWKDWUHTXLUHVULWXDOVDFULILFH¥:KRZLOOZLOOLQJO\ GLHIRU6SDLQ)UDQFH,WDO\RUWKH(8 QRZDGD\V"¥DQGFRQFHQWUDWHRQ DQRWKHURI$QGHUVRQ©VEDVLFDUJXPHQWVQDPHO\WKDWILFWLRQZDVRQHWKH WHFKQLFDOPHDQVZKHUHE\QDWLRQVDVLPDJLQHGFRPPXQLWLHVZHUHUHSUH VHQWHG  7KLVSRVHVWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQ'RHVOLWHUDWXUHSOD\DQ\ UROHLQWKHLPDJLQDWLRQRID¦1HZ(XURSH§"$QGVHFRQGO\LIOLWHUDWXUH GRHVSOD\DUROH LQZKLFKWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIV\PSDWK\LVRINH\LPSRU WDQFH 1XVVEDXP GHVSLWH WKHHGXFDWLRQ FULVLVLVWKDW OLWHUDWXUHLQ DQ\ZD\¦HPHUJHQWHPHUJLQJ§"7KLVODWWHUTXHVWLRQLVPRVWLPSRUWDQW IRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVYROXPHGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDW¦HPHUJHQFH§ KDV EHHQWUDGLWLRQDOO\ORFDWHGRXW RI (XURSH ,QRUGHUWRDGGUHVVWKHVHTXHVWLRQVIURPDVPDQ\GLIIHUHQWSHUVSHF WLYHV DV SRVVLEOH WKH YROXPH KDV EHHQ GLYLGHG LQWR IRXU VHFWLRQV 7KH ¦7KHRULHV RI (PHUJHQFH§ VHFWLRQ WKDW RSHQV WKLV YROXPH H[SORUHV WKH FRQFHSWXDOEDVLVIRUDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFHLQWKHQHZ (XURSH&pVDU'RPtQJXH]H[DPLQHVWKLVLVVXHLQDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHZD\V LQZKLFK&ODXGLR*XLOOpQ©VWKHRUL]DWLRQRIFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHHQJDJ HVZLWKWKHFRQFHSWRIHPHUJHQFH(PHUJHQFHKHUHLVVHHQDVDQLQKHUHQW DVSHFWRIDOOOLWHUDU\SURFHVVHVFRPPRQWRDOOOLWHUDWXUHVDQGH[SUHVVHGLQ WKHLUSDUWLFXODULWLHVDQGDVWKDWZKLFKDOORZVIRUDGHHSHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJ RIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRSROHV RI OLWHUDU\V\VWHPV*XLOOpQ©V ¦WKHRQHDQGWKHPDQ\§6—UHQ)UDQNGLVFXVVHVWKHFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRI WUDQVQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH DQG DUJXHV IRU WKH XVH RI WKH WHUP ¦PLJUDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH§ ZKLFKEUHDNVWKHOLQNEHWZHHQDXWKRULDOSODFHRIELUWKDQG FXOWXUDOSURGXFW,QKHU¦3DVWV(PHUJHQW7KH3RVW3RVWFRORQLDO LQ -RVp (GXDUGR$JXDOXVD©V2YHQGHGRUGHSDVVDGRV§5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROHH[ DPLQHVTXHVWLRQVRIWUDQVODWLRQQDWLRQDODQGWUDQVQDWLRQDOOLWHUDU\VWD WXVDQGWKHOLPLWVRISRVWFRORQLDODQGLGHQWLWDULDQSDUDGLJPV)UDQFLVFR 6HUUD /RSHV LQ KLV VWXG\ RI WKH HPHUJHQFH RI WKH LGHD RI (XURSH DVNV ¦&DQ(XURSHEUHDN\RXUKHDUW"§ DQGWUDFHVDQDIIHFWLYHDUFKDHRORJ\RI WKHLGHDRI(XURSH LQWKHZRUNRI-*+HUGHUDQG*:)+HJHO Introduction 19 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ AND MANUS O’DWYER 7KHVHFRQGVHFWLRQ¦(PHUJHQW,GHQWLWLHVRQWKH0RYH§ IRFXVHVRQ WKHH[SHULHQFHVRIWUDQVQDWLRQDOVXEMHFWVLQWKHQHZ(XURSH+HUH(OL]D $QW]WUDFHVWKHQHZURXWHV IRUJHGE\VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQPLJUDQWVRQWKH ¦URRWWULSV§ GHVFULEHG LQ ,VPDsO )HUURXNKL©V  ILOP 7KH %LJ 7ULS DQG 7RQ\ *DWOLI©V ILOP IURP WKH VDPH \HDU ([LOHV ,VDEHO 'RPtQJXH] H[SORUHVWKHOLWHUDU\GLVORFDWLRQVEHWZHHQ*DOLFLD&URDWLDDQG$UJHQ WLQDDQGWKHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIODQJXDJHDQGLGHQWLW\LVWKHIRFXVRI-XWWD :HLQJDUWHQ©VUHDGLQJRI*XDWDP0DONDQL©V/RQGRQVWDQLLQFRQQHFWLRQ WR WKH HPHUJHQFH RI D %ULWLVK $VLDQ OLWHUDWXUH 0LUMDP %LWWHU GLVFXVVHV WKHZRUNRI¦\RXQJMHZLVKZULWHU§ +HOHQD-DQHF]HNLQ WHUPVRIVKLIWLQJ WUDQVQDWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHV ,QWKHWKLUGVHFWLRQ¦(PHUJHQW3RHWLFV§,ULD6REULQR)UHLUHGHVFULEHV WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHPDQLIHVWRDVDSHUIRUPDWLYHJHQUHLQDSROLWLFDO DQGOLWHUDU\FRQWH[WDQGGLVFXVVHVWKHZD\VLWFDQEHERWKDVVLPLODWHGWR DQGUHVLVWWKHVWUXFWXUHVRISRZHU0DQXHOD3DODFLRVDQG0DUtD;HV~V 1RJXHLUDRQWKHRWKHUKDQGFRPSDUHWKHHFRSRHWU\RI,ULVKDQG*DOL FLDQZRPHQSRHWVDQGWKHZD\VLQZKLFKJURZLQJHFRORJLFDODZDUHQHVV FDQGHWHUPLQHDVSHFWVRIVH[XDODQGQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\0DQXV2©'Z\HU WDNLQJXSWKHFKDOOHQJHRIDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\VWXG\RIHPHUJHQFHH[ SORUHVWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHFRQFHSWWRWKHZRUNRI6SDQLVKSRHW -RVpºQ JHO9DOHQWHWKH¦%LR$UW§ RI (GXDUGR.DFDQGWKH7LVVXH&XOWXUHDQG $UW3URMHFWDQGWKHSKLORVRSK\RI*LOOHV'HOHX]HDQG*LRUJLR$JDPEHQ DOOLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHSKLORVRSKLFDODQGHWKLFDOFKDOOHQJHVSURYRNHGE\ LQQRYDWLRQVLQWKHELRVFLHQFHV ,QWKHILQDOVHFWLRQ¦7RZDUGVDQ(PHUJHQW(XURSH§ -XOLiQ-LPp QH]+HIIHUQDQSURSRVHVWKHYRFDO¥DVRSSRVHGWKHORFDO¥DVDFDWHJRU\ WKURXJKZKLFKWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHUHJLRQDOQRYHOVRI0DULD(GJHZRUWK (PLOLD3DUGR%D]iQDQG,VPDLO.DGDUp9LUJLQLD5DPRVWRRUHIHUVWR WKHYRLFHEXWLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHGHFHQWULQJRIWKHQDWLRQLQWKH¦PXO WLGLDORJLFDO§ QRYHOVRI$EGHONHELU.KDWLELDQG<RNR7DZDGD)LQDOO\ 0DUFR3DRQHWUDFHVWKHMRXUQH\VRIQRYHOLVWV&ODXGLR0DJULV3pWHU(V WHUKi]\DQG0HOLWD5LFKWHUDVWKH\WUDYHOWKURXJKWKHXQFHUWDLQERXQG DULHVRIWKHWUDQV'DQXELDQUHJLRQ 20 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KLVYROXPHFROOHFWVDVHOHFWLRQRIUHYLVHGSDSHUV SUHVHQWHGLQWKH FRQWH[WRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HPLQDU¦&RQWHPSRUDU\'HYHORSPHQWVLQ (PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHVDQGWKH1HZ(XURSH§ KHOGDWWKH&HQWURGH(V WXGRV$YDQ]DGRV¤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• 7KLVSXEOLFDWLRQUHIOHFWVWKHYLHZV RQO\RIDXWKRUVDQGWKH&RPPLVVLRQFDQQRWEHKHOGUHVSRQVLEOHIRUDQ\ XVHZKLFKPD\EHPDGHRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGWKHUHLQ 5HIHUHQFHV $OOHQ1HOOLH%7KH1HZ(XURSH%RVWRQ*LQQ $QGHUVRQ %HQHGLFW ,PDJLQHG &RPPXQLWLHV 5HIOHFWLRQV RQ WKH 2ULJLQ DQG 6SUHDGRI1DWLRQDOLVP/RQGRQ9HUVR %XQJH0DULR(PHUJHQFHDQG&RQYHUJHQFH4XDOLWDWLYH1RYHOW\DQGWKH8QLW\ RI.QRZOHGJH7RURQWR8 RI7RURQWR3 Introduction 21 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ AND MANUS O’DWYER 'DYLHV3DXO&: 7KH5H(PHUJHQFHRI(PHUJHQFH 2[IRUG8 RI2[IRUG3  )RQWDQLOOH-DFTXHVHWDOHGV/©ePHUJHQFH%HUQ3HWHU/DQJ *RG]LFK :ODG ¦(PHUJHQW /LWHUDWXUH DQG WKH )LHOG RI &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUD WXUH§7KH&RPSDUDWLYH3HUVSHFWLYHRQ/LWHUDWXUH$SSURDFKHVWR7KHRU\ DQG3UDFWLFH(GV&OD\WRQ.RHOEDQG6XVDQ1RDNHV1HZ<RUN&RUQHOO 83 ¥ ¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHDQGWKH)LHOGRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH§7KH&XO WXUHRI/LWHUDF\%\:ODG*RG]LFK&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83  *UDVVLQ -HDQ0DULH HG ¦,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH 3UREOHPDWLFV RI (PHUJHQFH LQ &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDU\ +LVWRU\§ /LWWpUDWXUHV pPHUJHQWHV  (PHUJLQJ /LW HUDWXUHV9RORI$FWHVGX;,H &RQJUqVGHO©$VVRFLDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH GH /LWWpUDWXUH &RPSDUpH 3DULV  DR€W    3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ;,WK &RQJUHVV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH $VVRFLDWLRQ 3DULV  $XJXVW   (G -HDQ0DULH *UDVVLQ %HUQ 3HWHU /DQJ  *XLOOpQ &ODXGLR ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV &ULWLFDO 4XHVWLRQLQJV RI D +LVWRUL FDO&RQFHSW§(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV(G5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROH%HUQ3HWHU /DQJ8 RIWKH:LWZDWHUVUDQG/HFWXUH/HFWXUH ¥ ¦6REUH ORV FRPLHQ]RV GH ODV OLWHUDWXUDV QDFLRQDOHV§ &RPSDUDWLVWLFD    ¥ ¦0XQGRV HQ IRUPDFLyQ ORV FRPLHQ]RV GH ODV OLWHUDWXUDV QDFLRQDOHV§ 0~OWLSOHVPRUDGDV(QVD\RGH/LWHUDWXUD&RPSDUDGD%\&ODXGLR*XLOOpQ %DUFHORQD7XVTXHWV -RKOHU5HLQKDUG¦/RFDO(XURSH7KH3URGXFWLRQRI&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHDQGWKH (XURSHDQLVDWLRQRI3ODFHV§(WKQRORJLD(XURSDHD    0F1HLOO'RQDOG1HZ(XURSH,PDJLQHG6SDFHV/RQGRQ$UQROG 0RGRGG7DULT¦,QWURGXFWLRQ7KH3ROLWLFVRI0XOWLFXOWXUDOLVPLQWKH1HZ(X URSH§7KH3ROLWLFVRI0XOWLFXOWXUDOLVPLQWKH1HZ(XURSH5DFLVP,GHQ WLW\ DQG &RPPXQLW\ (GV 7DULT 0RGRRG DQG 3QLQD :HUEQHU /RQGRQ =HG%RRNV 0RUJDQ &RQZD\ /OR\G (PHUJHQW (YROXWLRQ 7KH *LIIRUG /HFWXUHV 1HZ <RUN+HQU\+ROW 1XVVEDXP0DUWKD&1RWIRU3URILW:K\'HPRFUDF\1HHGVWKH+XPDQLWLHV 3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 :LOOLDPV5D\PRQG0DU[LVPDQG/LWHUDWXUH2[IRUG2[IRUG83 Theories of Emergence Claudio Guillén and the Theory of Emergent Literatures CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 7RWKHPHPRU\RI&ODXGLR*XLOOpQ ZKRWDXJKWPHKRZWRUHDG&XUWLXVDQHZ &ODXGLR *XLOOpQ©V SKUDVH ¦WKH RQH DQG WKH PDQ\§ KDV EHHQ FHOHEUDWHG DV WKH PRVW FRQFLVH DQG SUHFLVH GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH HSLVWHPLF DQG HWKLFDO DLPRIFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHZKLFK*XLOOpQXQGHUVWDQGVDVD¦GLDORJXH EHWZHHQFHUWDLQUHFXUUHQWRUIXQGDPHQWDOVWUXFWXUHVWKDWDUHSUHVHQWLQ GLVWLQFWOLWHUDWXUHVWKURXJKRXWWLPHDQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGFKDQJHHYR OXWLRQ KLVWRULFLW\¥QHFHVVDU\ DQG GHVLUDEOH¥RI OLWHUDWXUH DQG VRFLHW\§ 7KH &KDOOHQJH   7KLV FHOHEUDWLRQ KRZHYHU KDV UHVWULFWHG WKH PXO WLIDFHWHGFRQGLWLRQRIWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGSKUDVHWRWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQ EHWZHHQQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHDQGZRUOGOLWHUDWXUHZKLFKZRXOGUHSUHVHQW UHVSHFWLYHO\WKHOLWHUDU\SROHVRIPRQLVPDQGSOXUDOLVP1RDWWHQWLRQKDV EHHQJLYHQWRDQRWKHUHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWGLPHQVLRQRI*XLOOpQ©VSKUDVH QDPHO\WKHIDFWWKDWLWHQFDSVXODWHVRQHRIWKHPDLQRQWRORJLFDOK\SRWK HVHVRIV\VWHPLFWKHRULHVWKDWHYHU\V\VWHPKDVDWOHDVWRQHJOREDOSURS HUW\ZKLFKWKHV\VWHP©VFRQVWLWXHQWHOHPHQWVDORQHODFN6XFKDSURSHUW\ LVFDOOHG¦HPHUJHQW§ 7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKLVRWKHUGLPHQVLRQOLHVLQWKH IDFW WKDW LW SRLQWV QRW RQO\ WR ZKDW *XLOOpQ FDOOV ¦ZLOO WR RUGHU§ /LW 7KLVHVVD\LVSDUWRIWKHSURMHFW(XURSHLQ&RPSDULVRQ(8,GHQWLW\DQGWKH,GHD RI(XURSHDQ/LWHUDWXUH )), IXQGHGE\WKH6SDQLVK*RYHUQPHQW 26 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe HUDWXUHDV6\VWHP  EXWPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\WRWKHKLVWRULFDOFKDUDFWHU ZKLFK *XLOOpQ DGYRFDWHV IRU WKH GLVFLSOLQH ¦&RPSDUDWLVWV >ž@ LQGHHG OLYH DQG WKLQN KLVWRU\ >ž@ $ QHZ GLDORJXH EHJLQV QR ORQJHU EHWZHHQ ORFDOLW\DQGZRUOGEXWEHWZHHQHYROXWLRQDQGFRQWLQXLW\$QGDVXVXDO ZLWK DOO JRRG GLDORJXHV HDFK VSHDNHU KDV WR JLYH XS VRPHWKLQJ 1RW HYHU\WKLQJLVHYROXWLRQQRUHYHU\WKLQJFRQWLQXLW\§ 7KH&KDOOHQJH  7KH DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR H[SORUH KRZ *XLOOpQ DSSURDFKHG WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI OLWHUDU\ HPHUJHQFH ZKLFK KDV EHHQ WUDGLWLRQDOO\ NHSW ZLWKLQ WKH ERXQGV RI ¦HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV§ ,Q FRQWUDVW WR SRVLWLRQV ZKLFK GHDOW ZLWK WKH HPHUJHQW SURSHUW\ LQ WHUPV RI HVVHQFH *XLOOpQ GLG QRW KDYH DQ\ D SULRUL FRQFHSWLRQ RI JHRJUDSKLFDO ERXQGDULHV IRU HPHUJHQFH+LVFRQFHUQIRUKLVWRULFLW\OHGWRWKHK\SRWKHVLVWKDWHPHU JHQFHLVDVWDJHRIOLWHUDU\G\QDPLFVDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVDQLVVXHSURSHU RIDWKHRU\RIOLWHUDU\KLVWRU\WKDWLVRIKLVWRULRORJ\7KLVLVDFHQWUDO ILHOGLQ*XLOOpQ©VWKHRU\RIFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHEHFDXVHLWIRFXVHVRQ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI KLVWRULFDO WLPH ¦,Q PRUH WHFKQLFDO WHUPV WKH WRSLF LV ERWK KLVWRULRJUDSKLFDO DQG KLVWRULRORJLFDO¥DQG KHQFH FRPSDUDWLYH§ ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV§ Q  , FDQQRW GHDO ZLWK DOO RI WKH FRPSOH[ LVVXHV LQYROYHG LQ WKH WKHRU\ RI HPHUJHQFH KHUH , KDYH DGGUHVVHG WKH IXQGDPHQWDOV RI WKLV WKHRU\ DQG LWV UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK *XLOOpQ©V YLHZV DERXW WKH GLVFLSOLQH ERXQGDULHV EHWZHHQ OLWHUDU\ WKHRU\ DQG FRPSDUD WLYHOLWHUDWXUHHOVHZKHUH VHH'RPtQJXH]¦3HULRGRORJtD§ DQG¦/LWHUDU\ (PHUJHQFH§ IRUWKHIRUPHUDQG¦&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH§ IRUWKHODW WHU  0\ EULHI VXUYH\ KHUH PD\ QRQHWKHOHVV KLJKOLJKW WKH SUREOHPDWLF QDWXUHRIWKLV WRSLFDVZHOODV*XLOOpQ©VFRPSOH[LQWHOOHFWXDOWUDMHFWRU\ ZKLFKKDVEHHQUHFHQWO\VXPPDUL]HGE\)HUQDQGR&DER$VHJXLQROD]DDV DWHQVLRQEHWZHHQH[HPSODULW\DQGH[FHSWLRQDOLW\*RRGSURRIRIWKHVH WZR FRQIOLFWLQJ WHQGHQFLHV LV *XLOOpQ©V FORVH GLDORJXH ZLWK WKHRULHV RI FRPSDUDWLYH OLWHUDWXUH IURP (DVWHUQ (XURSH ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ LQVWUX PHQWDOWRKLVRZQDSSURDFKWRHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV 7KHILUVWVWXG\LQZKLFK*XLOOpQDGGUHVVHGWKHVXEMHFWRIHPHUJHQWOLWHUD WXUHVZDVKLVOHFWXUH¦(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV§ DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI Claudio Guillén and the Theory of Emergent Literatures 27 CÉSAR DOMÍ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¦6SDQLVKOLWHUDWXUHKDVEHHQDYDOLGV\VWHP IRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\WZRKXQ GUHG\HDUVEHWZHHQVRPHWLPHLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGVRPHWLPHLQ WKHWZHQWLHWK§ /LWHUDWXUHDV6\VWHP  *XLOOpQUHWXUQHGWRWKLVWRSLF LQZKHQKLV 6RXWK$IULFDQOHFWXUHZDVWUDQVODWHGLQWR6SDQLVKLQD ¦YHUVLyQDXPHQWDGD\FRUUHJLGD§ ¦6REUHORVFRPLHQ]RV§QH[WHQGHG DQG DPHQGHG YHUVLRQ  DQG LQ  ZKHQ WKLV 6SDQLVK WUDQVODWLRQ¥ ¦UHHODERUDGR\UHHVFULWR§ HQKDQFHGDQGUHZULWWHQ ¥EHFDPHDFKDSWHU RIKLVERRN0~OWLSOHVPRUDGDV   ,ZLOOSRLQWRXWILYHNH\IHDWXUHVRI*XLOOpQ©VUHIOHFWLRQRQHPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV)LUVWO\KHH[SODLQHGWKLVSKHQRPHQRQIURPDV\VWHPLFSRLQW RIYLHZ6HFRQGO\KLVWKHRU\GLGQRWSD\WULEXWHWRFRQWHPSRUDU\WUHQGV RI OLWHUDU\ FULWLFLVP 7KLUGO\ *XLOOpQ IHOW LQFUHDVLQJO\ GLVVDWLVILHG ZLWK WKH FRQFHSW RI ¦HPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUH§ DV SURYHQ E\ WKH FKDQJHV WR WKH SDSHUV© WLWOHV ZKHUHLQ KH DGGUHVVHG WKLV WRSLF )RXUWKO\ WKHVH FKDQJHV ZHUHWKHUHVXOWRIDJURZLQJHPSLULFDOFRUSXV$QGILIWKO\KHGLGQRW WDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQFRQWHPSRUDU\FRQWULEXWLRQVWKDWGHDOWZLWKWKLV WRSLF,ZLOOQRWDGGUHVVWKHVHILYHIHDWXUHVVHTXHQWLDOO\EXWLQWKHRUGHU PRVWVXLWDEOHIRUWKHOLQHRIDUJXPHQW 0XFK RI WKH UHVHDUFK RQ HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV KDV EHHQ FRQGXFW HG GXULQJ WKH V ZKHQ WHUPV VXFK DV ¦HPHUJLQJ HFRQRPLHV§ DQG ¦HPHUJLQJPDUNHWV§ EHFDPHSRSXODULQWKHPHGLD 0DWpGH&DVWUR WR PDNHUHIHUHQFHWRWKHLQFUHDVLQJLPSRUWDQFHRIVWRFNPDUNHWVRWKHUWKDQ WKRVHLQ1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ)UDQNIXUWDQG7RN\R7KHIDFWWKDWWKH PDS RI HPHUJLQJ PDUNHWV¥DV DFNQRZOHGJHG E\ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )L QDQFH &RUSRUDWLRQ ZKLFK LV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH :RUOG %DQN¥PDWFKHV 28 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe XSZLWKWKHPDSRIOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH¥DVFKDUWHGE\FRPSDUDWLYHVWXG LHV FRQWHPSRUDU\ WR *XLOOpQ¥LV WKHUHIRUH PRVW HQOLJKWHQLQJ 7KHVH VWXGLHVEHVLGHVWKRVHSUHVHQWHGWRWKHFRQIHUHQFHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH :LWZDWHUVUDQG 1HWKHUVROH DUHE\:ODG*RG]LFK-HDQ0DULH*UDVVLQ DQG3DROD*DOOL0DVWURGRQDWR ,QWKHFDVHRIWKHYROXPHHGLWHGE\5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROHWKHWKLUWHHQ SDSHUV LQFOXGHGIRFXVRQVXE6DKDUDQOLWHUDWXUHVDQGPRVWVSHFLILFDOO\ RQ6RXWK$IULFDQOLWHUDWXUHV ,GRQRWWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQKHUHWKH RQHE\*XLOOpQ GXHWRWKH IDFWWKDWLWZRUNVDVDJHQHUDOLQWURGXFWLRQDVD UHVXOWRILWVWKHRUHWLFDOGLVFXVVLRQ 2IWKHVHWKLUWHHQSDSHUVRQO\RQHE\ 0DU\%LOOLVGHYRWHGWRDOLWHUDWXUHLQDYHUQDFXODUODQJXDJH 7VRQJD  ZKLFK LV VSRNHQ LQ 0R]DPELTXH 6RXWK $IULFD 6ZD]LODQG DQG =LP EDEZH ZKHUHDV WKH RWKHU WZHOYH SDSHUV DGGUHVV $IULFDQ OLWHUDWXUHV LQ (XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV *RG]LFK VXUYH\V WKH VWDWH RI WKH GLVFLSOLQH FRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUH DQGLWV(XURFHQWULVPOLQNHGWRLWVFODLPVRIXQL YHUVDOLVP +H ORFDWHV WKH SURFHVV RI HPHUJHQFH LQ ¦ZULWLQJV E\ UDFLDO DQG HWKQLF PLQRULWLHV LQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV OLWHUDWXUH E\ZRPHQLQOHWXVVD\,WDO\)UDQFHRU$XVWUDOLDDVZHOODVPXFKRI WKH QHZ ZULWLQJ IURP $IULFD $VLD DQG /DWLQ $PHULFD LQFOXGLQJ WKH &DULEEHDQ§  *UDVVLQ©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pQ/LW HUDU\HPHUJHQFHVHHPVWREHOLQNHGWR  (XURSHDQODQJXDJHVXVHGHL WKHU LQ QRQ:HVWHUQ ORFDWLRQV RU LQ :HVWHUQ ORFDWLRQV SURYLGHG WKH\ H[SHULHQFHDQ\VRUWRI¦GLVORFDWLRQ§ DVDUHVXOWRIH[LOHRUPLJUDWLRQ   QDWLRQVWDWHV  QHZVWDWHVFUHDWHGDIWHUWKHGHFRORQL]DWLRQDQG  %ULWLVKDQG)UHQFKIRUPHUFRORQLHV Claudio Guillén and the Theory of Emergent Literatures 29 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ $OWKRXJK,GRQRWKDYHGDWDWRSURYHWKHQH[WVWDWHPHQW,GRWKLQN LWLVXQOLNHO\WKDW*XLOOpQGLGQRWNQRZWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGVWXGLHVHV SHFLDOO\WKRVHE\*RG]LFKDQG*UDVVLQ$QG\HWKHGLGQRWPHQWLRQWKHP LQWKHXSGDWHGYHUVLRQVRIKLVOHFWXUHZKLFKPD\EHGXHWRKLV GHHS GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK DQ LPSUHVVLRQLVWLF PHWKRGRORJ\ ZKLFK UHLILHV WKH 7KLUG:RUOGDVWKHJHRJUDSK\SDUH[FHOOHQFH RIOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH7ZR VRXUFHVRIHYLGHQFHRIWKLVGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQDUHRQWKHRQHKDQGKLVUHV HUYDWLRQVDERXWWKHFRQFHSWRI¦HPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUH§ LWVHOIZKLFKLQWKH 6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQVLVUHQGHUHGDV¦OLWHUDWXUDQDFLHQWH§ QHZO\IRUPHG OLWHUDWXUHVHH*XLOOpQ¦0XQGRVHQIRUPDFLyQ§  DQGRQWKHRWKHU KDQGKLVSUHIHUHQFHIRU6ODYLFFRQWULEXWLRQVDQGPRVWVSHFLILFDOO\WKDW RIWKH&]HFKFRPSDUDWLVW.DUHO.UHMþtRQ:LHGHUHUZHFNXQJVOLWHUDWXUHQ QHZO\IRUPHGOLWHUDWXUHV .UHMþtGHVFULEHV LQDPRUHSUHFLVHZD\ZKDW *XLOOpQFRQVLGHUHGWREH¦QRXQFRPLHQ]RVLQRXQYROYHUDHPSH]DU§ ¦6REUH ORV FRPLHQ]RV§  QRW D EHJLQQLQJ EXW VWDUWLQJ DJDLQ  DQG WKHUHIRUHDSURFHVVWKDWFDQQRWEHH[FOXVLYHO\HTXDWHGZLWK¦¨OLWHUDWXUDV GH GHVFRORQL]DFLyQ© FRPR GLFHQ DOJXQRV VLQ H[FHVLYR XVR GHO PDWL]§ ¦6REUHORVFRPLHQ]RV§  GHFRORQL]DWLRQOLWHUDWXUHVDVVRPHVFKRODUV FUXGHO\ DGYRFDWH  EHFDXVH LWV KLVWRU\ LQFOXGHV WKH RUDO WUDGLWLRQV WKDW 5RPDQWLFLVPORFDWHGLQWKHURRWVRIOLWHUDU\LGHQWLW\7KDWLVZK\*XLO OpQ©VJHRJUDSK\RIHPHUJHQFH¥IURPWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLD /LWKXDQLD /DWYLD (VWRQLD DQG )LQODQG WR WKH IRUPHU <XJRVODYLD IRU LQVWDQFH¥LQFOXGHVDUHDVZKLFKKDYHQRWEHHQFKDUWHGE\WKHRWKHUVWXG LHVRQHPHUJHQFHQRWWRVSHDNRIWKHFKURQROLWHUDU\GLIIHUHQFHV $Q\RQHZKRKDVVRPHIDPLOLDULW\ZLWK*XLOOpQ©VWKLQNLQJNQRZVWKDW QXDQFHV ¦PDWLFHV§ DUHSUHFLVHO\WKHNH\LVVXHWRXQGHUVWDQGDSKHQRP HQRQVXFKDVHPHUJHQFHEHFDXVHDV*XLOOpQKLPVHOIUHPLQGVXV¦>O@RV FRQFHSWRVODVGHILQLFLRQHVORVyUGHQHVPHQWDOHVVRQPHQRVDPSOLRVTXH ODVFRVDVPHQRVGLYHUVRVTXHQXHVWUDVUHODFLRQHVFRQODDEXQGDQFLDGH ORVVHUHVKXPDQRV\QDWXUDOHV§ 0~OWLSOHVPRUDGDV FRQFHSWVGHIL QLWLRQV PHQWDO RUGHUV DUH QDUURZHU WKDQ WKLQJV OHVV GLYHUVH WKDQ RXU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK WKH DEXQGDQFH RI KXPDQ DQG QDWXUDO EHLQJV  +LV FRQFHSWXDOSUHIHUHQFHIRU:LHGHUHUZHFNXQJVOLWHUDWXUHQ LVWKHUHVXOWRI D V\VWHPLF XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI HPHUJHQFH 7KH RQWRORJLFDO EDVLV RI VXFK 30 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DQXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVWKDWWKHHPHUJHQWHOHPHQWULVHVIURPDSUHH[LVWHQW WKLQJ 7KLV LV ZKDW *XLOOpQ FDOOV ¦VHJXQGR GHVSHUWDU§ ¦6REUH ORV FR PLHQ]RV§ VHFRQGDZDNHQLQJ  *XLOOpQ©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©V&(600RGHO  ZKLFKVWDWHVWKDW¦DQ\V\VWHP VPD\ EH PRGHOHG DW DQ\ JLYHQ LQVWDQW DV WKH TXDGUXSOH§ IRUPHGE\ FRPSRVLWLRQHQYLURQPHQWVWUXFWXUHDQGPHFKDQLVP  2IWKHVHIRXU HOHPHQWV RQO\ PHFKDQLVP¥WKDW LV WKH ¦>F@ROOHFWLRQ RI SURFHVVHV LQ V WKDWPDNHLWEHKDYHWKHZD\LWGRHV§  ¥GRHVQRWDSSO\WRVHPLRWLF V\VWHPVLQFOXGLQJOLWHUDU\V\VWHPV7KHUHDVRQLVWKDWERWKOLWHUDWXUHVLQ SDUWLFXODU QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJZKDWVRPHV\VWHPLFWKHRULHVVHHPWRDGYR FDWH DQGVHPLRWLFV\VWHPVLQJHQHUDODUHQRW¦UHDOV\VWHPV§ %XQJH  :KDW%XQJHVD\VRIODQJXDJHVLVZKDW*XLOOpQVWDWHVIRUOLWHUDWXUHVIURP DV\VWHPLFSRLQWRIYLHZ:KDWDUHUHDODUHOLWHUDWXUHXVHUVWKHLU GHHQ FRGLQJDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHVRFLDOV\VWHPV OLWHUDU\FRPPXQLWLHV WKH\FRQ VWLWXWH7KHUROHSOD\HGE\WKHPHFKDQLVPLQUHDOV\VWHPVLVWKHUHIRUH SOD\HGE\LQGLYLGXDOVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVLQOLWHUDU\V\VWHPVZKRVHLQWHU YHQWLRQVSURGXFHFKDQJHV/LWHUDU\V\VWHPVGRQRWHYROYHE\WKHPVHOYHV &RQVLGHU *XLOOpQ©V TXHVWLRQV XQGHU WKH OLJKW RI %XQJH©V WKUHH V\V WHPLF HOHPHQWV DQG REVHUYH WKDW ZKDW *XLOOpQ H[DPLQHV IRU OLWHUDU\ V\VWHPV LV WKHLU ¦FRPSRVLWLRQ§ TXHVWLRQ RQH E\ DQDO\]LQJ OLQJXLVWLF WHUULWRULDOJHQUHDQGWKHPDWLFLVVXHV WKHLU¦VWUXFWXUH§ TXHVWLRQRQH ZKHQWKHVHLVVXHVDUHVWXGLHG DVDFROOHFWLRQRIUHODWLRQVKLSV DQGWKHLU ¦HQYLURQPHQW§ TXHVWLRQV WKUHH IRXU DQG ILYH  )XUWKHUPRUH *XLOOpQ GLVWLQJXLVKHV EHWZHHQ ZKDW %XQJH FDOOV ¦HQGRVWUXFWXUH§   WKDW LV Claudio Guillén and the Theory of Emergent Literatures 31 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ WKHFROOHFWLRQRIERQGVDPRQJWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHV\VWHP TXHVWLRQ RQH  DQG ¦H[RVWUXFWXUH§   WKDW LV WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI ERQGV DPRQJ WKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHV\VWHPDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOLWHPV TXHVWLRQVWKUHH IRXUDQGILYH QRWWRPHQWLRQWKHUROHSOD\HGE\WKHOLWHUDU\FRPPXQLW\ TXHVWLRQWZR  7KHNH\LVVXHVRIDV\VWHPLFWKHRU\ZKHQDSSOLHGWROLWHUDWXUHKDG DOUHDG\EHHQVWDWHGE\*XLOOpQLQLQ/LWHUDWXUHDV6\VWHP ZKHQKH KLJKOLJKWHGWKHQHHGWRQRWPHUJHV\VWHPZLWKVWUXFWXUH¦$V,XQGHU VWDQGWKHVHWHUPV§ *XLOOpQVD\V¦¨V\VWHP© LV WKHEURDGHUQRWLRQZKLOH ¨VWUXFWXUH© LVPRUHSUHFLVHFORVHUWRDFWXDOL]DWLRQ¨6WUXFWXUH© GHVLJQDWHV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH LQWHUUHODWLRQV RI VLJQLILFDQW GHSHQGHQFH  EHWZHHQ FRQ VWLWXHQWXQLWV¨V\VWHP©WKHVHWZKLFKLVKHOGWRJHWKHUE\WKHVHUHODWLRQV RUWKHODUJHUFRQILJXUDWLRQHPEUDFLQJRQHVHWDIWHUDQRWKHULQKLVWRULFDO WLPH§ /LWHUDWXUH DV 6\VWHP  HPSKDVLV DGGHG  2QFH DJDLQ WKH NH\FRQFHSWKHUHLVWKDWRI¦KLVWRULFDOWLPH§ EHFDXVHDVLQJOHOLWHUDWXUH GRHV QRW RQO\ KDYH D V\VWHPLF FRQILJXUDWLRQ DW DQ\ JLYHQ LQVWDQW EXW DOVRFKDQJHVH[SHULHQFHGZLWKLQWKHV\VWHPVKRZDV\VWHPLFHDJHUQHVVD ¦ZLOOWRRUGHU§¦6\VWHPVZLOOWHQGJHQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJWRDEVRUEFKDQJH DQGDVVLPLODWHLQQRYDWLRQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDVVLPLODWLRQEHFRPHVD VPDOOVWHSLQDODUJHUSURFHVVRIFKDQJH§ /LWHUDWXUHDV6\VWHP  7KLV LVZKDW*XLOOpQKDVFDOOHG¦LQWHUKLVWRULFVWUXFWXUHV§ HOVHZKHUH ¦'HOD LQWHUKLVWRULFLGDG§  7KLVV\VWHPLFHDJHUQHVVLQFOXGHVWKHHPHUJHQFH RIVRPHSURSHUWLHVDQGWKHH[WLQFWLRQRIRWKHUSURSHUWLHVLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWKWKHSV\FKRVRFLDOGLPHQVLRQRIOLWHUDU\FKDQJHHLWKHUVSRQWDQHRXV RUQRW7KLVLVWKHUHDVRQZK\,VWDWHGLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQWKDWWKHIRUPX OD¦WKHRQHDQGWKHPDQ\§ QRWRQO\HQFDSVXODWHVDVSDWLDOORFDOZRUOG WHQVLRQEXWDOVRDWHPSRUDOFRQWLQXLW\GLVFRQWLQXLW\WHQVLRQ7KHODWWHU WHQVLRQLVLQDQXWVKHOODV\VWHPLF WKHRU\RIHPHUJHQFHZKHUH¦WKHRQH§ LV QRZ XQGHUVWRRG DV WKH HPHUJHQW SURSHUW\ ZKLFK WKH FRPELQDWLRQ ODFNVDQG¦WKHPDQ\§ DVWKHV\VWHPLFFRQVWLWXHQWHOHPHQWV ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVWRUHVHDUFKRQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVWKDW DUHIDVFLQDWHGE\QHZWUHQGVLQOLWHUDU\FULWLFLVPDQGQDLYHH[WUDSROD 32 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WLRQVIURP RWKHUVFLHQWLILF ILHOGVZKLFKPDGHRIWKHHPHUJHQFHDWHORV IRU WKH¦OLWHUDU\7KLUG:RUOG§ WKHGHILQLQJIHDWXUHRI*XLOOpQ©VDQDO\VLVLV DVXVSLFLRQDJDLQVWDQ\NLQGRIUHGXFWLRQLVPEHFDXVHUHGXFWLRQLVPQH JDWHVFRPSDULVRQ¦DSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHRQHDQGWKHPDQ\DSHUFHSWLRQ WKDWGLIIHUHQWLDWHVDQGVWUXFWXUHVDWWKHVDPHWLPHLVLQFRPSDWLEOHZLWK WZRWHQGHQFLHVRIFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJUHGXFWLRQLVPDQGDKLVWRULFLW\§ 7KH &KDOOHQJH  )URPDQDOOHQFRPSDVVLQJV\VWHPLFSHUVSHFWLYHRI HPHUJHQFHWKHHPHUJHQWSURSHUW\LVQRW DQHVVHQWLDOLVW WKHPDWLFJHQUH LGHRORJLFDO IHDWXUHRIFHUWDLQOLWHUDWXUHVLQVRPHORFDWLRQVEXWDQLQWULQ VLFVWDJHRIWKHOLWHUDU\SURFHVVWKDWLVWRVD\DV\VWHPLFSKDVHRIHYHU\ VLQJOHOLWHUDWXUHUHJDUGOHVVRILWVORFDWLRQ7RXVHRQFHPRUHWKHIRUPXOD E\*XLOOpQRQHPD\VD\WKDWHPHUJHQFHLV¦WKHRQH§ ZKDWLVVKDUHGE\ DQ\OLWHUDWXUHZKHUHDVWKHSHFXOLDULWLHVRIHPHUJHQFHDUH¦WKHPDQ\§ ZKDWLVGLIIHUHQW /DVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXHURGHDQHVWRVIHQyPHQRVVRQGREOHPHQWHKLVWyULFDV >ž@ SXHVORTXHLQWHUHVDHVQRVyORUHFRUGDUORTXHDFRQWHFLyHQGLYHU VRVOXJDUHVRGHMyGHDFRQWHFHUVLQRODIRUPDWHPSRUDOGHHVWRVGHVHQ YROYLPLHQWRVYLVWRVFRPRSURPHVDFUHFLPLHQWRPDGXUDFLyQRGHFOLYH GHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDFRPSDUDWLYR§ ¦6REUHORVFRPLHQ]RV§   >7KH FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKDW GLFWDWH WKHVH SKHQRPHQD DUH KLVWRULFDO LQ WZRVHQVHVEHFDXVHLWLVZRUWKUHPHPEHULQJQRWRQO\ZKDWKDSSHQHG RUQRWLQVHYHUDOSODFHVEXWDOVRWKHWHPSRUDOIRUPRIWKHVHSURFHVV HVVHHQDVDSURPLVHDVJURZWKDVGHFOLQHIURPDFRPSDUDWLYHSRLQW RIYLHZ@ 2QH PD\ QRZ XQGHUVWDQG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI *XLOOpQ©V XVH LQ KLV ERRN(QWUHORXQR\ORGLYHUVR RIHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVDVDQH[ DPSOHRIDNLQGRIFRPSDUDWLYHUHVHDUFKEDVHGXSRQZKDWKHFDOOHGWKH ¦PRGHO&§ RIVXSUDQDWLRQDOLW\ZLWKLQ DW\SRORJ\LQGHEWHGRQFHDJDLQWR 6ODYLFFRQWULEXWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\WKRVHE\$OHNVDQGHU19HVHORYVNLDQG 9LNWRU0=KLUPXQVNL(PHUJHQFHLVWKHUHIRUHVHHQDVDW\SRORJLFDODI ILQLW\EXWREVHUYHGZLWKLQLWVKLVWRU\:KHUHDVDIILQLWLHVGLVSOD\VKDUHG HOHPHQWVDIILQLWLHVZLWKLQWKHLUKLVWRU\VKRZ¦WKHRQHDQGWKHPDQ\§ EH FDXVHLWLV¦DFRQFHSWXDOPRGHOLQIHUUHGIURPKLVWRU\WKDWLVDWKHRUHWL Claudio Guillén and the Theory of Emergent Literatures 33 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ FDO RSWLRQ FRPSDVVLQJ >VLF@ GLVVLPLODU PDQLIHVWDWLRQV§ 7KH &KDOOHQJH HPSKDVLVDGGHG  +LVWRU\DVWKHRU\LVZLWKRXWDGRXEWWKHFRUHRI*XLOOpQ©VWKLQNLQJ VHH *XLOOpQ ¦2Q WKH 8VHV§  )XUWKHUPRUH HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV ERWK DV RQWRORJ\ DQG HSLVWHPRORJ\ DUH D NH\ H[DPSOH RI WKDW ¦ZLOO WR RU GHU§ DQGRIWKRVHKLVWRULFDOHQFLUFOLQJVLWXDWLRQVRUPXOWLSOH¦GZHOOLQJ SODFHV§ ZKLFKOHDGFRPSDUDWLVWVWR¦SUHJXQWDUORTXHDRWURVOHVSXHGH GHMDUVLQFXLGDGR§ 0~OWLSOHVPRUDGDV DVNZKDWRWKHUVDUHQRWFX ULRXV DERXW  7KH HVVD\ HQWLWOHG ¦/D /LWHUDWXUD &RPSDUDGD \ OD FULVLV GHODVKXPDQLGDGHV§ &RPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKHFULVLVRI+XPDQL WLHV ZLWKZKLFK*XLOOpQEHJDQWKHXSGDWHGYHUVLRQRI(QWUHORXQR\ OR GLYHUVR LV ULFK LQ QHZ TXHVWLRQV RI JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH WR UHWKLQNLQJ HPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV+RZHYHUGHDOLQJZLWKWKHPLVEH\RQGWKHVFRSH RIWKLVSDSHU 5HIHUHQFHV %LOO 0DU\ ¦/LWHUDWXUH /DQJXDJH DQG 3ROLWLFV $ &DVH 6WXG\ RI 7VRQJD§ (PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV (G 5HLQJDUG 1HWKHUVROH %HUQ 3HWHU /DQJ   %XQJH0DULR(PHUJHQFHDQG&RQYHUJHQFH4XDOLWDWLYH1RYHOW\DQGWKH8QLW\ RI.QRZOHGJH7RURQWR8RI7RURQWR3 &DER$VHJXLQROD]D)HUQDQGR¦&ODXGLR*XLOOpQRORVHTXtYRFRVGHODWHRUtD§ 3HQVDPLHQWROLWHUDULRHVSDxROGHOVLJOR;;(GV7~D%OHDVDHWDO=DUD JR]D8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]D 'RPtQJXH] &pVDU ¦3HULRGRORJtD FDPELR OLWHUDULR H KLVWRULD FRPSDUDGD DSXQWHV PHWRGROyJLFRV§ %DVHV PHWRGROy[LFDV SDUD XQKD KLVWRULD FRP SDUDGDGDVOLWHUDWXUDVGDSHQtQVXOD,EpULFD(GV$Q[R$EXtQ*RQ]iOH]DQG $Q[R7DUUtR9DUHOD6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6DQWLDJRGH &RPSRVWHOD ¥ ¦/LWHUDU\ (PHUJHQFH DV D &DVH 6WXG\ RI 7KHRU\ LQ &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUD WXUH§ &/&:HE &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH DQG &XOWXUH $ :::HE -RXU QDO  :HE6HS 34 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ¥ ¦&RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH /LWHUDU\ 7KHRU\ DQG WKH $Q[LHW\ RI 2PLVVLRQ 6SDQLVK &RQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH 'HEDWH§ 3ULPHUMDOQD NQML×HYQRVW    *DOOL0DVWURGRQDWR3DRODHG$LFRQILQLGHOO©LPSHUR/HOHWWHUDWXUHHPHUJHQWL $WWLGHO&RQYHJQRGL0DFHUDWDPDJJLR5RPD9HFFKLDUHOOL >@ *RG]LFK :ODG ¦(PHUJHQW /LWHUDWXUH DQG WKH )LHOG RI &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUD WXUH§7KH&RPSDUDWLYH3HUVSHFWLYHRQ/LWHUDWXUH$SSURDFKHVWR7KHRU\ DQG3UDFWLFH(GV&OD\WRQ.RHOEDQG6XVDQ1RDNHV1HZ<RUN&RUQHOO 83 *UDVVLQ-HDQ0DULHHG/LWWpUDWXUHVpPHUJHQWHV(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV9RO RI$FWHVGX;,H &RQJUqVGHO©$VVRFLDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOHGH/LWWpUDWXUH &RPSDUpH 3DULV  DR€W    3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ;,WK &RQJUHVV RIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH$VVRFLDWLRQ 3DULV$X JXVW %HUQ3HWHU/DQJ *XLOOpQ&ODXGLR/LWHUDWXUHDV6\VWHP(VVD\VWRZDUGWKH7KHRU\RI/LWHUDU\ +LVWRU\3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 ¥ (QWUHORXQR\ORGLYHUVR,QWURGXFFLyQDODOLWHUDWXUDFRPSDUDGD%DUFH ORQD&UtWLFD ¥ ¦2QWKH8VHVRI0RQLVWLF7KHRULHV3DUDOOHOLVPLQ3RHWU\§1HZ/LWHUDU\ +LVWRU\$-RXUQDORI7KHRU\DQG,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ    ¥ ¦'HODLQWHUKLVWRULFLGDG§7HRUtDVGHODKLVWRULDOLWHUDULD (QVD\RVGH7HR UtD 0DGULG(VSDVD&DOSH)UHQFKRULJLQDORI ¥ ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV &ULWLFDO 4XHVWLRQLQJV RI D +LVWRULFDO &RQFHSW§ (PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV (G 5HLQJDUG 1HWKHUVROH %HUQ 3HWHU /DQJ  8RIWKH:LWZDWHUVUDQG/HFWXUH/HFWXUH ¥ ¦6REUHORVFRPLHQ]RVGHODVOLWHUDWXUDVQDFLRQDOHV5HIOH[LyQFUtWLFDDFHUFD GHXQFRQFHSWRKLVWyULFR§&RPSDUDWLVWLFD   ([WHQGHGDQG DPHQGHGYHUVLRQRI¦(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV§ ¥ 7KH&KDOOHQJHRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH7UDQV&ROD)UDQ]HQ&DPEULGJH 0$+DUYDUG83(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQRI(QWUHORXQR\ORGLYHUVR ¥ 0~OWLSOHV PRUDGDV (QVD\R GH /LWHUDWXUD &RPSDUDGD %DUFHORQD 7XV TXHWV ¥ ¦0XQGRV HQ IRUPDFLyQ ORV FRPLHQ]RV GH ODV OLWHUDWXUDV QDFLRQDOHV§ 0~OWLSOHV PRUDGDV (QVD\R GH /LWHUDWXUD &RPSDUDGD %DUFHORQD 7XV TXHWV   $PHQGHG YHUVLRQ RI ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV§ DQG ¦6REUHORVFRPLHQ]RV§ Claudio Guillén and the Theory of Emergent Literatures 35 CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ ¥ ¦/D/LWHUDWXUD&RPSDUDGD\ODFULVLVGHODVKXPDQLGDGHV§(QWUHORXQR \ORGLYHUVR,QWURGXFFLyQDOD/LWHUDWXUD&RPSDUDGD $\HU\KR\ %DUFH ORQD7XVTXHWV .UHMþt.DUHO¦=XU(QWZLFNOXQJGHU3UlURPDQWLNLQHXURSlLVFKHQ1DWLRQDOOLW HUDWXUHQ GHV  XQG  -DKUKXQGHUWV§ $NWXHOOH 3UREOHPH GHU YHUJOHL FKHQGHQ /LWHUDWXUIRUVFKXQJ (G *HUKDUG =LHJHQJHLVW %HUOLQ $NDGHPLH  0DWp GH &DVWUR 9tFWRU ¦&DSLWDOLVPRV HPHUJHQWHV§ 'LFFLRQDULR FUtWLFR GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV 7HUPLQRORJtD FLHQWtILFRVRFLDO (G 5RPiQ 5H\HV 0D GULG3OD]D\9DOGpV3GIILOH 1HWKHUVROH5HLQJDUGHG(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV%HUQ3HWHU/DQJ The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) SøREN FRANK Universidade de Santiago de Compostela &RQVWLWXWLYHO\VSHDNLQJOLWHUDWXUHFDQQRWEHDVVLJQHGDSHUPDQHQWKRPH DGGUHVV $V D FXOWXUDO REMHFW LW KDV DQ LPPDQHQW FDSDFLW\ WR PLJUDWH DFURVVERUGHUVRIQDWLRQVFRQWLQHQWVODQJXDJHVFXOWXUHVUHOLJLRQVDQG HYHQSHULRGVDQGDVDZRUNRIDUWLWKDVDQLQWUDWH[WXDODQGLQKHUHQW SR WHQWLDOIRUXQLYHUVDOFRVPRSROLWDQRUFURVVFXOWXUDOWKHPHVRQWKHRQH KDQGDQGDWUDQVQDWLRQDOSRHWLFVRQWKHRWKHU:KDWLVPRUHWKURXJK RXW KLVWRU\¥DQG VHHPLQJO\ E\ WKH YHU\ QDWXUH RI WKHLU RFFXSDWLRQ¥ ZULWHUV KDYH DOZD\V PLJUDWHG EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW JHRJUDSKLHV WRQJXHV DQGPRUHV6RPHWLPHVWKHLUGLVSODFHPHQWKDVEHHQRIIVHWE\PRPHQWVRI FULVLVRUQHFHVVLW\DVZDVWKHFDVHZLWK2YLG'DQWH9ROWDLUHDQG$GDP 0LFNLHZLF] VRPHWLPHV E\ VKHHU FXULRVLW\ RU QRPDGLF UHVWOHVVQHVV DV ZDVWKHFDVHZLWK)UDQFHVFR3HWUDUFD,EQ%DWWXWD)HUQmR0HQGHV3LQWR DQG+HUPDQ0HOYLOOH +RZHYHU GHVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW PLJUDWLRQ DQG LWV UHODWHG SKHQRP HQD RI H[LOH WUDYHOLQJ DQG QRPDGLVP DUH QHLWKHU QHZ SKHQRPHQD LQ ZRUOG KLVWRU\ QRU LQ WKH KLVWRU\ RI OLWHUDWXUH PLJUDWLRQ DV D GHILQLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ OLIH LV WKH VRFLRORJLFDO DQG HPSLULFDOO\ JURXQGHG  VWDUWLQJ SRLQW RI WKLV HVVD\ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 81 LQ  7KLVHVVD\LVSDUWRIWKHSURMHFW(XURSHLQ&RPSDULVRQ(8,GHQWLW\DQGWKH,GHD RI(XURSHDQ/LWHUDWXUH )), IXQGHGE\WKH6SDQLVK*RYHUQPHQW 38 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHHVWLPDWHGQXPEHURILQWHUQDWLRQDOPLJUDQWVZDVPLOOLRQSHRSOH ZRUOGZLGH  RI WKH ZRUOG©V SRSXODWLRQ  DQG WKH 81 HVWLPDWLRQ IRUSUHGLFWVWKDWWKHQXPEHURISHRSOHZKROLYHDQGZRUNDVPL JUDQWV LQ D FRXQWU\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKHLU FRXQWU\ RI RULJLQ ZLOO ULVH WR PLOOLRQ RIWKHZRUOG©VSRSXODWLRQ 7KHILJXUHVIRU(XURSH DUHHYHQPRUHSHUWLQHQWLQWKHHVWLPDWHGQXPEHURILQWHUQDWLRQDO PLJUDQWVZDVPLOOLRQSHRSOH RI(XURSH©VSRSXODWLRQ DQGLQ WKH81SUHGLFWVWKDWWKHQXPEHUZLOOULVHWRPLOOLRQ RI (XURSH©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©VQRYHO3DUWLU  DQGLQ PRYLHVVXFKDV6WHSKHQ)UHDUV©V'LUW\3UHWW\7KLQJV  DQG:D\QH .UDPHU©V&URVVLQJ2YHU  ,QDOOWKUHHZRUNVKXPDQWUDIILFNLQJ DFURVVQDWLRQDOERUGHUVSURYHVIDWDOIRUPDQ\RIWKHPLJUDQWVHLWKHUEH FDXVHWKHERDWVFDUU\LQJKRSHIXO$IULFDQVIURP7DQJHUDFURVVWKH6WUDLW RI*LEUDOWDUWR6SDLQ DUHRYHUORDGHGDQGVLQNRUEHFDXVHWKHLPPLJUDQWV ZRUNLQJLQ/RQGRQ©VKRWHOLQGXVWU\DUHVRGHVSHUDWHWKDWWKH\DUHZLOO LQJWRVHOOWKHLURUJDQVRU EHFDXVHWKHWUDIILFNHUZKRLVVXSSRVHGWROHDG WKH\RXQJ0H[LFDQPRWKHUDFURVVWKHERUGHUWRWKH86DQGWRZDUGV/RV $QJHOHVFKRRVHVLQVWHDGWRUDSHDQGNLOOKHUEHIRUHOHDYLQJKHUWRURWLQ WKHGHVHUW 7KH81ILJXUHV FOHDUO\LPSO\WKDWWKHVFDOHRIPLJUDWRU\PRYHPHQWV RISHRSOH DQGKHUHZHFRXOGDGGLQIRUPDWLRQDVZHOODVREMHFWVVXFKDV KXPDQRUJDQV VLQFHWKHPLGGOHRIWKHWK FHQWXU\LVXQSUHFHGHQWHGDQG  6HHKWWSHVDXQRUJPLJUDWLRQ!7KH¦,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDQW6WRFN7KH 5HYLVLRQ§ GRHVQRWSURYLGHGDWDDIWHU The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 39 SØ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¥WKHODWWHU UHPLQGLQJXVWKDWLWLVQRWMXVWSHRSOHZKRFURVVERUGHUVEXWDOVRERUGHUV WKDWFURVVSHRSOH LQ(XURSHIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKHIDOORI WKH%HUOLQ:DOOPRUHWKDQWKLUW\VWDWHVZHUHERUQRUUHERUQDQGPRUH WKDQNLORPHWHUVRIQHZERUGHUVZHUHFUHDWHG  $QDWXUDOFRQVHTXHQFHRIDOORIWKHDERYHKDVEHHQDQLQWHQVHTXHV WLRQLQJ¥LQZKLFKOLWHUDWXUHKDVSOD\HGDNH\UROH¥RIRQHRIWKHPRVWSHU VLVWHQWP\WKVRI:HVWHUQFXOWXUHQDPHO\WKDWWREHKXPDQPHDQVDERYH DOOWREHURRWHGLQRQHSODFHRQHODQJXDJHDQGRQHFXOWXUH$OLVWFRP SULVLQJWKHWHQODWHVWZLQQHUVRIWKH1REHO3UL]HLQOLWHUDWXUH  VXSSRUWVWKHLGHDRIDPLJUDQWDJHDVLWWHOOVDQHYHQPRUHHYLGHQWVWRU\ RIPXOWLSOHURRWLQJVDQGK\EULGLGHQWLWLHV-HDQ0DULH*XVWDYH/H&Op]LR LVERWK)UHQFKDQG0DXULWLDQ'RULV/HVVLQJZDVERUQLQ,UDQDQGOLYHG IRUPDQ\\HDUVLQ=LPEDEZHEHIRUHVHWWOLQJLQ(QJODQG2UKDQ3DPXN LV7XUNLVKEXWKDVOLYHGVHYHUDO\HDUVLQWKH86+DUROG3LQWHULV(QJOLVK (OIULHGH-HOLQHNLV$XVWULDQ-RKQ0&RHW]HHLVIURP6RXWK$IULFDEXWKDV VSHQWVHYHUDO\HDUVLQ(QJODQGDQGWKH86DQGLVQRZOLYLQJLQ$XVWUDOLD ,PUH.HUWpV]LV+XQJDULDQEXWOLYHVLQ%HUOLQ961DLSDXOLVIURP7ULQL GDGDQG7REDJRKDV,QGLDQURRWVEXWKDVOLYHGPRVWRIKLVOLIHLQ(QJ ODQG*DR;LQJMLDQZDVERUQLQ&KLQDEXWKDVOLYHGLQ)UDQFHIRUPRUH WKDQWZHQW\\HDUVDQG*QWHU*UDVVZDVERUQLQ'DQ]LJEXWZDVIRUFHG WRHPLJUDWHWR*HUPDQ\DWWKHHQGRI:RUOG:DU,,DQGLQWKHODWHV VSHQWIRXU\HDUVLQYROXQWDU\H[LOHLQ3DULVEHIRUHUHWXUQLQJWR*HUPDQ\ 6L[RIWKRVHWHQDXWKRUV¥PD\EHHYHQHLJKWLI/H&Op]LRDQG3DPXN DUH LQFOXGHG¥KDYH H[SHULHQFHG XSURRWLQJ LQ D SURSHU VHQVH DQG WKXV 40 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ZULWHEHWZHHQWZRRUPRUHFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHV3LQWHUDQG-HOLQHNDUHWKH RQO\WZRZKRKDYHPRUHRUOHVV UHPDLQHGURRWHGWRRQHVRLOWKURXJKRXW WKHLUFDUHHUV7KHFRPSOHWHOLVWGDWLQJEDFNWRDQGFRPSULVLQJ ZULWHUVDOVRUHYHDOVDKLJKSHUFHQWDJHRIDXWKRUVZLWKPXOWLSOHFXOWXUDO RUQDWLRQDORULJLQVDOWKRXJKLWEHFRPHVHYLGHQWWKDWWKHQXPEHULQFUHDV HVDVRQHDSSURDFKHVWKHSUHVHQW 7ZRQDUUDWLYHVHPHUJH IURPWKLVRQH EHLQJDVWRU\DERXWWKH1REHO&RPPLWWHH©VSRVVLEOHKLVWRULFDOSURSHQ VLW\IRUWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRVPRSROLWDQDQGPLJUDQWDXWKRUWKHRWKHU DVWRU\DERXWWKHLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUDQGJURZLQJLPSRUWDQFHRIPLJUDQW ZULWHUVLQWKHWK FHQWXU\¥DQGHYHQLIWKHUHLVDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIWUXWK LQWKHIRUPHUZKLFKWKHUHSUREDEO\LVLWLVQRWHQRXJKWRXQGHUPLQHWKH YHUDFLW\RIWKHODWWHU:HGROLYHLQDQDJHRIPLJUDWLRQDQGHYHQPRUH VRLQDQDJHRIWKHPLJUDQWZULWHU 6HYHUDOSUREOHPVDQGWDVNVDULVHIURPZKDWFRXOGEHWHUPHGWKHPL JUDQWZULWHUV©¦EUHDNLQJWKHVXUIDFH§ 'RPtQJXH] LQWKHVHFRQGKDOI RIWKHWK FHQWXU\¥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©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The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 41 SØREN FRANK GHUDD&]HFKRU)UHQFK ZULWHU",V+HUWD0OOHUD5RPDQLDQRU*HUPDQ ZULWHU",V-DPDO0DKMRXED6XGDQHVHRU(QJOLVK RU'DQLVKRU6SDQLVK  ZULWHU",V1DWDVKD5DGRMþLü D6HUELDQRU$PHULFDQZULWHU"2QWKHRQH KDQGWKHDQVZHULQHDFKFDVHZRXOGEHWKDWWKH\DUHERWKEXW RQWKH RWKHUKDQGLWZRXOGEHWKDWWKH\DUHZULWHUVWRXWFRXUW 7KHVHFRQGWDVNZKLFKLVWKHRQHWREHFRQIURQWHGLQWKLVHVVD\LV KRZWRFKDUDFWHUL]HOLWHUDWXUHZULWWHQE\PLJUDQWVRULQRWKHUZRUGV KRZ WR GHVFULEH PLJUDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH©V TXLGGLW\¥LWV ZKDWQHVV DQG GLV WLQFWLYHQHVV+RZHYHUEHFDXVHDV0LHNH%DOUHPLQGVXVLQ7UDYHOOLQJ &RQFHSWV RXU ¦KHXULVWLF DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDO EDVLV§ LQ WKH KXPDQLWLHV VKRXOGEHJURXQGHG¦LQFRQFHSWV UDWKHUWKDQPHWKRGV§  LWLVDGYLVDEOH WREHJLQZLWKDVKRUWFRQFHSWXDOGLJUHVVLRQ7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVFRQFHS WXDORULHQWDWLRQLVWKDWPHWKRGVRIWHQUHPDLQLQGLIIHUHQWWRWKHWUDQVIRU PDWLRQV WKDW FXOWXUDO REMHFWV KLVWRULFDOO\ XQGHUJR ZKLOH FRQFHSWV DUH OHVVULJLGDQGOHVVIULFWLRQDODQGWKXV SRVVHVVDJUHDWHUFDSDFLW\WRWUDYHO DQGFKDQJHDORQJZLWKWKHREMHFWVWKH\DUHVXSSRVHGWRGHVFULEH 7KH IROORZLQJ ZLOO H[SORUH WKH PHDQLQJ DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDO LP SOLFDWLRQV RI WKH FRQFHSW RI PLJUDWLRQ 0HWKRGRORJLFDOO\ DQG DV HP SOR\HGLQWKLVHVVD\WKHFRQFHSWRIPLJUDWLRQZLOOEHXQGHUVWRRGDVDQ $QVDW]SXQNW SRLQW RI GHSDUWXUH  DV (ULFK $XHUEDFK GHILQHV LW LQ KLV VHPLQDOHVVD\¦3KLORORJLHGHU:HOWOLWHUDWXU§ )RU$XHUEDFKWKHRULJL QDO$QVDW]SXQNW LVRI JUHDWPHWKRGRORJLFDOLPSRUWDQFHLQWKFHQWXU\ OLWHUDU\ VWXGLHV EHFDXVH LW SURYLGHV WKH UHPHG\ IRU WKUHH IXQGDPHQWDO SUREOHPVFRQIURQWLQJWKHOLWHUDU\VFKRODU7KHILUVWSUREOHPKDVWRGR ZLWKTXDQWLW\EHFDXVHWKHDPRXQWRIDFFHVVLEOHPDWHULDOLVFRQVWDQWO\ LQFUHDVLQJ LW EHFRPHV LPSRVVLEOH IRU WKH OLWHUDU\ VFKRODU WR VXUYH\ WKH WRWDOLW\RIPDWHULDODWKLVRUKHUGLVSRVDO7KHVHFRQGSUREOHPZKLFKLV SDUWO\DFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHILUVWKDVWRGRZLWKFRQIXVLRQ DVLWEHFRPHV LQFUHDVLQJO\GLIILFXOWIRUWKHOLWHUDU\VFKRODU WRORFDWHSDWWHUQVRIRUGHU LQWKHXQPDQDJHDEOHERG\RIPDWHULDO+RZHYHUWKHJRRG$QVDW]SXQNW SURYLGHVDUHPHG\IRUWKHVHWZRSUREOHPVLQWKHILUVWSODFHEHFDXVHLW UHSUHVHQWVDGLVWLQFWDQJOHWKDWSURYLGHVWKHVFKRODUZLWKDSULQFLSOHRI VHOHFWLRQWKDWLVRIZKDWWRLQFOXGHDQGH[FOXGHVHFRQGO\E\EHLQJHQ GRZHGZLWKDQLQQRYDWLYHDELOLW\WRFUHDWHQHZSDWWHUQVRUV\QWKHVHV LQ 42 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHJOREDOPHJDV\VWHPRIOLWHUDWXUHE\OLQNLQJDXWKRUVRUZRUNVKLWKHUWR QRWVHHQLQUHODWLRQWRRQHDQRWKHU¥ZKHWKHUWKDWEHEHFDXVHJHRJUDSKL FDORUKLVWRULFDOERXQGDULHVKDYHEHHQWKRXJKWWRVHSDUDWHWKHP$V(YD .XVKQHUKDVDUJXHGLQ7KH/LYLQJ3ULVPDQGWKLVDOVRJRHVEDFNWRWKH SUREOHP RI OLWHUDU\ KLVWRULRJUDSK\ WKDW ZDV WRXFKHG XSRQ HDUOLHU WKH QH[WVWHSLQFKRRVLQJWKHIXWXUHWDVNVDQGMXVWLILFDWLRQVIRUFRPSDUDWLYH OLWHUDU\ KLVWRU\ PD\ YHU\ ZHOO EH ¦WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH UHODWLYLW\ RI DOO V\VWHPV ZLWKLQ WKH SHUSHWXDO PRWLRQ RI WKH ZRUOG V\VWHP EXW DOVR WR KLJKOLJKWFUHDWLYHO\SDUWLFXODUSDVWDQGRUSUHVHQWFRPPRQDOLWLHVWKDWDW DJLYHQPRPHQWZLWKLQWKHSUHVHQWGLVFRXUVHRIRQHRUVHYHUDOFXOWXUHV OLJKWXSDQGPDNHVHQVHWRJHWKHU§  $UHWKHUHIRUH[DPSOHLOOX PLQDWLQJDQGPHDQLQJIXOFRPPRQDOLWLHVLQDFRQVWHOODWLRQFRQVLVWLQJRI *QWHU*UDVV0LODQ.XQGHUD6DOPDQ5XVKGLHDQG-DQ.M–UVWDGIRXU DXWKRUVIURPYHU\GLIIHUHQW PXOWL FRQWH[WXDOEDFNJURXQGV")LQDOO\WKH WKLUGSUREOHPKDVWRGRZLWKWKHQHHGIRU RULJLQDOLW\ LQ UHVHDUFK0DNLQJ DVHOHFWLRQDQGOLQNLQJDXWKRUVDQGZRUNVGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\VKHGDQ\ QHZOLJKWXSRQWKHP+RZHYHUEHFDXVHWKHJRRG$QVDW]SXQNW LVERWK UHOHYDQWG\QDPLFDQGURRWHGLQDFRQFUHWHDQGFLUFXPVFULEHGPDWHULDO LWSRVVHVVHVZKDW$XHUEDFKFDOOV6WUDKONUDIWWKDWLVUDGLDQFH¥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¦IRXQGDWLRQDO FDSDFLW\§ LQ WKDW LW HQDEOHV ERWK D GH VFULSWLRQ RI DQG H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH FXOWXUDO REMHFW ¦,Q WKH KX PDQLWLHVWKHIRXQGDWLRQDOFDSDFLW\FRPHVZLWKDQHZDUWLFXODWLRQHQ WDLOLQJQHZHPSKDVHVDQGDQHZRUGHULQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQDZLWKLQWKH The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 43 SØREN FRANK FRPSOH[REMHFWVFRQVWLWXWLQJWKHFXOWXUDOILHOG,QDVRPHZKDWJUDQGLRVH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RQH FRXOG VD\ WKDW D JRRG FRQFHSW IRXQGV D VFLHQWLILF GLVFLSOLQHRUILHOG§ %DO 7KHUHDOUHDG\H[LVWVLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ILHOGV VXFKDV7UDQVDWODQWLF6WXGLHVDQG7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHVDQGWKHPRPHQW KDVFRPHIRUQHZLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ILHOGVVXFKDV0LJUDWLRQ6WXGLHVDQG WKHUHODWHG0HPRU\6WXGLHV $VWRG\QDPLVPWKHFRQFHSWRIPLJUDWLRQDOVRSRVVHVVHVZKDW%DO WHUPVDQHFHVVDU\¦HODVWLFLW\§ LQWKDW¦LWVXJJHVWVERWKDQXQEUHDNDEOH VWDELOLW\ DQG D QHDUXQOLPLWHG H[WHQGLELOLW\§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©V &KLOGUHQ  %XWWKLVLVDOVRZK\LWLVKLJKWLPHWRXVHVRPHRIWKHLQVLJKWV JDLQHGE\SRVWFRORQLDOVWXGLHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHPLJUDQWH[SHULHQFHDQG WUDQVSODQWWKHPWRD(XURSHDQFRQWH[W,QVWHDGRI¦SURYLQFLDOL]LQJ(X URSH§¥WKDWLVWDNLQJ(XURSHDQWKHRU\LQWRWKHVRFDOOHGSHULSKHU\¥DV 'LSHVK&KDNUDZRUW\UHFRPPHQGVXVWRGRLQDERRNE\WKDWQDPH WKH WLPH KDV DOVR  FRPH WR HXURSHDQL]H WKH VRFDOOHG SHULSKHU\¥WKDW LV WRFURVVEUHHGSRVWFRORQLDOLVPZLWK(XURSHDQDXWKRUV%\GRLQJWKLVZH PD\QRWRQO\EHDEOHWRVKHGQHZOLJKWRQWKHVHDXWKRUVE\UHUHDGLQJ WKHFDQRQEXWDOVRWRVKRZWKDWPLJUDWLRQLV DQGKDVDOZD\VEHHQ D GHILQLQJ LQWUD(XURSHDQ SKHQRPHQRQ¥DQG WKLV LQ VSLWH RI RU VKRXOG ZHUDWKHUVD\EHFDXVHRI (XURSH©VORQJKLVWRU\RIVSDWLDOFRPSDUWPHQ WDOL]DWLRQDQGVWURQJWUDGLWLRQRIQDWLRQDOLVP ,QDGGLWLRQWRWUDQVSODQWLQJWKHFRQFHSWRIPLJUDWLRQIURPSRVWFR ORQLDO VWXGLHV LQWR D (XURSHDQ FRQWH[W LW LV DOVR KLJK WLPH WR OLEHUDWH WKHFRQFHSWIURPLWVFXUUHQWQDUURZPHDQLQJLQOLWHUDU\VWXGLHVZKHUH LWXVXDOO\UHIHUVWRWKHDXWKRU©VRUWKHILFWLRQDOFKDUDFWHUV© SK\VLFDOJH RJUDSKLFDO PRYHPHQWV IURP RQH FRXQWU\ WR DQRWKHU 7KLV QDUURZQHVV 44 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe SDUWO\VWHPVIURPWKHFRQFHSW©VKLVWRU\LQKXPDQGHPRJUDSK\DVZHOO DVLQ]RRORJ\DQGZKDWZHKDYHFRPHWRWHUPWKHVHDVRQDOPLJUDWLRQRI ELUGV+RZHYHULWZDVQRWXQWLOWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWK FHQWXU\WKDWWKH FRQFHSWRIPLJUDWLRQEHJDQWRUHIHUWRWKHSK\VLFDOPRYHPHQWRISHRSOH DQGELUGV(W\PRORJLFDOO\WKHPHDQLQJRIPLJUDWLRQLVPXFKEURDGHU RULJLQDWLQJDVLWGRHVIURPWKH/DWLQPLJUDUH PHDQLQJWRZDQGHUDQG WRPRYHDQGIURPWKH*UHHNDPHLEHLQPHDQLQJWRFKDQJH+HQFHWKH FRQFHSW RI PLJUDWLRQ RULJLQDOO\ SRVVHVVHG D ODUJH VHPDQWLF HODVWLFLW\¥ FKDQJHPRYHPHQW¥EHIRUHLWWUDYHOHGLQWRWKHILHOGVRI]RRORJ\KXPDQ GHPRJUDSK\DQGSRVWFRORQLDOVWXGLHVDQGEHFDPHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVSH FLILF SK\VLFDOJHRJUDSKLFDOGLVSODFHPHQWV2QHRIWKHDLPVRIWKLVHVVD\ LVWRUHYLYHWKHFRQFHSW©VRULJLQDOVHPDQWLFLQFOXVLYHQHVVDQGDOORZIRULWV FRQWLQXLQJWUDYHOV$V%DOPDNHVFOHDUWKH¦SULPDU\FRQFHUQLVQRW¨FRU UHFW© EXW¨PHDQLQJIXO© XVH§  DQGLWVKDOOEHDUJXHGWKDWWKHFRQFHSW RIPLJUDWLRQXQGHUVWRRGEURDGO\DVFKDQJHPRYHPHQWDQGSURFHVVLV HQGRZHGZLWKH[WUDRUGLQDU\H[SODQDWRU\SRZHUVDQGDORWRIPHDQLQJ IXOQHVVLQUHODWLRQWRPXFK FRQWHPSRUDU\ OLWHUDWXUH 7R UHWXUQ WR WKH LQLWLDO TXHVWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ PLJUDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH©V GLVWLQFWLYHQHVVWKHWUDGLWLRQDOYLHZVHHPVWREHWKDWEHFDXVHRIFHUWDLQ ELRJUDSKLFDO FLUFXPVWDQFHV¥QDPHO\ JHRJUDSKLFDO OLQJXLVWLF DQG FXO WXUDO XSURRWLQJ¥PLJUDQW DXWKRUV SURGXFH D VSHFLDO W\SH RI OLWHUDWXUH WKDWKDVHQULFKHGOLWHUDWXUH©VWKHPDWLFXQLYHUVH7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\QRWD ZURQJDVVXPSWLRQEXWLWQHHGVWREHVXSSOHPHQWHGZLWKDQDFNQRZO HGJHPHQW RI PLJUDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH©V LQQRYDWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH KLV WRU\RIOLWHUDU\IRUP+RZWKLVWKHPDWLFDQGIRUPDOFUHDWLYLW\PDQLIHVWV LWVHOIZLOOEHVSHFLILHGEHORZ $WWKLVPRPHQWLWLVVXIILFLHQWWRXQGHUOLQH WKDWWKHH[SHULHQFHRIPLJUDWLRQDIIHFWVERWKWKHFRQWHQWDQGWKHVW\OH RIWKLV OLWHUDWXUHDVLWQRWRQO\GHDOVZLWKLVVXHVRIPLJUDWLRQEXWGHDOV ZLWKWKHPLQDPLJUDWRU\DQGUHVWOHVV IRUP,QWKLVVHQVHWKHFRQFHSWRI PLJUDWLRQFRQWDLQVWZRLQWHUGHSHQGHQWDVSHFWVLQWKDWLWUHODWHVWRDPL PHVLVRIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\ZRUOGDQGDQLPPDQHQWIRUPDOIHDWXUH¥WKDW LVLWOLQNVVRFLRORJ\DQGDHVWKHWLFV0LJUDWLRQLVQRWUHVWULFWHGWRVSDWLDO PRYHPHQWDVLQWKHXVXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPLJUDWLRQDVDSHUVRQPRY LQJIURPRQH IL[HGDQGGHWHUPLQDEOH SODFHWRDQRWKHULWDOVRUHIHUVWR The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 45 SØREN FRANK WHPSRUDODQGPHQWDOPRYHPHQWVMXVWDVLWLVXVHGWRGHVFULEHG\QDPLF WH[WXDOVWUDWHJLHVRQWKHIRUPDOOHYHO :HFDQILQGWKHRUHWLFDOEDFNLQJIRUWKLVVRFLRORJLFDOIRUPDOLVPLQ *HRUJ/XNiFV©V7KH7KHRU\RIWKH1RYHO ZKHUHWKH QRYHODV DJHQUHLV FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV ¦WKH OLWHUDU\ IRUP RI WKH WUDQVFHQGHQWDO KRPHOHVVQHVV RIWKHLGHD§  1RYHOLVWLFIRUP/XNiFVVD\VHDUOLHULQWKHERRNLV LQKHUHQWO\ ¦VRPHWKLQJ LQ SURFHVV RI EHFRPLQJ >HWZDV :HUGHQGHV >@ HLQ3UR]Hȕ@§   /XNiFVWKXVGHWHUPLQHVWKHQRYHO¥DWWKHOHYHORI IRUP¥WREHKRPHOHVVDQGPLJUDWRU\7KHRYHUDOOLGHDLVSUHFLVHO\WKDW IRUP PLJUDWRU\ LVWUXO\VRFLDO DJHRIPLJUDWLRQ ,QDQLQWHUYLHZDERXW 7KH6DWDQLF9HUVHV5XVKGLHKDV¥IURPDSUDFWLWLRQHU©VSRLQWRIYLHZ¥ H[SUHVVHGDVLPLODULGHDDERXW WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVRFLDODQG WKHIRUPDO¦LI\RX©UHJRLQJWRZULWHDQRYHODERXWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWKHQ WKHQRYHOLWVHOIVKRXOGDOVREHPHWDPRUSKLFLQIRUPVRLWVKRXOGFRQ VWDQWO\FKDQJH§ %DOO  $ORWRI ZDWHUKDVFHUWDLQO\UXQXQGHUWKHEULGJH VLQFH/XNiFVFKDUDF WHUL]HGWKH QRYHODVDIRUPDOH[SUHVVLRQRIWUDQVFHQGHQWDOKRPHOHVVQHVV EXW DV 7KH 6DWDQLF 9HUVHV DQG 5XVKGLH©V FRPPHQW LQGLFDWH /XNiFV©V ZRUGVPD\EHHYHQPRUHSHUWLQHQWWRGD\ZKHUHDWUDQVQDWLRQDOLQWHU OLQJXDO DQG FURVVFXOWXUDO QRYHO DQG OLWHUDWXUH  LV HPHUJLQJ $V 7HUU\ (DJOHWRQKDVUHPDUNHG¦WKHHDUO\/XNiFV©VGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHQRYHOIRUP EHFRPHVPRUHDQGPRUHDSW,WLVDQDUWZKLFKFDQQRORQJHUVKDSHWKH FRQWUDGLFWLRQVZKLFKSODJXHLWLQWRDFRKHUHQWZKROH,QVWHDG>@ WKRVH FRQIOLFWVDUHQRZEHJLQQLQJWRLQILOWUDWHWKHYHU\IRUPRIWKHQRYHOLWVHOI 7KH\UHIOHFWWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHEUHDNXSRIODQJXDJHWKHFROODSVHRIWKH QDUUDWLYHWKHXQUHOLDELOLW\RIUHSRUWVWKHFODVKRIVXEMHFWLYHVWDQGSRLQWV WKHIUDJLOLW\RIYDOXHWKHHOXVLYHQHVVRIRYHUDOOPHDQLQJ§ (DJOHWRQ  (DJOHWRQ©V OLVW HYLGHQWO\ FRPSULVHV VRPH RI WKH FRPPRQ WUDLWV RI WKH PRGHUQLVWDQGSRVWPRGHUQLVWQRYHOEXWEHFDXVHWKHPLJUDWLRQQRYHOLV KDXQWHG DQGHQULFKHG E\D¦GRXEOHFRQVFLRXVQHVV§ LQWHUPVRIODQJXDJH SODFHFXOWXUHDQGRUUHOLJLRQWKH SRVW PRGHUQLVWQRYHO©VOLQJXLVWLFQDU UDWLYH HQXQFLDWRU\DQGVHPDQWLFFRPSOH[LW\LVDFWXDOO\LQWHQVLILHG6R ZKDW /XNiFV GHVFULEHG DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ DERXW WKH IRUPDODQGWKHPDWLFPLJUDWRU\SRWHQWLDOVLPPDQHQWWRWKHQRYHODVVXFK 46 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LVSHUKDSVRQO\QRZ VWDUWLQJWREHIXOO\DFWXDOL]HGZLWKWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDO FURVVFXOWXUDOQRYHORIPLJUDWLRQ DQGOLWHUDWXUHRIPLJUDWLRQ  2QWKHWKHPDWLFOHYHOWKLVLQWHQVLILFDWLRQRIFRPSOH[LW\LVPDQLIHVW LQWKHUDGLFDOUHQHJRWLDWLRQVRISHUVRQDOFXOWXUDODQGQDWLRQDOLGHQWL WLHV 2Q WKH RQH KDQG ¦DUFKDHRORJLFDO§ H[FDYDWLRQV LQWR WKH SDVW XQ HDUWKWKH LPSXUHDQGK\EULGTXDOLW\RIWKHVHLGHQWLWLHV WKLQNRI*UDVV©V H[SHGLWLRQVLQWRWKH'DQ]LJUHJLRQ©VSDVWKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUDOHQFRXQWHUV DQGPLJUDWRU\PRYHPHQWVLQ+XQGHMDKUH RQWKHRWKHUKDQGKRUL]RQWDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG FRQQHFWLRQV WDNLQJ SODFH LQ WKH SUHVHQW PRPHQW FRQVWDQWO\FKDOOHQJHWKHVWDELOLW\RILGHQWLW\ WKLQNRI5XVKGLH©VWZRSUR WDJRQLVWVLQ7KH6DWDQLF9HUVHV DQGWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHRVFLOODWLRQVEHWZHHQ EHOLHIDQGGRXEWDQGEHWZHHQ,QGLDDQG(QJODQG :KHUHDV¦WUDGLWLRQ DO§ OLWHUDWXUHFRXOGEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ZKDW+RPL.%KDEKDFDOOVD ¦SHGDJRJLFDO§ VWUDWHJ\DLPHGDWFHQWULSHWDOL]LQJSHUVRQDODQGQDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHVDQGWDPLQJLIQRWGRZQULJKWVXSSUHVVLQJLQWHUQDOGLIIHUHQFHV PLJUDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH©V GULYLQJ IRUFH LV D ¦SHUIRUPDWLYH§ VWUDWHJ\ DLPHG LQVWHDGDWFHQWULIXJDOL]LQJWKHVHLGHQWLWLHV¥SDLQIXORUOLEHUDWLQJDVWKLV PD\EH¥DVZHOODVEULQJLQJLQWHUQDOGLIIHUHQFHVWRWKHIRUHIURQWLQRUGHU WR FRXQWHU WKH PRQRFXOWXUDO LPDJHV RI WKH QDWLRQ DQG LWV SHRSOH ZLWK FRVPRSROLWDQRQHV VHH%KDEKD  2Q WKH IRUPDO OHYHO WKLV FRPSOH[LILFDWLRQ LV DSSDUHQW RQ WKH VXE OHYHOVRIHQXQFLDWLRQODQJXDJHDQGFRPSRVLWLRQ0LJUDWLRQOLWHUDWXUH©V IRUPDO KRPHOHVVQHVV LV HPSKDVL]HG WKURXJK YDJDERQGLQJ SHUVSHFWLYHV WKLQNRIWKHPXOWLSHUVSHFWLYLVPDQGGLVFXUVLYHSOXUDOLVPLQ.XQGHUD©V H[DPLQDWLRQRIFHUWDLQWKHPHVDQGNH\ZRUGV DQGIRUHLJQQHVVRIYRLFHV WKLQN RI 7KHRGRU .DOOLIDWLGHV©V *UHHN YRLFH LQ WKH 6ZHGLVK FRQWH[W  WKURXJKOLQJXLVWLFLPSXULW\DQGKHWHURJORVVLD WKLQNRI'HUHN:DOFRWW©V 2PHURV  DQG WKURXJK LQFRQFOXVLYH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DQG UKL]RPDWLF FRPSRVLWLRQV WKLQNRI .M–UVWDG©V7KH6HGXFHU DQGWKHQDUUDWLYHFHQWUH©V IOXLGLW\VRPHWKLQJWKDWUHVXOWVIURP WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHQRYHO©VPXO WLSOHVWRULHVLQDQHWZRUNLQVWHDGRIRQHFKURQRORJLFDOVWRU\OLQH  $VZLWKWKHWKHPDWLFOHYHOWKHIRUPDOOHYHO©VFRVPRSROLWDQLVPLVDOVR DUHVXOWRIKRUL]RQWDOV\QFKURQLFFURVVEUHHGLQJVDQGYHUWLFDOGLDFKURQLF LPSXOVHV7KHVHIRUPDOFURVVEUHHGLQJVDQGLPSXOVHV FRQWHPSRUDU\LQ The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 47 SØREN FRANK IOXHQFHVIURPDURXQGWKHZRUOGDQGLQVSLUDWLRQVIURPWKHOLWHUDU\WUDGL WLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\ SOD\GRZQWKHUROHRIRULJLQDOLW\¥WKDWLVWKHLPSRU WDQFHRIKDYLQJEHHQWKHILUVWRUEHLQJXQLTXH¥VRYLWDOLQQDWLRQDOLVWLF GLVFRXUVHVDQGLQQDWLRQDOOLWHUDU\KLVWRULHVLQVWHDGRIHPSKDVL]LQJWKH UROHRIUHF\FOLQJ DQGZKDW7KRPDV3DYHOKDVFDOOHG¦ODPpPRLUHVLOHQ FLHXVHGHVPHWKRGHV§ WKHVLOHQWPHPRU\RIPHWKRGV 7KHIRUPDO LPSXULW\ DQG KHWHURJHQHLW\ RI WKH PLJUDWLRQ QRYHO LWV FRVPRSROLWDQ IRUPLVSUHFLVHO\DUHVXOWRIVXFKUHF\FOLQJRIWKHOLWHUDU\WUDGLWLRQWKDW LVRIWKHPLJUDQWDXWKRU©VUHGLVFRYHU\RIDUFKDLFDQGIRUJRWWHQJHQUHV DQGVW\OHVSLFNHGXSIURPGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDODQGQDWLRQDODUFKLYHVRUKLV RUKHUGLVFRYHU\RIQHZWUHQGVGHYHORSLQJLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG $QH[DPSOHRIWKHODWWHULV.M–UVWDG©VWULORJ\IURPWKHV7KH6H GXFHU   7KH &RQTXHURU   DQG 7KH 'LVFRYHUHU   LQ ZKLFK.M–UVWDG¥DQRQPLJUDQW1RUZHJLDQDXWKRU¥LVFOHDUO\LQVSLUHG ERWKWKHPDWLFDOO\DQGIRUPDOO\E\WKHOLWHUDWXUHRIPLJUDWLRQDQGWKH PLJUDQW DXWKRU©V W\SLFDO HQJDJHPHQW ZLWK WKH UROH RI WKH QDWLRQ WKH LQWHUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH ORFDO DQG WKH JOREDO DQG WKH JHRJUDSKLFDO WHPSRUDODQGPHQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWVRISHRSOHLQDOLWHUDU\IRUPWKDWLV IOXLGG\QDPLFDQGLQFRQFOXVLYH$QH[DPSOHRIPLJUDWLRQOLWHUDWXUH©V UHGLVFRYHU\ RI DUFKDLF PHWKRGV LV WKH VLJQLILFDQW UROH RI RUDOLW\¥VXS SUHVVHGE\PDQ\RIWKHQRYHOLVWVZKRPZHDVVRFLDWHZLWKUHDOLVPQDWX UDOLVPPRGHUQLVPDQGWKHQRXYHDXURPDQ¥LQDXWKRUVVXFKDV-RVHSK &RQUDG.DUHQ%OL[HQDQG*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]$QRWKHUH[DPSOHLV .XQGHUD©VGHQXQFLDWLRQRIWKHSUHHPLQHQFHRIWKHVWRU\¥KLVEUHDNZLWK WKH KHJHPRQ\ RI ¦ZKDWKDSSHQHGQH[WLVP§¥UHSODFHG LQVWHDG E\ KLV UHYLYDORIFRPSRVLWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWVIURPWKHSUHOLWHUDU\WUDGL WLRQVXFKDVGLJUHVVLRQUHIOHFWLRQDQGHVVD\ 7KHPHQWLRQLQJRIWKHQRQPLJUDQW.M–UVWDGLQUHODWLRQWRPLJUD WLRQOLWHUDWXUHOHDGVXVWRWKHILQDOSRLQWFRQFHUQLQJWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH FRQFHSW RI PLJUDWLRQ %HVLGHV WKH FRQQRWDWLRQDO H[SDQVLRQV DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG¥WKHH[SDQVLRQIURPDSRVWFRORQLDOWRD(XURSHDQDQGJORE DOVHWWLQJWKHH[SDQVLRQIURPWKHQDUURZQHVVRIVSDWLDOGLVSODFHPHQWWR FKDQJHDQGPRYHPHQWLQJHQHUDODQGWKHH[SDQVLRQIURPEHLQJPHUHO\ DWKHPDWLFLVVXHWRLQFOXGHOLWHUDU\IRUP¥WKHIRXUWKDQGODVWH[SDQVLRQ 48 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe HQWDLOVDPRYHIURPPLJUDQWOLWHUDWXUHWRPLJUDWLRQOLWHUDWXUHXOWLPDWHO\ PHDQLQJWKDWQRQPLJUDQWVDUHSRWHQWLDOSURGXFHUVRIPLJUDWLRQOLWHUD WXUH:KHUHDVWKHFRQFHSWRIPLJUDQWOLWHUDWXUHH[SOLFLWO\UHIHUVWRWKH SHUVRQEHKLQGWKHZRUN¥WKDWLVDFDWHJRUL]DWLRQEDVHGRQWKHLGHDRI WKHLQWHUUHODWHGQHVVEHWZHHQDXWKRULDOSODFHRIELUWKDQGFXOWXUDOSURG XFW¥PLJUDWLRQOLWHUDWXUHLVDPRUHLQFOXVLYHFRQFHSWDQGUHIHUVWRZKDW DFWXDOO\WDNHVSODFHLQVLGHWKHZRUNRIDUW 7KHUH LV D SUREOHPDWLFDO OLPLWLQJ HIIHFW LQ WKH FRQFHSW RI PLJUDQW OLWHUDWXUHEHFDXVHDV$]DGH6H\KDQULJKWO\UHPDUNVLQ:ULWLQJ2XWVLGH WKH 1DWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQV UHIHUULQJ WR DXWKRULDO EDFNJURXQG ¦VXFK DV H[LOLFHWKQLFPLJUDQWRUGLDVSRUD FDQQRWGRMXVWLFHWRWKHQXDQFHVRI ZULWLQJEHWZHHQKLVWRULHVJHRJUDSKLHVDQGFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV§  ,QD ZRUOG LQFUHDVLQJO\ VKDSHG E\ PLJUDWRU\ PRYHPHQWV YHFWRULDO VSDFHV DQGPXOWLOD\HUHGWHPSRUDOLWLHVLWLVQRWRQO\PLJUDQWVH[LOHVRUHWKQLFV ZKRZULWHEHWZHHQKLVWRULHV JHRJUDSKLHVDQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHV:KDW LVKDSSHQLQJLQWKHVH\HDUVLVDJHQHUDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWKHZD\PXFK OLWHUDWXUHLVZULWWHQ¥DQHPHUJHQFHRIDWUDQVQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHRIPL JUDWLRQZULWWHQE\PLJUDQWVDVZHOODVQRQPLJUDQWV¥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¥WUDQVQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHLVQRWMXVWZULWWHQIURP RXWVLGHWKHQDWLRQEXWDOVRIURPZLWKLQWKHQDWLRQ 7KLVLVSUHFLVHO\ZK\LWKDVEHFRPHQHFHVVDU\WRPRYHWRDKLJKHU OHYHORIDEVWUDFWLRQWKDWLVIURPFRQFHSWVVXFKDVPLJUDQWH[LOLFHWKQLF The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 49 SØREN FRANK GLDVSRUD WR WKH PRUH LQFOXVLYH HODVWLF DQG H[WHQGLEOH \HW VWDEOH DQG XQEUHDNDEOHFRQFHSWRIPLJUDWLRQ)URPWKLV QHZOHYHO RI DEVWUDFWLRQLW EHFRPHVSRVVLEOHWRSOXQJHGRZQLQWRWKHFRQFUHWHFXOWXUDOREMHFWVDQG DQDO\]H WKHP LQ QHZ ZD\V ZKLFK DUH QHLWKHU JRYHUQHG SULPDULO\  E\ ELRJUDSKLFDOEDFNJURXQGQRUOLPLWHGE\WKHQDUURZVHQVHRIPLJUDWLRQ PHDQLQJ VSDWLDO PRYHPHQW 7KHVH QHZ DQDO\VHV DUH LQVWHDG JXLGHG E\ FRQFHSWXDOUHILQHPHQWVUHODWHGWRWKHWKHPDWLFGHVLJQVDQGIRUPDOSUR FHVVHVRI WKHREMHFWV¥H[DPSOHVRIVXFKUHILQHPHQWVFRXOGEHWKDWK\EULG LW\FDQEHHLWKHULQWHQWLRQDORURUJDQLF VHH%DNKWLQ WKDWFKDQJH FDQEHHLWKHUVORZRUIDVWDQGWKDWPLJUDWLRQFDQEHHLWKHUGHVWUXFWLYHRU OLEHUDWLQJUHYHUVLEOHRULUUHYHUVLEOH,QWKLVZD\WKHFRQFHSWVDUHFUHDWHG DQGHPSOR\HGRQWKHREMHFWV©RZQWHUPV7KHJHQHUDOL]DWLRQLQKHUHQWLQ JRLQJIURPPLJUDQWH[LOLFDQGHWKQLFWRPLJUDWLRQLVUHTXLUHGLQRUGHU WR OLEHUDWH WKH VHPDQWLF SRWHQWLDO LQ WKH FXOWXUDO REMHFWV EXW QHZ DQG UHILQHGFRQFHSWVDUHWKHQHTXDOO\QHFHVVDU\LQRUGHUWR¦UHVSHFW§ WKHRE MHFW©V¦LUUHGXFLEOHFRPSOH[LW\DQGXQ\LHOGLQJPXWHQHVV§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¦1HZ 1DUUDWLYHV LQ 1RUZHJLDQ DQG 1RUGLF 0XOWLFXOWXUDO /LW HUDWXUH 2U ¨5HZULWLQJ :KDW ,W PHDQV WR EH 1RUZHJLDQ©§ ,QJHERUJ .RQJVOLHQRQHRIWKHILUVWVFKRODUVWRGUDZDWWHQWLRQWR1RUGLFPLJUDQW OLWHUDWXUH DVVHUWV WKDW ¦>V@LQFH DURXQG  LPPLJUDQWV DQG VHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV KDYH LQFUHDVLQJO\ SXEOLVKHG ILFWLRQ ZLWKLQ GLIIHUHQW JHQUHV LQ WKH 6FDQGLQDYLDQ ODQJXDJHV DQG KDYH WKHUHE\ H[ SDQGHGWKHQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVZLWKQHZWKHPHVVHWWLQJVDQGILHOGVRI 50 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe UHIHUHQFH§   +RZHYHUDV.RQJVOLHQDOVRUHPDUNV¦RQHQHHGV WRFRQVLGHUKRZWKLVZULWLQJLQWLPHZLOOFKDQJHWKHUHVSHFWLYHOLWHUDU\ FDQRQV§  7KHSRLQWLVWKDW.RQJVOLHQSRLQWVIRUZDUGWRDIXWXUH VFHQDULRWKHUHE\LPSO\LQJWKDW6FDQGLQDYLDQPLJUDQWDXWKRUVGHVSLWHLQ FUHDVLQJLQQXPEHUVVLQFHDUHQRW\HWH[SDQGLQJWKH6FDQGLQDYLDQ FDQRQ¥WKHRQO\H[FHSWLRQLVSHUKDSV.DOOLIDWLGHV $ ORRN DW WKH OLVW RI ZLQQHUV RI 1RUGLVN 5nGV /LWWHUDWXUSULV 7KH 1RUGLF&RXQFLO©V/LWHUDWXUH3UL]H FRQILUPVWKHGHVHUWLPDJHDQGSUHVHQWV DVKDUSFRQWUDVWWRWKHOLVWRI1REHO3UL]HZLQQHUV*RLQJEDFNWR EXWWKHSLFWXUHUHPDLQVWKHVDPHDOOWKHZD\EDFNWRZKHQWKHSUL]H ZDVILUVWJLYHQ WKHOLVWGRHVQRWUHYHDORQHVLQJOHQDPH¦ZLWKVRPHZKDW XQIDPLOLDU GHVLJQ§¥DW OHDVW QRW XQIDPLOLDU WR 6FDQGLQDYLDQ H\HV 3HW WHUVRQ$LGW6WULGVEHUJ6RQQHYL6LJXUÚVVRQ +RWDNDLQHQ6WU|P&KULV WHQVHQ .M–UVWDG 1RUGEUDQGW 7DIGUXS )RUVVWU|P :LOOXPVHQ /—QQ *XÚPXQGVVRQ(NPDQ+XOWEHUJ6LJXUÚDUGyWWLU9DONHDSllDQG7UDQ VWU|PHU :LWKLQWKHODVWVL[RUVHYHQ\HDUVWKRXJK6FDQGLQDYLDKDVLQ IDFWZLWQHVVHGZKDWZHPLJKWFKDUDFWHUL]HDVSRVVLEO\WKHILUVWVWHSVLQ WKHHPHUJHQFHRIDPLJUDQWRUHWKQLFOLWHUDWXUHWKDWKDVVXFFHHGHGLQRE WDLQLQJERWKDUHODWLYHO\ZLGHUHDGHUVKLSDQGLQSDUWLFXODUWKHDWWHQWLRQ RIWKHPHGLDDQGWKHSXEOLVKLQJKRXVHV7KHPRVWSURPLQHQWH[DPSOHLV WKHVHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQLPPLJUDQW-RQDV+DVVHQ.KHPLULIURP6ZHGHQ ZKRKDVSXEOLVKHGWZRFRPPHUFLDOO\VXFFHVVIXODQGFULWLFDOO\DFFODLPHG QRYHOV(WW|JDU|WW 2QH (\H5HG DQG0RQWHFRUHHQXQLNWLJHU 0RQWHFRUH$8QLTXH7LJHU  ,Q 'HQPDUN HVSHFLDOO\ DIWHU WKH LQIDPRXV 0XKDPPDG FDUWRRQV ZHUH SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH 'DQLVK QHZVSDSHU -\OODQGVSRVWHQ LQ  PH GLDDQGSXEOLVKHUVKDYHEHHQHDJHUWROXUHWKHVRFDOOHG¦QHZYRLFHV§  .RQJVOLHQ©VOLVWFRQVLVWVRIQDPHVVXFKDV7KHRGRU.DOOLIDWLGHV *UHHFH )DWHPH %HKURV ,UDQ $]DU0DKORXMLDQ ,UDQ -LOD0RVVDHG ,UDQ &OHWXV1HOVRQ1ZDGLNH 1L JHULD 0HKPHG8]XQ .XUGLVWDQ DOOOLYLQJLQ6ZHGHQ.KDOLG+XVVDLQ 3DNLVWDQ 1D VLP.DULP 3DNLVWDQ 0LFKDHO.RQXSHN &]HFKRVORYDNLD +H'RQJ &KLQD -DPVKHG 0DVURRU ,QGLD DOOOLYLQJLQ1RUZD\0LOHQD5XGH] %RVQLD+HU]HJRYLQD $GLO(UGHP .XUGLVWDQ 5XEpQ3DOPD &KLOH DOOOLYLQJLQ'HQPDUN¥DQGKHUHRQHFRXOGDOVRPHQ WLRQ-DQLQD.DW] 3RODQG DQG0DULD*LDFREEH ,WDO\   6HHKWWSZZZOLWWHUDWXUSULVHUGNQUDDGOSUKWP! The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 51 SØREN FRANK RXWRIWKHLUKLGLQJSODFHV,QUHVSRQVHWRWKHFRQWLQXRXVOLWHUDU\VLOHQFH RIWKH'DQLVKLPPLJUDQWVDQGWKHLUGHVFHQGDQWV*\OGHQGDO E\IDUWKH ODUJHVW SXEOLVKLQJ KRXVH LQ 'HQPDUN  DQG %HUOLQJVNH 7LGHQGH RQH RI WKHPDMRUQHZVSDSHUV DUUDQJHGDFRPSHWLWLRQLQZKLFKWKH\VROLFLWHG SRHPV DQG VKRUW WH[WV ZULWWHQ E\ SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ 'HQPDUN EXW ZKR ZHUHRIQRQ'DQLVKHWKQLFEDFNJURXQG7KHLURIILFLDOPRWLYHZDVWRFDOO IRUWKDPRUHXSWRGDWHSLFWXUHRI'HQPDUNDFRXQWU\WKDWKDVEHHQD IDLUO\KRPRJHQHRXVQDWLRQVWDWHIRUPRUHWKDQDWKRXVDQG\HDUV GHVSLWH LWVFRORQLDOKLVWRU\ EXWLV QRZLQWKHSURFHVVRIEHFRPLQJPXOWLHWKQLF DQGLQWHUFXOWXUDO)RXUWHHQRIWKHEHVWFRQWULEXWLRQVZHUHFROOHFWHGLQDQ DQWKRORJ\FDOOHG1\HVWHPPHU 1HZ9RLFHV EXWWKHTXDOLW\RI WKHFRQWULEXWLRQVLVQRWUHPDUNDEOHDQGZHDUHWKXVVWLOOZDLWLQJIRUD 0LGQLJKW©V&KLOGUHQ PRPHQWLQ'HQPDUN $QRWKHUPRWLYHIRU*\OGHQGDO©VDFWLRQVZDVXQGRXEWHGO\WKDWWKH\ VHQVHG D QHZ FRPPHUFLDO DYHQXH RSHQLQJ XS VRPHWKLQJ ZKLFK &pVDU 'RPtQJXH]DOVRDOOXGHVWRLQKLVGLVFXVVLRQRIHPHUJHQFHDQGQRYHOW\ LQ ¦(PHUJHQW /LWHUDWXUHV DV D &DVH 6WXG\ RI 7KHRU\ LQ &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§  7KHJOREDODUWLVWLFDQGFRPPHUFLDOVXFFHVRIPLJUDQW DXWKRUV VXFK DV *UDVV /HVVLQJ 1DLSDXO 5XVKGLH DQG =DGLH 6PLWK KDYHPDGHWKH'DQLVKSXEOLVKLQJLQGXVWU\DOHUWWRZDUGVSRWHQWLDO'DQ LVKFORQHV%XWDVLQGLFDWHGWKH\VWLOOKDYHQRWGLVFRYHUHGDQ\,QVWHDG ZKDWLV KDSSHQLQJLQ'HQPDUNDQG6FDQGLQDYLDRQWKHOHYHO RI¦OLWHUDU\ OLIH§ 'RPtQJXH]  ¥D PRUH DEVWUDFW OHYHO WKDQ QDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH¥ LV WKDW WKH UHSHUFXVVLRQV RI WKH DJH RI WKH PLJUDQW DXWKRU WUDQVIRUPV WKH OLWHUDWXUH RI VRPH RI RXU QDWLYH ZULWHUV LQWR D PRUH FRVPRSROLWDQ DQG WUDQVQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH %HVLGHV .M–UVWDG LQ 1RUZD\ WKH 'DQLVK QRYHOLVW-HQV&KULVWLDQ*U—QGDKOLVDQRWKHUH[DPSOHRIDQRQPLJUDQW ZULWHUHQJDJLQJLQLVVXHVRIPLJUDWLRQURRWOHVVQHVVDQGHVFDSHWKHPHV ZKLFKDUHH[SORUHGLQKLVQRYHO3LD]]D%XFKDUHVW  DERXWD\RXQJ 5RPDQLDQJLUO(OHQDZKROHDYHVEHKLQGKHULQIDQWVRQLQ&RPPXQLVW %XFKDUHVWLQVHDUFKIRUKHUORVWORYHUDQGIRUDOLIHLQIUHHGRPZKHQDQ $PHULFDQFLWL]HQOLYLQJLQ&RSHQKDJHQRIIHUVKHUPDUULDJH 7KHUHDFWLRQWRWKLVHPHUJHQFHRIDWUDQVQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHRIPLJUD WLRQZULWWHQE\QRQPLJUDQWDXWKRUVKDVIROORZHGSURPSWO\DSSDUHQWLQ 52 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHQHZZDYHRIUXUDODQGORFDOOLWHUDWXUHWKDWKDVHPHUJHGLQ'HQPDUN ZLWKLQWKHODVWFRXSOHRI\HDUV ,QDVHQVHWKLVFRXOGEHVHHQDVQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH©V DWWHPSW WR UHVWULFW WKH SUHVVXUHV RI WKH JOREDO ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKHVXFFHVVWKDWHVWDEOLVKHGZULWHUVVXFKDV.M–UVWDGDQG*U—QGDKOKDYH HQMR\HGZLWKILFWLRQVRIPLJUDWLRQKHOGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHREYLRXVGLI ILFXOWLHV WKDW PLJUDQW ZULWHUV HQFRXQWHU ZKHQ DWWHPSWLQJ WR HVWDEOLVK WKHPVHOYHVRQWKH6FDQGLQDYLDQOLWHUDU\VFHQHFRXOGEHUHJDUGHGDVWKH OLWHUDU\V\VWHP©VFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQRSHQLQJXSWKHJDWHVIRUWKHPL JUDQWZULWHUDQGWKHUHE\OHWWLQJLQWRRPXFKIRUHLJQQHVVDQGFRPSOH[LW\ RQ WKH RQHKDQGDQG DOORZLQJWKH QDWLYH ZULWHU WRSRUWUD\LQ DPRUH PRGHUDWHZD\WKHLQIOX[RIVXFKIRUHLJQQHVVRQWKHRWKHU¦:KHQWKH FRPSOH[LW\RIOLWHUDU\OLIHJRHVEH\RQGDFHUWDLQVWUXFWXUDOOHYHOWKHVHOI GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHFRGLI\LQJVHFRQGDU\VXEV\VWHPSURPRWHVDKRPRJHQL ]DWLRQDQGVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPJLYLQJWKLVDQHZKRPHRVWDWLF LGHQWLW\§ 'RPtQJXH]  %XWWKHQDJDLQLWLVSUHFLVHO\VXFKUHVWULFWLYH DQGH[FOXVLYHEHKDYLRURQWKHOHYHORI¦QDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH§ WKDWSURYLGHV DFDWDO\VWIRUQHZHPHUJLQJUHVSRQVHVRQWKHOHYHOVRI¦OLWHUDU\OLIH§ DQG ¦ZRUOGOLWHUDWXUH§ 5HIHUHQFHV $XHUEDFK(ULFK¦3KLORORJLHGHU:HOWOLWHUDWXU§*HVDPPHOWH$XIVlW]H]XUURP DQLVFKHQ3KLORORJLH(G)ULW]6FKDON%HUQ)UDQFNH %DO0LHNH7UDYHOOLQJ&RQFHSWVLQWKH+XPDQLWLHV$5RXJK*XLGH7RURQWR 8RI7RURQWR3 %DNKWLQ0LNKDLO07KH'LDORJLF,PDJLQDWLRQ)RXU(VVD\V$XVWLQ8RI7H[ DV3 %DOO-RKQ&OHPHQW¦$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK6DOPDQ5XVKGLH§&RQYHUVDWLRQVZLWK 6DOPDQ5XVKGLH(G0LFKDHO55HGHU-DFNVRQ0683RI0LVVLVVLSSL  %KDEKD+RPL.7KH/RFDWLRQRI&XOWXUH/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH &KDNUDZRUW\'LSHVK3URYLQFLDOL]LQJ(XURSH3RVWFRORQLDO7KRXJKWDQG+LV WRULFDO'LIIHUHQFH3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ83 The Emergence of a Literature of Migration (in Europe): When, Why, What, Where (Not) 53 SØREN FRANK 'RPtQJXH]&pVDU¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHVDVD&DVH6WXG\RI7KHRU\LQ&RP SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ &/&:HE &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH DQG &XOWXUH   :HE0D\ (DJOHWRQ7HUU\7KH(QJOLVK1RYHO$Q,QWURGXFWLRQ2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO .RQJVOLHQ,QJHERUJ¦1HZ1DUUDWLYHVLQ1RUZHJLDQDQG1RUGLF0XOWLFXOWXUDO /LWHUDWXUH2U¨5HZULWLQJ:KDW,WPHDQVWREH1RUZHJLDQ©§6FDQGLQDYL FD$Q,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI6FDQGLQDYLDQ6WXGLHV    .XVKQHU(YD7KH/LYLQJ3ULVP,WLQHUDULHVLQ&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH0RQ WUHDO0F*LOO4XHHQ©V83 /XNiFV*HRUJ7KH7KHRU\RIWKH1RYHO/RQGRQ0HUOLQ3UHVV 3DYHO7KRPDV/D3HQVpHGXURPDQ3DULV*DOOLPDUG 6H\KDQ$]DGH:ULWLQJ2XWVLGHWKH1DWLRQ3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 :DONRZLW]5HEHFFD/¦7KH/RFDWLRQRI/LWHUDWXUH7KH7UDQVQDWLRQDO%RRN DQGWKH0LJUDQW:ULWHU§&RQWHPSRUDU\/LWHUDWXUH    Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados (The Book of Chameleons) REINGARD NETHERSOLE Universidade de Santiago de Compostela +H>0DUWLQ/XWKHU.LQJ@ VKRXOGKDYHVDLG¦,PDGHDGUHDP§ ,I \RX WKLQN DERXW LW WKHUH©V D GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ KDYLQJ D GUHDPDQGPDNLQJDGUHDP -RVp(GXDUGR$JXDOXVD7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQV 7KHSXUVXLWDQGLQWHUURJDWLRQRIWKHSDVWKDYHEHFRPHWRSRLLQPXFKRI FRQWHPSRUDU\OLWHUDWXUHZRUOGZLGH3DUW VDWLUHRIWKHQHZSROLWLFDOHOLWH SDUWURPDQFHSDUWSROLWLFDOWKULOOHU-RVp(GXDUGR$JXDOXVD©VHSLVRGLF QRYHO 2 YHQGHGRU GH SDVVDGRV  $ 6HOOHU RI 3DVWV WUDQVODWHG DV 7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQV VHWLQSUHVHQWGD\$QJRODHPEUDFHVWKHFXU UHQWO\SRSXODULVVXHVRIPHPRU\DQGLGHQWLW\FRQVWUXFWLRQ7KHVHWKHPHV FDOOIRUDOLWHUDU\KLVWRULFDOWHUPZLWKZKLFKWRHQFDSVXODWHWKHLQWHUQDO G\QDPLFUHODWLRQVRISURFHVVHVWKDWPDNHRXUHSRFKDGHFLGHGO\KLVWRUL FLVLQJRQH<HWWKHVKRUWHOOLSWLFWH[W©VLQWHUZHDYLQJRIKLVWRU\DQGILF WLRQGHILHVJHQHULFFDWHJRUL]DWLRQDVZHOODVWKHWD[RQRPLHVEXLOWDURXQG HLWKHU QDWLRQDO 3RUWXJXHVH $QJRODQ  $IULFDQ RU SRVWFRORQLDO OLWHUD WXUH,QVWHDGWKHHQLJPDWLFOLIHVWRULHVRIDQDUUDWLQJJHFNRLQKDELWHG E\WKHUHLQFDUQDWHGVSLULWRI-RUJH/XLV%RUJHVDELEOLRSKLOHDOELQRLQD ODQGRIGDUNVNLQQHGPHQZLWKWKHYLVLRQDU\QDPH)pOL[9HQWXUD OXFN KDSSLQHVVGRXEOHGLQWKHILUVWDQGVHFRQGQDPH ZKRVHSURIHVVLRQLWLV WRIDEULFDWHSDVWV¦IDPLO\WUHHV§  IRUDQ\RQHGLVVDWLVILHGZLWKWKHLU 56 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe SHUVRQDOKLVWRULFLGHQWLWLHVDQGRQH-RVp%XFKPDQQDOLDV&RPUDGH3H GUR*RXYHLDVHHPWRILWUDWKHUWKHHYROYLQJSDUDGLJPRIWUDQVQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH WKDW VWUDGGOHV LQ $JXDOXVD©V SRHWLF ILFWLRQ WKUHH FRQWLQHQWV $IULFD (XURSH DQG WKH $PHULFDV %XW ZKDW GRHV WKH UHFHQW WUHQG RI WUDQVQDWLRQDO OLWHUDU\ FULWLFLVP LQ WKH ZDNH RI SUROLIHUDWLQJ GLVFRXUVHV DURXQGJOREDOLVDWLRQDQGFXOWXUHWKDWIUDPHPXFKWDONDERXWWKHWUDQV QDWLRQDO GLPHQVLRQV RI FXOWXUH K\EULGLW\ DQG SRVWLGHQWLW\ SROLWLFV LO OXPLQDWHEH\RQGWKHWKHRUHWLFDOZRUNRIIRULQVWDQFH9LMD\0LVKUDDQG %RE+RGJH¥RQWKHODEHORI¦SRVW  FRORQLDOLVP§(GZDUG6DLG¥RQWKH HQWDQJOHPHQW RI ¦FXOWXUH DQG LPSHULDOLVP§ +RPL %KDEKD¥RQ SHULO RXVFRQWDFW]RQHVDQG¦K\EULGLW\§DQG:DOWHU'0LJQROR©VDVVHUWLRQ RI¦ERUGHUJQRVHRORJ\§  UHTXLUHGWRGHDOZLWKWKHKLVWRULFWULDGRI XQIROGLQJJOREDOL]DWLRQEDVHGRQ(XURSH©VSURMHFWRIILUVW¦&KULVWLDQLV LQJ§WKHQ¦FLYLOL]LQJ§DQGILQDOO\¦GHYHORSLQJ§ LWV¦RWKHUV§ VLQFHWKH WK FHQWXU\" :KDW LV WKH FRPSDUDWLVW WUDLQHG LQ QHJRWLDWLQJ QDWLRQDO DQGVWDWHERUGHUVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLUOLQJXLVWLFOLPLQDOLWLHVJDLQLQJIURP $UMXQ $SSDGXUDL©V LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWR ¦WKH UHODWLRQVKLS DPRQJ ILYH GL PHQVLRQVRIJOREDOFXOWXUDOIORZVWKDWFDQEHWHUPHG D HWKQRVFDSH E  PHGLDVFDSH F WHFKQRVFDSH G ILQDQFHVFDSHDQG H LGHRVFDSH§ $S SDGXUDL  DQGWKDWIRUKLPGHILQHWKH FXUUHQW¦'LVMXQFWXUH DQG'LI IHUHQFHLQWKH*OREDO&XOWXUDO(FRQRP\§ DVVRPHWKLQJXQSUHFHGHQWHG" 0LQGIXORI:ODG*RG]LFK©VH[SORUDWLRQRIWKHQRWLRQRI¦ILHOG§ *RG ]LFK LQKDELWHGE\¦HPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV§  WKHIROORZLQJUHDG LQJ RI $JXDOXVD©V 2 YHQGHGRU GH SDVVDGRV LQ (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ WLHG LQWRWKHGLVFRXUVHRIDQHPHUJHQW1HZ (XURSHEH\RQGWKHQDWLRQVHHNV WRILQGDQVZHUV 0\FKRLFHRIUHDGLQJ7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQV  LQSODFHRI WKH3RUWXJXHVHRULJLQDOLVDGHOLEHUDWHRQHEHFDXVHLWLPPHGLDWHO\WUDQV IHUVWKHWH[WIURPWKHOLQJXLVWLFDOO\UHVWULFWHG/XVRSKRQHZRUOGLQWRWKH JOREDOKHJHPRQLFZRUOGRI(QJOLVK¦,PSRUWDQWZULWHUVIURPDURXQGWKH  $OWKRXJK3RUWXJXHVHLVWKHRIILFLDOODQJXDJHRIVHYHQQDWLRQV 3RUWXJDO%UD]LO $QJROD&DSH9HUGH*XLQHD%LVVDX0R]DPELTXHDQG6mR7RPp3ULQFLSH LWUHPDLQV REVFXUHWRPRVWOLWHUDU\VFKRODUV7KHDZDUGLQJRIWKH1REHO3UL]HWR3RUWXJXHVH Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 57 REINGARD NETHERSOLE ZRUOGDUHXQNQRZQWR(QJOLVKUHDGHUV,W©VDOPRVWOLNHDQRWKHUSODQHW§ WKHDXWKRUUHPDUNHGLQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWKWKH%UD]LOLDQMRXUQDOLVW3DXOR 3RO]RQRIIDIWHUUHFHLYLQJWKH,QGHSHQGHQW)RUHLJQ)LFWLRQ3UL]HIRUKLV QRYHO LQ/RQGRQLQ7KHZHEVLWHRQZKLFKWKLVLQWHUYLHZDSSHDUV LVFDOOHGVRPHZKDWHXSKHPLVWLFDOO\¦:RUGVZLWKRXW%RUGHUV§LQYRNLQJ WKHERXQGDU\GUDZQE\DQDWXUDOODQJXDJH¥LQ FRQWUDVWWRQXPHULFDO SLFWRULDO DQG PXVLFDO ¦ODQJXDJHV§¥WKDW WKH FRPPHUFLDO PDVWHU ODQ JXDJH(QJOLVKSURPLVHVWRRYHUFRPH:KHUHDVWUDQVODWLRQDVWUDQVSR VLWLRQ OLWHUDOO\ GHSRVLWV D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WH[W LQWR WKH OLEUDU\ RI WKH WDUJHWODQJXDJHDQGRSHQVDZLQGRZRQWKDWRWKHUFXOWXUH©VPHQWDOLW\ DQGKDELWXVQDWXUDOODQJXDJHFRQVWLWXWHVWKHYHU\ERUGHUWKDWSUHYHQWV FURVVLQJIURPRQHFXOWXUHLQWRDQRWKHU$SDUWLFXODUODQJXDJHQRWRQO\ SURYLGHVWKHWRXFKVWRQHIRULGHQWLW\LQWKHVHQVHRIFROOHFWLYHEHORQJLQJ LWDOVRLQWKHDFFHQWDQGWLPEUHRIDYRLFHVLJQDOVWKHSODFHDSHUVRQFDOOV KRPH7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQVKLJKOLJKWVERWKDVSHFWVE\RQWKHRQH KDQG WKH QDUUDWRU©V LQDELOLW\ WR SODFH WKH DFFHQW RI WKH ¦IRUHLJQHU§¥ ¦DPL[RIGLIIHUHQWSURQXQFLDWLRQVDIDLQW6ODYLFURXJKQHVVWHPSHUHG E\ WKH KRQH\HG VRIWQHVV RI WKH 3RUWXJXHVH IURP %UD]LO§  ¥ZKRVH XQH[SHFWHGDUULYDOLQFKDSWHUWKUHH  WULJJHUVWKHSORWWKDWZLOO OHDG WR WKH NLOOLQJ RI KLV IRUPHU SROLWLFDO IRH ¦DQ H[DJHQW RI WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI6WDWH6HFXULW\§  (GPXQGR%DUDWD FRFNURDFK GRV5HLVDWWKH KDQGV RI ¸QJHOD /~FLD )pOL[©V XQIDWKRPDEOH EHDXWLIXO EHORYHG ZKR KHPHWDWDQDUWH[KLELWLRQ  2QFHHQGRZHGZLWKDQHZSDVWDQG KHQFH D QHZ LGHQWLW\ XQGHU WKH QDPH RI -RVp %XFKPDQQ ERRNPDQ  WKHIRUHLJQHUD¦SKRWRMRXUQDOLVW§ E\SURIHVVLRQ  VSHDNVDIWHU¦VL[ VHYHQPRQWKV§ZLWKD¦/XDQGDQUK\WKP§  ORFDWLQJKLPILUPO\LQ WKDWFLW\©VHQYLURQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWLVWKHVHQVHRIEHORQJLQJWKDW VSHDNVIURPWKHPDQQHULQZKLFKDVHWWOHUIURP6RXWKHUQ$QJRODEOXUW LQJ¦RXWDQH[SOHWLYH LQ>WKHUHJLRQDOODQJXDJH@ 1KDQKHFD§ UHFRJQL]HV ZULWHU-RVp6DUDPDJRZKRGLHGUHFHQWO\KDVFKDQJHGWKHVLWXDWLRQVRPHZKDWEXW3RU WXJXHVHODQJXDJHOLWHUDWXUHLQFRQWUDVWWR)UHQFKDQG*HUPDQOLWHUDWXUHUHPDLQVPDUJLQ DOL]HG7KLVFULWLFDOPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQHVSHFLDOO\RIWKH3RUWXJXHVHVSHDNLQJQDWLRQVLQ$I ULFDUHODWHVWRWKHSROLWLFDOPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQE\DJHRSROLWLFVEDVHGRQHFRQRPLFLQWHUHVWV 58 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DQROGZRPDQRQWKHVWUHHWVRI1HZ<RUN (YD0LOOHUWKHSXUHO\LP DJLQHGPRWKHURI-RVp%XFKPDQQ DVIHOORZ FRPSDWULRWWKXVDGGLQJLQ WKHHQVXLQJFRQYHUVDWLRQLQ¦DFDIpIUHTXHQWHGE\&XEDQLPPLJUDQWV§   IDFWXDO HYLGHQFH WR WKH HPSORWPHQW RI %XFKPDQQ©V GUHDPHGXS OLIHVWRU\LQDPDQQHUWKDWDODUPVHYHQWKHH[SHUW)pOL[  6LPLODUO\ ZKLWHER\V¦ZKRNQHZKRZWRVSHDN4XLPEXQGX§  DQRWKHURI$Q JROD©VQXPHURXVLQGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVFRXOGVKDUHRQKLVIDWKHU©VIDUP ¦LQ *DEHOD§ ZKHUHWKHUDFLDOO\EODFNDOELQRSURWDJRQLVW)pOL[9HQWXUD VSHQWKLVVFKRROKROLGD\VD¦FKLOGKRRG>ž@ IXOORIPDUYHOORXVIODYRUV§  DFRPPRQZRUOGRIFKLOGKRRGJDPHVXQIHWWHUHGE\UDFLDODQG HWKQLF GLIIHUHQFHV (YHQ PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ WKH GRPLQDQW FRORQLDO ODQ JXDJHLQ$QJROD3RUWXJXHVHDIIRUGVOLNHDQ\LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDQGRI ILFLDOO\VDQFWLRQHGQDWLRQDOODQJXDJHLQ)pOL[© ZRUGVVSDFHIRU¦DWULEDO PDUNLQJ§ WKDWVHWVWKHFRKRUWRIVWXGHQWVWDXJKWE\WKHIDPRXVWHDFKHU *DVSDUZLWK D¦ORYHIRUROGZRUGV§  DQGZRUGSOD\QRWRQO\¦DSDUW IURPWKHLUSHHUV§ EXWHQDEOHVWKHPWR¦UHFRJQL]HRQHDQRWKHUHYHQLI WKH\©YHQHYHUPHWEHIRUHRQKHDULQJMXVWDIHZZRUGV§  7KDW¦>E@ HORQJLQJ WR WKH VDPH WULEH§   HQDEOHV WKH SURWDJRQLVW WR LGHQWLI\ WKH¦JRRGFRXSOHRI\HDUVROGHU§ H[DJHQW(GPXQGRUHIHUULQJWRKLP VHOISOD\IXOO\DV¦H[JHQW¥H[SHUVRQ§ DVVWXGHQWLQRQHRI¦3URIHVVRU *DVSDU©V FODVVHV§   D IDFWRU WKDW FDXVHV %DUDWD GRV 5HLV© WUXVW LQ )pOL[$OLIHORQJVKDUHGOLQJXLVWLFKDELWDQGIRQGPHPRU\RIDQLQIOXHQ WLDOWHDFKHUPRWLYDWHVWKHWUDPSDQG¦YHU\ODVWFRPPXQLVWVRXWKRIWKH HTXDWRU§  DV(GPXQGRGHVFULEHVKLPVHOIWRHYHQWXDOO\VHHNUHVFXH LQWKH9HQWXUDKRXVHIURP3HGUR*RXYHLD©VDOLDV%XFKPDQ©VUHOHQWOHVV UHYHQJHLQVSLUHG KXQW IRU KLP %\ FKRRVLQJ 7KH %RRN RI &KDPHOHRQV LQSODFHRI2YHQGHGRUGHSDVVDGRV,ZDQWHGWRDGGUHVVWKHLQJURXSRI (QJOLVKVSHDNLQJUHDGHUVDQGUDWKHUWKDQWDNHLQKDQGWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\ LPSRUWDQWLVVXHRIWUDQVODWLRQDWWHQGWRWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKLV 3RUWXJXHVH ERRNDVUHQGHUHGE\LWVWUDQVODWRU'DQLHO+DKQZLWKLQWKHH[SDQVLYH ILHOGRIJOREDOOLWHUDWXUHVLQ(QJOLVK  ,GHDOO\DOO(XURSHDQVZRXOGVSHDN¥RUUHDGDWOHDVW¥WKHODQJXDJHVRIWKHLUIHO ORZGHQL]HQVLQWKH(8EXWDVLVWKHFDVHZLWKPXOWLOLQJXDO$QJRODZKHUH3RUWXJXHVH LV WKH PHGLXP RI JRYHUQPHQWDO LQWHUDFWLRQ (QJOLVK KHUH VHUYHV PH DV PHDQV RI FRP Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 59 REINGARD NETHERSOLE %HVLGHVTXLFNHQLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOFLUFXODWLRQHDFKWUDQVODWLRQFRQVWL WXWHVDQHZDUHIUDFWLQJPHGLXPRIWKHUHDGHU©VRZQFXOWXUDOHQJDJHPHQW ZKLOHDOVREHDULQJWUDFHVRIWKHSDUWLFXODUOLQJXLVWLFFXOWXUDOXQLYHUVHLQWR ZKLFKWKHIRUHLJQWH[WKDVEHHQWUDQVIHUUHG%\PHUHO\H[DPLQLQJWKHWL WOHVRI$JXDOXVD©VERRNZHFDQVHHDSDUWLFXODUFXOWXUDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DWZRUN:KHUHDVWKH)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQRI2YHQGHGRUGHSDVVDGRV/H PDUFKDQGGHSDVVHV  FDSWXUHVWKHVDPHDVSHFW RI WKHQRYHOLQWKH ILJXUHRIDSXUYH\RURIIDNHGSDVWVDOOXGLQJWR)pOL[© DJHQF\DQGVWUHVV LQJWKHWRSLFRIUHPHPEHULQJDQGIRUJHWWLQJWKH(QJOLVKWLWOHIRFXVHVE\ IRUHJURXQGLQJWKHLPDJHRI¦FKDPHOHRQV§ RQWKHERRN©VFKDUDFWHUVDV OLDUV  ZKRVHHPLQJO\UHIXVHDFFHSWDQFHRIWKHLURZQXQLTXHSDVW +RZHYHUQRWRQO\LVWKHDOOVHHLQJILUVWSHUVRQQDUUDWRUQRWDFKDPHOHRQ EXWDJHFNRZKRVHRQO\¦FDPRXIODJH§  UHODWHVWRKLVKDYLQJEHHQD KXPDQLQKLVSUHYLRXVOLIHEXWOLNHDOOPHPEHUVRIWKHVSHFLHV¦OL]DUG§ FKDPHOHRQVDUHFDSDEOHRIJURZLQJWKHLUWDLODJDLQDIWHULQMXU\RUORVV DQGKHQFHWKHWLWOH©VPHWDSKRUDOVRUHIHUVSURJUDPPDWLFDOO\WRUHFRYHU\ IURPDWURFLWLHVFRPPLWWHGE\DOOVLGHVGXULQJWKHGHYDVWDWLQJKLVWRU\RI DFRXQWU\WRUPHQWHGILUVWE\DSDUWLFXODUO\KDVKFRORQLDOUHJLPHDIWHU :RUOG:DU,,DQGWKHQE\&LYLO:DUWKDWODVWHGPRUHWKDQ\HDUVWKH PHPRU\RIZKLFKVLPPHUVEHQHDWKWKHVWRU\OLQHXQWLOYLROHQFHUXSWXUHV WKHUHODWLYHFDOPDQGVHFXULW\RIWKH9HQWXUDKRXVHZLWKWKHSORW©VGH QRXHPHQWLQFKDSWHU¦/RYHD&ULPH§  WKHHYHQWLQZKLFK ¸QJHOD/~FLDDIWHUKDYLQJPDGHORYHWR)pOL[XQH[SHFWHGO\JXQVGRZQ (GPXQGR ¸QJHODLWWXUQVRXWLV%XFKPDQQ*RXYHLD©VGDXJKWHUIURP PXQLFDWLRQDFURVV (XURSH&RQFHUQLQJWKHLPSRUWDQWZRUNRIWKHWUDQVODWRU$JXDOXVD©V FRPPHQWVLQWKH3RO]QRIILQWHUYLHZDUHLOOXPLQDWLQJ¦/LWHUDU\WUDQVODWLRQPXVWDOZD\V EHPRUHWKDQDPHDQVWRDQHQG,WPXVWGRPRUHWKDQFRQYH\WKHVWRU\,WKDVWREHWKH OLYLQJLQFDUQDWLRQRIWKDWVWRU\LWVQHZPHWDSKRU LQDQHZODQJXDJH§ +DKQLQFORVHFRO ODERUDWLRQZLWK$JXDOXVDDOVRWUDQVODWHGWKHQRYHOV(VWDomRGDV&KXYDV  5DLQ\ 6HDVRQ  1DomR&ULRXOD  &UHROH   $V0XOKHUHVGH0HX3DL   DQG0\)DWKHU©V:LYHV    $IWHU$QJRODJDLQHGLQGHSHQGHQFHIURP3RUWXJDOLQLQWKHZDNHRIWKH &DUQDWLRQ5HYROXWLRQDQGDIWHUDSURORQJHGSHULRGRIDUPHGVWUXJJOHDJDLQVWWKHFROR QL]HUWKDWEHJDQLQJHQHUDWLQJH[WUHPHO\KDUVKUHSULVDOVIURP3RUWXJDORSSRVLQJ QDWLRQDOLVWDQGHWKQLFIRUFHVVXSSRUWHGGXULQJWKH&ROG:DUE\SUR[\DUPLHV &XEDDQG 60 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe KLV OLDLVRQ ZLWK 0DUWD D EODFN ¦LQWHOOHFWXDO¥SRHWHVV SDLQWHU§   EUXWDOO\PXUGHUHGE\(GPXQGRDQGKLV KHQFKPHQGXULQJWKHSROLWLFDO ¦VWUXJJOHV§EDFN¦LQVHYHQW\VHYHQ§  LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUJLYLQJELUWK WRDEDE\JLUO(GPXQGRWKHIRUPHUKXQWHURI¦DJDQJRILUUHVSRQVLEOH SHWLW ERXUJHRLV ZKR WULHG WR VHL]H SRZHU§   DQG QRZ WKH KXQWHG DQG FRUQHUHG YLFWLP UHFDOOV WKH HYHQW GHVSHUDWHO\ JRDGLQJ KLV IRUPHU FRPUDGHWKHSHUFHLYHGWUDLWRUWRWKHUHYROXWLRQ%XFKPDQQ*RXYHLDWR PXVWHUWKH¦FRXUDJH§ WRNLOOKLP ZKHQ,WKLQNDERXWLWDOO,VHHLVEORRGž $QG0DEHFRDPXODWWRIURP WKH VRXWK¥KH GLHG D ZKLOH DJR VWXSLG ZD\ WR JR VWDEEHG WZLFH LQ FROGEORRGLQDEDULQ/LVERQWKH\QHYHUIRXQGRXWZKRGLGLW¥0D EHFRFXWWKHXPELOLFDOFRUGZLWKDSHQNQLIHWKHQKHOLWDFLJDUHWWHDQG EHJDQWRWRUWXUHWKHEDE\EXUQLQJLWRQWKHEDFNDQGFKHVW$QGWKH EORRG0DVVHVRIEORRGDQGWKHJLUOWKDW0DUWD¥KHUH\HVZLGHOLNH PRRQV¥LWSDLQVPHWRGUHDPDERXWLW¥DQGWKHEDE\VFUHDPLQJWKH VPHOORIEXUQLQJIOHVK(YHQWRGD\ZKHQ,OLHGRZQWRVOHHSWKHVPHOO LVVWLOOWKHUHWKHVRXQGRIWKHFKLOGFU\LQJ§  %ULQJLQJWKHGHPRQVWKDWOLHDWWKHURRWRIDOO QDWLRQDO SROLWLFDOVRY HUHLJQW\WRWKHVXUIDFHDVVWDJHGLQ(GPXQGR©VVWXPEOLQJ¦XQZRUNHG WKURXJK§ UHPLQLVFHQFHRIWKHKRUULILFEXWUHSUHVVHGKDSSHQLQJGXULQJ WKH ELUWK RI WKH QHZ QDWLRQ LV FHUWDLQO\ QR ODXJKLQJ PDWWHU DQG WKH *HUPDQ WLWOH 'DV /DFKHQ GHV *HFNRV   VHHPV SX]]OLQJ DW ILUVW GHVSLWH WKHPDQ\FRPLFDOHOHPHQWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKIRULQVWDQFHDVWDWH PLQLVWHU©VVXFFHVVIXODWWHPSWWRKDYH)pOL[FRQVWUXFWD¦UHVSHFWIXO§   SDVW IRU KLP   WKDW LGHQWLILHV D SLOODU RI D QDVFHQW QDWLRQ WKH RSSRUWXQLVW¦0LQLVWHU IRU%UHDGPDNLQJ DQG 'DLU\3URGXFWV§   DV 6RXWK$IULFDVXSSRUWHGE\0RVFRZDQG:DVKLQJWRQ IRXJKWHDFKRWKHUGXULQJWKH \HDUORQJFLYLOZDU  ,QWKHFLYLOZDUDIWHUDSHULRGRIVWDOHPDWHWKDW VDZ/XDQGDDQGWKHQRUWKHUQSURYLQFHVRI$QJRODLQWKHKDQGVRIWKH03/$ 3RSXODU 0RYHPHQWIRUWKH/LEHUDWLRQRI$QJROD IODUHGXSDJDLQZLWKXQSUHFHGHQWHGIHURFLW\DI WHUUHEHOOHDGHU-RQDV6DYLPELDQGKLV81,7$PRYHPHQW 1DWLRQDO8QLRQIRUWKH7RWDO ,QGHSHQGHQFHRI$QJROD LQWKH6RXWKUHIXVHGWRDFFHSWGHIHDWLQWKHFRXQWU\©VILUVWIUHH DQGGHPRFUDWLFHOHFWLRQV Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 61 REINGARD NETHERSOLE OHJLWLPDWHIUHHGRPILJKWHULQ$QJROD©VYLROHQWVWUXJJOHIRULQGHSHQGHQFH IURPFRORQLDOUXOH'UDZLQJDWWHQWLRQWRWKHIDQWDVWLFDOQDUUDWRUDVHQ WLHQWVWULSHGJHFNRZLWKDGLVWLQFWO\KXQGUHG\HDUROGKXPDQSDVWDQG OLNHKLV¦IULHQG§  )pOL[9HQWXUDDORYHURIERRNVWKH*HUPDQWLWOH HPSKDVL]HV WKH FUHDWXUH©V FKDUDFWHULVWLF ¦DPD]LQJ ODXJK§ WKDW VRXQGV ¦OLNHDKXPDQODXJK  2QWKH RQHKDQGWKLVVRXQGLQDQRYHOULFK LQVHQVXDOLPDJHU\HVWDEOLVKHVWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHERQG  EHWZHHQWKH ¦JHQHDORJLVW§  ZKRGHYLVHVD¦GLVWLQJXLVKHGDQFHVWU\§ IRUSHRSOH ¦ZKRVHIXWXUHVDUHVHFXUH§  )pOL[DQGWKHVPDOOUHSWLOHWKDWLQKDELWV KLVKRXVH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKLV/DFKHQ WKHODXJK UHYHDOVDOUHDG\LQ WKHWLWOHWKHFRPHG\WKDWDULVHVIURPDFNQRZOHGJLQJWKHLQWUXVLRQRIIDF WXDOUHDOLW\¥+HLGHJJHUZRXOGFDOOLWH[LVWHQWLHOO¥LQWRVRFLHW\©V LQDX WKHQWLF SUHVHQWXQWKLQNLQJUHSURGXFWLRQRIOHDUQHGFLYLOL]HGEHKDYLRXU 7KHODXJKDVXVSHQVLRQRIUHDVRQLVERWKFRPSDVVLRQDWHDQGZLFNHG DQG WKH ODXJKLQJ FRQILGDQW WKH JHFNR QDPHG E\ )pOL[¥LURQLFDOO\¥ ¦(XOiOLR EHFDXVH KH©V VR ZHOO VSRNHQ§   FRQYH\V ZLWK WKLV VSRQ WDQHRXVSUHOLQJXLVWLFFRUSRUHDOXWWHUDQFHDEULHIOLEHUDWLRQIURPOLIH©V H[HUWLRQDV ZHOODVDIHHOLQJRIVXSHULRULW\WKDWOLIWVKLPWKHREVHUYHURI WKHJRLQJVRQLQWKH/XDQGDKRXVHDERYH WKHEHDUHUVRIWKH FRPLF)pOL[ WKHVHOOHURISDVWVDQG%XFKPDQQWKHEX\HURIDQHZLGHQWLW\LQVRIDU DVERWKDFWDQWVMXJJOHEHLQJDQGDSSHDUDQFHVHOIKRRG LSVHLW\ DQGDV VXPHGVHOILPDJH 8QGRXEWHGO\WUDQVODWLRQDORQJZLWKFRQVHFUDWLRQE\ZD\RIDZDUGV DQG SUL]HV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH ,QGHSHQGHQW )RUHLJQ )LFWLRQ 3UL]H RI ZKLFK $JXDOXVDLVWKHILUVWUHFLSLHQWIURP$IULFDVLQFHWKHDZDUG©VLQFHSWLRQLQ DGYDQFHG7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQ©V JOREDOWUDQVPLVVLRQDQGGLV VHPLQDWLRQWKXVUHPRYLQJLWIURPDILHOGRIHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVDVVRFL DWHGZLWKVRFLDOO\PDUJLQDOL]HGZULWHUV 1HYHUWKHOHVVLWOHDYHVWKHSODFH RI $JXDOXVD©V DIILOLDWLRQ ZLWK D SDUWLFXODU FRXQWU\ RU UHJLRQ©V OLWHUDU\ FDQRQXQGHFLGHG'RWKHDXWKRU©VELUWK LQ+XDPER$QJRODLQ  DQGWKHQRYHO©VVHWWLQJLQWKHFDSLWDOSUHVHQWGD\/XDQGDPDNHKLPD  6HHLQWKLVFRQQHFWLRQWKHUHYLHZVLQKWWSZZZFRPSOHWHUHYLHZFRPUHYLHZV SRDIULFDDJXDOMHKWP! 62 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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¦DERXW P\ ZRUN DV P\ OLWHUDWXUH§ WKH DXWKRU©V LWDOLFV  ZKHQ DVNHG LQ WKH LQWHUYLHZ ZLWK 3RO]RQRII ZKHWKHU KHFRQVLGHUVKLV¦ZRUNPRUH$IULFDQRU(XURSHDQ§¦,FRXOGDOVRDVN \RX§ WKH DXWKRU UHWRUWV ¦,V &RHW]HH PRUH $XVWUDOLDQ RU $IULFDQ" ,V 1DERNRYPRUH$PHULFDQRU(XURSHDQ")HUQDQGR3HVVRDPRUH(QJOLVK RU3RUWXJXHVH"§ 'HVSLWHWKXVXQGHUVFRULQJWKHIUDJLOLW\RIQDWLRQDODIILOL DWLRQFKHULVKHGE\DQ\QDWLRQVWDWHHDJHUWRSURWHFWLWVFXOWXUDOFDSLWDO SDUWLFXODUO\ WKURXJK LWV SHGDJRJ\ $JXDOXVD VLGHV ZLWK $IULFD DQG KHU ZULWHUVDOWKRXJKDFNQRZOHGJLQJWKHODFNRIUHDGHUVKLSRQWKHFRQWLQHQW 7KHELJJHVWSUREOHPLVWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIRXUSHRSOHGRQ©WKDYH DFFHVVWRERRNVEHFDXVHWKH\GRQ©WNQRZKRZWRUHDGDQGGRQ©WKDYH PRQH\ WR EX\ WKHP $IULFDQ ZULWHUV DUH LQ D FXULRXV SRVLWLRQ 2XU UHDGHUVDUHQRWLQRXURZQFRXQWULHVEXWLQ(XURSH:HZULWHIRUIRU HLJQHUVDQGLWFKDQJHVWKHZD\ZHZULWH:HDV$IULFDQDXWKRUVDUH PRUH OLNH WUDQVODWRUV¥DOZD\V WU\LQJ WR WUDQVODWH RXU UHDOLW\ IRU WKH IRUHLJQUHDGHU,VHHLWDVDFKDOOHQJHPRUHWKDQDQREVWDFOHKRZHYHU¥ DFKDOOHQJHWKDWIRUFHVXVWRILQGOLWHUDU\VROXWLRQVIRURXUILFWLRQ $JXDOXVD©VUHVSRQVHWR3RO]RQRII©VTXHVWLRQLQUHVSHFWRIDIILOLDWLRQ WRDSDUWLFXODUFDQRQRUFRXQWU\PDSVWKHVLWXDWLRQWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HV SRVWFRORQLDO DXWKRUV ZKRVH ¦ZULWLQJ EDFN§ IURP WKH VRFDOOHG 7KLUG :RUOGWRWKHUHVSHFWLYH 3RUWXJXHVH(QJOLVK)UHQFK FRORQLDOPHWURSRO LQ WKH )LUVW :RUOG GHPDQGV DQ DZDUHQHVV RI FXOWXUDO GLIIHUHQFH ¦SH FXOLDU WR ERUGHUOLQH H[LVWHQFHV§ %KDEKD   QRW QHFHVVDULO\ HQFRXQ WHUHGLQOLWHUDU\SURGXFWLRQDLPHGDWDORFDOPDUNHW1HLO/D]DUXV© XVHIXO ¦,QGLFDWLYH &KURQRORJ\§ IRU SRVWFRORQLDO VWXGLHV UDQJLQJ IURP  WRWKDWRIIHUVDQ¦RXWOLQHRI ZKDWVFKRODUVLQWKHILHOGPLJKW¥RU Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 63 REINGARD NETHERSOLE RXJKWWR¥FRQVLGHUZLWKLQWKHLUSXUYLHZ§ [LL LWHUDWHVWKH7KLUG:RUOG )LUVW:RUOGVSOLWZLWKLWVDWWHQGDQW+HJHOLDQWHPSRUDOL]DWLRQRIKLVWRU\ WKDWDOZD\VYDORUL]HVWKHKLJKHUVWDJHRIGHYHORSPHQW ,W LVLQWKHILVVXUH EHWZHHQWKHVHHPLQJO\GHYHORSHG :HVWHUQ VSKHUHRILQIOXHQFHDQGWKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG WKDW SRVWFRORQLDOLVP ZLWK D K\SKHQ WR GLVWLQJXLVK LWVHOIDV WKHVXFFHVVRUWRFRORQLDOOLWHUDWXUH ILUVWIRXQGLWVKRPHLQWKH (QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ ZRUOG DIWHU VKHGGLQJ WKH XPEUHOOD WHUP ¦&RPPRQ ZHDOWK/LWHUDWXUH§¥FRPSDUDEOHWRWKHWHUPIUDQFRSKRQLH¥IRUZULWLQJ SURGXFHGRXWVLGH*UHDW%ULWDLQLQWKHHDUO\V0HWDPRUSKRVHGLQWR SRVWFRORQLDOLVP XQK\SKHQHG  DQG DVVHUWLQJ LWV LPSOLFLW SUHVHQFH ¦LQ WKHGLVFRXUVHVRIFRORQLDOLVPWKHPVHOYHV§ 0LVKUD +RGJH WKH ¦SRVWFRORQLDO VSDFH§ LQ %KDEKD©V ZRUGV QHYHUWKHOHVV UHPDLQV ¦¨VXS SOHPHQWDU\© WR WKHPHWURSROLWDQFHQWUHLWVWDQGVLQDVXEDOWHUQDGMXQFW UHODWLRQ WKDW GRHVQ©W DJJUDQGL]H WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH :HVW EXW UHGUDZV LWVIURQWLHUVLQWKHPHQDFLQJDJRQLVWLFERXQGDU\RIFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFH§   %KDEKD©V 'HUULGHDQ LQIOHFWHG SRVLWLRQLQJ RI WKH GHK\SKHQDWHG  /D]DUXVH[SODLQVWKHFXWRIISRLQWRIKLVWLPHOLQHZLWKWKHHPHUJHQFHRIWKH86$ DV¦LPSHULDOLVWSRZHU§ LQ  [LL $OWKRXJKWKHYDOXHRIKLVFRQWULEXWLRQOLHVLQKLV OLQNLQJOLWHUDU\SURGXFWLRQLQFOXGLQJQRQILFWLRQZULWLQJIURPDOOFRXQWULHV¥DQGFROR QLHV WHUPHGGXULQJWKH%DQGXQJPHHWLQJRIQRQDOLJQHGVWDWHV¦7KLUG:RUOG§ WR PDMRUZRUOGKLVWRULFDOHYHQWVKLVVFDQWPHQWLRQLQJRIDXWKRUV RQO\WKRVHZKRVHWH[WV DUHWUDQVODWHG IURPWKH/XVRSKRQHOLQJXLVWLFVSKHUHFDQEHWDNHQDVIXUWKHUHYLGHQFHIRU ZKDW,FDOOHGHDUOLHUDUHVWULFWHG ZRUOG2QO\WKUHHDXWKRUVIURP$QJRODIHDWXUHLQWKH ¦&KURQRORJ\§0DQXHO5XLZLWKKLVVKRUWVWRU\FROOHFWLRQ<HV&RPUDGH$JKRVWLQKR 1HWR WKH ILUVW SUHVLGHQW RI LQGHSHQGHQW $QJROD  ZLWK SRHWU\ 6DFUHG +RSH DQG -RVp /XDQGLQR9LHLUDZLWKWKHQRYHO7KH5HDO/LIHRI'RPLQJRV ;DYLHU  &ULWLFDOO\HQJDJLQJWKHE\QRZFODVVLFZRUNLQWKHILHOG7KH(PSLUH:ULWHV%DFN 7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFHLQ3RVWFRORQLDO/LWHUDWXUHVE\$XVWUDOLDQV$VKFURIW*ULIILWKVDQG 7LIILQ   0LVKUD DQG +RGJH GHFODUH D K\SKHQHG SRVWFRORQLDOLVP ¦GHDG§   GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ ¦VKDUSO\ EHWZHHQ WZR NLQGV RI SRVWFRORQLDOLVP YLHZHG DV LGHRORJLFDO RULHQWDWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ DV D KLVWRULFDO VWDJH 7KH ILUVW DQG PRVW UHDGLO\ UHFRJQL]DEOH LVZKDWZHFDOORSSRVLWLRQDOSRVWFRORQLDOLVPZKLFKLVIRXQGLQLWVPRVWRYHUWIRUPLQ SRVWLQGHSHQGHQWFRORQLHVDWWKHKLVWRULFDOSKDVHRI¨SRVWFRORQLDOLVP© ZLWKDK\SKHQ  >ž@ 7KHVHFRQGIRUPHTXDOO\DSURGXFWRIWKHSURFHVVHVWKDWFRQVWLWXWHGFRORQLDOLVP EXWZLWK DGLIIHUHQWLQIOHFWLRQLVD¨FRPSOLFLWSRVWFRORQLDOLVP© ZKLFKKDVPXFKPRUH LQFRPPRQZLWK/\RWDUG©VXQK\SKHQHGSRVWPRGHUQLVPDQDOZD\VSUHVHQW¨XQGHUVLGH© ZLWKLQFRORQL]DWLRQLWVHOI§   64 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ILHOGVWLOOIDLOVWRUHFRJQL]HZKDW$SSDGXUDLFDOOVWKH¦QHZJOREDOFXOWXU DOHFRQRP\§ WKDW¦KDVWREHVHHQDVDFRPSOH[RYHUODSSLQJGLVWLQFWLYH RUGHU WKDWFDQQRWDQ\ORQJHUEHXQGHUVWRRGLQWHUPVRIH[LVWLQJFHQWHU SHULSKHU\ PRGHOV HYHQ WKRVH WKDW PLJKW DFFRXQW IRU PXOWLSOH FHQWHUV DQGSHULSKHULHV §   $ WUDQVQDWLRQDO WHPSODWH ZRXOG FHUWDLQO\ DFFRPPRGDWH $SSLDK©V VXJJHVWLRQLQVRIDUDVLWPDNHVVSDFHIRUSRHWLFFRQQHFWLRQDQGGLDORJXH DFURVV QDWLRQV DQG HYHQ KHPLVSKHUHV :LWK LWV WH[WXDO UHIHUHQFHV DQG LQWHUWH[WXDOUHODWLRQVWRWKUHHFRQWLQHQWV (XURSH 3RUWXJDO)UDQFH $I ULFD $QJROD6RXWK$IULFD DQG$PHULFD %UD]LO86$$UJHQWLQD 7KH %RRNRI&KDPHOHRQVVHHPVWREHDQLGHDOREMHFWEHFDXVHRIWKHZD\LQ ZKLFKLWFRQVWLWXWHVDUHOD\RIWUDQVQDWLRQDO FLUFXLWVRI NQRZOHGJH,DP VNHSWLFDOWKRXJKRIWKHFULWLFDODFXPHQRIDOLWHUDU\FULWLFLVPEHQWRQ SRHWLFDQDO\VLVIUDPHGWRIRVWHUPRGHUQLW\©VJOREDOFRQGLWLRQDQFKRUHG LQ HFRQRPLF LQWHUHVWV DQG VKDSHG E\ $SSDGXUDL©V ¦ILYH GLPHQVLRQV RI JOREDOFXOWXUDOIORZV§ PHQWLRQHGHDUOLHU%HVLGHVWKHFXUUHQWO\IDVKLRQ DEOH WUDQVQDWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYH WHQGV WR KLGH WKH IDFW WKDW PRGHUQLW\©V JOREDOFRQGLWLRQDULVLQJIURP¦&KULVWLDQLVLQJ§¦FLYLOL]LQJ§ DQGILQDOO\ ¦GHYHORSLQJ§ ZDVDORQJWLPHLQWKHPDNLQJ DV0LJQRORULJKWO\DVVHUWV :K\ QRW WKHQ H[DPLQH $JXDOXVD©V QRYHO ZLWKLQ D SRVWFRORQLDO SDUD GLJPWKDWOLNH%KDEKD©VIRULQVWDQFHLVFRXFKHGLQWKHYRFDEXODU\RI SRVWPRGHUQLVPZKLFKLQ0LVKUDDQG+RGJH©VWHUPLQRORJ\LVFRQVFLRXV RI¦DQDOZD\VSUHVHQW¨XQGHUVLGH©ZLWKLQFRORQL]DWLRQLWVHOI§  "%\ VXJJHVWLQJ LQVWHDG WR UHDG 7KH %RRN RI &KDPHOHRQV LQ WHUPV RI SRVW SRVWFRORQLDOLVP,ZLVKWRPRYHEH\RQG¦DILHOGRIDFDGHPLFVSHFLDOL]D WLRQ§ /D]DUXV[YL WKDWE\LWVYHU\LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQSULYLOHJHVFHUWDLQ OLWHUDWXUHVQRWDEO\IURPWKHHUVWZKLOHFRORQLHVEXWLPSULVRQVWKHQRYHO LQZKDW*RG]LFKRQFHFDOOHGD¦ILHOG§¥ZLWKTXRWDWLRQPDUNV%\WKLV GHVLJQDWLRQKHPHDQVWRUHIHU¦WRDSDUFHORIWKHFXOWXUDOO\FRQVWUXFWHG GRPDLQRINQRZOHGJHDVLWLVVXEMHFWWRWKHRSHUDWLRQVRIWKHDSSDUDWXV RINQRZOHGJHZKHUHDVILHOG ZLWKRXWTXRWDWLRQPDUNV LVWKHHQDEOLQJ FRQGLWLRQRIFXOWXUDOHODERUDWLRQ§  5HDGLQJWKHQRYHOLQWKHVHQVH WKDW*RG]LFKJLYHVWRILHOG ZLWKRXWTXRWDWLRQPDUNV ZKLFKLV¦WR LQ TXLUHLQWRWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIFXOWXUHWRJLYHQHVVWRLWVREMHFW§  7KH Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 65 REINGARD NETHERSOLE %RRNRI&KDPHOHRQV GLVSOD\VDPSOHHYLGHQFHRIHPHUJHQWSDVWVZKRVH ILJXUDWLRQHQWDLOVSURIRXQGFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUD1HZ(XURSH 7KHREMHFWLWV¦JLYHQHVV§ LVRXUFXOWXUH©VGRPLQDQWUHODWLRQWRWKH SDVWWKDW GXHWRDZLGHVSUHDG¦DEXVHRIPHPRU\§ 5LFRHXU0HPRU\  WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHDFFHSWDQFHRILGHQWLW\DVLPDJH¦KDVEHFRPH DV\QFKURQLFZDUHKRXVHRIFXOWXUDOVFHQDULRVDNLQGRIWHPSRUDOFHQ WUDOFDVWLQJ§ $SSDGXUDL WKDWIXUQLVKHVSURSVDVGHVLUHGWKHSDVWDV UHVHUYRLUWKHPHSDUNRU'LVQH\ODQGWKDWDOEHLWIHGE\WKHPDFKLQHU\ RIQRVWDOJLDXQGHUFXWVWKHZRUNRIPHPRU\ZKLFKDV5LFRHXUDUJXHV LQ KLV PDJLVWHULDO 0HPRU\ +LVWRU\ )RUJHWWLQJ LV LQWLPDWHO\ NQRWWHG LQWRLGHQWLW\¦FROOHFWLYHDVZHOODVSHUVRQDO§  :HDUHZLWQHVVLQJLQ (XURSHDQGHOVHZKHUHD¦PRELOL]DWLRQRIPHPRU\LQWKHVHUYLFHRIWKH TXHVWWKHDSSHDOWKHGHPDQGIRULGHQWLW\§  KHQFHOLWHUDWXUH©VIDV FLQDWLRQZLWKWKHZHOOZRUQWURSHRI PXWDEOHLGHQWLWLHV$JXDOXVDSOD\V ZLWKWKHWRSLFRIWKHIOXLGLW\RIWKHVHOIRQQXPHURXV OHYHOVWKHPRVWRE YLRXVUHODWHVWR)pOL[9HQWXUD©VRSHUDWLRQVDVLPDJHFRQVXOWDQWDQGVSLQ GRFWRUVRPXFKVRXJKWDIWHULQSROLWLFVDQGSXEOLFOLIHWKHVHGD\V ZKR DV¦DPDQZKRGHDOWLQPHPRULHVDPDQZKRVROGWKHSDVW§  GLSV LQWRWKH¦ZDUHKRXVH§ WR VHOOWRHDFKRIKLVFOLHQWVDQLPDJLQDU\IDPLO\ WUHH¥LQFOXGLQJSKRWRJUDSKVDQGGRFXPHQWVRIGHFHDVHGDQFHVWRUVWKDW HQGRUVHWKHOLHRIOLYHVQRW OLYHG7KXVE\WUDQVIRUPLQJKLVWRULFDOSDVWV LQWR DQ HYHU DYDLODEOH FRPPRGLW\ IRU WKH DIIOXHQW WKH SURWDJRQLVW EH FRPHVFRPSOLFLW LQ DKHJHPRQLFFXOWXUDOPDLQVWUHDPWKDWPLVXVHVSXEOLF  7KHERRNFDQEHUHDGRQQXPHURXVSODQHVRQHRIZKLFKFRXOGEHFRPSDUDWLYH WUDQVODWLRQDQRWKHUFRXOGEHSRVWFRORQLDOLVPWKDWIRFXVHVRQWKHQDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHDV WKHVLWHRIDQDPELYDOHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQDWKLUGUHDGLQJFRXOGFRQVLGHUWKHQRYHO©VVLJ QLILFDQW LQWHUSOD\ RI QDUUDWLYH DQG $QJRODQ  KLVWRU\ ZKLOH D IRUWK FRXOG FRQFHQWUDWH RQLWVULFKPHWDILFWLRQDODVSHFWV QRWRQO\LQUHODWLRQWRWUXWKLQILFWLRQDV HVSRXVHGLQ ¦'UHDP 1R §   EXW DOVR DV HYLGHQFHG E\ QXPHURXV UHIHUHQFHV WR D ZRUOGZLGH OLWHUDU\WUDGLWLRQLQFOXGLQJDPRQJRWKHUV(oDGH4XHLUR]5LFKDUG%XUWRQ-0&RHW ]HH0RQWDLJQHDQG%RUJHVZKRVHHSLJUDSKRSHQVWKHQRYHO¦,I ,ZHUHERUQDJDLQ,©G OLNHWREHVRPHWKLQJFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWž§ WKDWPDNHWKHQRYHODUHIOHFWLRQRQOLWHUDU\ IDEULFDWLRQ 2I LQWHUHVW LV DOVR D FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK 0DQXHO 5XL $OYHV 0RQWHLUR©V 6LP &DPDUDGD <HV&RPUDGHVKRUWVWRULHV ZKRVHWDOH¦7KH:DWFK§ *RG]LFKUHDGV DVDQH[DPSOHRIHPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUH 66 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe PHPRU\WRYDORUL]HDKHURLFSDVW0DQLSXODWLQJPHPRU\DQGVHOOLQJDUW IXOO\FRQVWUXFWHGLGHQWLWLHVPDGHXSIURPSURSVRIDQLGHRORJLFDOO\DF FHSWDEOHSDVWDVLQWKHFDVHRI¦7KH0LQLVWHU§  LVDQH[WUHPHO\ H[SHGLHQW FRQWULYDQFHLQWLPHVRIKLVWRULFRSROLWLFDOFKDQJHWKDWLVQRW XQLTXHWRDQ\SDUWLFXODUFRXQWU\DIWHUWKH)DOORIWKH%HUOLQ:DOOZKHQ PDQ\IHOWWKHQHHGWRKLGHWKHLUSDVWDFWLYLWLHV,WLVWKLVHSLVRGHWRJHWKHU ZLWKWKHRQHHQWLWOHGLURQLFDOO\¦5HDO&KDUDFWHUV§  LQZKLFK WKHPLQLVWHUZLWK)pOL[DVJKRVWZULWHUZULWHV¦DERRN7KH5HDO/LIH RID)LJKWHUDGHQVHYROXPHRIPHPRLUV§  UHGROHQWZLWKKLVIDFHG SDVWWKDWDFFRXQWIRUWKHQRYHO©VVDWLULFDOHIIHFW%XWVDWLUHZLWKLWVLP SOLHG FULWLTXH RI SRZHU FRQILJXUHV RQO\ RQH OHYHO RI D WH[W WKDW PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ FRQWUDVWV WKH WLPH RI KXPDQ OLIH DQG WKH WLPH RI KLVWRU\ ZLWKWKHFLUFXODUWLPHRIQDWXUHDQGWKDWE\MX[WDSRVLQJWKHUHIOH[LYH ZRUOGRIERRNVDQGWKHZRUOGRIKXPDQLQWHUDFWLRQVWDJHVWKHWHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ LQWKHZRUGVRI5D\PRQG:LOOLDPVWKH¦GRPLQDQWUHVLGXDO DQGHPHUJHQW§  DULVLQJIURPWKHFRQMXQFWLRQPHPRU\LGHQWLW\ LQUHODWLRQWRWKHSDVWRQWKHSODQHRIWKHVRFLDO 7KHPXWXDOGHSHQGHQF\RIPHPRU\DQGLGHQWLW\LVERUQIURPRXU H[SHULHQFHRIWLPHDVDEHIRUHDQGDIWHURIKDYLQJEHHQLQWKHSDVWDQG EHLQJ QRZ LQFOXGLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO RI IXWXUH RULHQWDWLRQ ,Q VR IDU DV LGHQWLW\VWULFWO\VSHDNLQJLVFRQVWLWXWHGE\DGRXEOHQDPHO\¦WKHQRWLRQ RIWKHVDPHLPSOLFLWLQWKHQRWLRQRIWKHLGHQWLFDO§ WKHVDPHDVLGHP DQG ¦WKHVDPHDVLSVHVHOI§ PHPRU\¦DVWKHWHPSRUDOFRPSRQHQWRILGHQ WLW\LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWDQGWKHSURMHFWLRQ RIWKHIXWXUH§ FRQVWLWXWHVLWVQHFHVVDU\FRUROODU\ 5LFRHXU0HPRU\  ,W LV QRW VR PXFK PHPRU\©V IUDJLOLW\ LWV WHQGHQF\ WR WHOO ¦$ WKRXVDQG /LHV§ DV WKH SURJUDPPDWLF ¦/XOODE\ IRU D 5LYHU§   WR ZKLFK )pOL[ OLVWHQVRYHU DQGRYHUDJDLQDWWKHRXWVHWRIWKHQRYHOLQVLQXDWHV 7KH SUREOHPUDWKHUDULVHVIURPWKHFXUUHQWO\GRPLQDQWWHPSWDWLRQWRWKLQN  7KHUHDGHUILUVWPHHWV WKHSURWDJRQLVW)pOL[OLVWHQLQJRQDQROGUHFRUGSOD\HUWR WKH¦¨/XOODE\IRUDULYHU©E\'RUDWKH&LFDGDD%UD]LOLDQVLQJHU§ ZKRWKHQDUUDWRU(X OiOLRLPDJLQHV¦WR KDYHKDGVRPHVRUWRIUHSXWDWLRQLQWKHVHYHQWLHV§  7KHSURJUDP PDWLFYHUVHVRIWKHVRQJQRWRQO\IRUHVKDGRZZKDWKDSSHQVZKHQSDVWVOHHSLQJ¦0HP RU\ WHOOV$WKRXVDQGOLHV§ DQG¦ZRXQGV7KHDJRQLHV§ DUHURXVHGDVHYLGHQFHGLQWKH Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 67 REINGARD NETHERSOLE ¦RI LGHQWLW\RIGpUDLVRQLQGHQWLWDLUHDV-DFTXHV/H*RIIFDOOVLW§ DVFRQ VLVWLQJ¦LQWKHUHWUHDWRILSVHLGHQWLW\LQWRLGHPLGHQWLW\RULIRQHSUHIHUV LQWKHVOLSSDJHWKHGULIWIURPWKHIOH[LELOLW\SURSHUWRVHOIFRQVWDQF\DV PDQLIHVWHGLQWKHSURPLVHWRWKHLQIOH[LEOHULJLGLW\RIDFKDUDFWHULQWKH TXDVLW\SRJUDSKLFDOVHQVHRIWKHWHUP§ 5LFRHXU0HPRU\  ,QRWKHU ZRUGVWKHVXEMHFWE\FRQVWUXFWLQJLGHQWLW\DV EUDQGRULPDJHH[SUHVVLQJ DGHVLUHGOLIHVW\OHIRUHJRHVLQWKHZKDW LGHP WKHKRZ LSVH WKHUHIRUH SUHYHQWLQJ DFKLHYHPHQW RI VHOIKRRG RU LSVHLW\ SURSHU DQG ZLWK LW WKH DELOLW\ ERUQ IURP DQ DIIHFWLYH DQG DFWLYH PHPRU\ WR EH ERWK UHDGHU DQGZULWHURILWVRZQOLIH6XFKVLQJXODULSVHLW\FRQVWUXFWHGLQWKHZHE RIOLYLQJWRJHWKHULV¥DVZHDOODUH¥VXEMHFWWRWKHKLVWRULFDORUILFWLRQDO QDUUDWLYHV FRQYH\HG E\ RXU FXOWXUH ¦6R VHOIFRQVWDQF\§ LQ 5LFRHXU©V ZRUGV¦UHIHUVWRDVHOILQVWUXFWHGE\WKHZRUNVRIDFXOWXUHWKDWLWKDV DSSOLHGWRLWVHOI§ 7LPHDQG1DUUDWLYH   7KH %RRN RI &KDPHOHRQV DQ HSLVRGLF WH[W ZLWK WKH VWUXFWXUH RI D QRYHOOD EHFDXVH WKH HPSORWPHQW FRYHULQJ WKH VSDFH RI DERXW HLJKW PRQWKV LV RUJDQL]HG DURXQG D VLQJOH VXUSULVLQJ HYHQW WKDW JHQHUDWHV WKHSHULSHWHLD UHVXOWLQJIURP¸QJHODNLOOLQJ(GPXQGRDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\ OHDYLQJ WKH FRXQWU\ FRQILJXUHV WKURXJK WKH YDULRXV FKDUDFWHUV LQ LWV WKLUW\WZR XQQXPEHUHG FKDSWHUV RU YLJQHWWHV VHYHUDO RI ZKLFK DUH QR PRUHWKDQRQHWRWZRSDJHVWKHSDVWDVLQWHUSOD\RIPHPRU\DQGLSVHLW\ :HDUH¦DOOLQDFRQVWDQWVWDWHRIFKDQJH§ FRPPHQWV(XOiOLR¦7KDW©V ULJKW,©PQRWTXLWHWKHVDPHDV ,ZDV\HVWHUGD\§  WKHTXHVWLRQLV KRZWKHVHOIHQJDJHVLWVLSVHLW\ PQHPRQLFDOO\LQWKHSDVWLQLWVVHQGLQJ LQWKHFRQWLQXRXVH[FKDQJHRIIRUPVFRQILJXUHGRQWKHRQHHQGRIWKH VSHFWUXP DV UDGLFDO FRUSRUHDO PHWDPRUSKRVLV IURP KXPDQ WR DQLPDO (XOiOLR DQGWKHZRUNRIKXPDQPHPRU\RQWKHRWKHU7KHGHYLFH RI %XFKPDQQ(GPXQGR¸QJHODHQFRXQWHUEXWEHVLGHVFODLPLQJWKDW¦1RWKLQJSDVVHVQRU H[SLUHV§  WKHILUVWYHUVHLQVLVWVRQDQXQVWDEOHHYHQO\LQJPHPRU\¦0HPRU\WHOOV $WKRXVDQGOLHV§   ,QGHHGPHPRU\DVWKHWHPSRUDOFRPSRQHQWRILGHQWLW\LVIUDJLOH OLNHWKHODWWHUZHQHYHU NQRZLIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQKDVQRWODLGWUDSVIRURXUPHPRU\(X OiOLRSXWVLWWKXV¦0HPRU\LVDODQGVFDSHZDWFKHGIURPWKHZLQGRZRIDPRYLQJWUDLQ >ž@ WKLQJVDUHSHUFHLYHG DVUHDOEXWWKH\DUHVRIDUDZD\ZHFDQ©WWRXFKWKHP6RPHDUH VRIDUVRYHU\IDUDZD\DQGWKHWUDLQPRYLQJVRIDVWWKDWZHFDQ©WEHVXUHDQ\ORQJHU WKDWWKH\UHDOO\GLGKDSSHQ0D\EHZHPHUHO\GUHDPHGWKHP"§   68 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe GRXEOLQJWKHVXEMHFWLQVXFKDPDQQHUWKDWWKHQDUUDWLQJJHFNRIXQFWLRQV DVLQWHUSUHWDWLYHDQG)pOL[9HQWXUDDVFRJQLWLYHVXEMHFWDOEHLWUHVWULFWHG LQLWLDOO\WRWKHFUHDWLRQRI¦SORWV§ WKDWODXQFKFKDUDFWHUVLQWR¦UHDOLW\§   D UHDOLW\ WKDW SHUVXDGH ERWK WKH LQGLYLGXDO UHFLSLHQW RI WKH SDVW DQGWKHFROOHFWLYHZKRDFFHSWVLWHQDEOHVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIPHPRU\ LQLWVWZRIROGDVSHFW$V5LFRHXUUHPLQGVXV$ULVWRWOHDOUHDG\GUHZD GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQ¦VLPSOHPHPRU\ PQHPH § DULVLQJ¦LQWKHPDQQHU RIDIIHFWLRQ§ DQG DQDPQHVLV RUUHFROOHFWLRQFRQVLVWLQJ¦LQRXUDFWLYH VHDUFK§ 0HPRU\  :KHUHDV¸QJHOD/~FLDDQG9HQWXUD©VPDLG¦2OG (VSHUDQoD§  HPERG\WKHIRUPHU)pOL[9HQWXUDDQG-RVp%XFKPDQQ UHSUHVHQW WKH ODWWHU 7KLV GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ UHFROOHFWLRQ DQG PQHPH GUDZQ E\ $ULVWRWOH VLJQLILHG LQ WKH WH[W LQ WKH PDQQHU LQ ZKLFK WKHVH IRXUFKDUDFWHUVDWWHQGWRWKHLUSDVWLQVFULEHVLQLWVDPELYDOHQWDQGFKL DVWLFLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWKHWLPHRIQDWXUHZLWKLWVHWHUQDOUHWXUQRIWKHVDPH DQGWKHOLQHDUWLPHRIKLVWRU\DVVXFFHVVLRQRIHYHQWVWKHWLPHRIKXPDQ OLIHLQLWVUHODWLRQWRWKHSDVWLQWKHSUHVHQW9HQWXUDZKRDEVROYHVKLV FOLHQWVIURPWKHLUSDUWLFXODUSDVWDQG%XFKPDQQZKRLVIXUWLYHO\EXU GHQHGE\PHPRU\¦WKURXJKVRPH\HDUVRIWHUULEOHGHVSDLU§  DVWKH QDUUDWRUVXVSHFWVFRQVFLRXVO\UHFDOOWKHFKDQJLQJHYHUSUHVHQWIRUFHRI YLROHQW KLVWRULFDOHYHQWVLQDQDPELWLRXVDWWHPSWWRH[HUWPDVWHU\RYHU WKHSDVWDQGZLWKLWWKHSUHVHQW7KHLUVLVDQDFWLYHDOEHLWPDVNHGVHDUFK IRUPQHPRQLFWUDFHVUHSUHVHQWLQJUHFROOHFWLRQLQIRUPRIUHWULEXWLYHDF WLRQZKHUHDVPHPRU\DVSDVVLRQ SDWKRV LVGLVSOD\HGLQWKHPDQQHULQ ZKLFK¸QJHOD/~FLDDQG(VSHUDQoD¥WKHLUQDPHVUHIOHFWLQJWKHLUUHVSHF WLYH QDWXUHV DQJHO OLJKW DQG KRSH¥DFFRPPRGDWH WKH SUHVHQW UHDOLW\ RI WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH OLYHV PDUNHG E\ WKH KRUULILF KLVWRULFDO HYHQWV WKDW $QJROD©V WXPXOWXRXV KLVWRU\ H[HUWHG RYHU WKHP ¸QJHOD LV SK\VLFDOO\ VFDUUHGE\WKHDWURFLW\LQIOLFWHGXSRQKHUDWWKHYHU\SRLQWRIKHUELUWK WKH EXUQ PDUNV DUH UHYHDOHG GXULQJ )pOL[ DQG ¸QJHOD©V ORYHPDNLQJ  DQG(VSHUDQoDZKRKDGJRQHWRWKH¦RSSRVLWLRQOHDGHUVWRSLFN XSDOHW WHUIURPKHU\RXQJHVWVRQ§ EDUHO\¦VXUYLYHGDPDVVDFUH§ LQ RQO\ EHFDXVHWKH¦JXQPHQ§ZKRKDGOLQHGXSDQGVKRWLQWKH\DUGWKH¦RSSR VLWLRQOHDGHUDQGKLVIDPLO\§ KDG¦QREXOOHWVOHIW§  )RU(VSHUDQoD ZLWK ¦RQH RI KHU VPDOOHU JUDQGFKLOGUHQ RQ KHU EDFN ZUDSSHG WLJKWO\ Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 69 REINGARD NETHERSOLE LQDSLHFHRIFORWKDVLVWKHDQFLHQWFXVWRPRIWKHFRXQWU\§  VLJQL I\LQJORYLQJSURWHFWLRQ¥VKHLV¦WKHSLOODUNHHSLQJ§ WKH9HQWXUDKRXVH XS  ¥¦VLPSOHPHPRU\§ OHDGVWR GHDOLQJZLWKKHUSDVWH[SHULHQFHE\ JHQWO\PXUPXULQJXQLQWHOOLJLEO\¦DOPRVWOLNHDVRQJ§  ZKLOHZRUN LQJDURXQGWKHKRXVH¸QJHODWUDQVIRUPVPQHPH LQWRD¦6SOHQGRULXP§ FKDSWHUKHDGLQJ E\SURGXFLQJWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIOLIHLQWRLWVXQL YHUVDOLPPHQVHIRUPWKHIRUPWKDWZLOOH[WUDFWIURPOLIHLPDJHVLQZKLFK ZHZRXOGKDYHSOHDVXUHLQEHLQJ¸QJHODOLNHKHUIDWKHUDSURIHVVLRQDO SKRWRJUDSKHUFDSWXUHVLPDJHVRIFKDQJLQJFORXGVDQGOLJKWDQGFDOOVWKH VHWRIVOLGHVVKHFDUULHVDURXQGZLWKKHUD¦VSOHQGRULXP§  LQZKLFK DUHUHPHPEHUHG¦QXPHURXVNLQGVRIVSOHQGRUJDWKHUHGLQWKHVDYDQQDKV RI$IULFDLQWKHROGFLWLHVRI(XURSHRUWKHPRXQWDLQUDQJHVDQGIRUHVWV RI/DWLQ$PHULFD/LJKWVIODVKHVIDLQWJORZVFDXJKWZLWKLQDOLWWOHSODVWLF IUDPHZKLFKVKH XVHVWRIHHGKHUVRXOLQGDUNGD\V§  ¸QJHOD©VSKR WRJUDSK\FRQWUDVWVVKDUSO\ZLWK%XFKPDQQ©VGRFXPHQWHG¦PHPRULHV§DV ¦SKRWRMRXUQDOLVW§¥¦,FROOHFWLPDJHVRIZDUVRI KXQJHUDQGLWVJKRVWV RIQDWXUDOGLVDVWHUVDQGWHUULEOHPLVIRUWXQHV<RXFDQWKLQNRIPHDVD ZLWQHVV§  ¥DVVHPEOHGIURPWKHZRUOG©VFRQIOLFW]RQHVOLNH$IJKDQL VWDQ,UDT6DOYDGRU3HUXWKH)DONODQGV¦,VUDHODQG3DOHVWLQH§ DQG EH \RQGWKDWWKUHDWHQDFFRUGLQJWRKLVGDXJKWHU¦WRSROOXWHWKLVKRXVHZLWK EORRGž§  $OWKRXJKLWLVVKHZKRSXOOVWKHWULJJHUWKDWUXSWXUHVWKH SHDFHRIWKH¦OLYLQJEUHDWKLQJKRXVH§ WKDWPDNHVHYHU\RQHEXWPRVWO\ (XOiOLR¦IHHOVDIH§  ¸QJHOD©VXQPHGLDWHGNLOOLQJRI(GPXQGRLVWKH UHVXOWRIPQHPRQLFDIIHFWLRQ UDWKHUWKDQDQ DFWLYHVHDUFK 7KH OLPLQDOLW\ RI KLVWRULFDO WLPH RI HLWKHU D ORQJ GXUDWLRQ RU SDU WLFXODUHYHQWVFRPHVLQWRYLHZZKHQUHPHPEUDQFHLQWKHIRUPRISXUH LQWHULRULW\LV QRWRQO\HQJHQGHUHGE\VLWHVRIPHPRU\EXWE\LQYROXQ WDU\QRWVHDUFKHGIRUUHFROOHFWLRQRIDSDVWWKDWKDVEHHQ¦UHDOO\OLYHG WKURXJK§ DV VXJJHVWHG E\ (XOiOLR ZKHQ REVHUYLQJ )pOL[ QDUUDWLQJ KLV FKLOGKRRG  0RUHRYHUWKHPDWHUQDOLQVWLQFWVRISURWHFWLRQDVZHOODV WKHOLELGLQDOGHVLUHWKDWPDNHV)pOL[¥LQVWHDGRIJUDWLI\LQJLWZLWKSURV WLWXWHV  ¥¦JLYHKLPVHOIWRWKHILUVWZRPDQ>¸QJHOD@ ZKRXSRQVHHLQJ KLP>WKHXJO\DOELQR@ GLGQ©WUHFRLOLQKRUURU§  PDQLIHVWDWLPHRI QDWXUH DV SXUH IORZ RI WHPSRUDO H[SHULHQFH LQ F\FOLFDO UK\WKPV RI OLIH 70 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DQG GHDWK 'HDWK ELUWK VH[ VWUXJJOH LQ ZKLFK RQH ZLOO EH YLFWRU DQG DQRWKHUYLFWLPFRQMRLQKLVWRULFDOWLPHDQGWKHWLPHRIQDWXUHRUPRUH SUHFLVHO\KXPDQDQGQRQKXPDQWLPHWKDWDFFRXQWDWWKHLULQWHUVHFWLRQ IRU¦5HDOLW\§ DVEHLQJHVVHQWLDOO\¦SDLQIXODQGLPSHUIHFW§ 7KDWLVKRZ WKH ¦YLUJLQ§   (XOiOLR LQVWUXFWHG E\ KLV PRWKHU VXUPLVHV RXU EH LQJLQWKHZRUOGWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUVFRQFOXGLQJHUURQHRXVO\¦*LYHQD FKRLFHEHWZHHQOLIHDQGERRNV§ LQ ZKLFK¦WKHUHDOSDLQRIHYHU\WKLQJ§ LVUHSUHVHQWHG¦\RXPXVWFKRRVHERRNV§  XQWLOKHEHJLQV¦WRXQ GHUVWDQG§  ZKHQREVHUYLQJ)pOL[© DQG¸QJHOD©VORYHPDNLQJ¥LQWKH FKDSWHUHQWLWOHGSRUWHQWRXVO\¦/RYHD&ULPH§ EHFDXVHLWGHSLFWV MR\DQG SDLQOLWHUDOO\VLGHE\VLGH¥WKDWDFWXDOOLYLQJGHPDQGV¦FRXUDJH§   7KDW FRXUDJH )pOL[ ODFNHG EHIRUH IDOOLQJ LQ ORYH ZLWK ¸QJHOD DQG DV DUHVXOWKHLVDEOHWROHDYHWKHLQWLPDWHVKHOWHURIWKHKRXVHILOOHGZLWK ¦ERRNVDERXWHYHU\WKLQJWKRXVDQGVRIWKHPLQKHULWHGIURPKLVDGRSWHG IDWKHUDVHFRQGKDQGERRNGHDOHUZKR©GH[FKDQJHG/XDQGDIRU/LVERQ DIHZPRQWKVDIWHULQGHSHQGHQFH§  DQGHPEDUNVRQWKHSURPLVHRI WKHIXWXUHE\GHFLGLQJWRIROORZKLVEHORYHGWR%UD]LO 0HPRU\LVRXUOLQNWRWKHSDVWDQGWKHGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIPQHPRQ LFVDWZRUNDOUHDG\FRORXUSURIRXQGO\WKHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIGHDOLQJZLWK SDVWHYHQWVLQWKH¦UHDOLW\§ RIWKHSUHVHQWEXWWKHTXHVWLRQUHPDLQVZKDW ZHGRZLWKWKHSDVWSUHVHUYHGLQPHPRU\DQGWKHPDWHULDOWUDFHZKHWKHU VFULSWXUDOLQIRUPRIYLVXDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRUPHPRU\VLWHVWKHODWWHU ZLWK3LHUUH1RUD©V/LHX[GHPpPRLUH YHU\PXFKLQWKHIRUHIURQWRIGLV FXVVLRQ)RU(XOiOLRZKRVHREVHUYDWLRQVDQGFRPPHQWDU\DFFRPSDQ\ WKHKXPDQZRUOGRIDFWLRQDZRUOGWKDWUHPDLQVXOWLPDWHO\EORFNHGIRU KLPGXH WRKLVFRUSRUHDODQLPDOVWDWH¦WKRXJKWEHIRUH§ PHHWLQJ)pOL[  ,QDWH[WULFKZLWKWKHFRQWUDSXQWDOLQWHUSOD\RIWKHOLIHRIQDWXUHDQGKXPDQOLYHV HSLWRPL]HGLQWKH)pOL[JHFNRUHODWLRQ WKDWGUDZVWKHUHDGHU©VDWWHQWLRQWRWKHLQVHSDUD ELOLW\RI¦QDWXUH§ DQG¦FXOWXUH§ WKDWPRGHUQLW\UHOHJDWHGWRWKHDUFKDLFDVVXPLQJWKDW DYHQHHURIFXOWXUHZRXOGPXWHWKHPDQLIROGYRLFHVIURPRXUQRQKXPDQHQYLURQPHQWLW LV%XFKPDQQZKRDOHUWV )pOL[ DQG(XOiOLRWRWKH¦LQWHUHVWLQJH[HUFLVH>@ WRWU\DQGVHH WKLQJVIURPWKHYLFWLP©VSRLQWRIYLHZ§  $QGRSHUDWLQJDVFRXQWHUIRLOWR9HQWXUD©V FRPSDUDWLYHO\DIIOXHQWH[LVWHQFHLQKLVLQKHULWHGVHFXUHKRXVHWKHUHLVDQRWKHU¦/HWPH VKRZ\RXWKHFLW\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIDZUHWFKHGGRJ§ %XFKPDQQRIIHUVDIWHUIRO ORZLQJ(GPXQGRZKROLYHVLQDVHZHU   Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 71 REINGARD NETHERSOLE 9HQWXUDWKDWWKH¦SDVW LVXVXDOO\VWDEOH LW©VDOZD\VWKHUHORYHO\RUWHU ULEOHDQGLWZLOOEHWKHUHIRUHYHU§  6LQFH(XOiOLRKDVUHFRXUVHRQO\ WRWKHSDVWQHVVRIKLVSDVWLQKXPDQIRUPWKDWQHYHUWKHOHVVLQIRUPVKLV RSLQLRQVDQGMXGJPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJWKHJRLQJVRQLQ9HQWXUD©VKRXVHLW LV QRWVXUSULVLQJWKDWWKHJHFNRVKRXOGOLNHVRPDQ\RIXVQHJDWH WKHOLQN EHWZHHQUHPHPEHULQJDQGWKHTXLWHOHJLWLPDWHZLVKWRPRGLI\RXUVHOI KRRGRULSVHLW\ E\ OHDUQLQJIURPDQGWDNLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHSDVW $ZDUHRQO\RIWKHWLPHRIQDWXUHWRZKLFKKHUHIHUVDV¦WKHVHFUHWEX]] RI HQ]\PHV§ WKDWKDYH¦EHHQHDWLQJDZD\DWKLVRUJDQV§ (XOiOLRNQRZV ¦WKDWZH©UHDOOLQDFRQVWDQWVWDWHRIFKDQJH§  EXWKHLVXQDEOHDW ILUVWWRPDNHWKHFRQQHFWLRQWRKXPDQWLPH)pOL[UHPLQGV(XOiOLR¦RQO\ FKLOGUHQOLYHLQDZRUOGZKHUHWKLQJVFDQODVWIRUHYHU§  DUHPLQGHU WKDWDOORZVWKHUHDGHUWRDVVRFLDWH(GPXQGRDUHPRUVHOHVVPDQGHVSHU DWHO\KROGLQJRQWRKLVSDVW  ZLWKVRPHRQHORFNHGLQWRDVWDWHRI FKLOGKRRG +DYLQJ EHFRPH DZDUH RI WKH LQHYLWDEOH IOXLGLW\ RI WKH SDVW DIWHUZLWQHVVLQJ%XFKPDQQ©VPHWDPRUSKRVLVWKHJHFNRQDUUDWRUPXVHV /RRNLQJDWWKHSDVWFRQVLGHULQJLWIURPZKHUH,DPQRZDV,PLJKW ORRNDWDODUJHVFUHHQLQIURQWRIPH,FDQVHHWKDW-RVp%XFKPDQQLV QRW-RVp%XFKPDQQEXWDIRUHLJQHULPLWDWLQJ-RVp%XFKPDQQ%XWLI ,FORVHP\H\HVWRWKHSDVWDQGVHHKLPQRZDVWKRXJK,©GQHYHUVHW H\HVRQKLPEHIRUH,VLPSO\ZRXOGKDYHWREHOLHYHLQKLP¥WKLVPDQ KDVEHHQ-RVp%XFKPDQQDOOKLVOLIH  (XOiOLR KHUH DUWLFXODWHV WKH ¦FRJQLWLYH GLPHQVLRQ RI PHPRU\ LWV FKDUDFWHURINQRZLQJ§ WKDWLQ5LFRHXU©VZRUGV¦OLHV LQ WKLVUHIHUHQFH§ QDPHO\¦WKHDQWHULRULW\RIWKH¨WKLQJ© UHPHPEHUHGLQUHODWLRQWRLWVSUH VHQWHYRFDWLRQ§ 0HPRU\ VRPHWKLQJWKDWDWILUVWLVUHTXLUHGWRUHQ GHUPHPRU\WUXVWZRUWK\6HFRQGO\DQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWDVUHJDUGVWKH SDVWE\WDNLQJDFRPSDUDWLYHPHDVXUHEHWZHHQDOLYHGWKURXJKSDVWVLWX DWLRQDQGDQH[SHULHQWLDOSUHVHQWRQHZHJDLQLQVLJKWLQWRZKDWKDSSHQV RYHUWLPHRIKRZWKHSDVWDIIHFWVWKHSUHVHQWE\ZD\RIUHFROOHFWLRQWKDW DWWKHVDPHWLPHLVDOVRDOZD\VDUHFRJQLWLRQRIDSDUWLFXODUVWDWHRIDI IDLUV&ORVLQJRXUH\HVWRWKHSDVWDQGKHQFHREOLWHUDWLQJLWHQJHQGHUVD FRPSOHWHO\GLVWRUWHGSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWUHVXOWLQJLQDFRQWLQXRXV 72 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe QRZ LQZKLFKDOOWUDFHVRIDXQLTXHOLYHGSDVWDUHHIIDFHGHDVLO\UHSODFH DEOHZLWK¦DEUDQGQHZSDVW§  IURPWKHLQQXPHUDEOHLPDJHVRIDKLV WRULFLVHGDQGGLVMRLQWHGSDVW,QVWDQWLDWHGLQWKH¦ZDUHKRXVH§ PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHUVHFRQGDU\UHPHPEHULQJLQDSUHGRPLQDWHO\YLVXDOFXOWXUHEDVHG RQPHPRU\DLGVOLNHLPDJHVSKRWRJUDSKVDQGFRPPHPRUDWLYHPHPRU\ VLWHVUHSODFHSURFHVVHVRISULPDU\ UHPHPEUDQFHLQDQDJHZKHUH¦SODVWLF VXUJHU\§ WKDW¦VWROH§ WKHIDFH§ RI¦7KH0DQLQWKH0DVN§  LVFDSD EOHRIHUDGLFDWLQJHYHQERGLO\WUDFHVRI LGHQWLW\6SOLWWLQJWKH¦VXEMHFWDV QRRORJLFDOVXEMHFWIURPLWVGLVWLQFW ERGLO\VXEMHFW§ 5LFRHXU7LPHDQG 1DUUDWLYH DVHYLGHQFHGLQWKLVFDVHZKHUH¦7KH0DQLQWKH0DVN§ LV VRPHRQHZKRNQRZVKLVSDVWEXWLVIRUFHGWRFRQFHDOLWGXHWRKLVWRUL FDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVHQDEOHVDVXEMHFWE\SXUHO\EHLQJJLYHQDQHZLPDJH WRSDVVLWVHOIRIIDVVRPHRQHHOVH0RUHRYHUWKHPHPRU\RIOLYHGVXE MHFWKRRGLSVHLW\LQIRUPHGE\WKHHIIRUWRIUHFROOHFWLRQDQGFRPSOHWHG LQWKHPRPHQWRIUHFRJQLWLRQFRQJHDOV HYHQIRUSRVWFRORQLDOFULWLFVOLNH %KDEKDLQWR¦DQLPDJHRILGHQWLW\§ LQ ZKLFKLSVHLGHQWLW\UHWUHDWV LQWR LGHPLGHQWLW\WKHZKDWLQWRWKHKRZZKHQKHVWDWHV¦LGHQWLILFDWLRQLV QHYHUWKH DIILUPDWLRQRIDSUHJLYHQLGHQWLW\QHYHUDVHOIIXOILOOLQJSURSK HF\¥LWLV DOZD\VWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDQLPDJHRILGHQWLW\DQGWKHWUDQVIRU PDWLRQRI WKHVXEMHFWLQDVVXPLQJWKDWLPDJH§  /LNHDOORI9HQWXUD©V FOLHQWV%XFKPDQQ*RXYHLDVHHPLQJO\ILWVWKHGHVFULSWLRQZLWKKLVGHVLUH WRHUDVHWKHSDVWEXWDVLWWXUQVRXWKLVDOLDVZDVQRWLQWHQGHGWRIRUJHW EXWWRFRQWLQXHWKHZRUNRIWKHSDVW¦WKHVWUXJJOH§ E\¦FRQIURQWLQJ(G PXQGR¦ZLWKKLVFULPHV§  0RUHRYHU%XFKPDQQUHPDLQVDZDUHRI WKHDQWHULRULW\RIKLVLSVHLW\ ZKHQKHDGPLWVDOUHDG\GXULQJKLVEXVLQHVV WUDQVDFWLRQZLWK)pOL[WKDWKLV¦VRXOKXUWVZLWKWRRPXFKSDVWLQLWDQG VRPXFKHPSWLQHVV§  7KXVZKHQWKHJHFNRQDUUDWRULQ¦'UHDP1R §  KLVILQDORQHFDQLPDJLQHIRUWKHPDQZKRVH¦ZKROHOLIH ZDVDQDWWHPSWWRHVFDSH§  DEHWWHUIXWXUHDVDQRUGLQDU\FLWL]HQ ILQDOO\VHWWOHGLQUXUDO¦&KLELD§WKHSODFH)pOL[¦LQYHQWHG§IRUKLP   ZLWKWKHSURVSHFWRIJUDQGFKLOGUHQ ERUQIURPWKHSURPLVHRIWKH)pOL[ ¸QJHODURPDQFH WKHLQLWLDODEXVHRIPHPRU\WKDWUHVXOWHG¦IURPWKH SULRULW\DFFRUGHGWRWKHYLVLELOLW\EHORQJLQJWRWKHLPDJHRYHULWVREOLTXH GHVLJQDWLQJRIWKHDEVHQW§ 5LFRHXU0HPRU\ LVUHGHHPHG Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 73 REINGARD NETHERSOLE 7KHDFWXDODVRSSRVHGWRWKHLQYHQWHGSDVWLVVRPHWKLQJHYHU\RQH LVWU\LQJWRREVFXUHZLWKWKHLUQHZLPDJHRIWKHPVHOYHV%XFKPDQQWKH 0LQLVWHUWKHP\VWHULRXV¦0DQLQWKH0DVN§  ¥PRVWOLNHO\RQH RIWKH3UHVLGHQW©VGRXEOHVUHIHUUHGWRE\(GPXQGR  DQGWUDFHG IURPPHGLDUHFRUGVE\)pOL[DQG¸QJHOD  ZKRZDQWV9HQWXUDWR H[FKDQJHKLV¦LPSRVVLEOHWUXWK§ IRU¦DYXOJDUDQGEHOLHYDEOHOLH§  ¥ DQGHYHQ)pOL[KLPVHOI)RU)pOL[FRYHUVXSWKHFXOWXUHWKDWKHDVVLPL ODWHGDQGWKDWKHWKHIRXQGOLQJLQKDELWV VLQFHWKHWLPHWKH¦>Z@LGRZHU ZLWK QR FKLOGUHQ§ WKH ¦PXODWWR )DXVWR %HQGLWR 9HQWXUD VHFRQGKDQG ERRNFROOHFWRUVRQDQGJUDQGVRQRIVHFRQGKDQGERRNFROOHFWRUV§ GLV FRYHUHGKLP¦DOLWWOHQDNHGFUHDWXUH§ LQD¦ER[RXWVLGHKLVGRRU,QVLGH VWUHWFKHGRXWRQVHYHUDOFRSLHVRI(oDGH4XHLUR]©V7KH5HOLF§   :KDW)pOL[GRHVQRWUHYHDOLVWKH9HQWXUDDQFHVWU\©VLQYROYHPHQWLQWKH $QJROD%UD]LOVODYHWUDGHWKDWODLGWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHIDPLO\©VZHDOWK WHOOLQJ HYHU\RQH LQWHUHVWHG WKDW WKH ¦EHDXWLIXO RLO SRUWUDLW RI )UHGHULFN 'RXJODVV§  SURPLQHQWO\GLVSOD\HGLQWKHKRXVH UHSUHVHQWVWKHID WKHUWRKLV¦SDWHUQDOJUDQGIDWKHU§  )UHGHULFN'RXJODVVRIFRXUVH LVWKHEODFN1RUWK$PHULFDQDEROLWLRQLVW¥DIDFWWKDWLVOHIWWRWKHUHDGHU WR ILQG RXW¥DQG LW IDOOV WR ¸QJHOD©V FULWLFDO VWDGLXP RI LPDJHV WKHLU FXOWXUDOOLQJXLVWLFDQGSROLWLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWRUHFRJQL]HZKDW)pOL[ FDOOVD¦SURIHVVLRQDOGLVWRUWLRQ§ DFNQRZOHGJLQJ¦,KDYHIDOVHPHPRULHV VRPHWLPHV§ EHIRUH DGPLWWLQJ WKDW KH ERXJKW WKH SRUWUDLW ¦LQ D VWUHHW PDUNHWLQ1HZ<RUN§   2QWKHWH[WXDOSODQHWKHUHSHDWHGLPDJHVRI¦)UHGHULFN'RXJODVV§ DQG WKH ¦ZLFNHUZRUN FKDLU§   ¦WKH ELJ FKDLU§   WKDW ZDV DF WXDOO\ LQKHULWHG IURP WKH JUHDWJUDQGIDWKHU VODYH WUDGHU   RSHUDWH PHWRQ\PLFDOO\ WR VLJQLI\ WKH FUHROH KHULWDJH RI WKH SURWDJRQLVW ZKRVH HTXLYRFDO¦LGHQWLW\§ UHPDLQVGRXEO\XQGHWHUPLQHGUDFLDOO\ EODFN)pOL[ LV FXOWXUDOO\WKHSURGXFWRIWKHUHVLGXDOSUHVHQFHRI (XURSH©VJUDQG(Q  )pOL[UHIHUVWR ¦(oDDVP\ILUVWFULE§  DQGWKHLURQ\RIWKHLQIHUUHGUHIHUHQFH WRWKLVSDUWLFXODUWH[WE\DQDXWKRUJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGWKHJUHDWHVW3RUWXJXHVH ZULWHULQWKHUHDOLVWVW\OHVKRXOGQRWHVFDSHWKHUHDGHU7KH5HOLFLVDFRPLFVWRU\LQZKLFK WKHILUVWSHUVRQQDUUDWRUHYHQWXDOO\FUHDWHVDIDNHUHOLFRI&KULVW©V¦FURZQRIWKRUQV§ IRU KLVH[FHVVLYHO\GHYRXWDXQWZKREURXJKWKLPXSDIWHUKLVSDUHQWV© GHDWK 74 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe OLJKWHQPHQW QDUUDWLYH RI IUHHGRP DQG ¦GHYHORSPHQW§ HQWDQJOHG LQ WKH RIWHQREVFXUHGKLVWRU\RIRSSUHVVLRQVODYHU\DQGFRORQLDOLVP$VDYLG DOWKRXJKHFOHFWLFUHDGHU)pOL[©VVXEMHFWSRVLWLRQLVXQPLVWDNDEO\VKDSHG E\WKH FRQWHQWRIWKH¦H[FHOOHQWOLEUDULHV§ WKDW)DXVWR%HQGLWR9HQWXUD ZDVDEOHWR¦EX\RQWKH FKHDSIURPGHVSDLULQJFRORQLDOVLQWKHWXUEXOHQW PRQWKV OHDGLQJ WR LQGHSHQGHQFH§   ,Q WKH VWLOO VXUYLYLQJ JOREDO VSDFHRIERXUJHRLVSULYDWHOLIHWKDWLQWKHWH[WLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHLQKHU LWHGKRXVHWKDW)pOL[FRPSDUHVWR¦$6KLSILOOHGZLWK9RLFHV§  ¥ OLQNLQJWKHPHWDSKRU RIWKH¦VKLS§  WRWKHILJXUHFRQQRWHGLQWKH ¦/XOODE\IRUD5LYHU§  ¥LWLVSRVVLEOHWRH[SDQGWKHLPDJLQDU\ZLWK WKHKHOSRIWKHILFWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHVFRQYH\HGLQWKLVFDVHE\(XURSHDQ FXOWXUH6LJQLILFDQWO\WKRXJKWKHUHDGLQJPDWWHUWKDWWKHERRNLVKQDUUD WRU(XOiOLRVLQJOHVRXWLQWKHFKDSWHU¦,UUHOHYDQW/LYHV§GRHVQRWFRQFHUQ ZKDW5LFRHXUFDOOV¦VWRULHVRIIRXQGLQJHYHQWVRIJORU\DQGKXPLOLDWLRQ§ WKDW¦IHHGWKHGLVFRXUVHRIIODWWHU\RURIIHDU§ 0HPRU\ ,QSODFHRI KHURLF QDUUDWLYHV(XOiOLRSUHIHUVWKRVHRUGLQDU\RQHVE\WKHZULWHU)HU QDQGR3HVVRDIRUZKRP¦DOOOLYHVDUHH[FHSWLRQDO§  5HIOHFWLQJRQ ZKDW¸QJHODWHOOV)pOL[DERXWKHU¦VLPSOHKDSS\FKLOGKRRG§ ZLWKKHU ¦DGRSWHG SDUHQWV§ WKDW ¦QHYHU ODFNHG IRU DQ\WKLQJ§   VKH LV QRW \HWDZDUHRIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIKHUELUWK (XOiOLRFRPSDUHV¸QJHOD WR3HVVRDLQVRIDUDVERWKUHSUHVHQWIRUKLPWKH SUDLVHRIHYHU\GD\OLYHV LQVWDQWLDWHG LQ D ¦UHDOLW\§ WKDW ¦LV SDLQIXO DQG LPSHUIHFW§   HQWU\ LQWRZKLFKKRZHYHUZRXOGEHWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUEHLQJLQWKHZRUOG ZLWKRWKHUV)HHOLQJDWKRPHLQWKHZRUOGRIERRNVDQGWKHOHJLWLPDF\ RI SUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQVRIZULWHUVWRVXSSO\FXOWXUDODXWRQRP\RIVHOI KRRG9HQWXUDOLNH(XOiOLRSUHIHUVWKHLPDJLQDU\ZRUOG,WLV¸QJHOD©V ORYHWKDWFRQYLQFHV)pOL[¦DPDQZKRGHDOWLQPHPRULHV§  E\FUH DWLQJIURPKLVUHDGLQJKHURLFSDVWVWKDWLQFOXGHWKHPLQLVWHU©V¦4XHHQ *LQJD KHUVHOI§   WR OHDYH WKH UHIOH[LYH ZRUOG RI ERRNV KH VKDUHG ZLWK(XOiOLR +HQRWRQO\EHJLQVWROLWHUDOO\ZULWHKLVRZQOLIH LQWKH ODVW FKDSWHU   DIWHU WKH REVHUYLQJ JHFNRQDUUDWRU KDV EHHQ GH  2QHRIWKHJUHDWHDUO\WK FHQWXU\PRQDUFKVZKRQRWRQO\FRQVROLGDWHGQXPHU RXVLQGHSHQGHQW$QJRODQNLQJGRPVEXWE\ZD\RIFOHYHUWUHDWLHVZLWK WKH3RUWXJXHVH ZDVDEOHWRUHWDLQFRQVLGHUDEOHSRZHURYHUVRXWKHUQWHUULWRULHV Pasts Emergent: The Post-Postcolonial in José Eduardo Agualusa's O vendedor de passados 75 REINGARD NETHERSOLE YRXUHGE\DVFRUSLRQ  EXWUHPHPEHULQJLQWKHLQWHUVWLFHEHWZHHQ PQHPH DQGDQDPQHVLVIHHOLQJDQGLQGHHGNQRZLQJWKDWVRPHWKLQJKDV KDSSHQHGRQPHHWLQJ¸QJHODWKDWVRPHWKLQJKDVWDNHQSODFHZKLFKLP SOLFDWHGKLPDVDJHQW)pOL[PRYHVIURP¦KDYLQJDGUHDP§ WR¦PDNLQJ DGUHDP§ LWDOLFVLQWKHRULJLQDO 6KHGGLQJKLVDVVXPHGVHOILPDJH WRDFFHSWVHOIKRRG LSVHLW\ KHILQDOO\EHJLQV¦WRJLYHDQHZFRXUVHWR WKLQJV VWDUWLQJ IURP DQ LQLWLDWLYH WKDW DQQRXQFHV D FRQWLQXDWLRQ DQG KHQFHRSHQVWRVRPHWKLQJRQJRLQJ7REHJLQLVWREHJLQWRFRQWLQXH¥D ZRUNKDVWRIROORZ§ 5LFHRXU7LPHDQG1DUUDWLYH   9HQWXUD©V VRFLRFXOWXUDO EHLQJ DQG FRQVFLRXVQHVV WKH VSDWLDOLW\ RI KLVOLYHGERG\DQGLWVHQYLURQLQJZRUOGSODFHKLPDVLQKHULWRURIDPLV FHOODQHRXV $IULFDQ(XURSHDQ SDVW 7KH DOELQR ZKR H[SODLQLQJ WR (X OiOLR ZLWK ZKRP KH VKDUHV D JHQHWLF FRQVWLWXWLRQ WKDW UHQGHUV WKH VXQ WRUWXURXVUHIHUVWRKLPVHOIDV¦DPDQZLWKQRFRORU>ž@$QGDV\RX NQRZ QDWXUHDEKRUVDYDFXXP§  1DWXUHDQGFXOWXUHLWVHHPVUH TXLUHDUHFRJQLVDEOHIL[HGLGHQWLW\DQLGHQWLW\PRUHRYHUWKDWRXUFXUUHQW VRFLRFXOWXUDORUGHULQLWVNLQVKLSZLWKWKHLPDJHWKLQNVLQWHUPVRIWKH FDWHJRU\RIVHHLQJ+RZHYHU)pOL[OLNHWKHPHVWL]RVZKRFRQVWLWXWHKLV DGRSWHG DQFHVWU\ DQG ¸QJHOD ZKR LV RI PL[HG GHVFHQW SXQFWXUH ZLWK WKHLULQKHULWHGOLYHGERGLHVDQGFUHROLVHGFXOWXUDOSDVWVDSUHYDOHQWRUGHU LQVFULEHGLQWKHRSHUDWLRQVRIRXUDSSDUDWXVRINQRZOHGJHWKDWSULYLOHJHV DQGMXVWLILHVFROOHFWLYHDIILOLDWLRQLQWKHUKHWRULFRIUDFHHWKQLFLW\DQG FXOWXUDOVLQJXODULW\7KHILJXUDWLRQRI)pOL[DQG¸QJHODZKRVHSDVWVDUH DQDVVHPEO\RIKHWHURJHQHRXVHOHPHQWVZKRDUHQRW¦K\EULGV§ EHFDXVH WKH\DUHQRWFDXJKWLQELQDU\WKLQNLQJWKDWV\QWKHVL]HVDQHLWKHURUDV ¦ERWK§ ZKRDUHFUHROHVZKRGRQRWLQKDELWVLWHVWKDWFRXOGEHFRP PHRUDWHGDQGZKRDUHRQWKHPRYHEHWZHHQFRQWLQHQWVRIIHUDV\P EROLFUHVSRQVHWRWKHLQKHULWHGLGHDRIQDWLRQDOL]HGRUHYHQ(XURSHDQL]HG ¦LGHQWLW\§ EDVHGRQDQLPSRVHGPHPRU\RIDKHURLFSDVWDQGFRPPHPR UDWLRQRIIRXQGLQJHYHQWVWKDWJDWKHUWKHSDVWLQDULWXDORIUHYLYDO7KH TXHVWLRQLV+RZZLOOWKH1HZ(XURSHWUDQVODWHLWVPL[HGSDVWKRZZLOO LWZRUNRQWKHPDWHULDOKDQGHGGRZQE\DKLVWRU\WKDWZHGLGQRWPDNH EXWWKDWDIIHFWVXVE\WKHKLVWRU\ZHPDNHLQWKHIRUPRIRXUHYHU\GD\ LQWHUDFWLRQV" 76 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 5HIHUHQFHV $JXDOXVD-RVp(GXDUGR7KH%RRNRI&KDPHOHRQV7UDQV'DQLHO+DKQ1HZ <RUN6LPRQ 6FKXVWHU3DSHUEDFNV7UDQVRI2YHQGHGRUGHSDV VDGRV 3RUWXJDO3XEOLFDo}HV'RP4XL[RWH $SSDGXUDL$UMXQ¦'LVMXQFWXUHDQG'LIIHUHQFHLQWKH*OREDO&XOWXUDO(FRQR P\§0RGHUQLW\DW/DUJH&XOWXUDO'LPHQVLRQVRI*OREDOL]DWLRQ0LQQH DSROLV8RI0LQQHVRWD3 %DUWKHV5RODQG&DPHUD/XFLGD5HIOHFWLRQVRQ3KRWRJUDSK\ 7UDQV5LFKDUG +RZDUG1HZ<RUN1RRQGD\3UHVV %KDEKD+RPL.7KH/RFDWLRQRI&XOWXUH /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH *LNDQGL 6LPRQ ¦$JXDOXVD -RVp (GXDUGR§ (QF\FORSHGLD RI $IULFDQ /LWHUD WXUH(G6LPRQ*LNDQGL/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH *RG]LFK :ODG ¦(PHUJHQW /LWHUDWXUH DQG WKH )LHOG RI &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUD WXUH§7KH&RPSDUDWLYH3HUVSHFWLYHRQ/LWHUDWXUH$SSURDFKHVWR7KHRU\ DQG3UDFWLFH(G&OD\WRQ.RHOEDQG6XVDQ1RDNHV,WKDFD8RI&RUQHOO 3 /D]DUXV 1HLO ¦,QGLFDWLYH &KURQRORJ\§ 7KH &DPEULGJH &RPSDQLRQ WR 3RVW FRORQLDO/LWHUDU\6WXGLHV(G1HLO/D]DUXV1HZ<RUN&DPEULGJH [LL[OYL 0LJQROR:DOWHU'¦*OREDOL]DWLRQ&LYLOL]DWLRQ3URFHVVHVDQGWKH5HORFDWLRQ RI /DQJXDJHV DQG &XOWXUHV§ 7KH &XOWXUHV RI *OREDOL]DWLRQ (G )UHGULF -DPHVRQDQG0DVDR0L\RVKL'XUKDP'XNH83 0LVKUD 9LMD\ DQG %RE +RGJH ¦:KDW LV 3RVW  &RORQLDOLVP"§ &RORQLDO 'LV FRXUVH DQG 3RVW&RORQLDO 7KHRU\ $ 5HDGHU (GV 3DWULFN :LOOLDPV DQG /DXUD&KULVPDQ/RQGRQ+DUYHVWHU:HDWVKHDI 3RO]RQRII3DXORDQG$QGHUVRQ7HSSHU¦$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK-RVp(GXDUGR$J XDOXVD:HE-XQ 5LFRHXU 3DXO 7LPH DQG 1DUUDWLYH 7UDQV .DWKOHHQ 0F/DXJKOLQ DQG 'DYLG 3HOODXHUYROV&KLFDJR8RI&KLFDJR3 ¥ 0HPRU\+LVWRU\)RUJHWWLQJ7UDQV.DWKOHHQ%ODPH\DQG'DYLG3HOODXHU &KLFDJR8RI&KLFDJR3UHVV 6DLG(GZDUG:&XOWXUHDQG,PSHULDOLVP/RQGRQ9LQWDJH :LOOLDPV5D\PRQG¦'RPLQDQW5HVLGXDODQG(PHUJHQW§0DU[LVPDQG/LW HUDWXUH2[IRUG2[IRUG83 Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES Universidade de Santiago de Compostela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©V,GHRORJ\DQG 8WRSLD 78 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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¥GHQRXQFHGLQPRVWYHKHPHQWWHUPVSHUKDSVE\-HDQ %DXGULOODUG DQG )UHGULF -DPHVRQ¥IXUWKHU VWLPXODWHV WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ EHWZHHQ QDWLRQDO ODQJXDJHV IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO SUHVWLJH 7KLV SURFHVV LV  )RUDSKLORVRSKLFDODSSURDFKVHH+HOOHU5RD]HQIRUDUHFHQWUHSRUWVHH¦/DQ JXDJH9LWDOLW\DQG(QGDQJHUPHQW§IRUJUDSKLFVILQGKHUH81(6&2©V¦,QWHUDFWLYH$W ODV RI WKH :RUOG©V /DQJXDJHV LQ 'DQJHU§ KWWSZZZXQHVFRRUJFXOWXUHLFKLQGH[ SKS"OJ (1 SJ ! Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit 79 FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES WKHUHIRUH SRWHQWLDOO\ LPSRYHULVKLQJ IRU WKH SDWULPRQ\ RI GLYHUVLW\ DQG SDUWO\GHSULYHVOLWHUDWXUHRIWKHSRZHUWRUHLQYHQWWKHUHDODQGUHVLVWWKH JHQHUDOZKLFKDUHERWKIXQGDPHQWDODFWLRQVIRUWKHG\QDPLFVRISROLWL FDOHPDQFLSDWLRQ DV&ODXGLR*XLOOpQDFFXUDWHO\QRWHV¦,Q(XURSHWKH FRQVWUXFWLRQRI DQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHGXULQJWKHHLJKWHHQWKDQGSDUWLFX ODUO\WKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXULHVSUHGDWHGDQGDGYDQFHGWKHLQGHSHQGHQFH RIPRUHWKDQRQHQDWLRQ§   'HVSLWHQDWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHEHLQJSXUSRUWHGO\GHVWDELOLVHGE\RWKHU GLIIHUHQFHVWKHVHDUHHLWKHUVWUXFWXUDOO\GLYHUVLI\LQJYHUVLRQVRIQDWLRQ DOLW\DQGWKHVHQVHRIEHORQJLQJ H[LOHRUYROXQWDU\PLJUDWLRQPXOWLQD WLRQDOLW\RWKHUIRUPVRIGLVSODFHPHQWRURIERG\VSDFHFRLQVFULSWLRQ  RUGLIIHUHQFHV UDFHJHQGHUVH[XDORULHQWDWLRQ WKDWHQGXSUHSOLFDWLQJ WKHQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHV©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¥DQG ZLOOEHTXHVWLRQHGKHUH¥DVDQLGHDOXSRQZKLFKWRURRW(XURSH:KLOH LWLVHYLGHQWWKDWWKHFRPSHWLWLRQDPRQJQDWLRQDOODQJXDJHVDQGOLWHUD WXUHV WKDW , KDYH PHQWLRQHG GRHV QRW WDNH SODFH H[FOXVLYHO\¥RU HYHQ 80 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe PDLQO\¥LQ(XURSH VLQFHWKHUHDUHIRULQVWDQFH IDUPRUHVSHDNHUVRI (QJOLVK6SDQLVKDQG3RUWXJXHVHLQ1RUWKDQG6RXWK$PHULFD LWVKDOO EH DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ LWVHOI VWDUWHG SUREDEO\ LQ (DUO\ 0RGHUQ (XURSH ZKHQ )UHQFK VXSUHPDF\ ZDV FKDOOHQJHG E\ *HUPDQ SKLORVRSK\DFRQFHSWXDO FRQWH[WWRZKLFK,ZLOOUHIHUPDLQO\WKURXJK D UHDGLQJ RI +HUGHU©V ¦/HWWHUV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH 3URJUHVV RI +XPDQLW\§   DQG ¦/HWWHUV IRU WKH $GYDQFHPHQW RI +XPDQLW\§   ZULWWHQGXULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDQG+HJHO©VWUHDWLVHRQ1DWXUDO /DZDOUHDG\DUHYHUEHUDWLRQRILW   5HDVRQLQJWKURXJK7H[WV 7KHWHUPWKDWFRXOGGHVFULEH+HJHO©VFRQFHSWRIQHJDWLYLW\PRVWDFFX UDWHO\ZKLOHNHHSLQJLQYLHZLWVHYROXWLRQLVWKDWRIUHVLVWDQFH5HVLVW DQFHHQWDLOVDGLPHQVLRQRIDIILUPDWLRQDQGDQRWKHURIQHJDWLRQUHIOH[ LYHO\¥RULQVSHFXODWLYHIDVKLRQ¥LWLQFOXGHVWKHVHOIDIILUPDWLRQWKDWLV QHFHVVDU\WRWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIRQH©VRZQLGHQWLW\LQRQHVHOIDQGDOVR WKHVHOIQHJDWLRQWKDWLVDZD\WRVHOINQRZOHGJHLQIRUPHGE\DSRSKDWL FLVP NQRZLQJZKDW RQHLVQRW¤RIWHQLQFRQIURQWDWLRQZLWKD/HYLQDVLDQ 2WKHU EXWILQDOO\LWUHVWVRQ$XIKHEXQJDSDUDGR[LFDORYHUFRPLQJRI ERWK DIILUPDWLRQ RU ¦SRVLWLRQLQJ§  DQG QHJDWLRQ DQG QHJRWLDWLRQ  WR UHDFKDSUREOHPDWLFVWDELOLW\ 7UDQVODWLQJWKLV WRWKHFRQWH[W*XLOOpQEHDUVLQPLQGZKHQKHGH VFULEHV WKHQRWLRQRIHPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUH¦DVDVXEVHWRIWKHFRQFHSWRI QDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH>ž@ ODUJHO\GHSHQGDQWRQDOOHJLDQFHVSURMHFWVDQG VHOIGHILQLWLRQVRQWKHSDUWRISDUWLFXODUVRFLHWLHVDQGJURXSV§  ZRXOG UHTXLUHSHUIRUPLQJDQLQWHUPLWWHQWDIILUPDWLRQDSRVLWLRQLQJZLWKLQWKH IUDPH RI D ZLGHU OLWHUDU\ V\VWHP ZKLOH UHVLVWLQJ WKDW YHU\ V\VWHP 7KH UHVLVWDQFHWRWKHOLWHUDU\V\VWHPLPSOLHVDFHUWDLQZLOOLQJQHVV WRVHOIGH Q\DVSDFHDOUHDG\LGHQWLILHGDVRWKHULQRUGHUWRUHDIILUPLWDV2WKHU DQG WKHQ WR DIILUP LWVHOI DV WKH RWKHU RI WKH RWKHU ZKLFK DPRXQWV WR  ,TXRWH0LFKDHO1)RVWHU©VWUDQVODWLRQVLQKLVHGLWLRQRI+HUGHU©V3KLORVRSKLFDO :ULWLQJV Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit 81 FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES VHOIDIILUPDWLRQWKURXJKQHJDWLRQ+RZHYHUWRSURFXUHVXFKDG\QDPLF LGHQWLW\ EHFDXVHHPHUJHQFHHQWDLOVPRYHPHQWDQGLQVWDELOLW\ VXSSRVHV DVWUXJJOHIRULWVRZQHVVHQFH%RUURZLQJWKHHFRQRPLFV\PEROLFYDOXH 3LHUUH%RXUGLHXLGHQWLILHVLQODQJXDJHDQGFRQVLGHULQJWKHUHDFK3DVFDOH &DVDQRYD DVFULEHV LW WKH ¦ZRUOG UHSXEOLF RI OHWWHUV§ DQ XQLQWHQGHGO\ HXSKHPLVWLFIRUPXODWRDVVHVVWKHFRRSWLRQRI¦OHWWHUV§ E\JOREDOFRP PHUFLDOUXOHV LWPD\EHDUJXHGWKDWDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHKDVWRJHW LWVHOIDSULYDWHSURSHUW\GLVWLQFWLYHQHVVDQGEUDQGHGHVVHQFH $FFRUGLQJ WR &DVDQRYD WKH ¦+HUGHULDQ UHYROXWLRQ§   ZRXOG QRW EH WKH ILUVW VXFKDWWHPSW ,QVKRUW¦LQYHQWLRQ§ RISRSXODUODQJXDJHVDQGOLWHUDWXUHVWKURXJK RXW(XURSHLQWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\>ž@FRUUHVSRQGVH[DFWO\WRWKH JUDPPDWL]DWLRQ XQGHUWDNHQ LQ WKH VL[WHHQWK DQG VHYHQWHHQWK FHQWX ULHV ZKLFK KDG DOORZHG HPHUJLQJ (XURSHDQ QDWLRQV WR GHYLVH QHZ ZHDSRQVWRFRPEDWWKHVWLOOIRUPLGDEOHGRPLQDWLRQRI/DWLQ7KHXS KHDYDOEURXJKWDERXWLQWKHUHSXEOLFRIOHWWHUVRIZKDW,KDYHFDOOHG WKH+HUGHUHIIHFWFDQWKHUHIRUHEHXQGHUVWRRGRQO\E\H[DPLQLQJWKH JHQHVLVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOVSDFHVNHWFKHGKHUHLQLWVEURDGRXWOLQHV  2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHIDFWWKDW&DVDQRYDGHVFULEHVWKH¦XSKHDYDO§ RI DQHZ¦SKLORVRSKLFDODQGOLWHUDU\RUGHU§ LQWHUPVRIZDUIDUH ZHDSRQV FRPEDWGRPLQDWLRQ VWUHVVHVDFHUWDLQVHQVHRILQHYLWDELOLW\RIFRQIOLFWLI DFKDQJHLV WRKDSSHQ RQWKHRWKHUKDQGDGGLQJWKDW¦EHIRUHWKHWZHQWL HWKFHQWXU\LQ(XURSHWKLVVWUXJJOH>IRUOLWHUDU\OHJLWLPDF\@ WRRNWKHIRUP RIDQDWWHPSWWRQDWLRQDOL]HODQJXDJHDQGOLWHUDWXUH§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82 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVVRI+XPDQLW\§   +HUGHU ZULWHV ¦:KDW VSLULW LV P\ IULHQG FDQQRW EH GHVFULEHG GUDZQ SDLQWHG¥EXWLWFDQEHIHOW>ž@+HQFHLQWKHROGHVWODQJXDJHVVSLULW ZDV WKHH[SUHVVLRQIRULQYLVLEOHVWULYLQJPLJKW§  'HVSLWH¦WKHFRPPRQ HYHQW ZKLFK IRXQGHG (XURSH >ž@ WKH VHWWOHPHQW RI VDYDJH RU EDUEDULF SHRSOHVLQWKLVSDUWRIWKHZRUOGWKHLUSROLWLFDORUJDQL]DWLRQDQGWKHLU VRFDOOHGFRQYHUVLRQ§ RULJLQDOHPSKDVLV D¦PDLQHYHQWWKDWZLWKDIHZ PRGLILFDWLRQV§ JURXQGHG¦WKHSUHVHQWDUUDQJHPHQWRI(XURSH§ +HUGHU GHVFULEHVWKLVDUUDQJHPHQWDV¦WKHSRZHUV© DQGSURSHUW\RZQHUV© VLWXD WLRQVRIRZQHUVKLSWKHYDULRXVULJKWVDQGSULYLOHJHVRIWKHKXPDQJURXSV§ WKXVXQGHUOLQLQJWKHLUHOHPHQWRIGLYHUVLW\KHKDGSUHYLRXVO\DQQRXQFHG :KDWVRUWVRIGLVSRVLWLRQVDQGILUVWSULQFLSOHVKDYHJRYHUQHGVLQFH DJLYHQWLPHLQWKHSDUWRI(XURSHWKDWLVFDOOHGWKHULFKHVWLQWKRXJKWV WKHIXOOHVWLQGHHGVWKHJRYHUQLQJSDUW":KDWVRUWVRIFRPPRQVWULY LQJVDQGPRYHPHQWVSURYHYLVLEOHLQLWGHVSLWHWKHGLIIHULQJFKDUDFWHUV RIWKHSHRSOHV" ¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§  7KHRYHUDOODQVZHU¥WKHVHWWOHPHQWRIWKHEDUEDULDQV¥OHJLWLPDWHV LQVSLWHRIWKHVXEVHTXHQW¦IHZPRGLILFDWLRQV§DFOHDUKLHUDUFK\ZLWKLQ (XURSHDQSHRSOHVDQGRQWRSRIZKLFKWKHUHLVWKHJRYHUQLQJ(XURSH ¦ULFKHVWLQWKRXJKWV§ DQG¦IXOOHVWLQGHHGV§ +HUGHUWULHVWRDSSHDVHWKH VHHPLQJLQMXVWLFHRIDFRPPRQIRXQGDWLRQWKDWUHVXOWVLQXQHTXDOSRZHU E\ZRQGHULQJLIWKHFRQGLWLRQRIULJKWVDQGSULYLOHJHVDWWKHWLPHLV¦MXVW SHUPLWWHG DGYDQWDJHRXV IRU WKH XQLYHUVDO WKDW LV IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDO LQPDMRULW\RUQRW§ ¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ %XWKHUH Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit 83 FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES FRPHVDVHFRQGLQMXVWLFHRUFRQWUDGLFWLRQKHJLYHVWKHH[DPSOHRI¦UH OLJLRXVDQGFKXUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV§ WR LOOXVWUDWHWKHK\SRFULV\DQGYLROHQFH RIWKHKLHUDUFK\ ¦SHUVHFXWLRQDQGWRUWXUH§ DQGWKHWUXHDXWKRULW\RI WKHFRPPXQLW\ ¦ULYHUVRIEORRGIORZHGEXWWKHYRLFHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\ ZDVQRWVXIIRFDWHGWKHUHE\WKHVSLULWRIWUXWK QRWNLOOHG§ ¦/HW WHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ ,IWKLVLVWKHFDVHIRUUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQV ZK\LVLWQRWVRIRUWKHVRFLDO":K\ZRXOGQ©WWKHVSLULWRISROLWLFDOWUXWK DOVROLHLQWKHFRPPXQLW\"+HUGHULVDIUDLGWKDWWKHVDPHUHYROXWLRQWKDW VHWSHRSOHIUHHPLJKWPDNHWKHPVWXSLG¦/HWXVQRWEHOLHYHWKDW)UDQFH ZLOOEHFRPHDQXQOLWHUDU\DSHODQGD*UHHQODQGRU6LEHULDLQWKUHHRU IRXULQVL[RUVHYHQ\HDUV>ž@>,@WV ODQJXDJHLVVRUHILQHGDQGIRUPHG >JHELOGHW@ HYHQ LQ WKH PRXWKV RI WKH FRPPRQ SHRSOH§  ¦/HWWHUV FRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ KHZULWHVE\WKHHQGRIWKHOHWWHU 7KHUHFRJQLWLRQRIDVLQJOHFODVV¥WKH3HRSOH¥DPRQJZKLFKWKHUH DUH¦DULVWRGHPRFUDWV§ ¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ PD\DS SHDUWREHGRZQULJKWDQWLGHPRFUDWLFEXWLWPXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHLGHD RIWKH5HYROXWLRQLVJLYHQVKDSHDQGDFWXDOEHFRPLQJERWKLQ3DULVDQG ,QJROVWDGW %DYDULD IRULQVWDQFHE\WKHPRVWDWWHQWLYHZHOOLQIRUPHG FDXWLRXVDQGFROODERUDWLYHDPRQJWKHSHRSOHDVLVVXJJHVWHGE\3LHUUH G©+RQGW 7KHOLWHUDWHDQGOLWHUDWXUHDZDUH ¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQ  7KLVUHOHYDQWFDSLWDOLVHG%HFRPLQJLVEHWWHUXQGHUVWRRGDVWKH¦HYHQWXDO§SDU WLFLSDWHGKDSSHQLQJ$ODLQ%DGLRXGHVFULEHVLQ%HLQJDQG(YHQW RU DVDVDWXUDWHGSKH QRPHQRQ ZKHUH WKH UHDOP RI WKH FRQFHSW LV H[FHHGHG E\ WKDW RI LQWXLWLRQ  DFFRUGLQJ WR -HDQ/XF 0DULRQ ,Q ([FHVV  3LHUUH G©+RQGW UHIHUV H[WHQVLYHO\ WR WKH LQIOXHQFH RI &ODXGH )DXFKHW DEEp )DXFKHW  DQG 1LFRODV GH %RQQHYLOOH VXSSRUWHUV RI WKH VRFLDOLVW &HUFOH6RFLDO DQGIRXQGHUVRIWKH&RQIpGpUDWLRQXQLYHUVHOOHGHV$PLVGH9pULWp II  LQWKHSROLWLFDOSURMHFWRIWKH%DYDULDQGHPRFUDWVZKRJDWKHUFODQGHVWLQHO\XQGHUIRU PHU-HVXLW$GDP:HLVKDXSW  )DXFKHW©V/D5HOLJLRQQDWLRQDOH  VXJJHVWLQJ DVSHFLILFLW\RIWKHQDWLRQDODQGHVSHFLDOO\%RQQHYLOOH©V/©(VSULWGHV5HOLJLRQV   DGPLWWLQJ WKH VRFLDO EHQHILWV RI UHOLJLRQ DQG LWV UROH LQ DQ HFXPHQLFDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI XQLYHUVDOLW\ ERWK SDUWO\ UHDG LQ WKH ILUVW VHVVLRQ RI WKH &HUFOH 6RFLDO WR DERXW ILYH WKRXVDQG3DULVLDQVIURP WKHSRRUHVWFODVVHV+RQGW KDYHFHUWDLQO\H[HUWHGVWURQJ LQIOXHQFHRQ:HLVKDXSW©VSROLWLFDOSODQVEDVHGRQDUDWLRQDODSSURDFKWR¦WKHDXWKHQWLF WHDFKLQJRIWKH&KULVW§  ,WPD\EHSUHVXPHGWKDW &KULVWLDQ UHOLJLRQZRXOGEHWKH XQLYHUVDOLVLQJ ULQJ RQ ZKLFK QDWLRQV ZRXOG QRQHWKHOHVV HPHUJH QHJDWLYHO\ LQ +HJHO©V WHUPV DVDQHQJUDYLQJ 84 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LQJ WKH 3URJUHVV§  FRPPXQLW\ ZLWKLQ WKH ZLGHU FRPPXQLW\ KDV WKH QHJDWLYHIXQFWLRQRIKHOSLQJSUHVHUYHWKHVSLULWRIXQLYHUVDOLW\IUHHIURP PXOWLSOLFLW\DV+HJHOZLOOZLVKIRULQ7KH6FLHQWLILF:D\VRI7UHDWLQJ 1DWXUDO/DZ¦WKDWPXOWLSOLFLW\DQGILQLWXGHEHDEVROXWHO\HQJXOIHGLQ LQILQLW\RUXQLYHUVDOLW\§  7KHLGHDRIUHVLVWDQFHWKDW+HJHOSUREDEO\ LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHWUDGLWLRQRIQHJDWLYHWKHRORJ\WKURXJK9DOHQWLQ:HLJHO DQG-DFRE%RsKPH VHH*RUFHL[ ZLOOFRQFHSWXDOLVHDVQHJDWLYLW\LVHYL GHQW LQ +HUGHU©V ¦/HWWHUV IRU WKH $GYDQFHPHQW RI +XPDQLW\ >H[FHUSW RQSDWULRWLVP@§ KHZLVKHVIRUDVXEOLPDWLRQRIZDUDQGFRQIOLFWDV¦D FRQWHVWRIQRWSK\VLFDOEXWPHQWDODQGDUWLVWLFIRUFHV§  7KHVRUW RISHDFHVXFKVXEOLPDWLRQOHDGVWRVHHPVWRLPLWDWH+HJHO©V$XIKHEXQJ LQDGYDQFHLQGHHGLWLVQRWDSHUHQQLDORUSDUWLFXODUSHDFHLWLVWKHSHDFH RI WKH IDWKHUODQG LQ WKH VHQVH RI D XQLYHUVDOLW\ WKDW VWULYHV DJDLQVW WKH FRQVHUYDWLVPRI WKHXQWUXHDQGWKHODQJXDJHRIYLROHQFH 7RWKLQNWRZRUNDQG JUHDWGHVWLQ\ WRKDYHVXFFHVVIXOHIIHFWIRU WKHFRPPRQFDXVHQRWRQO\IRURXURZQEXWRISRVWHULW\DQGRIWKH HQWLUHHWHUQDOIDWKHUODQGRIKXPDQLW\¥ZKDWZHLJKHGDJDLQVWWKLVLV DQ LQGLYLGXDO OLIH D GDLO\ ODERU RI IHZ PLQXWHV DQG KRXUV" +HUGHU ¦/HWWHUVIRUWKH$GYDQFHPHQW§ 'RHV QRW RQH ODQG OLH SHDFHIXOO\ EHVLGH WKH RWKHU" &DELQHWV PD\ GHFHLYHHDFKRWKHUSROLWLFDOPDFKLQHVPD\EHPRYHGDJDLQVWHDFKRWKHU XQWLO RQH EORZV WKH RWKHU WR SLHFHV )DWKHUODQGV GR QRW PRYH DJDLQVW HDFKRWKHULQWKDWZD\WKH\OLHSHDFHIXOO\EHVLGHHDFKRWKHUDQGVXSSRUW HDFK RWKHU DV IDPLOLHV )DWKHUODQGV DJDLQVW IDWKHUODQGV LQ D FRPEDW RI EORRG>%OXWNDPSI@ LVWKH ZRUVWEDUEDULVPLQWKHKXPDQODQJXDJH  ¦/HWWHUVIRUWKH$GYDQFHPHQW§  7KHSHULORIPXWXDOUHVLVWDQFHWXUQLQJLQWRYLROHQWFRQIOLFWLVRQHRI WKHSURSHUWLHVLGHQWLILHGE\+DQV8OULFK*XPEUHFKWLQZKDWKHFDOOVD ¦SUHVHQFHEDVHG§ LQFRQWUDVWWR¦PHDQLQJEDVHG§ FXOWXUHZKRVHPRG HORU¦VRXUFHRILQVSLUDWLRQ§  LVPHGLHYDOFXOWXUH 1RZLIVSDFHLVWKHGRPLQDQWGLPHQVLRQWKURXJKZKLFKLQDSUHV HQFH FXOWXUH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KXPDQV WKDW LV EHWZHHQ KX PDQERGLHVLVFRQVWLWXWHGWKHQWKLVUHODWLRQVKLS>ž@ FDQFRQVWDQWO\ Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit 85 FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES WXUQ DQGLQGHHGWHQGVWRWXUQ LQWRYLROHQFH¥WKDWLVLQWRRFFXS\LQJ DQGEORFNLQJVSDFHVZLWKERGLHV¥DJDLQVWRWKHUERGLHV)RUPHDQLQJ FXOWXUHVLQFRQWUDVWLWLVW\SLFDO DQGSHUKDSVHYHQREOLJDWRU\ WRLQ GHILQLWHO\GHIHUWKHPRPHQWRIDFWXDOYLROHQFHDQGWKXVWRWUDQVIRUP YLROHQFHLQWRSRZHUZKLFKZHFDQGHILQHDVWKHSRWHQWLDORIRFFXS\LQJ RUEORFNLQJVSDFHVZLWKERGLHV *XPEUHFKW +RZHYHURFFXSDWLRQDQGEORFNLQJWZRRSHUDWLRQVLGHQWLILDEOHZLWK FRORQLDOLVP DQG ERUGHU FRQWURO DUH QRW H[FOXVLYH WR D SUHGRPLQDQWO\ VSDWLDOFRQVWLWXWLRQRIERGLHVVLQFHWKHUHDUHDOVRPHPRU\EORFNLQJGH YLFHVQDUUDWLYHVZLWKUHWURDFWLYHHIIHFWVDQGVWUDWHJLHVRI¦KLVWRU\IDOVL ILFDWLRQ§ ZKLFK PHDQWKDWERGLHVDUHWKHPVHOYHVWLPHERXQGWKH\DUH OLWHUDOO\OLIHORQJ HPERGLPHQWV RIKLVWRU\:KHQ&KULVWRSKHU3UHQGHUJDVW DFFXVHV 3DVFDOH &DVDQRYD RI ¦FRPSODFHQW WUDQVFHQGHQWDOLVP§ DQG DU JXHVWKDWVKH¦IRUJHWV RU¨HQGV© KLVWRU\§  KHVHHPVQRWWRWDNHLQWR DFFRXQWWKHKLVWRULFDOGLPHQVLRQRIQHJDWLYLW\WKDWLVWKDWVHOIDIILUPLQJ UHVLVWDQFH WKDW XQIROGV LQ WKH PDQQHU RI VLJQLILFDQWO\ DUWLFXODWHG SKH QRPHQDWKDWHIILFLHQWO\UHGXFHVWDJQDWLRQDQGDGGXFHFKDQJH1HJDWLY LW\LVWKXVSUHVHQWQRWRQO\LQQRWLRQVVXFKDV¦DQWLIDVFLVW§ DQG¦QRQ EHOLHYHU§EXWDOVRDQGPRUHVXEYHUVLYHO\LQ¦&RXQWHU5HIRUPDWLRQ§ ¦FODVVVWUXJJOH§¦SRVWFRORQLDOLVP§¦1HZ$JH§ 7RSXW LW EOXQWO\RQH UHVLVWVWKHSUHYLRXV)URP+HJHOLDQGLDOHFWLFVKRZHYHULWLV FOHDUWKDW QHJDWLYLW\LVQRWWKHVDPHDVQHJDWLRQDQGDIILUPLQJWKHYDOXHRIOLWHUD WXUHHYHQLILWPHDQVWRDIILUPLWQHJDWLYHO\VKRXOGQRWPHDQDFFRUGLQJ WR3UHQGHUJDVWWRWDNHRUDOOLWHUDWXUHDVWKHSUHYLRXVLWPXVWQHJDWHWR VLWXDWHLWVHOIDQGHDUQDQLGHQWLW\2QHRIKLVFKDUJHVDJDLQVW&DVDQR YDUHOLHVRQZKDWKHSHUFHLYHVDVKHUGRZQSOD\LQJRIRUDOOLWHUDWXUHLQ ZKLFKWKHLGHDRIOLWHUDWXUHFRLQFLGHVZLWKWKH¦SRVW*XWHQEHUJHUDRI SULQWLQJ§  DQGKHUHFUXLWVRWKHUDGYRFDWHVRIKLVFDXVH¦+HQU\/RXLV *DWHV KDV VKRZQ KRZ WKH (XURSHDQ (QOLJKWHQPHQW HVWDEOLVKHG D OLQN EHWZHHQ¨UHDVRQ©¨FLYLOL]DWLRQ©DQG¨ZULWLQJ©WKXVFRQILQLQJRUDOFXOWXUH WRDSRVLWLRQRILQIHULRULW\RIWHQDWWDFKLQJWKHSHMRUDWLYHYDOXDWLRQ¨EDU EDULF© RU¨VDYDJH©§  ¥WKDWZHDOVRILQGLQ+HUGHU©VZULWLQJV+HDOVR DSSURSULDWHO\DGRSWV$UMXQ$SSDGXUDL©VQRWLRQRI¦(XURFKURQRORJ\§ WR VXSSRUWKLVFULWLFDO DQGQRQ(XURSHDQ YLHZRQ&DVDQRYD©VHXURFHQWULF 86 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LW\¦WKHLQEXLOWHWKQRFHQWULVPRIOLWHUDU\KLVWRULFDOSHULRGL]DWLRQV§ WKDW VHHP¦LPSRVVLEOHWRDYRLG§ 3UHQGHUJDVW 0RUHRYHUKHLQVLVWVRQWKH FRQIOLFWLYHSRWHQWLDORI&DVDQRYD©VIXQGDPHQWDOO\HFRQRPLFXQGHUVWDQG LQJRIOLWHUDU\UHODWLRQVZLWKLQWKH¦ZRUOGUHSXEOLF§ WKDWLQGH[HVWKHQD WLRQDOWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOH[FKDQJHYDOXH¦¨:RUOG© KHUH LQFOXGLQJWKHWHUP PRQGLDOH LQ&DVDQRYD©VWLWOH WKXVGRHVQRWPHDQ¨JOREDO© LQWKHVHQVHRI DOOWKHOLWHUDWXUHVRIWKHZRUOG EXWUDWKHU¨LQWHUQDWLRQDO© VWUXFWXUHVWKDW DULVHDQGWUDQVDFWLRQVWKDWRFFXUDFURVVQDWLRQDOERUGHUV§   7KHUHLV QRSODFHQRUWLPHIRU DVXVWDLQDEOHRUJDQL]HG¦PHHWLQJRIZRUOGOLWHUD WXUHV§ WKDW*RHWKHZRXOGKDYHZLVKHGDQGVWLOOLILWZDVWRKDSSHQLW ZRXOGEH¦OHVVDVVRPHHFXPHQLFDOJDWKHULQJ *RHWKHLQDQWLFLSDWLRQRI KLVQRWLRQRIZRUOGOLWHUDWXUHRQFHUHIHUUHGWROLWHUDWXUHDVD¨FRPPRQ ZRUOGFRXQFLO© WKDQDVDFRPSHWLWLYHPDUNHW§  &RPSHWLWLYHKHUH PHDQVFRQIOLFWLYHDOWKRXJKRQO\SRWHQWLDOO\YLROHQWIRULWLVH[SHFWHGLQ WKHUHSXEOLFWKDWYLROHQFHLVLQWHUUXSWHGDQGVXEVWLWXWHGE\SRZHU ,QDUHIHUHQFHWR¦WKHWLPHV RIZDUULQJRIWKH +XQLQYDVLRQVDQG WKH FUXVDGHV§ +HUGHU PDNHV WKH SRLQW ¦(YHU\WKLQJ LQ KXPDQLW\ WKDW LVJUHDWJRRGDQGQREOHZRUNVWRWKHHQGWKDWWKHVHWLPHVVKRXOGDQG FDQQHYHUDQ\ORQJHUUHWXUQ§ ¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ ,I WKLVLVDUDWLRQDOZLVKZHPXVWFRQVLGHUWKHUROHRIWKHKHDUWLQWKHVKDS LQJRIPRGHUQUHDVRQ,QRQHOHWWHUORYHPRWLYDWHVWKHGXW\RIVHFXULQJ WKHVKLSRIKXPDQSURJUHVVWKHKHDUWDFFRPSOLVKHVWKHODZRIFRPPRQ JRRGLQDQRWKHUOHWWHUORYHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKRSH¦6ROHWPHEHOLHYH P\IULHQGWKDWWKHPDGUDJLQJV\VWHPRIFRQTXHVWLVQRWWKHEDVLFFRQ VWLWXWLRQRI(XURSHRUDWOHDVWQHHGQRWEHVRDQGDOVRZLOOQRWEHVRIRU HYHU6SHUHPXVDWTXHDPHPXV>/HWXVKRSHDQGORYH@§ ¦/HWWHUV FRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§  1RQHWKHOHVV VRPH H[SUHVVLRQV XVHG LQ WKH ¦/HWWHUV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH 3URJUHVV RI +XPDQLW\§ VXFK DV ¦(XURSHDQ ODQGV§  ¦/HWWHUV FRQ FHUQLQJ WKH 3URJUHVV§  DQG ¦(XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV§  ¦/HWWHUV FRQ FHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ UHYHDODYDJXHQHVVWKDWFRQWUDVWVKLJKO\ZLWKWKH FRQFUHWHQHVV RI QDWLRQV ¦ZH *HUPDQV§ ¦)UDQFH©V OLWHUDU\ SURGXFWV§ ¦D*UHHQODQG RU6LEHULD§ ¦/HWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKH3URJUHVV§ 2QH UHDVRQIRUWKLVPLJKWEHWKHLPSOLFLWQH[XVOLQNLQJ(XURSHWR6SLULW E\ Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit 87 FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES ZD\RILGHQWLI\LQJ5HSXEOLFDQ(XURSHZLWKDSROLWLFDODFFRPSOLVKPHQW RIWKH6SLULW ¥VRPHWKLQJWKDW¦FDQQRWEHGHVFULEHG§ ZKLOHQDWLRQV LQ +HUGHU©VWH[WHVSHFLDOO\)UDQFHDQG*HUPDQ\ FDQEHGHVFULEHGE\DVHW RIYDOXHVXWRSLDQRUQRWDQGDFWXDOLVLQJHYHQWV,QWKH¦/HWWHUVIRUWKH $GYDQFHPHQWRI+XPDQLW\§ +HUGHUGHHSHQVWKLVIHHOLQJRI(XURSHEH LQJDKROORZHQWLW\¦/HDVWRIDOO>ž@ FDQRXU(XURSHDQFXOWXUH EHWKH PHDVXUHRIXQLYHUVDOKXPDQJRRGQHVVDQGKXPDQYDOXHLWLVQR\DUGVWLFN RUDIDOVHRQH(XURSHDQFXOWXUHLVDQDEVWUDFWHGFRQFHSWDQDPH§   5HWXUQLQJWRHFRQRPLFWHUPLQRORJ\DQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHJHWVLWV FRPPHUFLDOQDPHGLUHFWO\IURP WKHHVVHQFHLWKDVWR WUDGH%XWLIWKHFRUH VHOOLQJDUJXPHQWLVGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ¥XSRQZKLFKQHJDWLYLW\LVEXLOW¥KRZ LVDOLWHUDWXUHWRHPHUJHZKHQLWLVDOUHDG\DFRUSRUDWLRQRZQLQJDIXOO VHW RI WUDGHPDUNV DOUHDG\ FRPSHWLQJ RU MXVW FRH[LVWLQJ" ,W LV KDUG WR FRQFHLYHRIDQHPHUJHQW (XURSHDQOLWHUDWXUHRUDWOHDVWRIDSURFHVVRI HPHUJHQFHRI DSKHQRPHQRQWKDWQHLWKHUKDVDQLGHQWLW\QRULVUHFRJQLV DEOH DV VXFK 7KH GHEDWH DERXW WKH H[LVWHQFH RI D (XURSHDQ OLWHUDWXUH PD\EHJUDVSHGDVDSKHQRPHQRQPRUHHDVLO\WKDQ(XURSHDQOLWHUDWXUH LWVHOI0RUHRYHUWKHDGGLWLRQE\+HUGHURID¦IRXUWKWHUP>SHRSOH@ WRD ORQJVWDQGLQJHTXDWLRQWKDWKDGEHHQIL[HGVLQFHGX%HOOD\§>QDWLRQODQ JXDJHOLWHUDWXUH@¦KDVEHHQDFULWHULRQRIOLWHUDU\OHJLWLPDF\HYHUVLQFH RIIHULQJQHZZD\VRISURGXFLQJDQGDIILUPLQJVSHFLILFGLIIHUHQFHV§ &DV DQRYD 7KHODVWLQJYDOLGLW\RIWKLVIRXUWKHOHPHQWLQWKHHTXDWLRQ PDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWROHJLWLPLVHDOLWHUDWXUHWKDWGRHVQRWIXOILODQHHG IRULGHQWLW\DQGWKXVFDQQRWEULQJIRUZDUGDQDWLRQDOIHHOLQJ 7KHRQH WKLQJWKDW VHHPVWR SUHYHQW(XURSH©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88 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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¦RQHQDWLRQVKRXOGEHWKHZRPDQ7KLVRQHZHSODQWRSXW LQWKHPLGGOHEXWWKHRWKHUZDUULQJQDWLRQVVKRXOGEHWKHPHQ DQGOLYH DURXQG WKH ZRPDQ§ ZLWKRXW GRLQJ KHU DQ\ KDUP WKH ZRPDQ VKRXOG DOVRDGYLVHLQFDVHRIZDUEHWZHHQWKHPHQDURXQGKHU¦-XVWUHPHPEHU WKDW\RXUZLYHVDQGFKLOGUHQDUHERXQGWRGLHLI\RXGRQRWVWRS>ž@ $QGWKHPHQ VKRXOGWKHQSD\KHHGWRWKHZRPDQDQGREH\KHU§   5HIHUULQJWRWKH&DWKROLFPHGLHYDOKLHUDUFK\KHSURFHHGV 7KHUHZHUHWLPHVLQ(XURSHZKHQKLHUDUFK\ ZDVVXSSRVHGWRSOD\ WKH UROH RI WKLV ZRPDQ +LHUDUFK\ WRR ZRUH WKH ORQJ GUHVV RLO DQG PHGLFLQHZHUHLQKHUKDQG3HRSOHEODPHKHUIRULQVWHDGRIDGPLQLV WHULQJKHURIILFHLQSHDFHRIWHQKHUVHOIKDYLQJVWLUUHGXSDQGIDQQHG ZDUVEHWZHHQWKHPHQDWOHDVWKHURLOKDVQRW\HWFOHDQHGWKHHDUVRI WKHSHRSOHVKHUPHGLFLQHKDVQRW\HWFXUHGWKHVLFN Q 6KRXOGZHLQVWHDGRIWKLVKLHUDUFK\SXWZRPHQ©VFORWKHVRQDUHDO QDWLRQLQWKHPLGGOHRI(XURSHDQGEHVWRZRQLWWKHRIILFHRIDMXGJH RYHUSHDFH":KLFKQDWLRQ"    3UHVHUYLQJFRQIOLFWDVDSRVWGHPRFUDWLFVWUDWHJ\IRUDOORZLQJDSROLWLFVRIGLIIHU HQFHLVDSRVVLELOLW\WKDWKDVEHHQZRUNHGE\WKHWKHRUHWLFLDQVRISOXUDOLVWLFDJRQLVP VHH PDLQO\/DFODXDQG0RXIIH &KDQWDO0RXIIH©V7KH5HWXUQRIWKH3ROLWLFDO SURYLGHVDQ RXWOLQHRIWKHWKHRU\ZKLOHPDNLQJWKHFDVHIRUWKHFHQWUDOUROHRIWKHSROLWLFDOLQWKHOLIH RIVRFLHW\  7KHTXHVWLRQRIJRYHUQDQFHDQGRIRFFXS\LQJDPLGGOHSODFHDSSOLHVWRFRPSDUD WLYHOLWHUDWXUHDVDGLVFLSOLQHDFFRUGLQJWR:ODG*RG]LFK ¦(PHUJHQW§ II  Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit 89 FRANCISCO SERRA-LOPES )XUWKHUPRUH+HUGHUDGPLWVWKDWZDULVZKDWKHIHDUVPRVWDOWKRXJK KH LGHQWLILHV ¦LQWHOOHFWXDO IRUFHV§ DV (XURSH©V ELJ DGYDQWDJH )RU ¦LQ ZKDWEDVHVGLG>SUHYLRXVZDUV@ UHVW"§  &HUWDLQO\QRWLQFXOWXUDORU UHOLJLRXVGLYHUVLW\RULQWHOOHFWXDOGLVDJUHHPHQWEXWPRVWSUREDEO\LQGH ILFLHQWVHOINQRZOHGJHFXOWXUDODQGUHOLJLRXVLOOLWHUDF\DQGWKHLQFDSDF LW\RIOLYLQJZLWKGLIIHUHQFHDQGGHDOLQJZLWKWKHFRQIOLFWLYH7KDWLVZK\ +HUGHU DUJXHV VR DUGHQWO\ IRU WKH SULQFLSOH KH EHOLHYHV LQ ¦8QLYHUVDO KXPDQUHDVRQDQGMXVWLFH LVWKHPDWURQZKREHDUVRLODQGPHGLFLQHRQ KHUDUP§  +HJHOLVPXFKVKDUSHUDVKHLGHQWLILHVWKHUHDOZLWKWKH HPSLULFDODQGWKHLGHDOZLWKWKH UDWLRQDO KHDUJXHVIRUWKHDQQLKLODWLRQ RIWKHUHDO ¦XQGHU WKHQDPHRIVHQVXRXVQHVVLQFOLQDWLRQVORZHUDSSH WLWHV§ LQIDYRXURIWKHLGHDODQGWKHVXSSUHVVLRQRIWKHDFFLGHQWDO DQGFRQWLQJHQWWKDWLVLPPRUDO  DQGMHRSDUGL]HVZKDWKHFDOOV¦JHQ HUDOZLOO§  KHDGYRFDWHVWKH¦UHGXFWLRQ>RIWKHRSSRVLWHV@§  DQG DVVXPHV WKH LQFDSDFLW\ RI ¦SULYDWH ZLOOV§ RI ¦FRQVWLWXWLQJ WKHPVHOYHV DVDJHQHUDOZLOO§$FFRUGLQJWR+HJHOSHUSHWXXPTXLHWXP SHUSHWXDO SHDFH LVGHFHLYLQJ7KHUHLV OLWHUDOO\QRSODFH OLNH8WRSLD7KHHUDVXUHRI WKHFRQFUHWHLQGLYLGXDODQGHYHQRIWKHFRQFHSWRISHUVRQ DV3LHUR&RGD SRLQWVRXW OHDGV+HJHOWRWKHORJLFDOMXVWLILFDWLRQRIZDU ,QZDUWKHUHLVWKHIUHHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWQRWRQO\FHUWDLQLQGLYLGXDO WKLQJVEXWWKHZKROHRIWKHPDVOLIHZLOOEHDQQLKLODWHGDQGGHVWUR\HG IRUWKH$EVROXWHLWVHOIRUIRUWKHSHRSOHDQGWKHUHIRUHZDUSUHVHUYHVWKH HWKLFDOKHDOWKRISHRSOHVLQWKHLULQGLIIHUHQFHWRVSHFLILFLQVWLWXWLRQV  ,QDZD\VLPLODUWR+HUGHU©VDQHPRWLRQDOKHDUWEUHDNLQJYHUVLRQIRO ORZV¦-XVWDVWKHEORZLQJRIWKHZLQGVSUHVHUYHVWKHVHDIURPWKHIRXO QHVVZKLFKZRXOGUHVXOWIURPDFRQWLQXDOFDOPVRDOVRFRUUXSWLRQZRXOG UHVXOWIRUSHRSOHVXQGHUFRQWLQXDORULQGHHG¨SHUSHWXDO© SHDFH§    ¦>,@QZKDWLVFDOOHGSUDFWLFDOUHDVRQZHFDQUHFRJQL]HRQO\WKHIRUPDO ,GHDORIWKH LGHQWLW\RIWKHUHDODQGWKHLGHDODQGLQWKHVHV\VWHPVRISKLORVRSK\WKLVLGHDVKRXOGEH WKHDEVROXWHSRLQWRILQGLIIHUHQFH%XWWKLV,GHDGRHVQRWDULVHIURPGLIIHUHQFHDQGWKH LGHDOGRHVQRWDWWDLQUHDOLW\IRUDOWKRXJKWKHLGHDODQGWKHUHDODUHLGHQWLFDOLQ WKLVSUDF WLFDOUHVRQWKHUHDOUHPDLQVIODWO\RSSRVHG>WRWKHLGHDO@7KLVUHDOLVHVVHQWLDO\SRVLWHG RXWVLGHUHDVRQDQGSUDFWLFDOUHDVRQUHVLGHVRQO\LQLWVGLIIHUHQFHIURPLW§ 1DWXUDO   90 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ,QVSLWHRIDUDUHUHIHUHQFHWRIDLUZDU+HUGHUHPSKDVL]HVKLV¦KRU URURIZDU§   1DWXUH KDV FHUWDLQO\ QRW GHQXGHG XV RI PHDQV IRU VHFXULQJ RXU VHOYHVDJDLQVWWKLVGHVWUR\LQJNLQGRIRXURZQVSHFLHVRQO\VKHJDYHXV WKHVHPHDQVQRWDVZHDSRQVLQRXUKDQGVEXWLQRXUKHDGVDQGKHDUWV >ž@3DWULRWLVP PXVWQHFHVVDULO\PRUHDQGPRUHFOHDQDQGSXULI\LWVHOI RIGURVV(YHU\QDWLRQPXVWOHDUQWRIHHOWKDWLWEHFRPHVJUHDWEHDX WLIXOQREOHULFKZHOORUGHUHGDFWLYHDQGKDSS\QRWLQWKHH\HVRI RWKHUVQRWLQWKHPRXWKRISRVWHULW\EXWRQO\LQLWVHOILQLWVRZQVHOI >ž@ 3HRSOHPXVWOHDUQWKDWWKH\FDQEHVRPHWKLQJRQO\LQWKHSODFHLQ ZKLFKWKH\VWDQGZKHUHWKH\VKRXOG EHVRPHWKLQJ   7RZDUGVDQ$IIHFWLYH5HDVRQ $FFRUGLQJWRWKHTXRWDWLRQV,KDYHPDGHIURP+HUGHU©V/HWWHUVWKHORYH IRU WKH IDWKHUODQG LV E\ GHILQLWLRQ SDWULRWLF SDWHU  DQG SDWULRWLVP LV GHVFULEHGDVDSURFHVV2QWKHRQHKDQGLWLVSRVLWLYHEHFDXVHLWLVVDLG WKDWSHRSOHFDQ%HFRPHDVORQJDVWKH\VWDQG DQGDIILUP ZKLOHRQWKH RWKHULWLVDOVRQHJDWLYHLQWKDWLWUHTXLUHVWKHFOHDQVLQJRI¦GURVV§ WKH DEDQGRQPHQWRIWKHROGILQDOO\LWDLPVDWSHDFHEHFDXVHDQDWLRQ©VPRVW GHVLUDEOH%HFRPLQJLV¦RQO\LQLWVHOI§DQGLVQRWWREHUHDFKHGWKURXJK WKHFRQIOLFWLYHZLOOWRDSSURSULDWHDQGDQQLKLODWHWKHRWKHU2IFRXUVH +HUGHU©VDWWULEXWLRQRIDQDWLRQ©VKDUPRQLRXVGHVWLQ\WRLWVLGHDODXWRQ RP\GRHVQRWQHJDWHQRUGRHVLWSUHFOXGHWKHFRQYHQLHQFHRIVROLGDULW\ EHWZHHQQDWLRQVWKLVLVH[DFWO\ZKDWWKHUHIHUHQFHWRWKH,URTXRLVVKRZV ,QGHHGVROLGDULW\DVDIRUPRIWKHLGHDORIIUDWHUQLW\UHVSRQGVWRWKHIDFW WKDW,ZLVKWRUHVWDWHWKDWUHDVRQKDVRIWHQEHHQGHIHQGHGLQIXOOKHDUWHG DQGSDVVLRQDWHWHUPVE\(XURSH©VIDWKHUILJXUHVWKXVVWUHVVLQJWKHLP SRUWDQFHRIDIIHFWLYLW\LQWKHLUYHU\UHDVRQLQJ ,IQRZDGD\VWKHLGHDRI(XURSHDQGQDWLRQDOIHHOLQJDUHHDV\WRWHOO DSDUWLWPD\EHGXHWRWKHUDWLRQDOLW\RI5HSXEOLFDQSULQFLSOHVWKDWXQ GHUOLH (XURSHDQ LGHQWLW\ DQG WKH FRRSWLRQ RI SDWULRWLVP E\ LGHRORJL FDOGHYLFHVRI HPRWLRQFRQVXPSWLRQDQGGHPDJRJLF¦SRSXOLVWUHDVRQ§ /DFODX +RZHYHUWKHLUUDWLRQDO6SLULWWKDWKDVDSSDUHQWO\LQWHUYHQHG LQ WKH HQJHQGHULQJ RI WKH PRGHUQ HQOLJKWHQHG LGHD RI (XURSH PLJKW Europe's Heart of Hearts: An Affective Archaeology of the European Spirit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¦5XVVLD $FFXVHV 3RODQG RI 6WDUWLQJ 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU§ 7HOHJUDSK -XQH:HE-XO %RXUGLHX3LHUUH/DQJXDJHDQG6\PEROLF3RZHU7UDQV*LQR5D\PRQGDQG 0DWWKHZ$GDPVRQ&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 &DVDQRYD 3DVFDOH 7KH :RUOG 5HSXEOLF RI /HWWHUV 7UDQV 0 % 'H%HYRLVH &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 &RGD3LHUR,OQHJDWLYRHOD7ULQLWj5RPD&LWWj1XRYD *RG]LFK:ODG¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHDQGWKH)LHOGRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH§ 7KH&XOWXUHRI/LWHUDF\&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 *RUFHL[%HUQDUG)ODPEpHHWDJRQLHP\VWLTXHVGX;9,,H VLqFOHDOOHPDQG6LV WHURQ3UpVHQFH *XLOOpQ &ODXGLR ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV &ULWLFDO 4XHVWLRQLQJV RI D +LVWRUL FDO&RQFHSW§(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV(G5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROH%HUQ3HWHU /DQJ *XPEUHFKW+DQV8OULFK3URGXFWLRQRI3UHVHQFH:KDW0HDQLQJ&DQQRW&RQ YH\6WDQIRUG6WDQIRUG83 92 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe +HJHO *): 1DWXUDO /DZ 7KH 6FLHQWLILF :D\V RI 7UHDWLQJ 1DWXUDO /DZ ,WV3ODFHLQ0RUDO3KLORVRSK\DQG,WV5HODWLRQWRWKH3RVLWLYH6FLHQFHVRI /DZ7UDQV70.QR[3KLODGHOSKLD8RI3HQQV\OYDQLD3 +HOOHU5RD]HQ'DQLHO(FKRODOLDV2QWKH)RUJHWWLQJRI/DQJXDJH1HZ<RUN =RQH%RRNV +HUGHU-RKDQQ*RWWIULHGYRQ3KLORVRSKLFDO:ULWLQJV7UDQV0LFKDHO1)RV WHU&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 +RQGW3LHUUHG©+HJHOVHFUHW3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH -DPHVRQ)UHGULF0DU[LVPDQG)RUP3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 /DFODX(UQHVWR2Q3RSXOLVW5HDVRQ/RQGRQ9HUVR ¥ DQG&KDQWDO0RXIIH+HJHPRQ\DQG6RFLDOLVW6WUDWHJ\7RZDUGVD5DGLFDO 'HPRFUDWLF3ROLWLFV7UDQV:LQVWRQ0RRUHDQG3DXO&DPPDFN/RQGRQ 9HUVR ¦/DQJXDJH 9LWDOLW\ DQG (QGDQJHUPHQW§ 81(6&2 $G +RF ([SHUW *URXS RQ (QGDQJHUHG/DQJXDJHV'RFXPHQWVXEPLWWHGWRWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO([SHUW 0HHWLQJRQ81(6&23URJUDPPH6DIHJXDUGLQJRI(QGDQJHUHG/DQJXDJHV 3DULV0DUFK:HE-XO 0DULRQ-HDQ/XF,Q([FHVV6WXGLHVLQ6DWXUDWHG3KHQRPHQD7UDQV9LQFHQW %HUUDXG1HZ<RUN)RUGKDP83 0HOW]HU )UDQoRLVH ¦:KDW©V :URQJ ZLWK 1DWLRQDO /LWHUDWXUH 'HSDUWPHQWV"§ /LWHUDWXUH IRU (XURSH (GV 7KHR '©KDHQ DQG ,DQQLV *RHUODQGW $PVWHU GDP5RGRSL 0RXIIH&KDQWDO7KH5HWXUQRIWKH3ROLWLFDO/RQGRQ9HUVR 3UHQGHUJDVW&KULVWRSKHU¦7KH:RUOG5HSXEOLFRI/HWWHUV§'HEDWLQJ:RUOG /LWHUDWXUH(G&KULVWRSKHU3UHQGHUJDVW/RQGRQ9HUVR Emergent Identities on the Move Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages ELISA ANTZ Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 7URXEOHG,GHQWLWLHVLQ)UHQFK¦&LQH/LWHUDU\/LIH§ ,QDQDUWLFOHRQ¦/LWHUDU\(PHUJHQFHDVD&DVH6WXG\RI7KHRU\LQ&RP SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ &pVDU 'RPtQJXH] KLJKOLJKWV WKH VKRUWFRPLQJV RIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVDVWKHWUDGLWLRQDOXQLWVRIDVWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPRI :HOWOLWHUDWXUDVWKH\WHVWLI\WRDQHHGIRUHVVHQWLDOLVWFDWHJRULFDOHQWLWLHV 6LQFHVXFKFODVVLILFDWLRQVFDQQRWSURSHUO\GHDOZLWKFKDQJHDQGUHQHZDO 'RPtQJXH]FRLQVWKHWHUP¦OLWHUDU\OLIH§  WRUHIHUWRDQLQYHVWLJDWLYH ILHOGWKDWLV¦PRUHH[WHQVLYHULFKDQGYDULHGWKDQWKHQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH RIWKDWYHU\VDPHFRPPXQLW\§   6LPLODUO\ DQWLHVVHQWLDOLVW DUJXPHQWV KDYH EHHQ SXW IRUWK E\ ILOP VFKRODUV7KXV(OL]DEHWK(]UDDQG7HUU\5RZGHQDUJXHWKDW¦>F@LQHPD KDVIURPLWVLQFHSWLRQEHHQWUDQVQDWLRQDOFLUFXODWLQJPRUHRUOHVVIUHHO\ DFURVV ERUGHUV >@ ,Q DQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ LQWHUFRQQHFWHG ZRUOG WKHVH K\ EULGL]LQJWHQGHQFLHVKDYHEHFRPHSUHGRPLQDQW§  DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\ GHPDQGFRQVLGHUDWLRQRI¦WUDQVQDWLRQDOFLQHPDDVERWKDERG\RIZRUN DQG D FULWLFDO FDWHJRU\§   EHFDXVH LW ¦WUDQVFHQGV WKH QDWLRQDO DV DX WRQRPRXVSDUWLFXODULW\ZKLOHUHVSHFWLQJLWDVDSRZHUIXOV\PEROLFIRUFH§  ,QWKLVZD\FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQVDVZHOODVH[DPSOHVRIOLWHUDU\OLIH 96 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DQG WUDQVQDWLRQDO FLQHPD FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV PXWXDOO\ HQOLJKWHQLQJ ILHOGVRIUHVHDUFK $JDLQVW WKLV WKHRUHWLFDO EDFNJURXQG /H *UDQG 9R\DJH 7KH %LJ 7ULS ZKLFKJDUQHUHG)UHQFK0RURFFDQVFUHHQZULWHUDQGGLUHF WRU,VPDɺO)HUURXNKLDZDUGVDWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO)LOPIHVWLYDOVRI9HQLFH DQG0DUGHO3ODWDDQG([LOV ([LOHV ZULWWHQGLUHFWHGDQGSUR GXFHG E\ )UHQFK$OJHULDQ 7RQ\ *DWOLI ZKR ZRQ WKH ¦%HVW GLUHFWRU§ FDWHJRU\IRUWKLVPRYLHDW WKH&DQQHV)LOP)HVWLYDO IRUPLQWHUHVWLQJFDVH VWXGLHVEHFDXVHWKH\VWDJHSURWDJRQLVWVWKDWVWUXJJOHZLWKWUDQVQDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV )HDWXULQJ )UHQFK SURWDJRQLVWV ZLWK D 0DJKUHELDQ KHULWDJH WKH\ PLJKW EH FRQVLGHUHG DV H[DPSOHV RI EHXU FLQHPD EHXU EHLQJ WKH EDFNVODQJ LQYHUWLQJV\OODEOHV ZRUGIRU$UDE:KLOH3HWHU%ORRPFRQ VLGHUV EHXU FLQHPD ¦D ORRVHO\ FRGLILHG WUDQVQDWLRQDO ILOP PRYHPHQW§  &RUQHOLD5XKHV\VWHPDWL]HVIXUWKHUVSHDNLQJRI&LQpPDEHXU DV D ¦QHZ JHQUH RI )UHQFK ILOP§ )RU WKH IROORZLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIWKHVHILOPVLVWKDWWKH\WKHPDWL]H¦WKHLGHQWLW\RID VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQRI1RUWK$IULFDQLPPLJUDQWVZKRKDYHJURZQXSLQ )UDQFH§ %ORRP  :KLOHWKHYHU\FRQFHSWRI¨LGHQWLW\©PLJKWQRORQJHUEHDPRQJVWWKH PRVWIDVKLRQDEOHLQFXOWXUDOWKHRU\6WXDUW+DOOQRWHVWKDW¦WKHUHDUHQR RWKHUHQWLUHO\GLIIHUHQWFRQFHSWVZLWKZKLFKWRUHSODFHWKHP§  $GGL WLRQDOO\KHSRLQWVRXWWKDW¦IDUIURPEHLQJJURXQGHGLQDPHUH¨UHFRYHU\© RIWKHSDVW>ž@ LGHQWLWLHVDUHWKHQDPHVZHJLYHWRWKHGLIIHUHQWZD\VZH DUH SRVLWLRQHG E\ DQG SRVLWLRQ RXUVHOYHV ZLWKLQ WKH QDUUDWLYHV RI WKH SDVW§  &XOWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQQDPHO\PRELOLW\FRP SOLFDWHVXFKSRVLWLRQLQJV7KXVVRFLRORJLVW.DWKU\LQ:RRZDUGFDOOVDW WHQWLRQWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH¦GLVSHUVDORISHRSOHDFURVVWKHJOREHSURGXFHV LGHQWLWLHVZKLFKDUHVKDSHGE\DQG ORFDWHGLQGLIIHUHQWSODFHV7KHVHQHZ LGHQWLWLHVFDQEHERWKXQVHWWOHGDQGXQVHWWOLQJ§ :RRGZDUG  6RFLDO VFKRODUV 5XVVHOO .LQJ DQG $QDVWDVLD &KULVWRX XQGHUVWDQG WUDQVQDWLRQDOLVPDV¦DQDWWHPSWWRIRUPXODWHDFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUN IRU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH WLHV¥VRFLDO HFRQRPLF FXOWXUDO SROLWLFDO¥EH WZHHQPLJUDQWV© KRVWDQGRULJLQFRXQWULHV§  7KLVEURDGXQGHUVWDQG LQJ FDOOV IRU WKH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI VXFK QHZ ¨XQVHWWOHG DQG XQVHWWOLQJ© Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 97 ELISA ANTZ LGHQWLWLHV 7UDQVQDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV DUH FRPSOH[ DQG PXOWLIDFHWHG DV WKH\ XVXDOO\ FRPSULVH DVSHFWV RI GLIIHUHQW ODQJXDJHV UHOLJLRXV EHOLHIV IDPLO\DQGJHQGHUUROHVDQGQRUPVDQGYDOXHV7KLVLGHQWDU\LQWULFDF\LV HVSHFLDOO\HYLGHQW ZLWKUHVSHFWWR¦FKLOGUHQRI PLJUDWLRQ§  WKDWLVWR PHPEHUVRIWKHVHFRQGRUVXFFHVVLYHJHQHUDWLRQZKRKDYHEHHQUDLVHG LQWKHVRFDOOHG¦KRVWODQG§ ,QDQDUWLVWLFDOO\HQFRGHGPDQQHUEHXU FLQHPDLV PDUNHGE\VXFK SURFHVVHVRIWUDQVQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\EXLOGLQJZKLFKDUHWURXEOHGE\SRVW FRORQLDOUHODWLRQVKLSV 7KH$OJHULDQ:DUQRWRQO\LQYROYHGWZR QDWLRQDO HQWLWLHVEXWDOVRSURYRNHGVWUXJJOHVEHWZHHQYDULRXVVXEJURXSVQXUV LQJSUREOHPDWLFVRIFXOWXUDOLGHQWLILFDWLRQWKDWVWLOOKDXQWFRQWHPSRUDU\ )UDQFHHVSHFLDOO\WKHEHXU JHQHUDWLRQ %ORRP $V%ORRPQRWHV¦>L@Q )UDQFHTXHVWLRQVRIQDWLRQDOEHORQJLQJDUHVWLOOXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH VRQV DQG GDXJKWHUV RI KDUNLV $OJHULDQV ZKR VHUYHG DV YROXQWHHUVLQWKH)UHQFK$UP\EHWZHHQDQG§  ,QWKLV UHVSHFWEHXU FLQHPDIRUPVDQLQYHVWLJDWLYHILHOGRIZKDWRQHPLJKWFDOO LQOLQHZLWK'RPtQJXH]© WHUPLQRORJ\¦FLQHOLWHUDU\OLIH§ 7KH%LJ7ULS©VDQG([LOHV© ILUVWVFHQHVDUHHVSHFLDOO\UHOHYDQWWREHXU FLQHPDLQWKDWWKH\SRUWUD\\RXQJKHURHVZLWK$OJHULDQKHULWDJHLQVWDWHV RILGHQWLW\FULVHV7KH%LJ7ULS OHDGVWKHDXGLHQFHWRLGHQWLI\LPPHGLDWHO\ ZLWK5pGD 1LFRODV&D]DOp ZKRPWKHPRYLHLQWURGXFHVDVD:HUWKHU OLNHUHEHOOLRXV\RXQJKHUR+HULGHVKLVELF\FOHWKHZLQGLQKLVKDLUWKH  2WKHU VFKRODUV ZLGHQ WKH FRQFHSWXDO VFRSH RI WUDQVQDWLRQDOLVP HYHQ IXUWKHU (OL]DEHWK(]UDDQG7HUU\5RZGHQGHILQHWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDODV¦WKHJOREDOIRUFHVWKDWOLQN SHRSOHRULQVWLWXWLRQVDFURVVQDWLRQV§   7KHGHILQLWLRQFLWHGLQWKHHVVD\©VWH[WUHIHUV PRUH GLUHFWO\ WR PLJUDQW LGHQWLWLHV DQG SURYLGHV EHWWHU IRU WKH FODULW\ RI WKLV HVVD\©V DUJXPHQW  $VLQWKLVGLVFXVVLRQTXHVWLRQVRILGHQWLW\DUHRINH\FRQFHUQIROORZLQJUHIHUHQFHV ZLOOEHPDGHSULPDULO\WR3HWHU%ORRP©VWHUP¦EHXUFLQHPD§ DV&RUQHOLD5XKH©VIRFXVLV PXFKPRUHRQUHGLUHFWLQJDWWHQWLRQWRWKHDHVWKHWLFTXDOLWLHVRIKHUFDVHVWXGLHV:KLOH 5XKH©VGLVPLVVDORIHDV\FDXVDOLWLHVEHWZHHQGLUHFWRUV© DXWRELRJUDSKLHVDQGWKHLUILOPV RIIHUVDQHHGHGUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIEHXU ILOPV%ORRP©VJHQHULFDOO\PRUHORRVHEXWKLV WRULFDOO\PRUHHODERUDWHDSSURDFKRIIHUVPRUHLQVLJKWIXOLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIHPHUJLQJLGHQWLWLHVLQ7KH%LJ7ULS DQG([LOHV<HWZKHQHYHUKHOSIXO UHIHUHQFHZLOODOVREHPDGHWR 98 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe VRXQGWUDFNSURYRNLQJDGUHDPOLNHDWPRVSKHUH7KLV\RXQJSDVVLRQDWH QDWXUHLVVRRQUHVWULFWHGDVLWLVWKHSDWULDUFKZKRGHFLGHVXSRQ5pGDV GRLQJV RUGHULQJ5pGDWRGULYHKLPWR0HFFD 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ5pGDDQGKLVIDWKHU 0RKDPHG0DMG DS SHDUVPRUHWKDQWHQVH 7KHSDUHQWVVSHDN$UDELF ZKLOH5pGDDQVZHUV LQ )UHQFK :KHQ WKH IDWKHU FRPPDQGV 5pGD WR GULYH KLP WR 0HFFD 5pGDFDQRQO\JURDQLQDJRQ\0LVHHQVFqQHVRXQGDQGFDPHUDGLUHF WLRQDURXVHFODXVWURSKRELFIHHOLQJVWKDWUHODWHWRWKHSDUHQWV©SDURFKLDO VWUDQJHDQGRSSUHVVLYHFXVWRPV7KHQH[WVFHQHLQZKLFK5pGDLVDORQH EDUHIRRWLQDORZ OLJKWDOUHDG\VWXG\LQJPDSVLOOXVWUDWHV KLVWURXEOHG WUDQVQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\HVSHFLDOO\HIIHFWLYHO\,QWKHEDFNJURXQGRQHFDQ KHDUFKXUFK EHOOVDQGWKHQKLVPRELOHULQJV¦/LVD§ FDOOLQJ5pGDGRHV QRWSLFNXSKDVWHDUVLQKLVH\HVDQGKLVURPDQWLFVRXQGWUDFNUHVWDUWV¥ REYLRXVO\KHGRHV QRWGDUHWRWHOOKLVJLUOIULHQGDERXWWKH¦7KH%LJ7ULS§ $JDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRIDW\SLFDO:HVWHUQVRXQGFROODJHDQGWKHPDS DVDV\PERORIWKHIDWKHU©VSRZHU5pGD©VLGHQWLWDU\DQ[LHWLHVDUHVWDJHG +HFDQQRW IXOO\LGHQWLI\ZLWKKLVIDPLO\QHLWKHUFDQKHUHYHDOKLVIHHOLQJV WRKLV)UHQFKJLUOIULHQG)URPWKLVLGHQWLW\FULVLVWKHILOP WDNHVKLPRQ WKHSLOJULPDJHWR0HFFD ([LOHV VWDUWVZLWKDQDJJUHVVLYHVRXQGWUDFNDZRPDQUK\WKPLFDO O\SDQWLQJ¦,W©VDQHPHUJHQF\LW©VXUJHQWWRWKRVHZKRDUHDEVHQWWR WKRVHZKROLYHZLWKRXWGHPRFUDF\LW©VWLPHWRVSHDNDERXWWKRVHZKR DUHDEVHQWLW©VDQHPHUJHQF\§ (;II  7RQ\9RVVSRLQWVRXW WKDW ¦HPHUJHQF\ LPSRVHV WKH SUHVVXUH RI WLPH RQ WKH HPHUJHQW§   7KLVEHJLQQLQJVFHQHPDUNVWKHQH[XVRIXUJHQFHDQGHPHUJHQFHDVWKH PRYLH©VGUDPDWXUJLFGULYLQJIRUFHGHPDQGLQJLPPHGLDWHDFWLRQZKLOH DOORZLQJIRULGHQWLWLHVWRHPHUJHE\PHDQVRIUHFRQQHWLQJWRWKHLUSDVWV  7KLVOLQJXLVWLFVHSDUDWLRQZLOOODVWWKURXJKRXWWKHPRYLHWKHIDWKHU©VZRUGVEHLQJ VXEWLWOHG,QWKHIROORZLQJ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQVZLOOEHPDGHE\WKHDXWKRURIWKLVWH[W DQGEHEDVHGRQWKH)UHQFKGLDORJXHDQGVXEWLWOHV  $VWKHVRQJLVQRWVXEWLWOHGWKLVTXRWHGHULYHVGLUHFWO\IURPWKHDXWKRURIWKLV DUWLFOH 7R HQKDQFH WKH IXUWKHU IORZ RI WKLV WH[W TXRWHV ZLOO EH EDVHG RQ WKH (QJOLVK VXEWLWOHV Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 99 ELISA ANTZ ,QWXQHZLWKWKHDQJU\PXVLFWKHFDPHUD]RRPVLQRQ=DQR©V 5R PDLQ 'XULV  EDFN UHYHDOLQJ KLP QDNHG LQ IURQW RI D ZLQGRZ VWDUNO\ IUDPHGE\DGDUNURRP+HIL[HVDSRLQWRQWKHKRUL]RQWKDWLVIRFXVHG RQWKHULJKWE\WKH¦ERXOHYDUGSpULSpULTXH§ V\PERORIWKH3DULVLDQRXW VNLUWVDQGWKHLUPRQRWRQRXV¦FLWp§ DQGLWVUHIOHFWLRQLQWKHZLQGRZRQ WKHOHIW7KHFDPHUDWDNHVDFORVHXSRQKLVWHQVHIDFHVKRZVKLPUDLVLQJ DJODVVWKHQVXGGHQO\VKLIWWRDSHUVSHFWLYHIURPWKHERWWRPRIDGUHDU\ ¦EDQOLHXH§ IDoDGH,WLVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIVXFKD¦EDQOLHXH§ZKLFK PRVWQRWDEO\HSLWRPL]HVWKHVRFLDOPLOLHXRIWKHEHXU JHQHUDWLRQDQGKDV EHFRPH SURPLQHQW ZLWKLQ WKH QDWLRQDO LPDJHU\ 5XKH    =DQR WXUQVDURXQGHQWLUHO\QDNHG)ROORZLQJKLVYLHZZHVHHDQDNHG\RXQJ ZRPDQ /XEQD$]DEDO LQWKHEHGSOD\LQJODVFLYLRXVZLWKDQLFHFUHDP WRLQLWLDOVRXQGWUDFN=DQRDEUXSWO\WXUQVWKHPXVLFRII2QO\QRZGR ZHWUXO\UHDOL]HWKDWWKHPXVLFRULJLQDWHGIURPZLWKLQWKHVFHQH=DQR DVNV¦:DQQDJRWR$OJHULD"§  1DÙPDDQVZHUVZLWKODXJKWHU ¦:K\ZRXOG\RXZDQWWRJRWR$OJHULD"§¦1RVSHFLDOUHDVRQ§ KHUH SOLHVWXUQLQJWKHPXVLFEDFNRQ1DʀPD©VIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQDVNVZKDW PXVLFKHSOD\VDQG=DQRELWWHUO\UHVSRQGVWKDWKHGRHVQRWSOD\DQ\ PRUH7KXVLQWKHILUVWVFHQHVLQZKLFKWKHDXGLHQFHLVOHDGWRLGHQWLI\ ZLWK=DQR KLVWURXEOHGPLQGLVOLQNHGWRDORQJLQJIRU$OJHULDDQGDQ XUJHQWWRGHVLUHWRHVFDSHIURPDVHWWLQJWKDWLVW\SLFDO RIEHXU FLQHPD <HW ERWK PRYLHV LPPHGLDWHO\ HYRNH D GLIIHUHQW FLQHPDWLF JHQUH 5RDGPRYLHV:KLOHEHXUFLQHPD DQG&LQpPDEHXU SULPDULO\FRQFHUQ OLIHLQWKH)UHQFK¦EDQOLHXHV§ DQGWKH LP SRVVLELOLWLHVRILQWHJUDWLRQWKH WZRPRYLHVGLVFXVVHGKHUHVLJQLILFDQWO\FKRRVHWKHURDGRXWRI(XURSH DQGEDFNWRWKHSURWDJRQLVWV© FXOWXUDOURRWVDVDFLQHPDWLFLQWHUSOD\RI LQQHUDQGRXWHUMRXUQH\ 5RDG0RYLHVDVDQ,QYHVWLJDWLYH7RROIRU7UDQVQDWLRQDO ,GHQWLWLHV )LOP VFKRODUV (ZD 0D]LHUVND DQG /DXUD 5DVFDUROL FKRRVH (XURSHDQ URDGPRYLHVDVDDQDO\WLFDOOHQVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ PRELOLW\ DQG ¦WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI QHZ SHUVRQDO UHJLRQDO QDWLRQDO DQG 100 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WUDQVQDWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHV§  $FRPSDUDEOH LQWHUHVWLQ(XURSHDQYHUVLRQV RI URDG PRYLHV¥H[DPSOHV RI FLQHPDWLF (QWZLFNOXQJVURPDQ 6FKXOW]  ¥LVVWLOOUDWKHUOLPLWHG7KLVQHJOHFWGRHVQRWVRPXFKGHULYHIURPD ODFNRILQWHUHVWWKDQIURPVFHSWLFLVPWRZDUGVWKHHDV\LPSRUWRIDJHQUH WKDWLVVWLOOZLGHO\KHOGWREHW\SLFDOO\1RUWK$PHULFDQ7UDGLWLRQDOO\ WKH JHQUH KDV FRPH WR EH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK \RXQJ ZKLWHPHQ OLNH (DV\ 5LGHU©VSURWDJRQLVWV%LOO\DQG:\DWW DOLDV¦&DSWDLQ$PHULFD§  ZKRVH LQGLYLGXDOLVWLF TXHVWV FDQ EH UHJDUGHG DV SURMHFWLRQV RI ¦:HVWHUQ P\ WKRORJ\RQWRWKHODQGVFDSHVWUDYHUVHGDQGERXQGE\WKHQDWLRQ©VKLJK ZD\V§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¦ERWKDSRLQWRIQHZGH SDUWXUHVDQGDSODFHIRUHYHQWVWRILQGWKHLUGHQRXHPHQW§2QWKHURDG SHRSOHWKDWZRXOGQRWHQJDJHLQWKHFRXUVHVRIWKHLUUHJXODUURXWLQHGXH WRVRFLDOFXOWXUDORUVLPSO\JHRJUDSKLFDOUHDVRQVFDQPHHW§ %DNKWLQ   ,QOLJKWRIVXFK¦WUDYHOOLQJFRGHGDVGHIDPLOLDUL]DWLRQ§ /DGHUPDQ   'DYLG /DGHUPDQ VLJQLILHV ¦WKH GULYLQJ IRUFH SURSHOOLQJ PRVW URDG PRYLHV§ DV¦DQHPEUDFHRIWKHMRXUQH\DVFXOWXUDOFULWLTXH§   3LFN LQJXSRQWKLVQRWLRQ0D]HULVNDDQG5DVFDUROLMXVWLI\WKHLUFODLPVIRU LQYHVWLJDWLQJ(XURSHDQURDGPRYLHVEDVHGRQWKHPRWLIRIWKHMRXUQH\ DVDYHKLFOHIRULQYHVWLJDWLQJPHWDSK\VLFDOTXHVWLRQVRQWKHPHDQLQJDQG SXUSRVH RI OLIH 7UDYHO WKXV FRPPRQO\ EHFRPHV DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU H[SORUDWLRQGLVFRYHU\DQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ¥RIODQGVFDSHVRIVLWXDWLRQ DQGRILGHQWLW\ /DGHUPDQ  7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\WUXHRI7KH%LJ7ULS DQG([LOHV,QERWKILOPVMRXU QH\VGRPLQDWHDQGVWUXFWXUHWKHVWRULHV7KHG\QDPLFVRILQQHUDQGRXWHU Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 101 ELISA ANTZ MRXUQH\VSDWLDOH[SORUDWLRQVDVVWLPXOLDQGUHIOHFWRUVRIVHOIWUDQVIRUPD WLRQVPDNH WKHPDQDGHTXDWHWRROWRH[DPLQHFRQWHPSRUDU\(XURSHDQ LGHQWLWLHV,QWHUSUHWLQJ7KH%LJ7ULS DQG([LOHV DV URDGPRYLHVKRZHYHU GHPDQGVWKHEURDGHQLQJRI0D]LHUVND©VDQG5DVFDUROL©VWKHRUHWLFDOUHDFK 7KHILOPVFKRODUVIROORZ=\JPXQW%DXPDQ©VDQDO\VLVRIWKHVWUROOHU WKH YDJDERQG WKH WRXULVW DQG WKH SOD\HU DV SRVWPRGHUQ WUDYHOW\SHV HPEOHPDWLFIRURXUWLPHVOHDYLQJWKHSLOJULPIRUPRGHUQLW\6XFKDWKH RUHWLFDOGLVPLVVDORIWKHSLOJULPPLJKWQRWVHHPDKXJHORVVLQYLHZRI URDGPRYLHV©FRQYHQWLRQVWKDWIDYRUDLPOHVVDQGVSRQWDQHRXVYR\DJLQJ 7KHQHJOLJHQFHRIWKHSLOJULPRQHZKRLQDWUDGLWLRQDOVHQVHWUDYHOVWR DFHUWDLQVDFUHGVLWHVHHPVHYHQPRUHSODXVLEOHZKHQWDNLQJLQWRFRQ VLGHUDWLRQ:DOWHU0RVHU©VUHFHQWFODLPWKDWDQ\NLQGRIDUULYDOZRXOG VXUSDVVWKHSDUDGLJPDWLFVFRSHRIWKH LQWHUFXOWXUDO URDGPRYLHJHQUH 0RVHU  +RZHYHULWLVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWUDQVQDWLRQDOSLOJULPDJHVLQWKH URDGPRYLHWUDGLWLRQWKDWDFFRXQWVIRU7KH%LJ7ULS©VDQG([LOHV© PRVW QRWHZRUWK\HOHPHQWVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWUDQVQDWLRQDOLGHQWLWLHV 7KH%LJ7ULS WR0HFFDDV&RPLQJRII$JH3LOJULPDJH ,Q 7KH %LJ 7ULS LW LV D 0XVOLP SLOJULPDJH WR 0HFFD RU KDMM WKDW WDNHVLWV WZRXQHTXDOKHURHVRQDURDGPRYLHWKURXJKDQGRXWRI(XURSH 7KHPRYLH©VWLWOHSOD\VRQWKHFXOWXUDOFRQYHQWLRQVRIWKHW\SLFDOO\(X URSHDQ¦*UDQG7RXU§DVRUWRI¦YR\DJHG©LQLWLDWLRQ§ -DXEHUW0LFKHO  ZKLFK\RXQJDULVWRFUDWV DQGODWHUDOVRPHPEHUVRIWKHERXUJHRLVLH XQGHUWRRN IRU HGXFDWLRQDO SXUSRVHV IURP WKH HQG RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ :KLOHWKHIRUPHUQREOHVVHWRXWWRWRXU3DULV&DODLV5RPH9HQLFHDQG VLWHV RI DQWLTXLW\©V LQWHOOHFWXDO JUDQGHXU 7KH %LJ 7ULS WDNHV WHHQDJHU 5pGD DQG KLV IDWKHU IURP $L[HQ3URYHQFH WKURXJK ,WDO\ 6HUELD %XO JDULD7XUNH\DQG6\ULDWR6DXGL$UDELD 7KH IDWKHU WKHDXGLHQFHQHYHU  )RUDGLVFXVVLRQWKDWIRFXVHVRQ*HUPDQXQGHUWDNLQJVDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI¦/H *UDQG7RXU§ EXWDOVRRIIHUVDEULHILQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHYR\DJH©VWUDGLWLRQVHH-DXEHUW 0LFKHO 102 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe OHDUQV KLVQDPH DIDLWKIXO0XVOLPZDQWVWRIXOILOOKLVUHOLJLRXVGXW\RI WUDYHOOLQJWR,VODP©VKROLHVWVLWHWKH.DDED+LVWHHQDJHVRQ5pGDRQWKH RWKHUKDQGLVRFFXSLHGZLWKKLVJLUOIULHQGDQGSUHSDUDWLRQVIRUKLVEDF FDODXUHDWH )UDQFH©VVHFRQGDU\VFKRROGLSORPDH[DPV DQGLVQRWLQWHU HVWHGLQJRLQJRQWKHORQJMRXUQH\ 6LPLODUWR0D]LHUVND©VDQG5DVFDUROL©VYLHZRI(XURSHDQURDGPRY LHV 1DILF\ KLJKOLJKWV ¦MRXUQH\V RI LGHQWLW\§ DV D SLYRWDO PRWLI RI WKH ¦HPHUJHQWFDWHJRU\§  RIZKDWKLVVWXG\WLWOHV$Q$FFHQWHG&LQHPD ([LOLF DQG 'LDVSRULF )LOPPDNLQJ WKDW PDNHV WKH FXOWXUDO FULWLTXH RI ¦KRPH DQG KRVW VRFLHWLHV DQG FXOWXUHV§   RQH RI WKHLU EDVLF FKDUDF WHULVWLFV $FFRUGLQJ WR 1DILF\ WKH KRPHODQG IRUPV D XWRSLDQ FKURQR WRSHRQHZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\RSHQIRUPVZKLOHWKHKRVWFRXQWU\ LVPDUNHGE\SDUDQRLDDQGFODXVWURSKRELDLQILOPLQJQDUUDWLYHVWUXFWXUH DQG PLVHHQVFqQH ,Q 7KH %LJ 7ULS FLQHPDWLF IHDWXUHV RI FORVHG DQG RSHQIRUPVDV1DILF\FKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHPIRUWKHKRPHDQGKRVWODQG DUHWDNHQRQWKHURDGIURP$L[HQ3URYHQFHWR0HFFD ,Q WKH EHJLQQLQJ WKH FDU UHVHPEOHV 5pGD©V SV\FKRORJLFDO SULVRQ FHOO WKH FDPHUD KDUGO\ JLYHV DQ\ ZLGH VKRWV EXW UDWKHU OHDYHV WKH ILJ XUHVFUDPSHGZLWKLQWKHVFUHHQ,QWKHWLJKWVSDFHRIWKHROGXJO\FDU ZKLFKRQO\5pGDFDQGULYHLWLVWKHIDWKHUWKDWLV LQFKDUJHWKHVRQLV WRRWLUHGGULYHVWRRIDVWWDNHVWKHZURQJURDGDQGGRHVQRWFRQFHQWUDWH 7KURXJKRXW7KH%LJ7ULS WKHIDWKHUWHDFKHV WKHVRQWREHKXPEOHDQG FRQWUROKLVGHVLUHVLQWKHVSLULWRIWKHSLOJULPDJH6LQFHWKHDWWULEXWHVRI FORVHGDQGRSHQIRUPOLQNFORVHO\WR5pGD©VVWDWHRIPLQGWKH\GRQRW SOD\RXWLQWKHZD\VFKHPDWL]HGE\1DILF\([SHULHQFHVRI¦KRPH§ DUH PHGLDWHGWKURXJKWKHIDWKHUDQGKLV0XVOLPZD\RIOLYLQJ,WLVPXFK OHVVDFRXQWU\RUDSODFHWKDQWKHWHQVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIDWKHUDQG VRQWKDWLVDWVWDNH5pGDVSHDNVDWOHDVWVRPH(QJOLVKDQGLVUHSUHVHQWHG DVVHFXODUDQGUDWLRQDOUHO\LQJRQWHFKQRORJLHVDQGPDSV7KHIDWKHURQ WKHRWKHUKDQGLVDVWURQJEHOLHYHUUHOLHVRQLQWXLWLRQDQGWKHOHVVRQV OHDUQHGIURPOLIH UDWKHUWKDQVFKRRO0RVWRIWKHWLPHVLWLVWKHIDWKHU ZKRVROYHVWKHLUSUREOHPV 7KHLUGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRISUHIHUUHGWUDYHO¥SLOJULPDJHDQGWRXULVP¥ FKDUDFWHUL]HWKHWHQVLRQVEHWZHHQIDWKHUDQGVRQ5HFHQWFXOWXUDOWKHRU\ Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 103 ELISA ANTZ FRQWHVWVWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQSLOJULPDJHDQGWRXULVP7KXV&ROHPDQ DQG (DGH DUJXH WKDW ¦WRXULVWLF WUDYHO LQ VHDUFK RI DXWKHQWLFLW\ RU VHOI UHQHZDO IDOOV XQGHU WKH UXEULF RI WKH VDFUHG FROODSVLQJ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQVHFXODUYR\DJLQJDQGSLOJULPDJH§   7KH\ EDVH WKHLU REVHUYDWLRQ ODUJHO\ RQ 9LFWRU 7XUQHU©V FRQFHSWX DOL]DWLRQRISLOJULPDJHDVULWHRISDVVDJH6XFKULWXDOVVHUYHWRLQLWLDWH DQLQGLYLGXDOWRKLVRUKHUIXOOVWDWXVDVDPHPEHURIVRFLHW\E\H[SRV LQJWKHP ILUVWO\WR D OLPLQDO VWDWHWKDW LV D WUDQVLWLRQDOSKDVH ,QVHFX ULW\ GLVRULHQWDWLRQ DQG DPELJXLW\ PDUN VXFK ¦EHWZL[W DQG EHWZHHQ§ VWDWHVEXWVRGRRSHQQHVVDQGDUHOHDVHIURPFRPPRQUHVWUDLQWV7KRVH WKUHVKROGSKDVHVGLVVROYHHYHU\GD\KLHUDUFKLHVHQDEOLQJXQXVXDOERQG LQJV DQG FRPSDQLRQVKLSV JURXSV RI PXWXDO FRQILGHQFH ZKLFK 7XUQHU QDPHV¦FRPPXQLWDV§ 7XUQHU &ROHPDQDQG(DGH 7KLVIRUP LQJRI¦FRPPXQLWDV§SDOSDEO\UHFDOOV%DNKWLQ©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¥RQ WKHURDG¥VWDUWWRFRQQHFW,QWKHPRYLHWKLVWHQVLRQVLJQDOVWKHWHQXRXV  7XUQHUIRUKLVSDUW GUDZV RQHWKQRORJLVW$UQROGYDQ*HQQHS©VIDPRXVZRUNRQ ¦ULWHVGHSDVVDJH§ 104 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe SRZHUUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQIDWKHUDQGVRQIRUH[DPSOHLQDILJKWRYHU WKHWUDYHOURXWH:KHQ5pGDDGPLWVWKDWKHZDQWVWRVWRSLQ0LODQWR WDNH SLFWXUHV DQG ORRN DW VLJKWV WKH IDWKHU DQJULO\ GHPDQGV ¦'R \RX WKLQNZHDUHWRXULVWV"§   ,QWKLVZD\WKHFRQWHPSRUDU\KDMMDVSURPRWHGDQGHQIRUFHGE\WKH IDWKHULVDUHYLVLRQRIWKH*UDQG7RXUDV¦KLJKO\GHYHORSHGDQGSXUSRVH IXODFWRIHGXFDWLRQDOWUDYHOE\DQHOLWHVRFLDOJURXSRUJDQLVHGDURXQGWKH TXHVWIRUNQRZOHGJHFXOWXUHDQGFURVVFXOWXUDO LQWHUPLQJOLQJ§ &UDLN   7KH SXQFKOLQH EHLQJ RI FRXUVH WKDW WKLV HGXFDWLRQDO WRXU LV QRW SHUIRUPHGE\HQOLJKWHQHGHOLWLVW(XURSHDQVEXWE\$UDELFSURWDJRQLVWV IURP D PRGHVW EDFNJURXQG D IDWKHU WKDW QHYHU ZHQW WR VFKRRO DQG D VRQZKRKDVIDLOHGKLVEDFFDODXUHDW,GHQWLI\LQJZLWK5pGDWKHDXGLHQFH PLJKWFRPHWRVLPLODULQVLJKWVDERXWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIKXPLOLW\¥HYHQ WKRXJK QRW ERXQG WR RQH SDUWLFXODU UHOLJLRQ¥DQG WROHUDQFH IRU RWKHU ZD\VRIOLYLQJ 5pGDFHUWDLQO\GRHVWUXHWRWKHWUDGLWLRQVRI¦/H*UDQG7RXU§ DQG WKH URDG PRYLH DV FLQHPDWLF (QWZLFNOXQJVURPDQ PDWXUH GXULQJ WKH MRXUQH\:KHQWKH\DUHDFWXDOO\DSSURDFKLQJ0HFFDWKHILOPKDVJDLQHG LWV IXOO URDG PRYLH IUHHGRP )LQDOO\ IDWKHU DQG VRQ DUH DW SHDFH ZLWK HDFKRWKHU7KHHQFRXQWHUVILJKWVDQGFULVHVRQWKH URDGKDYHRSHQHG XSQHZZD\VIRUWKHWZRSURWDJRQLVWVWR FRPPXQLFDWHGHVSLWHDOOWKHLU GLIIHUHQFH$IWHUKDYLQJGULYHQWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSWRVXFKDSRVLWLYHFOL PD[WKHPRYLHGLVFORVHVWKHPRWLYDWLRQIRUWKHIDWKHU©VLPSDWLHQFH+H GRHVQRWUHWXUQIURPWKH.DDEDDQG5pGDILQGVKLPLQ DVSHFLDOURRP UHVHUYHGIRUWKRVHWKDWGLHGDWWKHKRO\VLWH 2QHFDQQRWVSHDNRIDGHILQLWHDUULYDOIRUWKHIDWKHUKDVGLHGDQG 5pGD LV KHDGLQJ EDFN KRPH KDYLQJ WR GHDO ZLWK KLV IDPLO\ KLV JLUO IULHQGKDYLQJWROLYHKLVOLIH<HWLQVW\OLVWLFWHUPVWKHPRYLHVXJJHVWVD ¦FORVXUH§ DVHQVHRISV\FKRORJLFDOLQVLJKWWKDWPDUNVWKHFRPLQJRIDJH DQGWKHVXFFHVVIXOILQLVKLQJRIWKHULWHRISDVVDJH:KHQLQWKHEHJLQQLQJ FKXUFKEHOOVUDQJLW LVQRZ WKHVRXQGFROODJHRIWKHKRO\FLW\WKDWUHFDOOV WKHVHPRWLYHV0RVWQRWDEO\LQWKHODVWVFHQHDV5pGDWDNHVDFDEWRWKH DLUSRUWKLVIDFHRXWVLGHWKHZLQGRZKLVWXQHSOD\LQJLQWKHEDFNJURXQG FRQQRWHVKLVQHZVHQVHRI VHOI:KLOHLWUHFDOOVWKHLQLWLDOVFHQHLQYDUL Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 105 ELISA ANTZ RXV ZD\V WKHUH DUH GLIIHUHQFHV 5p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©V¦URRWV§ WKHWHUP ¦5RRW7ULS§ZLOOEHLQWURGXFHGDQGXVHG2QDPRVWEDVLFOHYHO5RRW 7ULSQDUUDWLYHVSRUWUD\SURWDJRQLVWVRIVHFRQGRUODWHUJHQHUDWLRQ©VPL JUDQWVWKDWWUDYHOWRWKHLUDQFHVWRUV© KRPHODQGVLQRUGHUWRJDLQDVWURQJ HULGHDRILGHQWLW\DVHQVHRIEHORQJLQJ,QWKHVHQDUUDWLYHVLGHDVRIWKH SDVWLQWHUVHFWDQGLQWHUDFWZLWK XQ IDPLOLDUIDFHVVRXQGVZRUGVDQG HQFRXQWHUVLQWKHSUHVHQW 1DILF\PDUNVWKHH[LOLFFRQGLWLRQDV¦DQDJRQLVWLFIRUPRIOLPLQDOLW\ >ž@DVOLS]RQHRIDQ[LHW\DQGLPSHUIHFWLRQZKHUHOLIHKRYHUVEHWZHHQ WKHKHLJKWVRIHFVWDV\DQGFRQILGHQFHDQGWKHGHSWKVRIGHVSRQGHQF\DQG GRXEW§  7RUHSUHVHQWVXFKWURXEOHGVWDWHVDFFRUGLQJWR1DILF\DF FHQWHGILOPVXVHGHYLFHVWKDW DSSHDUGHVWDELOL]LQJDQGGLVFRQFHUWLQJOLNH QRQV\QFKURQRXVVRXQGRUFDPHUDSHUVSHFWLYHVWKDWDUHQRWLQOLQHZLWK WKHPDLQVWUHDPLGHDRIDQREMHFWLYHQDUUDWRU ([LOHV H[SORLWVVXFKFLQHPDWLFLQVHFXULWLHVHYRNLQJOLPLQDOLW\¥EXW DOVRHQDEOLQJFRPSDQLRQVKLSDQGWKHUHE\RIIHULQJSDWKVIRUHPHUJHQFH 'LVRULHQWDWLQJ RU VKLIWLQJ SHUVSHFWLYHV DUH GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ VRXQG DQG PXVLF,QWKHLQLWLDOVFHQHIRUH[DPSOHWKHVXSSRVHGVRXQGWUDFNWXUQV RXWWREHLQWUDGLHJWLF&DPHUDSHUVSHFWLYHVOLNHWKHRQHVXGGHQO\DZDLW 106 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LQJWKHJODVVDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHEXLOGLQJQRWFRQQHFWHGWRDQ\FKDUDF WHU©VYLHZLQJSHUVSHFWLYHKDYHDQHTXDOO\GLVWXUELQJHIIHFW7KXVDVWDWH RISV\FKRORJLFDOOLPLQDOLW\LVUHYHDOHGRQHZKLFKGHPDQGVWKHVXGGHQ IOLJKW IURP WKH ¦EDQOLHXH§©VGLVSLULWLQJVXUURXQGLQJDQLGHQWLWDU\ DQG PHWDSKRULFDOHPHUJHQF\DW\SLFDOO\VXGGHQURDGPRYLHWDNHRII:KLOH 5pGDDQGKLVIDWKHUTXLWHOLWHUDOO\KLWWKHURDGWKH\RXQJ3DULVLDQVGR QRW GULYH DQ\PRUH 5DWKHU WKH\ GHPRQVWUDWH WKHLU VWDWXV DV RXWVLGHUV DQGSURWHVWHUVDJDLQVWFDSLWDOLVPE\WUDPSLQJKLWFKKLNLQJDQGWUDYHO OLQJ OLNH YDJDERQGV DQG EDFNSDFNHUV 7KHLU MRXUQH\ LV RQH IURP 3DULV WKURXJK WKH PDUJLQDOL]HG VRFLHWLHV RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ (XURSHDQ VRFLHW\ WKH KRXVLQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV RI LOOHJDO LPPLJUDQWV RU HSKHPHUDO J\SV\ FDPSV ,Q WKLV PDQQHU ([LOHV H[SOLFLWO\ H[SORLWV WKH (XURSHDQ URDG PRYLH©VSRWHQWLDOWRXVHWKHMRXUQH\DVFXOWXUDOFULWLTXH+RZHYHUWKH FRXSOH©VUHEHOOLRQLVQRWRQHRIMXVWVHWWLQJRIIIRUDLPOHVVURDPLQJ7KH\ DUHKHDGLQJWRRQHVSHFLDOSODFH¥$OJHULD ([LOHV DOVRSOD\VRQWKHGLIIHUHQFHVDQGDIILOLDWLRQEHWZHHQNLQGVRI PRYHPHQWV,QWKLVFDVHRSSRVLWH WUDYHOGLUHFWLRQVPLJUDWLRQIURPDQG DPDUFKWR$OJHULDDUHDWWKHFHQWUHRIDWWHQWLRQ7KHH[SRVLWLRQLQWUR GXFHVWKLVOHLWPRWLILQ WKHUHIOHFWLRQ RIWKH%RXOHYDUG3pULSKpULTXH¥WKH VDPH PRYHPHQW JRLQJ WR DQG FRPLQJ IURP WKH SRLQW WKDW =DQR KDV KLVPLQGVHWRQ$OJHULD'XULQJWKHMRXUQH\WKHFRPSOH[VHWRIH[SHF WDWLRQVERXQGWRWKHGLIIHULQJPRYHPHQWVEHFRPHVPRVWSURPLQHQWLQ =DQR DQG 1DʀPD©V FKDQFH PHHWLQJ DQ XQXVXDO DQG LQWHQVH HQFRXQWHU LQWKH%DNKWLDQVHQVHZLWK/HLODDQG+DELE7KHWZR\RXQJ$OJHULDQV ZKRDUH PDNLQJWKHLUZD\ WR3DULVWR ILQGEHWWHUZRUNLQJDQG HGXFD WLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVEUHDNLQWRODXJKWHUZKHQWKH\OHDUQDERXWWKH¦PDUFK WR$OJHULD§ =DQR©VZRUGV  ,QWKH$OJHULDQV© SURYLVLRQDOKRPHROGIDFWRU\UXLQVLQDGHVHUWOLNH P\WKLFDOODQGVFDSHWKHWUDYHOOHUVEHIULHQGHDFKRWKHUERQGLQJLQDZD\ WKDWHYRNHVWKHLGHDRI¦FRPPXQLWDV§,QDPRPHQWRIIHPDOHLQWLPDF\ 1DʀPDH[SODLQVWR/HLODZK\VKHFDQQRWVSHDN$UDELFEHFDXVH¦1RRQH WDXJKWPH0\IDWKHUZRXOGQ©WVSHDNLWWRXV+HGLGQ©WWDONDERXWKLV FRXQWU\§  7KHPXVLFLQWKHEHJLQQLQJGHPDQGLQJWKDW¦LWLV DQHPHUJHQF\WRVSHDNDERXWWKRVHZKRDUHDEVHQW§ UHIHUVWRWKHJULHY Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 107 ELISA ANTZ DQFHVRIWKRVHWKDWFRPHWR(XURSHZKRKDYHWRPDNHWKHLUOLYLQJDV LOOHJDOLPPLJUDQWV<HWLWDOVRKLQWV DWDPRUHPHWDSKRULFDODEVHQFHDV H[SHULHQFHGE\1DwPDZKRLVH[LOHGIURPPHPRU\DQGWKHUHIRUHIURP SHDFHRIPLQGDQGLGHQWLW\ 'XULQJWKHLUVWD\LQWKH P\WKLFDOVHWWLQJ=DQRDOVRUHYHDOVWKHUHD VRQVIRUKLVWUDXPDWR1DʀPD 0\ IDWKHU RIWHQ VSRNH RI KLV IDWKHU )HUGLQDQG +H ZDV D KHUR DQ DQWLFRORQLDOLVW +H ZDV WRUWXUHG PXUGHUHG LQ WKH $OJLHUV SULVRQ LQ,QDOOWKHIDPLO\ZDVUHSDWULDWHGLQE\ERDW0\IDWKHU ZDQWHGXVWRYLVLW$OJLHUV+H©GQHYHUJRQHEDFN:HWRRNWKHFDU, MXVWUHPHPEHUWKHWUHHV7KH\ZHUHVSLQQLQJDURXQG,KHDUGP\IDWKHU VKRXW$QGWKHQžWKDWZDVDOO>@ ,QHYHUWRXFKHGWKHYLROLQDJDLQ$WRWDOEORFN  =DQR©VFKDUDFWHUKLJKOLJKWVWKHFRPSOH[LW\RILGHQWLW\EXLOGLQJZLWK UHVSHFWWRD)UHQFK$OJHULDQKHULWDJH+LVHQWLUHSHUVRQDOLW\LVLQILOWUDWHG ZLWKWKHLPDJHVVWRULHVDQGVRXQGVRI$OJHULD+HQFHKLVFXOWXUDOKHULW DJHLVKXJHO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHSDUHQWV©KRPHODQG$OJHULDHYHQWKRXJK WKHLUDQFHVWRUVZHUHRI(XURSHDQGHVFHQW7KLVFRPSOLFDWLRQLVIXUWKHU HQKDQFHGE\1DʀPDKDYLQJKHURZQTXLWHGLIIHUHQWIDPLO\SUREOHPV $V=DQRFDUULHVVFDUVRQKLVIRRWDVPDUNHUVRIWKHWUDXPDWLFDFFLGHQW VKHKDVVFDUVDVZHOORQKHUEDFN6KHH[SHULHQFHGYLROHQFHPD\EHUDSH LQKHUFKLOGKRRGEXWWKHDXGLHQFHQHYHUOHDUQVDQ\GHWDLOV DERXWWKHVH LQFLGHQWV ([LOHV LV VWUXFWXUHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ E\ WKH PHWDSKRULFDO SLOJULPDJH ZKLFKLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHMRXUQH\WRWKHSDUHQWV©XQNQRZQKRPHODQG $VVXFKD5RRW7ULSQDUUDWLYHRQHFDQVHH([LOHV DVDQDUWLVWLFLQVWDQFH RI WKHRUHWLFDO DUJXPHQWV WKDW KDYH UHFHQWO\ JDLQHG JURXQG ZLWKLQ WKH GLVFRXUVH RI PRELOLWLHV 4XHVWLRQV DV WR WKH UHODWLRQV RI PRELOLW\ DQG ¦URRWV§ KDYH SURYRNHGVHYHUDOVFKRODUVWRUHWKLQNWKHTXDVLFRPPRQ VHQVLFDOFRQQHFWLRQVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQDQGPRELOLW\)RUH[DPSOHWKHHGL WRUVRI8SURRWLQJV5HJURXGLQJV TXHVWLRQ¦WKHSUHVXPSWLRQVWKDWURRW OHVVPRELOLW\LV WKHGHILQLQJIHDWXUHRIFRQWHPSRUDU\H[SHULHQFHDQGWKDW LWVWDQGVDJDLQVWDQ\IRUPRI¨URRWHGEHORQJLQJ©§ $KPHGHWDO  108 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 3DXO%DVXKDVFRLQHGWKHWHUP¦URRWVWRXULVP§ ZKLOHDFWXDOO\VWUHVV LQJWKDWWKHWUDYHOOLQJGHVFHQGDQWVZKRPKHLQWHUYLHZHGGRQRWUHJDUG WKHPVHOYHVDVWRXULVWVEXWUDWKHUUHJDUGWKHLUWULSV LQ WKHPHWDSKRULFDO WHUPVRISLOJULPDJH%DVXGRHVQRWFRQVLGHUWKHSODFHVURRWVWRXULVWVYLVLW DVWUDGLWLRQDOO\VDFUHGVLWHV<HWKHVXJJHVWVWKDW¦ZKDWHPSRZHUVWKHVH MRXUQH\VDQGLPEXHVWKHPZLWKDQDXUDRIWKHVDFUHGLVWKLVYHU\FRQ YHUJHQFHRIVRFLDOL]LQJ>ž@DTXDVLP\WKLFDOILQGLQJRIRQHVHOILQRWKHUV DQGRWKHUVLQRQHVHOI,QDWUDQVFHQGHQWDOHSLSKDQ\RI¨FRQQHFWHGQHVV© ¦5RXWH0HWDSKRUV§   ,QVWHDG RI KLJKOLJKWLQJ PRELOLW\ DW WKH H[SHQVH RI FRQWLQXLW\ DQG SLOJULPDJH DV IRU H[DPSOH D UHDGLQJ LQ 0D]LHUVND©V DQG 5DVFDUROL©V WHUPLQRORJ\ PLJKW VXJJHVW  ([LOHV SOD\V RQ DQG ZLWK WKH WHQVLRQV RI OLEHUDWLQJ RQHVHOI DQG WU\LQJ WR UHFRQQHFW :KLOH FRQYH\LQJ LQVHFXULW\ DQGDPELJXLW\([LOHV GRHVQRWUHSUHVHQWD¦VOLS]RQHRIDQ[LHW\DQGLP SHUIHFWLRQ§  LQ1DILF\©VVHQVHHLWKHU 5DWKHU WKH SURWDJRQLVWV ERWK DUULYH LQ WKHLU RZQ ZD\ DQG PRVW LPSRUWDQWO\E\JURZLQJFORVHUWRHDFKRWKHU=DQROLYHVDPRPHQWRI FDWKDUVLVZKHQYLVLWLQJKLVSDUHQWV© KRPH/RRNLQJDWROGSLFWXUHVDQG VHHLQJKLVJUDQGIDWKHUZLWKKLVYLROLQ=DQRVWDUWVVREELQJOLNHDFKLOG 7KH\WDNHSDUWLQD6XILULWXDO ZKLFKLVHVSHFLDOO\OLEHUDWLQJIRU 1DʀPD ,QWKHILQDOVFHQHWKH\YLVLWWKHJUDYHRI=DQR©VJUDQGIDWKHUDQG1DʀPD VHHPVHQWLUHO\FKDQJHG:KLOHWKURXJKRXWWKHPRYLHVKHZDVDQ[LRXV VWXEERUQDQGWHQVHKHUIDFHLVQRZUDGLDQWDQGIULHQGO\:KLOHVKHKDG HDUOLHUEHHQSRUWUD\HGDVVHOILVKVKHQRZSHHOVDQRUDQJHVKDULQJLW ZLWK =DQR7KH\RXQJPDQSHUIRUPVKLVRZQULWXDORIUHFRQQHFWLQJDQGRYHU FRPLQJKLVWUDXPD:KLOHKDYLQJVDLGHDUOLHUWKDW PXVLFLVKLVUHOLJLRQ DQGPXVLFKDYLQJIXQFWLRQHGDVDFHQWUDONH\WRWKHSURWDJRQLVWV© FKDU DFWHUL]DWLRQ WKURXJKRXW WKH PRYLH KH QRZ SODFHV KLV KHDGSKRQHV RQ KLVJUDQGIDWKHU©VFURVV,QWKHVKDGRZ=DQRDQGWKHFURVVPHUJH2QFH PRUH*DWOLIXVHVWKHDFRXVWLFSHUVSHFWLYHLQRUGHUWRGLVRULHQW7KHDXGL HQFHZDWFKHVWKH WZRZDONLQJRIIKROGLQJKDQGVIRUWKHILUVWWLPH¥IURP WKHDFRXVWLFDQGRSWLFSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHJUDQGIDWKHU©VJUDYH ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH ODVW VFHQH WHOOLQJO\ LOOXVWUDWHV KRZ ([LOHV H[SORLWV ILOPLFPHDQVWKDWGLVRULHQWDWHFODVVLFDOQDUUDWLYHDQGSHUVSHFWLYL]DWLRQ Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 109 ELISA ANTZ EXWZLWKRXWOHDYLQJWKHFKDUDFWHUVLQDQDQ[LRXVVWDWHRIOLPLQDOLW\7KH H[SHULHQFHVRQWKHURDGDQGLQ$OJHULDKDYHHQKDQFHGWUXVW EHWZHHQWKH SURWDJRQLVWVDQGWKXVRIIHUHGVRXUFHVRILGHQWLW\ (PHUJHQW,GHQWLWLHVLQ&LQH/LWHUDU\/LIH :KLOHXVLQJWKHURDGPRYLH©VJHQUHFRQYHQWLRQVDQGVW\OLVWLFPHDQVW\S LFDORI$FFHQWHG&LQHPDWKHPRYLHHTXDOO\H[FHHGV DQGFRQWHVWVWKHVH HVWDEOLVKHGFDWHJRULHVE\VKRZLQJ¦HPHUJHQW§ LGHQWLWLHV,GHQWLWLHVWKDW VWDUWLQFULVHVGXHWRWKHLUWUDQVQDWLRQDOEDFNJURXQG\HWRYHUFRPHWKH WURXEOHG VWDWH E\ SHUIRUPLQJ SHUVRQDO NLQGV RI SLOJULPDJHV 7KHVH GR QRW FRQVWLWXWH VRFLDOO\ ULWXDOL]HG ULWHV RI SDVVDJH DV QHLWKHU 5pGD QRU =DQRDQG1DʀPDDUHRIILFLDOO\LQWLDWHGLQWRDVSHFLILFVRFLHW\EXWWKHLU MRXUQH\DOORZVIRUXQXVXDODQGLQWLPDWHFRPSDQLRQVKLSDVZHOODV IRU JURZLQJ PDWXULW\ 1HLWKHU ¨7KH *UHDW 7ULS© QRU WKH 5RRW 7ULS EULQJ PRELOLW\ OLPLQDOLW\ RU WUDQVQDWLRQDOLW\ WR D IXOO VWRS EXW WKH\ LQIXVH LQVHFXUHDQGGLVRULHQWHGFKDUDFWHUVZLWKVRXUFHVRIVHOIFRQILGHQFH7KDW LVZK\RQDGLHJHWLFOHYHORQHFDQVSHDNDERXWHPHUJHQWLGHQWLWLHV7KH\ GRQRWJHWWUDSSHGIRUHYHULQDOLPLQDOEHWZL[WDQGEHWZHHQVWDWHQRUGR WKH\HQWLUHO\LQWHJUDWHLQWRVRPHODUJHUGLDVSRUD7KHDFFHQWRQLQGLYLGX DOLW\ZKLFKWKHQRWLRQRI¦HPHUJHQW§ LGHQWLWLHV¥LQFRQWUDVWWR¦HPHU JHQW§LGHQWLWLHV¥FRQYH\VLVWKHUHIRUHLQWHQGHGWRFRQFXUUHQWO\FRQQHFW KXPDQUHODWLRQVKLSVDVTXLQWHVVHQWLDOWRDQ\NLQGRILGHQWLW\IRUPLQJ ([DPLQLQJ([LOHV DV5RRW7ULSPLJKWSURYHDQHVSHFLDOO\LQWHUHVWLQJ SRLQWRIGHSDUWXUHIRUIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKLQWKHILHOG RI OLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH :KLOH7KH%LJ7ULS WDNHVDURDGGHWHUPLQHGE\WKH0XVOLPKRO\VLWHWKH SLOJULPDJHLQ([LOHV LVPXFKPRUHPHWDSKRULFDODQGSHUVRQDO$VVXFKLW EHORQJVWREHXU FLQHPD ZKLFKLQIRUPVDFLQHOLWHUDU\OLIH¦PRUHH[WHQ VLYHULFKDQGYDULHG§ 'RPtQJXH] WKDQ)UHQFKQDWLRQDOFLQHPDEXW LWLPSRUWDQWO\GLVSODFHV WKHFHQWUHVRIDWWHQWLRQIURP)UHQFKPHWURSROL WDQVFHQDULRV$FFHQWHG&LQHPDRIIHUVDZRUOGZLGHWKHRU\RI¨H[LOLFDQG GLDVSRULF© FLQHPD<HWLWQHLWKHUVHHPVWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHPXOWLIDFHWHG VKLIWVRIFRQQRWDWLRQVEHWZHHQ¦KRPH§ DQG¦KRVWODQG§ IURP WKHVHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQSHUVSHFWLYHQRUIRUHPHUJHQWLGHQWLWLHVDVGHSLFWHGLQWKHVH 110 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WZR WUDQVQDWLRQDO URDG PRYLHV ([LOHV OHDGV WKURXJK VRXWKHUQ (XURSH DQGQRUWKHUQ$IULFDEXWDVLPLODUMRXUQH\WRRQHVDQFHVWRUV© KRPHODQGV PLJKW GHPDQG D TXLWH GLIIHUHQW 5RRW 7ULS RQH OHDGLQJ WKURXJK RWKHU WHUULWRULHVDQGFXOWXUDOFXVWRPV,WVGUDPDWXUJLFDOGULYHVSULQJVIURPDQ DSSDUHQWFRQWUDGLFWLRQDQHPHUJHQF\DSUHVVLQJIRUFHWRSXOOXSURRWV LQ WKH SUHVHQW LV LQVSLUHG DQG OLQNV LQWULFDWHO\ WR WKH GHVLUH WR WXUQ WR RQH©VURRWV6WDUWLQJIURPVXFKDSDUDGR[5RRW7ULSVPLJKWQRWRQO\ HQFRXUDJH DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI HPHUJHQW LGHQWLWLHV RQ D QDUUDWLYH OHYHO EXW DOVR RIIHU DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ WUXO\ FRPSDUDWLYH SRLQW RI GHSDUWXUH IRU LQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIFLQHOLWHUDU\OLIHLQDWUDQVQDWLRQDOFRQWH[W 5HIHUHQFHV 0RYLHV /( *5$1' 92<$*( >7+( %,* 75,3@'LU,VPDɺO)HUURXNKL6FUHHQSOD\E\,VPDɺO )HUURXNKL3HUI1LFRODV&D]DOp 5pGD 0RKDPPHG0DMG )DWKHU 2UJ 6RXQGWUDFN)RZ]L*XHUGMRX2JQRQ3LFWXUHVDQGRWKHUV (DV\5LGHU'LU'HQQLV+RSSHU6FUHHQSOD\E\3HWHU)RQGD'HQQLV+RSSHU DQG7HUU\6RXWKHUQ3HUI3HWHU)RQGD :\DWW 'HQQLV+RSSHU %LOO\ -DFN 1LFKROVRQ *HRUJH+DQVRQG &ROXPELD3LFWXUHV (;,/6 >(;,/(6@'LU7RQ\*DWOLI6FUHHQSOD\E\7RQ\*DWOLI3HUI5RPDLQ'XULV =DQR /XEQD$]DEDO 1DwPD 3ULQFHV)LOPV /LWHUDWXUH $KPHG6HWDO8SURRWLQJV5HJURXQGLQJV4XHVWLRQVRI+RPHDQG0LJUDWLRQ 2[IRUG%HUJ %DGRQH(OOHQDQG6KDURQ5RVHPDQ,QWHUVHFWLQJ-RXUQH\V7KH$QWKURSRORJ\ RI3LOJULPDJHDQG7RXULVP8UEDQD8RI,OOLQRLV3 %DNKWLQ00¦)RUPVRI7LPHDQGRIWKH&KURQRWRSHLQWKH1RYHO1RWHV WRZDUGV D +LVWRULFDO 3RHWLFV§ 7KH 'LDORJLF ,PDJLQDWLRQ (G 0LFKDHO +ROTXLVW7UDQV&DUO(PHUVRQDQG0LFKDHO+ROTXLVW$XVWLQ8RI7H[DV 3 Emergent Identities by Sending Second Generation Migrants on Transnational Pilgrimages 111 ELISA ANTZ %DVX3DXO¦5RXWH0HWDSKRUVRI¨5RRWV7RXULVP©LQWKH6FRWWLVK+LJKODQG'L DVSRUD§5HIUDPLQJ3LOJULPDJH&XOWXUHVLQ0RWLRQ(GV6LPRQ&ROHPDQ DQG-RKQ(DGH/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH ¥ ¦+XQWLQJ'RZQ+RPH5HIOHFWLRQVRQ+RPHODQGDQGWKH6HDUFKIRU,GHQ WLW\LQWKH6FRWWLVK'LDVSRUD§&RQWHVWHG/DQGVFDSH0RYHPHQW([LOHDQG 3ODFH(GV%DUDEDUD%HQGHUDQG0DUJRW:LQHU1HZ<RUN%HUJ  %HQHVFK.ODXV¦7KH'\QDPLF6XEOLPH*HVFKZLQGLJNHLWXQGbVWKHWLNLQGHU $PHULNDQLVFKHQ0RGHUQH§5DXPXQG=HLWUHLVHQ6WXGLHQ]XU/LWHUDWXU XQG .XOWXU GHV  XQG  -DKUKXQGHUWV (GV +DQV 8OULFK 6HHEHU DQG -XOLND*ULHP7ELQJHQ0D[1LHPD\HU %ORRP3HWHU¦%HXU&LQHPDDQGWKH3ROLWLFVRI/RFDWLRQ)UHQFK,PPLJUDWLRQ 3ROLWLFVDQGWKH1DPLQJRID0RYHPHQW§7UDQVQDWLRQDO&LQHPD7KH)LOP 5HDGHU(GV(OL]DEHWK(]UDDQG7HUU\5RZGHQ/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH  &RKDQ6WHYHQDQG,QD5DH+DUN¦,QWURGXFWLRQ§7KH5RDG0RYLH%RRN(G 6WHYHQ&RKDQDQG,QD5DH+DUN/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH &ROHPDQ 6LPRQ DQG -RKQ (DGH ¦,QWURGXFWLRQ 5HIUDPLQJ 3LOJULPDJH§ 5H IUDPLQJ 3LOJULPDJH &XOWXUHV LQ 0RWLRQ (GV 6LPRQ &ROHPDQ DQG -RKQ (DGH/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH &UDLN-HQQLIHU¦7KH&XOWXUHRI7RXULVP§7RXULQJ&XOWXUHV(G&KULV5RMHN /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH 'RPtQJXH]&pVDU¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHVDVD&DVH6WXG\RI7KHRU\LQ&RP SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ &/&:HE &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH DQG &XOWXUH   :HE$SU (]UD(OL]DEHWKDQG7HUU\5RZGHQ¦*HQHUDO,QWURGXFWLRQ:KDWLV7UDQVQD WLRQDO&LQHPD"§7UDQVQDWLRQDO&LQHPD7KH)LOP5HDGHU(GV(OL]DEHWK (]UDDQG7HUU\5RZGHQ/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH *URE 1RUEHUW DQG .OHLQ 7KRPDV ¦'DV ZDKUH /HEHQV LVW DQGHUVZR5RDG 0RYLHVDOV*HQUHGHV$XIEUXFKV§5RDG0RYLHV(GV1RUEHUW*UREDQG 7KRPDV.OHLQ0DLQ]%HQGHU9HUODJ +DOO 6WXDUW ¦,QWURGXFWLRQ :KR 1HHGV ¨,GHQWLW\©"§ 4XHVWLRQV RI &XOWXUDO ,GHQWLW\ (GV 6WXDUW +DOO DQG 3DXO GX *D\ /RQGRQ 6DJH 3XEOLFDWLRQV  -DXEHUW0LFKHO(OVD¦(QWUHSUHVWLJHDULVWURFUDWLTXHHWFRQWHVWDWLRQERXUJHRLVH /DWUDGLWLRQGX*UDQG7RXUHQ$OOHPDJQHDX;9,,,HVLqFOHHWVRQLPDJH GDQVODOLWWpUDWXUH§/H&KHPLQOD5RXWHOD9RLH)LJXUHVGHO©,PDJLQDLUH 112 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 2FFLGHQWDO j O©¼SRTXH 0RGHUQH (GV -HDQ0DULH 9DOHQWLQ HW DO 3DULV 3UHVVHGHO¨8QLYHUVLWp3DULV6RUERQQH .LHIHU%HUQG¦'LH)OXFKWYRUGHU+HLPDWORVLJNHLW6LHEHQ=QGNHU]HQIUHLQH 5HLVHGXUFKGLH9RUJHVFKLFKWHGHU5RDG0RYLHV§5RDG0RYLHV(GV1RU EHUW*UREDQG7KRPDV.OHLQ0DLQ]%HQGHU9HUODJ .LQJ5XVVHOODQG$QDVWDVLD&KULVWRX&XOWXUDO*HRJUDSKLHVRI'LDVSRUD0L JUDWLRQDQG7UDQVQDWLRQDOLVP3HUVSHFWLYHVIURPWKH6WXG\RI6HFRQG*HQ HUDWLRQ ¦5HWXUQHHV§ >%ULJKWRQ@ 6XVVH[ &HQWUH IRU 0LJUDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH8QLYHUVLW\RI6XVVH[ /DGHUPDQ 'DYLG 'ULYLQJ 9LVLRQV ([SORULQJ WKH 5RDG 0RYLH $XVWLQ 8 RI 7H[DV3 0D]LHUVND(YDDQG/DXUD5DVFDUROL&URVVLQJ1HZ(XURSH3RVWPRGHUQ7UDY HODQGWKH(XURSHDQ5RDG0RYLH/RQGRQ:DOOIORZHU3UHVV 0RVHU :DOWHU ¦3UpVHQWDWLRQ /H 5RDG 0RYLH 8Q JHQUH LVVX G©XQH FRQVWHO ODWLRQ PRGHUQH GH ORFRPRWLRQ HW GH PpGLDPRWLRQ§ &LQpPDV 5HYXHV G©pWXGHVFLQpPDWRJUDSKLTXHV    1DILF\ +DPLG $Q $FFHQWHG &LQHPD ([LOLF DQG 'LDVSRULF )LOPPDQNLQJ 3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 3KULQJHU-XOLDHWDO¦%DNKWLQ©V&KURQRWRSHRQWKH5RDG6SDFH7LPHDQG 3ODFHLQ5RDG0RYLHVVLQFHWKHV§)DFWD8QLYHUVLWDWLV/LQJXLVWLFVDQG /LWHUDWXUH    5XKH&RUQHOLD&LQpPDEHXU$QDO\VHQ]XHLQHPQHXHQ*HQUHGHVIUDQ]|VLV FKHQ)LOPV.RQVWDQ]89.9HUODJVJHVHOOVFKDIW 7XUQHU 9LFWRU 'DV 5LWXDO 6WUXNWXU XQG $QWL6WUXNWXU 7UDQV 6\OYLD 0 6FKRPEXUJ6FKHUI)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ&DPSXV YDQ *HQQHS $UQROG hEHUJDQJVULWHQ /HV 5LWHV GH 3DVVDJH  7UDQV .ODXV 6FKRPEXUJDQG6\OYLD06FKRPEXUJ6FKHUIIUG HG)UDQNIXUW&DPSXV  9RVV 7RQ\ ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUH 7KH /LWHUDWXUH RI (PHUJHQF\§ (PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV (G 5HLQJDUG 1HWKHUVROH )UDQNIXUW DP 0DLQ 3HWHU /DQJ  :RRGZDUG.DWKU\LQ¦&RQFHSWVRI,GHQWLW\DQG'LIIHUHQFH§,GHQWLW\DQG'LI IHUHQFH(G.DWKU\Q:RRGZDUG/RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV Galicia, a Round Trip-Destination in Julieta Gómez Paz's and Déborah Vukušiü s Poetry ISABEL DOMÍNGUEZ SEOANE Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRVKRZWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKHZULWLQJRI-XOL HWD*yPH]3D]DQG'pERUDK9XNXÕLü PD\EHFRQVLGHUHGDQH[DPSOHRI HPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUHV7KHLU¦EUHDNLQJRIWKHVXUIDFH§ 'RPtQJXH] LVGXH WRDQLQGLUHFWGLVORFDWLRQ VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQPLJUDWLRQ DQH[SHULHQFH ZKLFKSURYRNHVERWKDUHIOHFWLRQRQWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSWRODQJXDJHDQG DFKDUWLQJRIWKHVSDFHEHWZHHQ¦SHULSKHUDO§ DUHDVVXFKDV*DOLFLD$U JHQWLQDDQG&URDWLDZLWKLQZKLFKERWKSRHWVVHDUFKIRUWKHLULGHQWLW\ ,ZRXOGOLNHWRVWDUWE\SRVLQJWZRTXHVWLRQVILUVWRIDOOKRZPDQ\ GLIIHUHQW JHRJUDSKLF VSDFHV KDYH WKH DELOLW\ WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH FRQ VWUXFWLRQRI*DOLFLDQLGHQWLW\"6HFRQGKRZDQGZK\GRHVLGHQWLW\WUDYHO WKURXJKWLPHDQGVSDFH"7RDQVZHUWKHVHTXHVWLRQVZHSUHVHQWWZRFDVHV WKDWDWILUVWJODQFHDUHYHU\GLIIHUHQW¥WKHSRHWU\RI-XOLHWD*yPH]3D] DQG 'pERUDK 9XNXÕLü 7KH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR ZULWHUV FDQ EHUHGXFHGE\DFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVWKDWKLJKOLJKWVZKDWWKH\KDYHLQ FRPPRQDVKDUHGSUHRFFXSDWLRQZLWK*DOLFLD -XOLHWD*yPH]3D]  LVDQ$UJHQWLQLDQSRHWZKRVHPRWK HULV*DOLFLDQ6KHLVWKHDXWKRURI WKHFROOHFWLRQRISRHPV*DOLFLDHQHO DWDUGHFHU *DOLFLDDW'DZQ DQHYRFDWLRQRIKHUKRPH*DOLFLDZKHUH VKH ZDV QRW ERUQ DQG LQ ZKLFK VKH GLG QRW OLYH IRU D ORQJ SHULRG RI WLPH7KHVHFRQGFDVHLVWKDWRI'pERUDK9XNXÕLüDWKLUW\WKUHH\HDUROG 114 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe *DOLFLDQGDXJKWHU RID&URDWLDQ IDWKHUZKRVHRSHUDSULPD LVWHOOLQJO\ HQWLWOHG*XHUUDGHLGHQWLGDG :DURI,GHQWLW\ 6KHGHILQHVKHUVHOILQWKH ILUVWSDUDJUDSKRIKHUZRUNDV¦PLWDGJDOOHJD\PLWDGFURDWD§ *XHUUD GH LGHQWLGDG  KDOI *DOLFLDQ DQG KDOI &URDWLDQ  MXVW DV *yPH] 3D] EHJLQVWKHILUVWSRHPRIKHUZRUNZLWK WKHZRUGV 0HHVSHUDEDV*DOLFLD (QHODWDUGHFHU 7RGDODYLGDHVWDEDV 'HEDMRGHPLSLHO  ><RXZDLWHGIRUPH*DOLFLD ,QWKHHYHQLQJ $OOP\OLIH\RXZHUH 8QGHUP\VNLQ@ &HUWDLQO\WKHVHWZRFDVHVDUHH[DPSOHVRIERUGHUZRPHQZULWHUV WUDYHUVHGE\OLQHVRIFRQIOLFWLQJLGHQWLW\WKHUHVXOWRIWKHLUSDUHQWV© H[ LOH7ZRZRPHQZKRGRQRWOLYHLQDERUGHURULQDFLW\ERUGHUSHUVH EXWZKRKDYHLQFRPPRQDQDWLRQWKDWKDVDOZD\VEHHQSUHVHQWHGDVD ERUGHUDUHDDQGWKHVRXUFHRIPDQ\FRQIOLFWVRILGHQWLW\*DOLFLDDV DQ DGMHFWLYHPDQDJHVWRFURVVJHRJUDSKLFDOERXQGDULHVDQGUHDFKWZRZULW HUVZKRDUHPLOHVDQG\HDUVDSDUW 7KDWVDLGLWFDQEHDUJXHGWKDWERWK*yPH]3D]DQG9XNXÕLü H[ SHULHQFHDWULSOHERUGHU 7KHILUVWRQHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHLUIHPLQLQ LW\ $V ZRPHQ WKH ¦RWKHU§ IURP DQ LPDJRORJLF VWDQGSRLQW WKH\ DUH GHVFULEHG DV WKH RSSRVLWH RI WKH PHQ 7KH\ DUH IRUELGGHQ D FRPSOHWH DQGVHOIVXIILFLHQWLGHQWLW\DVWKH\DUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGERWKE\ZKDWWKH\ DUHDQGZKDWWKH\DUHQRW6XVDQQD%DFKPDQQDUJXHVWKDWDFFRUGLQJWR ¦HVDOyJLFDGH¨OHPrPH© ODPXMHUQRHVVyOR¨RWUD©VLQRODRWUDGHOKRP EUHVXUHIOHMR ORQHJDWLYRGHOD¨SURSLD© UHIOH[LyQPDVFXOLQD§ WKDW ORJLFRI¨WKHVDPH© WKHZRPDQ LVQRWRQO\¨RWKHU© EXWWKHRWKHURIPDQ KLVUHIOHFWLRQWKHQHJDWLYHRIWKH¨SURSHU© PDVFXOLQHUHIOHFWLRQ :RPHQ  $OOWUDQVODWLRQVXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHVWDWHGDUHWKHDXWKRU©V Galicia, a Round Trip-Destination in Julieta Gómez Paz's and Déborah Vukušiü's Poetry 115 ISABEL DOMÍ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¦5HIOHFWLRQVRQ([LOH§ WKDW¦H[LOHXQ OLNHQDWLRQDOLVPLVIXQGDPHQWDOO\DGLVFRQWLQXRXVVWDWHRIEHLQJ§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iOH] )HUQiQ GH]H[SODLQVWKDW¦ODIURQWHUDHV XQDWLUDGH WLHUUDTXHGLYLGHXQWDMR XQDKHULGDTXHFXHVWDFLFDWUL]DUXQD]RQDGHQDGLHXQWHUULWRULRPL[WR FX\RVKDELWDQWHVVLHQWHQPX\DPHQXGRQRSHUWHQHFHUDQLQJXQDSDWULD ELHQ GHILQLGD§ WKHERUGHULVDVWULSRIHDUWKWKDWGLYLGHVDFXWDVFDU WKDWGRHVQRWKHDODQRPDQ©VODQGDPL[HGWHUULWRU\ZKRVHLQKDELWDQWV RIWHQIHHODFRQQHFWLRQWRQRFRXQWU\LQSDUWLFXODU 7KHXQFHUWDLQLGHQ WLW\RIERWKDXWKRUVLVVLPLODUWRWKHDPELJXLW\RIWKHERUGHUH[SHULHQFH %RWK*yPH]3D]©VDQG9XNXÕLü©VLGHQWLWLHVDUHFRQVWUXFWHGRQWKHEDVLV RIDVXEVWUDWXPRIWHPSRUDODQGVSDWLDOGLVWDQFHWKDWUHPDLQVLQIDP LO\PHPRU\DQGE\H[WHQVLRQLQLQGLYLGXDOPHPRU\WRR%XWWKH\DOVR FRQVWUXFWWKHLULGHQWLWLHVLQDSUHVHQWWKDWFRQWH[WXDOL]HVDQGGLVFXUVLY L]HVWKHP 116 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KHTXHVWLRQLVWKHQZKDWGRHVLWPHDQWRQRWEHORQJFRPSOHWHO\WR DQ\RIWKHWZRVSDFHVWKDW6DLGPHQWLRQV"&DQZHVD\WKDWERWKDXWKRUV DUHGHILQHGE\EHLQJSDUWRIERWKVSDFHV"7KLVFRXOGEHWKHGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ ILUVWJHQHUDWLRQ DQG VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQ LPPLJUDQWV 7KH ILUVW RQHLVIRUFHGWROHDYHWKHLUKRPHODQGIRUSROLWLFDOVRFLDORUHFRQRPLF UHDVRQVDQGWRVHWWOHLQZKDWDWOHDVWLQWKHILUVWLQVWDQFHZLOOEHDQRQ SODFHIRUWKHP7KH\RYHUIO\ERWKVSDFHVZLWKRXWEHLQJORFDWHGLQRQH ¦(O QXHYR \ GHVFRQRFLGR HQWRUQR GHVHQFDGHQD XQD FULVLV GH LGHQWLGDG PiVRPHQRVSURIXQGDTXHREOLJDDOLQGLYLGXRDIHFWDGRD¦UHRULHQWDU VH§ R¦UHGHILQLUVH§ GHQWURGHXQFDPSRJHRJUiILFDRVRFLDOPHQWHFDP ELDGR§ 7KH QHZ DQG XQNQRZQ HQYLURQPHQW SUHFLSLWDWHV D TXLWH SUR IRXQGLGHQWLW\FULVLVWKDWUHTXLUHVWKHDIIHFWHGLQGLYLGXDOWR¨UHRULHQWDWH© RU ¨UHGHILQH© WKHPVHOYHV ZLWKLQ D FKDQJHG VRFLDO RU JHRJUDSKLFDO ILHOG  ZULWHV %DFKPDQQ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH FKDUDFWHUV RI 1RYHOD QHJUD FRQ DU JHQWLQRV 1RLU1RYHOZLWK$UJHQWLQHV E\/XLVD9DOHQ]XHODLQKHUZRUN 7RSRJUDItDVGHOGREOHOXJDU  DVWXG\RIQLQH6RXWK$PHULFDQIHPDOH DXWKRUVWKDWH[SORUHV WKHWKHPHRIH[LOH $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHVHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQLQKHULWVWKHPDWHUQDOKRPH OHIW EHKLQG WKH FDVH RI *yPH] 3D]  RU WKH SDWHUQDO RQH WKH FDVH RI 9XNXÕLü 7KHLGHQWLW\FRQIOLFWLVGHYHORSHGLQWKHQDWLYHVSDFH7RVSHDN ILJXUDWLYHO\ERWKDXWKRUVKDYHRQHIRRWLQWKHSDVWWKHUHDQGDQRWKHULQ WKHSUHVHQWKHUH3UREDEO\LQWKDWGLIIHUHQFHOD\VWKHGLFKRWRP\EHORQJ LQJQRQEHORQJLQJ 7KDQNVWR,VDEHO *RQ]iOH])HUQiQGH]©VUHIOHFWLRQRQWKHOLYLQJERU GHULQWKHZRUNRI&ODXGLR0DJULVZHFDQH[SODLQWKHRYHUFRPLQJRI WKHJHRJUDSKLFDODQGWHPSRUDOERXQGDULHVWKDWDUHWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRI H[LOHLQDZD\WKDWLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLGHDRIWKHLQKHULWDQFHRIWKLVH[LOH¦$ YHFHVODVYHUGDGHUDVIURQWHUDVQRVRQODVJHRJUiILFDVRODVOLQJtVWLFDV VLQRODVSVtTXLFDV\VRFLROyJLFDVODVFXOWXUDOHVODVLGHROyJLFDV\ODVTXH QRVVHSDUDQGHQXHVWUDSURSLDLGHQWLGDGODVTXHGHMDQSURIXQGDVFLFD WULFHVHQQXHVWURFXHUSR\SRUHOORVRQPXFKRPiVGUDPiWLFDVTXHODV TXHPDUFDQORVOtPLWHVJHRJUiILFRV§ *RQ]iOH])HUQiQGH]$WWLPHV WKHUHDOIURQWLHUVDUHQRWJHRJUDSKLFRUOLQJXLVWLFEXWSV\FKRORJLFDODQG VRFLRORJLFDO FXOWXUDO DQG LGHRORJLFDO WKRVH WKDW VHSDUDWH XV IURP RXU Galicia, a Round Trip-Destination in Julieta Gómez Paz's and Déborah Vukušiü's Poetry 117 ISABEL DOMÍNGUEZ SEOANE LGHQWLW\OHDYLQJSURIRXQGVFDUVRQRXUERG\DQGWKDWDUHIRUWKDWUHD VRQ PXFK PRUH GUDPDWLF WKDQ WKRVH WKDW PDUN JHRJUDSKLFDO OLPLWV  7KHVH¦FLFDWULFHV§ VFDUV EHFRPHHYLGHQWLQWKHZULWHUVLQWKHZD\WKHLU WZR FROOHFWLRQV FDUU\WKH*DOLFLDQLGHQWLW\ELGLUHFWLRQDOO\LQDFDVHRI FRPLQJLQRQHDQGUHWXUQLQJLQWKHRWKHU*yPH]3D]  UHFDOOVDQG UHFRQVWUXFWV*DOLFLDIURPWKHGLVWDQFH $VRPDGD $*DOLFLD (QHODOEDGH/XJR <RFRPXOJDED &RQODIORU 'HD]~FDU\KDULQD >$SSHDULQJ *DOLFLD ,QWKHGDZQRI/XJR ,FRPPXQHG :LWKWKHIORZHU 2IVXJDUDQGIORXU@ 9XNXÕLü  GRHVWKHVDPHEXWIURPDFORVHUGLVWDQFH 0LxDQDLPLxDQDLFLxD 0LxDQDLPLxDQDLFLxD &RPDPLxDQDLQLQJXQD 0\PRWKHUP\PXPP\ 0\PRWKHUP\PXPP\ /LNHP\PRWKHUQRRQH )URPWKHVHFRRUGLQDWHVZHFDQXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHVHWZRZULWHUV ZKRGLGQRWFRLQFLGHHLWKHULQWLPH RUVSDFH PD\KDYHH[SHULHQFHGWKH VDPH VHQVH RI GRXEOH EHORQJLQJ 9XNXÕLü SK\VLFDOO\ GLYLGHG LQWR WZR KDOYHV DQG *yPH] 3D] PDGH RI WZR OD\HUV RQH YLVLEOH DQG WKH RWKHU ¦GHEDMRGHPLSLHO§ XQGHUP\VNLQ  &DUPHQ%ODQFRDVSHFLDOLVWLQIHPLQLVWWKHRU\RIOLWHUDWXUHZULWHVLQ RQHRIKHUHVVD\VLQFOXGHGLQ6H[RHOXJDU¦7RGDVHVWDVPXOOHUHV HPL 118 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe JUDQWHVRXH[LOLDGDVVRxDQFDGDXQKDiV~DPDQHLUDXQKDFDVDGLVWLQWD 4XL]DLVWDPpQTXHRPXQGRVH[DDV~DFDVD§ $OOWKHVHZRPHQEH WKH\HPLJUDQWVRUH[LOHVGUHDPLQWKHLURZQZD\RIDGLIIHUHQWKRXVH SHUKDSVDOVRWKDWWKHZRUOGEHWKHLUKRXVH $OWKRXJKZHKDYHDOUHDG\ HVWDEOLVKHGWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ¦WRGDVHVWDVPXOOHUHVHPLJUDQWHVRX H[LOLDGDV§ DOO WKHVH ZRPHQ HPLJUDQWV RU H[LOHV  DQG WKH WZR ZULWHUV EURXJKWKHUHLWLVOHJLWLPDWHWRDUJXHWKDWWKLVTXRWHFRYHUVWKHP IURP WKHWLPHWKH\DOVRZLVK¦TXHRPXQGRVH[DDV~DFDVD§ WKDWWKHZRUOG EHWKHLUKRXVH *yPH]3D]©VYHUVHVUHZULWHDQRQH[LVWHQWVSDFHLQWKH ZRUOG EXW VKH FRPELQHV HOHPHQWV RI ERWK WUDGLWLRQV WKDW LQ WKLV FDVH PD\SURYLGHDQH[SODQDWLRQIRUWKHZULWHU©VLGHQWLW\ 3RU%XHQRV$LUHV WDQOHMRV SDVyOD6DQWD&RPSDxD  >7KURXJK%XHQRV$LUHV VRIDUDZD\ WKH6DQWD&RPSDxDSDVVHG@ 9XNXÕLü  RQWKHRWKHUKDQGVHHNLQJDVLPLODUVROXWLRQGHPRQ VWUDWHVKHULQQHUFRQIOLFWV 'HVDUUDLJR 1RVpDGyQGHSHUWHQH]FR >8SURRWHGQHVV ,GRQ©WNQRZZKHUH,EHORQJ@ 9XNXÕLü©VFRQIOLFWLVLQWHQVLILHGE\WKHWKHPHRIWKHZRUN7KHSXU SRVHRI*XHUUDGHLGHQWLGDG LVWRDQDO\]HKHULGHQWLW\QRWRQO\WKURXJK WKHFRPPXQLRQRI*DOLFLDQDQG&URDWLDQVSDFHVEXWDOVRWKURXJKWKHUH MHFWLRQRIKHUFRXQWU\DQGKHUIDPLO\©VSDVWEHFDXVHRIWKH%DONDQV© :DU LQ ZKLFKKHUIDWKHUDFWLYHO\SDUWLFLSDWHG,QWKHFROOHFWLRQRIWKH*DOLFLDQ ZULWHU WKHUH LV D WHPSRUDO JDPH WKDW FRXOG EH GHVFULEHG E\ 0DUJDULWD $OIDUR$PLHLUR©VZRUGV¦+D\XQDWHPSRUDOLGDGHQJOREDGDHQRWUDWHP Galicia, a Round Trip-Destination in Julieta Gómez Paz's and Déborah Vukušiü's Poetry 119 ISABEL DOMÍNGUEZ SEOANE SRUDOLGDGTXH HQJOREDHOUHFXHUGRHOHIHFWRSURGXFLGRHVHOGHDPELJH GDGWHPSRUDO§ 2QHWHPSRUDOLW\LVHQFDVHGLQDQRWKHUZKLFKLQWXUQ HQFDVHVPHPRU\WKHHIIHFWWKDWLVSURGXFHGLVWKDWRIDWHPSRUDODPEL JXLW\  7KLV DPELJXLW\ GLVVROYHV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI D VLQJOH DQG XQLWDU\ LGHQWLW\9XNXÕLü©V ZRUN LVDQ H[HUFLVHLQVW\OHLQZKLFKWKHFRQIXVHGDQG IUDJPHQWHGIRUPLOOXVWUDWHVWKHWKHPHDQQRXQFHGLQWKHWLWOH 9XNXÕLü©V WZR YHUVHV DUH DQDORJRXV WR WKH ZRUGV UHSRUWHG E\ 6X VDQQD%DFKPDQQ¦(O RVWUDFLVPRFRQVWLWX\HXQDHVSHFLHGHGLDOpFWLFDR SDUDGRMD HQWUH HVWDU GHQWUR \ HVWDU IXHUD PLHQWUDV OD SHUVRQD H[LOLDGD HVWiHQH[LOLR \DTXtUHVXHQDFDVLODLGHDGHHVWDU¦GHQWUR§GHXQOXJDU  HOODPLVPDFRQFLEHHVWHKHFKRPiVTXHQDGDFRPRXQHVWDUIXHUD GHWRGR ORTXHWLHQHLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDHOOD§ 2VWUDFLVPLVDW\SHRIGLDOHFWLF RUSDUDGR[EHWZHHQEHLQJLQVLGHDQGEHLQJRXWVLGHZKLOHWKHH[LOHGSHU VRQ LVLQH[LOH>DQGKHUHZHFDQDOPRVWVHQVHWKHLGHDRIEHLQJ¦LQVLGH§ D SODFH@VKHKHUVHOIFRQFHLYHVWKLVIDFWDVEHLQJRXWVLGHDOOWKDWLVRILPSRU WDQFHIRUKHU 7KHGRXEOHVSDWLDOL]DWLRQLQVLGHRXWVLGHH[SUHVVHGVLPXO WDQHRXVO\QRWRQO\H[SODLQVZKDWKDVEHHQVHHQVRIDUEXWDOVRWKHUH VRXUFHRQZKLFKWKHWZRSRHPVDUHFRQVWUXFWHG9XNXÕLü DQG*yPH]3D] SOD\ZLWKDXWRILFWLRQLQWKHLUOLWHUDWXUHSUHFLVHO\EHFDXVHWKH\FDQGRLW $VWKH\DUHERWKLQDQGRXWDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\DUHDEOHWRREVHUYH WKH RQH DQG WKH RWKHU IURP ERWK VLGHV RI WKH PLUURU ,Q WKH ZRUGV RI <YRQQH$YHUVD¦ODWLHUUDIURQWHUL]DVHSUHVHQWDFRPRODPiVDSWDSDUD XQHVFULWRUTXLHQVLQHPEDUJRMXHJDFDGDYH]PiVHOSDSHOGHH[WUDQ MHURGHGLVWLQWR§ %RUGHUWHUULWRU\LVWKHEHVWIRUDQDXWKRUZKR KRZHYHUSOD\VHYHUPRUHWKHUROHRIWKHRXWVLGHU WKHRWKHU %HLQJQDWLYH DQGIRUHLJQDWWKHVDPHWLPHDOORZVWKHPWREHUHDODQGXQUHDOLQWKHLU SRHWU\DQGWRH[SUHVVVXEMHFWLYHO\ZKDWWKH\VHHREMHFWLYHO\ MRSGLFH WDPELpQGLFH ¦SRGUiVVDFDUDXQKRPEUHGHODJXHUUD 3HURQRSRGUiVVDFDUODJXHUUDGHXQKRPEUH§ 9XNXÕLü  >-RSVD\V KHDOVRVD\V 120 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ¦\RXFDQWDNHWKHPDQRXWRIWKHZDU EXW\RXFDQ©WWDNHWKHZDURXWRIWKHPDQ@ <RTXHUtDYHUWH 5RVDOtD \WHEXVTXpHQ6DQWLDJR HQHOSDVHRGHOD+HUUDGXUD HQHOMDUGtQOOHQRGHSHQVDPLHQWRV \SDYRVUHDOHV HQODFLXGDGYHUGLQHJUD VRQRUD SRUODTXHVHGHVOL]DQ VRPEUDV *yPH]3D] >,ZDQWHGWRVHH\RX 5RVDOtD DQG,ORRNHGIRU\RXLQ6DQWLDJR LQWKHKRUVHVKRHZDON LQWKHJDUGHQIXOORIWKRXJKWV DQGSHDFRFNV LQWKHVRQRURXV EODFNJUHHQFLW\ WKURXJKZKLFKWKHVKDGRZVVOLGH@ $XWRILFWLRQLVRQHRIWKHELJJHVWREVWDFOHVWKDWWKHUHDGHUPXVWRYHUFRPH LQRUGHU WRGHFLSKHUWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHVHWZRZRPHQ¦HVWUDQ[HLUD>V@ QD V~DSDWULD§ ¦(VWUDQ[HLUDQDV~DSDWULD§ LVWKHWLWOHRIDSRHPE\5RVDOtD GH&DVWUR IRUHLJQHULQKHURZQFRXQWU\ DVZDV5RVDOtDGH&DVWUR DQG VKHNQHZKRZWRGHVFULEHLWEHWWHUWKDQDQ\RQH 7KHUHDGHUVKRXOGQRW PDNHWKHPLVWDNHRIFRQIXVLQJWKHDXWKRUZLWKWKHSRHWLFYRLFHLQHLWKHU FDVHEHFDXVHERWKH[DPSOHVSURSRVH DGpFDODJH EHWZHHQWKHWZRHQWLWLHV WKDWLQVLVWVRQWKHLGHDRIIUDJPHQWHGLGHQWLW\ 7HPLUp GHVGHXQDEDUDQGDGHOFLHOR WHFUXFpVRQiPEXOD *yPH]3D] >,ORRNHGDW\RX IURPDEDOFRQ\LQWKHVN\ ,SDVVHG\RXVOHHSZDONLQJ@ Galicia, a Round Trip-Destination in Julieta Gómez Paz's and Déborah Vukušiü's Poetry 121 ISABEL DOMÍNGUEZ SEOANE &RQFLRXVRIWKHLUZRPDQERUGHUFKDUDFWHU9XNXÕLü DQG*yPH]3D]UH YHDOWKHPVHOYHVHDVLO\LQWKHLUWH[WVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHDFFXVWRPHGWRWKH VWUXJJOHRIGHILQLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVLQGLYLGXDOVDQGQRWDVWKHUHIOHFWLRQRI DFDQRQLFDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ7KHERUGHUZRPDQLVDGRXEOHVSDFH *yPH] 3D]©V FROOHFWLRQ *DOLFLD HQ HO DWDUGHFHU LV VWUXFWXUHG LQ D FRQYHQWLRQDO ZD\ ,W LV D FRPSHQGLXP RI LQGHSHQGHQW SRHPV WKDW DUH VRUWHGE\DVLQJOHWKHPDWLFWKUHDG*DOLFLD0HDQZKLOH*XHUUDGHLGHQWL GDG9XNXÕLü©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ÕLü PLDEXHODGHFtD ¦QLxDDDDDVTXHYLHQHQORVKRPEUHHHHV§  122 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe >P\JUDQGPRWKHUXVHGWRVD\ ¦FKLLLLOGUHQWKHPHHHHQDUHFRPLQJ@ ¦\RVLHPSUHTXLVHYLDMDUSHURQRWXYHODRSRUWXQLGDG TXLHURTXHW~ORKDJDV DOJ~QGtDPHORDJUDGHFHUiV HVLPSRUWDQWHDSUHQGHULQJOpV§  >¦,DOZD\VZDQWHGWRWUDYHOEXW,QHYHUKDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\ ,ZDQW\RXWRGRLW VRPHGD\\RX©OOWKDQNPH ,W©VLPSRUWDQWWROHDUQ(QJOLVK§@ 6RPH RI WKH WHVWLPRQLHV WKDW DUH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH ZKROH DUH DXWR FRQFOXVLYHVWRULHVHPEHGGHGLQWKHSRHP7KHVHWHVWLPRQLHVSUHVHQWSR HWLFYRLFHVZKLFKE\GHILQLWLRQFDQQRWKDYHWKLVYRLFH%XWLIZHREVHUYH WKHZKROHZRUNZHJHWWKHSRUWUDLWRIWKHDXWKRU©V&URDWLDQIDPLO\VLJQ RIWKHNLQGRIFRQIOLFWVOLYHGLQWKH%DONDQVEHIRUHGXULQJDQGLPPHGL DWHO\DIWHUWKHZDU1RWHWKDWWKHFKRLFHRIWKHZRUG¦WHVWLPRQ\§ LVQRW LQQRFHQWEXWUHIHUVWRWKHVXSSRVHGIXQFWLRQRIWKHH[LOHGZULWHUVDVD WHVWLPRQLDOYRLFH7KH\DUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUILFWLRQDOL]LQJDVLWXDWLRQWKDW IRUWKHPLWLVDUHDOLW\EXWIRUPDQ\SHRSOHLVDILFWLRQHYHQPRUHLQ JHQXRXV7KHVDPHDSSOLHVWRWKHFROOHFWLRQRI*yPH]3D],QKHUKDQGV WKHWDVNLVWRSURGXFHWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIDQDUHDWKDWLVRQWKHRQHKDQG IDUIURPKHUEXWRQWKHRWKHURQHWKDWVKHFDQOHDYHEHFDXVHRIKHUGXDO LGHQWLW\7KLVH[SHULHQFHGLUHFWVWKHZULWHUWRDSDUWLFXODUW\SHRIZULWLQJ DQGDERYHDOOLWJXLGHVWKHUHDGHUVRIKHUSRHWU\WRFHUWDLQH[SHFWDWLRQV $QRWKHUTXHVWLRQZHPLJKWDVNLVZKHWKHUWKLVOLWHUDWXUHRIH[LOHFDQ VWLOOEHFRQVLGHUHGDVVXFKLILWLVQRWWHVWLPRQLDODQGGRHVQRWIXOILOOWKH UROHH[SHFWHGE\WKHUHDGHU7KDWLVLIWKHOLWHUDWXUHRIH[LOHLVVWLOOOLWHUD WXUHRIH[LOHLIWKHUHDGHUGRHVQRWUHFHLYHLWDVVXFK ([WUDSRODWLQJ WKHVH LGHDV WR WKH WRSLF RI WKLV SDSHU SHUKDSV ZH FRXOGVD\WKDWWKHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRI QDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHVRULQWKLVFDVH WZRW\SHVRI*DOLFLDQQDWLRQDOLW\WKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHSDUWVDQGZKDW LVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKHZKROH,WLVSUHFLVHO\LQWKHZKROHZKHUHZULWHUV OLNH*yPH]3D]DQG9XNXÕLü ILQGWKHLUSODFH7KHVHWZRZRPHQZLWK Galicia, a Round Trip-Destination in Julieta Gómez Paz's and Déborah Vukušiü's Poetry 123 ISABEL DOMÍNGUEZ SEOANE RQHIRRWLQWKHKRPHZKHUHWKH\ZHUHERUQDQGOLYHDQGWKHRWKHU LQWKH VSDFHOHIWHYHQEHIRUHWKH\ZHUHERUQFDUU\DQRWLRQRIKRPHZLWKWKHP DV*yPH]3D]©VYHUVHUHDGV¦GHEDMRGH ODSLHO§ 5HIHUHQFHV $OIDUR $PLHLUR 0DUJDULWD ¦(VFULELU HQ OD IURQWHUD ([LOLR \ HVFULWXUD HQ OD WULORJtDGH$JRWD.ULVWRI/H*UDQGFDKLHU/D3UHXYH/H7URLVLqPHPHQ VRQJH§ 0iV DOOi GH OD IURQWHUD FLQFR YRFHV SDUD (XURSD E\ 0DUJDULWD $OIDUR$PLHLURDQGRWKHUV0DGULG&DODPEXU $YHUVD<YRQQH&ODXGLR0DJULV/DHVFULWXUDHQODIURQWHUD&XHQFD8QLYHUVL GDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD %DFKPDQQ 6XVDQQD 7RSRJUDItDV GHO GREOH OXJDU (O H[LOLR OLWHUDULR YLVWR SRU QXHYHDXWRUDVGHO&RQR6XU=DUDJR]D+LVSiQLFD+HOYpWLFD %ODQFR &DUPHQ ¦0XOOHU H[LOLR H HPLJUDFLyQ§ 6H[R H OXJDU 9LJR ;HUDLV  'RPtQJXH] &pVDU ¦/LWHUDU\ (PHUJHQFH DV D &DVH 6WXG\ RI 7KHRU\ LQ &RP SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ &/&:HE &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH DQG &XOWXUH $ :::HE-RXUQDO  :HE6HS *yPH]3D]-XOLHWD*DOLFLDHQHODWDUGHFHU%XHQRV$LUHV*DOLFLD *RQ]iOH])HUQiQGH],VDEHO¦&0DJULV\VXH[SHULHQFLDGHIURQWHUD§5HYLVWD GHOD6RFLHGDG(VSDxRODGH,WDOLDQLVWDV   6DLG(GZDUG¦5HIOHFWLRQVRQ([LOH§5HIOHFWLRQVRQ([LOHDQG2WKHU(VVD\V &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV  9XNXÕLü'pERUDK*XHUUDGHLGHQWLGDG7HQHULIH%DLOHGHO6RO Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature JUTTA WEINGARTEN Universidade de Santiago de Compostela ,QWURGXFWLRQ%ULWLVK$VLDQ&XOWXUDO3URGXFWLRQ $VHPHUJHQWDUWIRUPVRIWHQFRRFFXUFRPSOHPHQWDQGSDYHWKHZD\ IRUHDFKRWKHUDGLVFXVVLRQRI%ULWLVK$VLDQZULWLQJDVDQHPHUJHQWOLW HUDWXUH LQHYLWDEO\GHPDQGVWREHYLHZHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKHHPHUJHQFHRI %ULWLVK$VLDQPXVLFDQGILOP,QWKHV%ULWLVK$VLDQFXOWXUDOSURGXF WLRQHPSKDWLFDOO\FODLPHGLWVVSDFHLQWKHILHOGRI%ULWLVKFXOWXUDOSURGXF WLRQDVLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHWLWOHRIWKLVHVVD\¦0DNH:D\IRUWKH,QGLDQ§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a7! ODVW DFFHVV -XO\  KWWSZZZIXQNKDXVHXURSDGHZRUOGBZLGHBPXVLFNXHQVWOHUOH[LNRQLQWHUSUHWHQ DSDFKHBLQGLDQSKWPO! ODVWDFFHVV-XO\  126 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LVWVHQWHUHGWKH%ULWLVKPXVLFPDUNHW%DQGV VXFKDV&RUQHUVKRS¥ZKR ZLWKWKHLUQXPEHURQHKLWVLQJOH¦%ULPIXORI$VKD§  HYHQUHDFKHG LQWHUQDWLRQDOIDPH¥DQG)XQA'DA0HQWDOVWDUWHGWRUHVKDSHWKH%ULWLVK PXVLFLQGXVWU\7KHVXFFHVVRIWKHVHDUWLVWVSURYHVWKDWWKH\DOUHDG\LQ WKHVGLGKDYHDYDOLGFODLPZKHQWKH\GHPDQGHGWKDW%ULWLVKFXO WXUH¦PDNHZD\§ IRUWKHP $VHFRQGPDMRUILHOGLQZKLFKWKH%ULWLVK$VLDQLQIOXHQFHLVRILP SRUWDQFH LV WKH %ULWLVK DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO ILOP LQGXVWU\ 7KH PRYLHV E\ %ULWLVK $VLDQ VFUHHQZULWHUV DQG GLUHFWRUV 0HHUD 6\DO DQG *XULQGHU &KDGKD%KDMLRQWKH%HDFK  DQG%HQGLW/LNH%HFNKDP   KDYHUHFHLYHGFULWLFDODFFODLPIRUWKHLUVHQVLWLYHLOOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHYDUL RXVGLIILFXOWLHV%ULWLVK$VLDQDGROHVFHQWVKDYHWRGHDOZLWKJURZLQJXS EHWZHHQFRQVHUYDWLYHDQGWUDGLWLRQDOLPPLJUDQWSDUHQWVDQGOLEHUDO%ULW LVKVRFLHW\ DYHU\JRRGLQWURGXFWLRQLQWRWKLVILHOGRIUHVHDUFKFDQEH IRXQGLQ.RUWH 6WHUQEHUJ 6FRWWLVKVFUHHQZULWHU3DXO/DYHUW\©VPRYLH $H)RQG.LVV  ZDVSUDLVHGIRULWVLQVLJKWVLQWRWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRI VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQ3DNLVWDQL'-&DVLPDQG&DWKROLF,ULVKPXVLFWHDFK HU5RLVLQLQSUHVHQWGD\*ODVJRZ IRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQ¦$H)RQG .LVV§ VHH%|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Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 127 JUTTA WEINGARTEN PHQWWKDW%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHLVDFDVHRIHPHUJHQFHZLWKLQWKHIUDPH RIDQDWLRQDO%ULWLVKOLWHUDWXUH 7DNLQJ XS WKH FRQFHSW RI ¦HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV§ DV GHYHORSHG E\ &ODXGLR*XLOOpQ,ZLOODUJXHIRUDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI%ULWLVK$VLDQZULW LQJ DV DQ HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUH ZKLFK VKRXOG QRW VLPSO\ EH VXEVXPHG XQGHUWKHXPEUHOODWHUP¦%ODFN%ULWLVKOLWHUDWXUH§ %\ZD\RIH[DPSOH, ZLOOH[DPLQH*DXWDP0DONDQL©VQRYHO/RQGRQVWDQL  VRDVWRLOOXV WUDWHKRZ%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHHPSOR\V%ULWLVK$VLDQFXOWXUHZLWKLQ WKHOLWHUDU\ZRUNDQGKRZWKHQRYHOLQUHWXUQVXSSRUWVWKHDUJXPHQWIRU %ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHDVDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUH 7KHDUJXPHQWZLOOEHGHYHORSHGLQWKUHHVWHSV)LUVW,ZLOOGHVFULEH WKHEDVLFWKHRUHWLFDODVVXPSWLRQVXSRQZKLFKWKH FDVHIRUWKHHPHUJHQFH RI%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHFDQEHPDGH6HFRQG,ZLOODQDO\]HWKHUHSUH VHQWDWLRQRI%ULWLVK$VLDQQHVVLQWKHQRYHO/RQGRQVWDQL DQGSRLQWRXW WKHZD\VLQZKLFKLWH[HPSOLILHVWKHOLWHUDU\VWUDWHJLHVRIHPHUJHQWOLWHUD WXUHV)LQDOO\,ZLOOFRQFOXGHE\FRQVLGHULQJZKHWKHU%ULWLVK$VLDQOLW HUDWXUH FDQ EHUHJDUGHGDVDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHRUZKHWKHULWLVPHUHO\ DPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJ\WKDWIRFXVHVRQVHOOLQJWKH¦H[RWLF§ 7KHRUHWLFDO$VVXPSWLRQVRQWKH(PHUJHQFHRI%ULWLVK$VLDQ /LWHUDWXUH ,I%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHLVDGLVWLQFWOLWHUDU\HQWLW\WKDWVKRXOGQRWEH VXEVXPHGXQGHUWKHXPEUHOODWHUP¦%ODFN%ULWLVKOLWHUDWXUH§ WKHFRQ FHSW RI HPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHKHOSVXVWRXQGHUVWDQGLWDVSDUWRIWKHILHOGRI %ULWLVKQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH7KHWHUPHPHUJHQFH LQWKLVFRQWH[WLVQRWWREH UHGXFHGWRLWVHYHU\GD\PHDQLQJRI¦WKHSURFHVVRIFRPLQJIRUWKLVVXLQJ IURPFRQFHDOPHQWREVFXULW\RUFRQILQHPHQW§ DVVWDWHGLQWKH2[IRUG (QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\2QOLQHEXWLVWREHXQGHUVWRRGLQLWVSKLORVRSKLFDO PHDQLQJDZD\LQZKLFKFRPSOH[V\VWHPVDQGSDWWHUQVGHYHORSRXWRI DSSDUHQWO\XQUHODWHGHYHQWV .SSHUV 7KLVGHILQLWLRQKDVEHHQGH YHORSHGIXUWKHUWRLQWHJUDWHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIHPHUJHQFHLQDWKHRU\ RIVHOIRUJDQLVDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHIRUPDWLRQRIRUGHURUJDQLVDWLRQDQG PHDQLQJ LQ QDWXUH DQG VRFLHW\ DUH DVFULEHG WR D FLUFXODU FRQMXQFWLRQ 128 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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pQRI IHUVDVHWRISDUDPHWHUVRU¦JULOOHV§ *XLOOpQ ZKLFKKHOSWRUHFRQILJ XUHWKHHPHUJHQFHRIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHV$VWKHWHUP¦HPHUJHQWOLWHUD WXUH§ ZDV GHYHORSHGLQFRPSDUDWLYHOLWHUDU\VWXGLHV *XLOOpQ©VH[DPSOHV DUHPDLQO\WDNHQIURPGLIIHUHQW(XURSHDQQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVHVSHFLDOO\ ,WDOLDQ OLWHUDWXUH ZKLFK KH FODLPV WR EH WKH ILUVW QDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUH WR KDYHHPHUJHGLQ(XURSH  6LQFHPRVWRIWKHGLVFXVVHG(XURSHDQQD WLRQDO OLWHUDWXUHV IRXQG WKHLU ¦LQDXJXUDO HYHQW§   GXULQJ HLWKHU WKH 5HQDLVVDQFHRUWKHWUDQVLWLRQIURPWKH WK WRWKHWK FHQWXU\WKHFRQ FHSW RIWKHHPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUHGRHVQRWRQO\KDYHWREHWUDQVIHUUHGIURP WKHOHYHORIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVWRWKHQRWLRQRI¦HPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUHDV DVXEVHWRIWKHFRQFHSWRIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH§  EXWDOVRWRWKHILHOG RIFRQWHPSRUDU\OLWHUDWXUH 7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVZLOOVWUHQJWKHQWKHDUJXPHQW IRUDGLVWLQFWLYH%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDU\WUDGLWLRQ7KH\IXOILODPDLQO\GH VFULSWLYH IXQFWLRQ VXPPDUL]LQJ FHUWDLQ TXDOLWLHV HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV KDYHLQFRPPRQ:KLOH*XLOOpQTXHVWLRQVWKHIXQFWLRQDOLW\RID¦SULQFL SOHRILGHQWLW\§  EHFDXVHWKHDGKRFVLJQVRILQGLYLGXDOLW\VXFKDVODQ JXDJHWHUULWRU\RUWKHPHVGRQRWZRUNDVXQLYHUVDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRID QDWLRQDOODQJXDJH KHSURSRVHVWKDWRQO\WKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHVLJQV RILQGLYLGXDOLW\FDQEHRSHUDWLYH7KHUHIRUH WKHHPHUJHQFHRIDOLWHUD WXUHFDQQRWRQO\EHGHWHUPLQHGRQWKHEDVLVRIHLWKHURQHRIWKHVLJQVRI LQGLYLGXDOLW\EXWE\WKHLUFRUUHODWLRQ$VWKHVHPDUNHUVRILQGLYLGXDOLW\ IHDWXUHSURPLQHQWO\LQ%ULWLVK$VLDQILFWLRQWKH\ZLOOODWHU RQEH SRLQWHG RXWLQWKHDQDO\VLVRI/RQGRQVWDQL Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 129 JUTTA WEINGARTEN ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR D FRPELQDWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ HVVHQWLDOV WKDW PDUN WKH HPHUJHQFH RI D OLWHUDWXUH DQRWKHU LPSRUWDQW IHDWXUH LV WKH LPSHWXV RI WKHSDUWLHVLQYROYHG $OLWHUDWXUHLVOLNHO\WRHPHUJHDVDQLQWHOOLJLEOHILHOGRIFXOWXUHLQ WKHGHJUHHWKDWZULWHUVFULWLFVDQGUHDGHUVWKLQNWKDWLWKDVH[LVWHGRU VKRXOG RU LV DERXW WR H[LVW (PHUJHQFH LV LQGLYLVLEOH WKHQ IURP VHOI DZDUHQHVVDOOHJLDQFHRUWKHZLOOWRDULVH *XLOOpQ  7KHLGHQWLW\RIDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHWKHUHIRUHLVQRWRQO\GHSHQGHQWRQ WKHQDWLRQDODQGOLQJXLVWLFHQYLURQPHQWEXW DOVRRQWKHYHU\LPSRUWDQW QRWLRQRI¦DJHQF\§ *XLOOpQGRHVQRWRQO\FRQVLGHUWKHFULWLFVDQGUHDG HUVEXWDOVRWKH ZULWHUVDVDJHQWVRIWKHUHVSHFWLYHHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUH 7KHPDWWHURI¦DJHQF\§ LVRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHHVSHFLDOO\LQDQDO\V LQJDOLWHUDU\PRYHPHQWWKDWKDV GHYHORSHGRXWRIDGLDVSRULFVLWXDWLRQ WKDWLVDWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHFRORQLDOSDVWRI*UHDW%ULWDLQDQGWKHSROLWLFDO FRQVHTXHQFHV RI WKLV SDVW IRU ,QGLD ZKLFK HYHQWXDOO\ OHG WR LWV SDUWL WLRQ'HILQHGDV¦WKHDELOLW\WRDFWRUSHUIRUPDQDFWLRQ§ DQGTXHVWLRQ LQJ ¦ZKHWKHU LQGLYLGXDOV FDQ IUHHO\ DQG DXWRQRPRXVO\ LQLWLDWH DFWLRQ RUZKHWKHUWKHWKLQJVWKH\GRDUHLQVRPHVHQVHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHZD\V LQZKLFKWKHLULGHQWLW\KDVEHHQFRQVWUXFWHG§ $VKFURIW*ULIILWKV 7LI ILQ3RVW&RORQLDO  WKHQRWLRQRIDJHQF\WLHVLQZLWKWKHSKLORVRSKLFDO TXHVWLRQRIHPHUJHQFH%RWKLQYHVWLJDWHWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHU ZKLFKDF WLRQDQGRUGHUDUHHVWDEOLVKHGDQGKDYHWRGRZLWKWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRI FDXVHDQGFRQVHTXHQFH <HW WKH QRWLRQ RI DJHQF\ WDNHV WKH PDWWHU RQH VWHS IXUWKHU DV LW ¦UHIHUVWRWKHDELOLW\RISRVWFRORQLDOVXEMHFWVWRLQLWLDWHDFWLRQLQHQJDJ LQJ RU UHVLVWLQJ LPSHULDO SRZHU§ DQG DUH DEOH WR HVFDSH WKH HIIHFWV RI WKRVH¦IRUFHVWKDW¨FRQVWUXFW© WKHP§ $VKFURIW*ULIILWKV 7LIILQ3RVW &RORQLDO  7KHUHIRUHLWPLJKWEHHYHQPRUHDSSURSULDWHWRFRQVLGHU )RXFDXOW©VGHILQLWLRQRIHPHUJHQFHLQUHODWLRQWR(QWVWHKXQJ DV¦WKHPR PHQWRIDULVLQJ>ž@ WKHSULQFLSOHDQGWKHVLQJXODUODZRIDQDSSDULWLRQ§ )RXFDXOW   7KH SRVWFRORQLDO ¦DJHQF\§ DQG )RXFDXOW©V QRWLRQ RI (QWVWHKXQJ SXWIRFXVRQDPRPHQWRIDFWLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQGHQJDJHPHQW WKDWFDQJLYHULVHWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZIRUPVRIFXOWXUDOSURGXF 130 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WLRQ,QWKHFDVHRI%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHWKLVPRPHQWHQDEOHVLWWRHV WDEOLVKLWVHOIDVDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHDFWLYHO\DULVLQJRXWRIDQH[LVWLQJ QDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH 2WKHUFRRUGLQDWHV*XLOOpQRIIHUVDUHWKHRSHUDELOLW\RIDQLGHD   OLQJXLVWLFPDWWHUVVXFKDVPRQROLQJXDODQGPXOWLOLQJXDOHQYLURQPHQWVRI HPHUJHQFHDQGKLHUDUFKLHVRI ODQJXDJHV  /DQJXDJHXVHDQGPL[WXUH ZLOOSURYHDQLPSRUWDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHLQTXHV WLRQDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIZKRLVDEOH WRVSHDNLQZKLFKODQJXDJHZLOO EHDGGUHVVHGODWHURQ0RUHRYHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWUHQGVPRYHPHQWVRU FHUWDLQVW\OHVRIRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\OLWHUDWXUHVDQGZKDW*XLOOpQFDOOV WKH ¦LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQMXQFWXUH§   UHODWLRQV RI GRPLQDQFH EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW OLWHUDWXUHV   DQG WKH OLWHUDULQHVV RI DQ HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUH  DUHLVVXHVWKDWFDQEHDGGUHVVHGLQDQDO\VLQJOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH 7KH ODVW LPSRUWDQW TXHVWLRQ WKDW *XLOOp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pQ FRQFOXGHV KLV HYDOXDWLRQ RI HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUHV DV D VXE VHWRIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVE\VWDWLQJ¦/LWHUDWXUHDQGLWVVXEGLYLVLRQVDV FRQFHSWVDQGDVERGLHVRIWH[WVFDQDQGZLOOEHFKDOOHQJHGDQGFKDQJHG DQGGLVORFDWHG¥LQDQRSHQHQGHGSURFHVVRIGLVMXQFWLRQDQGFRQMXQF WLRQ¥DQGUHFRQVWLWXWHGWLPHDQGDJDLQ§  7KXV*XLOOpQUHFRQQHFWV KLVGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHHPHUJHQFHRIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVWRWKHSKLORVRSKL FDOQRWLRQRI HPHUJHQFH2UGHUZKLFKFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKHFLUFXODU FRQMXQFWLRQRIFDXVHDQGFRQVHTXHQFHDQGWKXVWKHHPHUJHQFHRIQHZ  ([HPSODU\IRUWKHKLJKQXPEHURIDYDLODEOHDQWKRORJLHVDQGUHVHDUFKRQ%ULWLVK $VLDQZULWLQJDUHWKHZRUNVE\&KHWW\.XPDU1DVWDDQG5DQDQVLQKD Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature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¦K\EULGVLWHV§ %KDEKD FDQEHRSHQHGXS%KDEKD GHVFULEHVK\EULGLW\DVD¦OLPLQDOVSDFHLQEHWZHHQWKHGHVLJQDWLRQVRI LGHQWLW\§  DQGFRPSDUHVLWWRDVWDLUZHOO¦7KHKLWKHUDQGWKLWKHURI WKH VWDLUZHOO WKH WHPSRUDO PRYHPHQW DQG SDVVDJH WKDW LW DOORZV SUH YHQWVLGHQWLWLHVDWHLWKHUHQGRILWIURPVHWWOLQJLQWRSULPRUGLDOSRODUL WLHV7KLVLQWHUVWLWLDOSDVVDJHEHWZHHQIL[HGLGHQWLILFDWLRQVRSHQVXSWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIDFXOWXUDOK\EULGLW\WKDWHQWHUWDLQVGLIIHUHQFHZLWKRXWDQ DVVXPHGRULPSRVHGKLHUDUFK\§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¦V\QFUHWLVP§VHHPVWREHDPRUHVXLWDEOHZD\WR GHVFULEH LWV HPHUJHQFH ¦WKH WHUPLQRORJ\ RI WKH V\QFUHWLF DOORZV XV WR H[DPLQHLGHQWLW\DVDQRQJRLQJSURFHVV¥RQHZKLFKLQFRUSRUDWHVERWK FRQWLQXLW\DQGFKDQJHZLWKLQLWV FRQWLQXDODQGG\QDPLFGHYHORSPHQW§ +\GHU 7KLVRQJRLQJDQGFRQWLQXDOSURJUHVVZKLFKLVLPSOLHGE\ WKHWHUPV\QFUHWLF¦VHHPVWRRIIHUVRPHDGYDQWDJHVDVLW HPSKDVL]HVWKH SRVLWLYHDQGHQHUJHWLFDVSHFWVRIWKHSURFHVVRIWUDQVFXOWXUDWLRQ§ $VK FURIW *ULIILWKV  7LIILQ   7KHVH HQHUJHWLF SURFHVVHV RI UHFLSURFDO 132 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LQIOXHQFHIURPZKLFKGHYHORSQHZIRUPVRIFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQDFFX UDWHO\GHVFULEHWKHHPHUJHQFHRI%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUH )XUWKHULQDUJXLQJIRU%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHDVDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUD WXUHZKLFKVKRXOGQRWEHVXEVXPHGXQGHUDQXPEUHOODWHUPOLNH¦%ODFN %ULWLVKOLWHUDWXUH§WKHGHYHORSLQJGLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHGLIIHUHQWOLW HUDWXUHVKDYHWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW7KHWHUPVWRODEHOVSHFLILFJURXS RI LPPLJUDQWV KDYH RQO\ FRPH LQWR XVH LQ WKH V DQG V DV D FRXQWHUWHUPLQRORJ\WRWKH SROLWLFDOODEHO¦EODFN%ULWLVK§ 0RGRRG  6WXDUW+DOOVWUHVVHVWKHSRLQWWKDWWKHWHUP¦EODFN§ LQ *UHDW%ULWDLQ ZDV XVHGDVDSROLWLFDO UDWKHUWKDQDFXOWXUDOFRQFHSWDQGQHJOHFWHGHWKQLFLW\ DVDFDWHJRU\IRUFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ  7KH¦1HZ(WKQLFLWLHV§DV +DOOFDOOVWKHPWKXVFODLPWKHLURZQSODFHVZLWKLQ%ULWLVKVRFLHW\ZLWK RXWEHLQJZUDSSHGXSLQDSROLWLFDOFDWHJRU\ &RQVHTXHQWO\%ULWLVK$VLDQVKDYHHVWDEOLVKHGDGLDVSRULFFRPPX QLW\WKDWLVGLVWLQJXLVKLQJLWVHOIWKURXJKLWVERG\RIZRUN$V6XVKHLOD 1DVWDFRQFOXGHVLQKHUVWXG\+RPH7UXWK¦WKHGLDVSRUDKDVQRWRQO\ JHQHUDWHGDVXEVWDQWLDOERG\RIOLWHUDU\WH[WVZKHWKHURIPLJUDWLRQRU VHWWOHPHQWDUULYDORUGHSDUWXUHEXWKDVDOVRPDQLIHVWHGLWVHOILQDZLGH UDQJHRIOLWHUDU\IRUPV§  7KHUDQJHRIOLWHUDU\VWUDWHJLHVHPSOR\HG LQ%ULWLVK$VLDQZULWLQJUHDFKHV IURP¦WKHSLFDUHVTXH%LOGXQJVURPDQWR WKHLQWLPDWHDXWRELRJUDSK\WRFRPLF DQGPDJLFUHDOLVPWKHIDEXODUDV ZHOODVWRWKHUHIHUHQWLDODQGSRVWPRGHUQ§ 1DVWD 0DQ\RIWKHVH DUHEHLQJGHOLEHUDWHO\VXEYHUVLYHLQWKHLUH[SHULPHQWDWLRQVH[SOLFLWO\UH VKDSLQJWKHFDQRQLFDOQDUUDWLYHJHQUHVZKLOHRWKHUVXVHWKHVWUXFWXUHV DYDLODEOH WR H[SUHVV GLIIHUHQFHV WKHUHE\ ZULWLQJ VWRULHV RI UHVLVWDQFH ¦OHVVLPPHGLDWHO\REYLRXVWRWKHFULWLFDOH\H§ 1DVWD  7KDW/RQGRQVWDQL LVDSDUWLFXODUFDVHRIUHVKDSLQJDFDQRQLFDOJHQUH DQGWKXVZULWHVLWVHOILQWRWKHVWHDGLO\JURZLQJERG\RI%ULWLVK$VLDQOLW HUDWXUH ZLOOEHVKRZQLQWKHFRXUVHRIWKHDQDO\VLV7KHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH QRYHO ZLOOIRFXVRQVRPHRIWKHOLWHUDU\VWUDWHJLHVHPSOR\HGLQ/RQGRQ VWDQL WRLOOXVWUDWHKRZWKLVSDUWLFXODU%ULWLVK$VLDQILFWLRQHYRNHVDVSH FLILF VHQVH RI %ULWLVK$VLDQQHVV,WZLOOEHFRPHFOHDUWKDWWKHSDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK*XLOOpQ YLHZVDVPDUNHUVRILQGLYLGXDOLW\LQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHV DUHHPSOR\HGDVOLWHUDU\VWUDWHJLHVZLWKLQWKHQRYHO Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 133 JUTTA WEINGARTEN /RQGRQVWDQL$%ULWLVK$VLDQ1RYHO¥$1RYHORI%ULWLVK $VLDQQHVV /RQGRQVWDQL LVWKHILUVWQRYHOE\*DXWDP0DONDQLZKRZRUNVDVDMRXU QDOLVW IRU WKH )LQDQFLDO 7LPHV DQG KDV SXEOLVKHG QXPHURXV DUWLFOHV LQ 7LPH 2XW 0DJD]LQH DQG 7KH 1HZ <RUN 7LPHV +LV ILUVW DQG VR IDU RQO\QRYHO/RQGRQVWDQL ZDVSXEOLVKHGLQDQGZDVGHYHORSHGIURP WKHDXWKRU©VXQLYHUVLW\GLVVHUWDWLRQZKLFKGHDOVZLWKK\SHUPDVFXOLQLW\ LQ%ULWLVK$VLDQFRPPXQLWLHV 6RPHRIWKHUHYLHZVKDYHQRWEHHQWRR IDYRXUDEOHPDLQO\EHFDXVHRIWKHQRYHO©VH[WHQVLYHXVHRIWH[WPHVVDJH ODQJXDJHDQG%ULWLVK$VLDQVODQJ +RZHYHUWKHERRN©VFOHDUVWUXFWXUH RQYDULRXV QDUUDWLYHOHYHOVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHODQJXDJHHPSOR\HGPDNH LWDQH[FHOOHQWH[DPSOHRI%ULWLVK$VLDQZULWLQJZKLFKLV DWWKHVDPHWLPH DQRYHODERXW%ULWLVK$VLDQQHVV 3URWDJRQLVWDQGILUVWSHUVRQQDUUDWRURIWKHVWRU\LVWKH\HDUROG -DVZKRLVSDUWRID3XQMDEL\RXWKJDQJWKDWFDOOVLWVHOI¦GHVLV§ D6DQ VNULWZRUGWKDWIXQFWLRQVDVDVHOIUHIHUHQFHIRUWKHSHRSOHDQGWKHFXO WXUHRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQGLDVSRUD 7KHJDQJZKLFK-DVKLPVHOIDOZD\V UHIHUVWRDV WKH¦UXGHER\V§ FRQVLVWVRIIRXUPHPEHUV+DUGMLWWKHKHDG RIWKHJURXS$PLW5DYLDQG-DV,QWKH/RQGRQ%RURXJKRI+RXQVORZ  0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ 0DONDQL©V ZRUN DV D MRXUQDOLVW D VWDWHPHQW RQ KRZ WKH QRYHO GHYHORSHG RXW RI KLV GLVVHUWDWLRQ DQG SHUVRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH DXWKRU FDQ EHIRXQGRQKLVKRPHSDJHKWWSZZZJDXWDPPDONDQLFRPKRPHSDJHKWP! ODVWDF FHVVHG-XO\   KWWSZZZJXDUGLDQFRXNERRNVPD\IHDWXUHVUHYLHZVJXDUGLDQUH YLHZ! ODVWDFFHVVHG$XJXVW   *HQHUDOO\ WKHWHUP¦GHVL§ LQFOXGHVDQ\SHUVRQRI6RXWK$VLDQKHULWDJHPHDQLQJ DQFHVWU\IURP,QGLD3DNLVWDQ1HSDORU%DQJODGHVKOLYLQJRXWVLGHRI6RXWK$VLD7KH 2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\2QOLQHJLYHVWKLVGHILQLWLRQ¦6DQVNULWGHVL\DIURPRUSHFXOLDU WRDFRXQWU\SURYLQFLDOQDWLYHORFDOLQGLJHQRXVQDWLYHUXVWLFXQVRSKLVWLFDWHG 2I ,QGLDQ PXVLF GDQFH RU WKHDWUH LQGLJHQRXV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH IRON WUDGLWLRQ (VSH FLDOO\LQSRSPXVLFWKHWHUP¨GHVL© KDVDFTXLUHGDUHPRUHVHOIGHVFULSWLYHXVDJHDVWKH DUWLFOHE\1LVKDW.XUZDSURYHV¦7KHZRUG¨GHVL© FRPHVIURP 6DQVNULWDQGPHDQV¨IURP WKHFRXQWU\© RU¨RI WKHFRXQWU\©,W©VXVHGE\6RXWK$VLDQLPPLJUDQWVWRUHIHUWRVRPHRQH RUVRPHWKLQJIURPWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQWDQGLWV GLDVSRUD 7KHZRUGLPSOLHVVKDUHG YDOXHVDQGERQGV§ 6HH.XUZDDQG¦'HVL§ 6FKDHIHU  134 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHIULHQGVUHWDNHWKHLU$OHYHOV 0DONDQL DQGHDUQWKHLUSRFNHWPRQH\ E\UHSURJUDPPLQJPRELOHSKRQHV¦ZKLFKEDVLFDOO\PHDQVXQEORFNLQJ WKHP RUXQORFNLQJWKHP VR WKDWWKH\FDQEHUHFRQILJXUHG§ 0DONDQL  $SDUWIURPWKHVHPLQRUFULPLQDORIIHQVHVWKHJDQJLVLQYROYHGLQVWUHHW ILJKWVZKLFKDUHDOZD\VHLWKHUUDFLDOO\RUUHOLJLRXVO\PRWLYDWHG 7RGD\+DUGMLWZDVJRQQDWHDFK7DULTDOHVVRQRUWZRIRUJRLQJ RXWZLWKD6LNKJLUODQWKHQWU\LQWRFRQYHUWKHUWR,VODP>ž@ 6LNK EUHGUHQ©UHDOZD\VDFFXVLQJ0XVOLPJX\VDWU\LQWRFRQYHUWWKHLU6LNK VLVWHUV >ž@ 6RPHWLQHV WKRXJK LW ZDV MXVW WKH JLUO©V ZD\ D GXPSLQ VRPHJRRGORRNLQ0XVOLPJX\VKH©GEHHQVHHLQJZLWKRXWJHWWLQJNLOOHG E\KHUFRPPXQLW\IRUVHHLQJKLPLQWKHILUVWSODFH 0DONDQL  7KHVHILJKWVILJXUHDVWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKH¦GHVLV§ ZKLFKKDVWREHIRXJKW IRULQGLIIHUHQWWRWKHIDFWZKHWKHURUQRWWKHDFWXDOUHDVRQIRUWKHILJKW LVMXVWLILHGRU QRW7KH\UDWKHUUHVHPEOHWKH\RXWKJDQJ©VQHHGWRHVWDE OLVKWKHPVHOYHVDV PHPEHUVRIWKHFRPPXQLW\WKDWKDYHWREHWDNHQVHUL RXVO\LQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIVDQGFXOWXUDOEDFNJURXQGV 7KH PL[HG FRPPXQLW\ RI +RXQVORZ IXUWKHU HQJHQGHUV WKHVH ILJKWV ZKLFK DUHSDUWRIWKHJDQJV© UHJXODUSDVWLPH¦6RPHKRXVHVKDGJRW2PV\P EROVVWXFNRQWKHZRRGHQIURQWGRRUVEHKLQGJODVVSURFKHVVRPHDWKHP KDG.KDQGD6DKLEVDQRWKHUVKDGWKH0XVOLPFUHVFHQWPRRQ§ 0DONDQL   7KHUHOLJLRXVGLYHUVLW\RIWKHFLW\RIIHUVWKHJDQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVWR SLFN XS RQ WKH UHOLJLRXVO\ PRWLYDWHG YLROHQFH DQG WKXV UHLQIRUFH GLV FULPLQDWLQJVWHUHRW\SHVRQWKHEDVLVRI UHOLJLRQ 7KHLUWHDFKHU0U$VKZRRGLQDQDWWHPSWWRNHHSWKHER\VRXWRI WURXEOH LQWURGXFHV WKH UXGHER\V WR 6DQMD\ D IRUPHU VWXGHQW ZKR EH FDPHDVXFFHVVIXOEXVLQHVVPDQLQ/RQGRQ 0DONDQL  6DQMD\KRZ HYHU WXUQV RXW WR EH RQO\ LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH ER\V© DELOLW\ WR UHSURJUDP VWROHQPRELOHSKRQHVDQGXVHVWKHPWRNLFNVWDUWKLVRZQLOOHJDOEXVL  7KHVHILJKWVIRUWHUULWRU\WKHUXGHER\VGHFLGHLQWKH/RQGRQ%RURXJKFRXOGEH DUJXHGWRPLUURUWKH%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHVDSSHDUDQFHLQWKHOLWHUDU\VFHQHVWUXJJOLQJ IRUUHFRJQLWLRQDQGHVWDEOLVKLQJLWVHOIDVDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHLQWKHILHOG7KLVZRXOG FRUUHVSRQGWR*XLOOpQ©VSDUDPHWHU¦WHUULWRU\§ ZKLFKKHRQO\VHHVUHOHYDQWDVPDUNHURI LQGLYLGXDOLW\LQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK¦ODQJXDJH§ DQG¦WKHPH§ Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 135 JUTTA WEINGARTEN QHVV:KHQ-DVDQGWKHUHVWRIWKHJDQJIDOORXWZLWKHDFKRWKHURYHU-DV GDWLQJ6DPLUDD0XVOLPJLUOWKDW+DUGMLWGRHVQRWDSSURYHRIEHFDXVH RIKHUUHOLJLRQDQGKLVDOOHJHGO\LQWHUIHULQJLQ$PLW©VIDPLOL\SUREOHPV ZKLFKOHDGWRWKHVXLFLGHRI$PLW©VEURWKHU$UXQ6DQMD\EODFNPDLOV-DV LQWRVWHDOLQJPRELOHSKRQHVIURPKLVIDWKHU©VVWRUH7KLVHYHQWXDOO\OHDGV WRWKHFDWDVWURSKHRIWKHZDUHKRXVHEXUQLQJGRZQ-DVEHLQJDWWDFNHG E\WKUHHVWUDQJHUVDQGHQGLQJXSLQKRVSLWDO 7RWKHUHDGHU©VVXUSULVHLQWKHHQGRIWKHQRYHO -DVWXUQVRXWWREHD ZKLWHPLGGOHFODVV %ULWLVKDGROHVFHQWSUREDEO\RI-HZLVKGHVFHQW :KDWQRQVHQVHLVWKLV\RXGRQ©WHYHQUHVSRQGWR\RXURZQQDPH" -DVRQ%DUWKRORPHZ&OLYHGHQGR\RXKHDUZKDW,©PVD\LQJ"7KHQGDG JUDEVWKHFOLSERDUGIURPWKHHQGDP\EHGDQOLNHVKRYHVLWLQP\ IDFH¥/RRNKHVD\V¥,WVD\V\RXUQDPHKHUHRQ\RXUPHGLFDOFKDUW -DVRQ %DUWKRORPHZ&OLYHGHQ DJHG QLQHWHHQ ZKLWH PDOH 0DONDQL   7KLV UHYHODWLRQ PDNHV WKH UHDGHU TXHVWLRQ -DV©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©VVWUXJJOHWRILWLQWRWKHJDQJDQGKLVDWWHPSWV WRDGRSWWKHFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\RIKLVIULHQGV7KHQRYHOLVFRPSRVHGRI WZHQW\VHYHQFKDSWHUVDQGGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHPDLQSDUWVZKLFKDUHHQ WLWOHG¦3DNL§¦6KHU§ DQG¦'HVL§ 7KHGLYLVLRQRIWKHQRYHOLQWRWKUHH SDUWVPLUURUV-DV VGHYHORSPHQWWKURXJKRXWWKHQRYHO,QWKHILUVWSDUW 136 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ¦3DNL§ KHLVRUVHHPVWREHDPHPEHURIWKHJURXSWKDW-DVUHIHUVWRDV ¦UXGHER\V§ EXWZKRVHVHOIFRQFHSWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHQDPH¦GHVL§ )LUVWZHZDVUXGHER\VWKHQZHEH,QGLDQQLJJDVWKHQUDMDPXIILQV WKHQUDJJDVWDQLV%ULWDVLDQVIXFNLQ,QGREULWV7KHVHGD\VZHWU\DQXVH RXURZQZRUGIRUKRPHER\DQVRZHMXVWFDOORXUVHOYHVGHVLVEXW,VWLOO UHPHPEHUZKHQZHZHUHKDSS\ZLWKWKHZRUGUXGHER\ 0DONDQL  7KLVSDVVDJHVKRZVWKDW-DVLVDZDUHRIWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVDODEHOOLNH ¦GHVL§ KDVIRUWKHJURXSQDPHO\WKDWLWH[SOLFLWO\H[FOXGHVKLP$VKH FDQQRW SRVVLEO\ VKDUH WKH FXOWXUDO YDOXHV DQG ERQGV WKLV QDPH LPSOLHV DQGHPSKDVL]HVKHUHVRUWVWRWKHQDPH¦UXGHER\V§ IRUWKHJDQJEHFDXVH LWLVQRWDV H[FOXVLYHDV¦GHVL§ 7KLVLOOXVWUDWHVKLVZLVKWREHORQJWRWKHLQ JURXSDQGWDNHSDUWLQWKHFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLW\WKDWLVEHLQJFUHDWHGWKURXJK WKHVROLGDULW\RIWKHJDQJ3DUWWZRHQWLWOHG¦6KHU§ ZKLFKWUDQVODWHVDV ¦WLJHU§¦OLRQ§ RU¦PDQIXOO\§ KWWSZZZLMXQRRQQHW!ODVWDFFHVVHG RQ$XJXVW IRUHVKDGRZV-DVGLVWDQFLQJKLPVHOIIURPWKH¨UXGH ER\V© WR SXUVXH KLV UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK 6DPLUD ZLWK WKH KHOS RI 6DQMD\ 7KLVSDUWHQGVZLWKDIDPLO\GLVSXWHWKDWLQYROYHV-DVZKRZDQWVWRKHOS $UXQ$PLW©VEURWKHU7KHODVWSDUW¦'HVL§RSHQVZLWK$UXQ©VIXQHUDO DQGWKH¦UXGHER\V§ IDOORXWZLWK-DVZKRPWKH\WKLQNUHVSRQVLEOHIRU WKH $UXQ©V VXLFLGH $IWHU WKH IXQHUDO DQG WKH IROORZLQJ FRQIURQWDWLRQ ZLWKKLVIULHQGV6DPLUDHQGVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK-DVZKRLVOHIWDORQH LQKLVVWUXJJOHDJDLQVW6DQMD\DQGKLVEODFNPDLO,WEHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWDO WKRXJKKHWULHGKDUG-DVZDVQHYHUDUHDOSDUWRIWKHGHVLV+RZHYHU-DV GRHVQRWVHHPWRUHDOL]HWKDWKLVSUHWHQFHRIDGHVLLGHQWLW\LVILQDOO\FRPH WRDQHQGDQGHYHQLQKRVSLWDOVWDUWVWRIOLUWZLWKWKHQXUVHE\VKRZLQJRII KLV3DQMDELODQJXDJHVNLOOV¦,ZDQQDVKRZKHUP\JRRGPDQQHUVE\VD\ LQ7KDQN\RX%XW-D]]\-DV0DQFDQGREHWWHUWKDQIXFNLQ7KDQN\RX, VKRRWKHUDORRNDQGJLYHLW¥ 6KXNUL\D§ 0DONDQL (YHQWKRXJKKLV IDLOXUHWREHFRPHDPHPEHURIWKHGHVLVLVREYLRXVDQGILQDO-DVGRHVQRW DFFHSWWKDWKLVLPLWDWLRQRIDFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\ZKLFKKHORQJVWRHPERG\ KDVWRHQGIRUKLPWRGHYHORSKLVRZQSHUVRQDOLGHQWLW\ 7KHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHQRYHOZKLFKLQLWVWKUHHSDUWVPLUURUV-DV©V MRXUQH\WKURXJKWKHQDUUDWLYHVXJJHVWVWKDWLWEHORQJVWRWKHJHQUHRIWKH Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 137 JUTTA WEINGARTEN %LOGXQJVURPDQ%XWZKLOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDFODVVLF%LOGXQJVURPDQDUH HYLGHQW LQ /RQGRQVWDQL WKH QDUUDWRU DQG SURWDJRQLVW GRHV QRW DFWXDOO\ HYROYH LQ WKH FRXUVH RI WKH QRYHO 7KH IDFW WKDW WKH QRYHO SUHVHQWV WKH LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI WKH ZKLWH PLGGOHFODVV ER\©V FDSDFLW\ WR EHORQJ WR WKH GHVLVDQGWKHODFNRIGHYHORSPHQWDQGSURJUHVVLRQRIKLVFKDUDFWHU PDUNV WKH QRYHO DV D QHJDWLYH %LOGXQJVURPDQ 6WHLQ   7KURXJK LWV JHQHULF FODVVLILFDWLRQ DV DQWL%LOGXQJVURPDQ /RQGRQVWDQL XQGHUVFRUHV 6XVKHLOD 1DVWD©VDUJXPHQWIRUDQHPHUJHQW%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUHLQWKDWLWGUDZV RQWUDGLWLRQDOOLWHUDU\IRUPEXWDOVRVXEYHUWVLWFUHDWLQJDJHQUHSHUIHFWO\ DSWWRLOOXVWUDWH%ULWLVK$VLDQQHVVLQFRQWUDVWWRLWVIDLOLQJ%ULWLVKQDUUDWRU -DV VHIIRUWVWREHFRPHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHJDQJRIUXGHER\VDUHIXU WKHULOOXVWUDWHGE\KLVREHGLHQFHWRDVHWRI¦UXGHER\UXOHV§ WKDW+DUGMLW OD\VGRZQIRUKLP7KHVHVHYHQUXOHVDUHPHDQWWRHQVXUHWKDW-DVHYHQWX DOO\ZLOODWWDLQWKH¦ULJKWOHYHODUXGHER\DXWKHQWLFLW\§ 0DONDQL 7KH\ DUHDOOTXRWHGRQWKHILUVWVL[W\RQHSDJHVWKHILUVWWKLUGRIWKHQRYHO DQGDUHVXSSRVHGWRJLYH-DVDGYLFHRQKRZWREHKDYHLQPRVWVLWXDWLRQV KHDQGKLVIULHQGVJHWLQWR7KHUXGHER\V© FRGHJLYHVUXOHVRQDOODVSHFWV RIOLIHVXFKDVO\LQJZKLFKPRELOHSKRQHWRRZQODQJXDJHXVDJHDQG ZD\RIFORWKLQJ¦5XGHER\5XOH$OWKRXJKGHVLODGLHVVKRXOGGUHVV OLNH%ROO\ZRRGDFWUHVVHVXQGHUQRFLUFXPVWDQFHVVKRXOGGHVLPHQWU\WR GUHVVOLNHWKHLUPDOHFRVWDUV§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©V QHJDWHG %ULWLVK LGHQWLW\ 7KH\ IXUWKHU GHVFULEH WKH GHVLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI %ULWLVK $VLDQQHVV ,Q WKH HQG LW LV -DV©V EUHDNLQJ RI +DUGMLW©VUXOHVWKDWSURYRNHVKLVH[FOXVLRQIURPWKHJDQJ 7KHVHFRQGVLJQLILFDQWPDUNHURI-DV©VHIIRUWVWREHFRPHDGHVLLVKLV XVHRIODQJXDJH7KHXVHRIODQJXDJHGLIIHUVFRQVLGHUDEO\EHWZHHQWKH 138 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ILUVWSHUVRQQDUUDWRU©VYRLFHDQGWKHYRLFHRIWKHFKDUDFWHU-DV:KLOH-DV DVWKHQDUUDWRUXVHVVWDQGDUG(QJOLVKWRFRQYH\KLVVWRU\WKHFKDUDFWHU -DV LQ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU FKDUDFWHUV PDNHV XVH RI D %ULWLVK $VLDQ VODQJWKDWLVSXQFWXDWHGZLWKDEEUHYLDWLRQVDQGWH[WPHVVDJHFRGHVWKXV FUHDWLQJDKLHUDUFK\RI WKHODQJXDJHVLQXVH¦,WDLQ©WQHFHVVDU\IRUXE D3DNLVWDQLWRFDOOD3DNLVWDQLD3DNL+DUGMLWH[SODLQV RUIRUXFDOO DQ\ 3DNLD3DNL IRUGDWPDWWHU%XWXJRWVEFDOO©GD3DNL\RXUVHOI§ 0DO NDQL  7KLVVSHFLILFXVDJHRIODQJXDJHLVH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQWWR-DV DVKHVHHPVWRKDYHVHULRXVSUREOHPVLQH[SUHVVLQJKLPVHOI¦(YHU\WLPH ZKHQLW©VLPSRUWDQWWRXVHWKLVJREDPLQH,KHDUP\YRLFHZKLFKQHYHU QRUPO\ZRUNVSURSO\DQVR,SDQLF,W©VDVLIWKHUH©VVRPHRWKHUYRLFHD PLQHJLYLQLW'RQ©WVD\WKDWLW©OOPDNHXORRNOLNHDJLPS§ 0DONDQL  -DVLVH[WUHPHO\VHOIFRQVFLRXVDQGFDUHVDORWDERXWZKDWRWKHUVPLJKW WKLQNRIKLVVWDPPHULQJ +LVSUREOHPVLQDUWLFXODWLQJKLVRSLQLRQVDUHPDGHZRUVHE\KLVUH ODWLRQVKLS ZLWK KLV GRPLQDQW PRWKHU ¦, FDQ©W VWDQG EHLQJ LQ WKH VDPH URRPDVKHUHYHQZKHQ,©PIXOO\FORWKHG0DWWHUDIDFW,VWDUWJHWWLQJWKDW QDXVHDIHHOLQDJDLQWKHRQH,DOZD\VJHWZKHQVKH©VDURXQG§ 0DONDQL  %HFDXVHKHFDQQRWH[SUHVVKLPVHOILQFRQYHUVDWLRQZLWKKLVSDUHQWV KHWXUQVWR+DUGMLWDQGDGRSWVWKH%ULWLVK$VLDQVODQJWKDWKLVIULHQGVXVH ,VZHDU,©YHZDWFKHGDVPXFK079%DVHDQ-XJJ\'YLGHRVDVWKH\ KDYHEXW,VWLOOFDQ©WDWWDLQWKHULJKWOHYHODUXGHER\DXWKHQWLFLW\,I , FRXOG , ZRXOGQ©W EH XVLQJ SRQFH\ ZRUGV OLNH DWWDLQ DQ DXWKHQWLF LW\LQQLW,©GEHVD\LQ,FRXOGQ©WNHHSLWUHDORUVRPHVKLW$QLI,VDLG LWWKDWZD\WKHQWKHUH©GEHQRQHHGIRUPHWRVD\LWLQWKHILUVWSODFH VR,ZRXOGQ©WVD\LWDQ\ZD\$IWHUDOOLW©VDOOERXWZKDW\RXVD\DQG KRZ\RXVD\LW<RXUOLQJXLVWLFSURZHVVDQGHEDWLQJGH[WHULW\ WKRXJK ZKDWHYHU\RXGRGRQ©WVD\LWWKDWZD\  0DONDQL  7KLVH[WUHPHXVHRIVSRNHQODQJXDJHVSHFLILFDOO\DVSRNHQODQJXDJH YDULDWLRQWKDWORFDWHVWKHXVHULQDVSHFLILFSODFHFRQFHUQLQJKLVJHQGHU KLVDJHDQGKLVVRFLDODQGPLJUDWRU\EDFNJURXQGDJDLQVKRZVLQFRQ WUDVWWRWKHQDUUDWRU©VXVHRIVWDQGDUG(QJOLVKWKDW-DVLVWU\LQJKDUGWR EHDFFHSWHGLQWKHJDQJ 5HQDWH0DFHLQKHUVWXG\RIVSRNHQODQJXDJH LQ UHJLRQDO QRYHOV DVVLJQV WKH XVDJH RI GLDOHFWV LQ VSRNHQ ODQJXDJH LQ Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 139 JUTTA WEINGARTEN QRYHOVIRXUIXQFWLRQVDOLWHUDU\DFRPLFDVRFLROLQJXLVWLFDQGDSV\FKR ORJLFDOIXQFWLRQ 0DFH  )RUWKHDQDO\VLVRI/RQGRQVWDQL WKHOLWHU DU\IXQFWLRQRIWKHXVHGGLDOHFWLVRIVSHFLDOLQWHUHVWDVLWDOORZV¦ILQHO\ GLIIHUHQWLDWHGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRVRFLDOVWDWXVHGXFDWLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG :HOWDQVFKXXQJ RI WKH SHRSOH UHSUHVHQWHG§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pQSURSRVHV LQKLVSDUDPHWHUVIRUHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVDQGWKXVJRHVWRJHWKHUZLWK WKHQRWLRQRIWHUULWRU\DQGWKHPHVZKLFKLQWKLVQRYHOFDQEHDUJXHGWR EHWKHFUHDWLRQRIDGLVWLQFW%ULWLVK$VLDQFXOWXUDO LGHQWLW\ 7KHVHWZRVLJQLILFDQWIHDWXUHV RI WKHQRYHOVKRZWKDWVWURQJPHDQV RILQFOXVLRQDQGH[FOXVLRQIRUEHORQJLQJWRDVSHFLILFVRFLDOJURXSQDPH O\WKHGRPLQDQW\RXWKJURXSDUHEHLQJHPSOR\HG7KHVHOIGHVFULSWLRQ DVDGLDVSRULFJURXSIXQFWLRQVDVWKHEDVLVIRUWKHVWURQJFROOHFWLYHLGHQ WLW\ RI WKH \RXWK JDQJ DQG WKHUHIRUH DOVR KDV D VLJQLILFDQWO\ H[FOXVLYH FDSDFLW\ 7KLV H[FOXVLYH IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FROOHFWLYH LGHQWLW\ ZKLFK WKH GHVLVPDNHXVHRILVRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLQWKHQRYHO,WLVSURGXFHGLQ WKHQRYHOE\WKHWULQLW\RIODQJXDJHWHUULWRU\DQGWKHPHVZKLFKPDUN LWDVDQRYHORQ%ULWLVK$VLDQQHVVDVZHOODV E\WKH DJHQF\RIWKHGHVLV ZKRVXFFHVVIXOO\WDNHXSWKHFKDOOHQJHRIILQGLQJWKHLUSODFHLQWKH%ULW LVKVRFLHW\UHSUHVHQWHGDQGWKXV VWDQGLQFRQWUDVWWRWKHIDLOHGQDUUDWRU 6WUXFWXUDOO\WKHQRYHOPLUURUV-DV©VGHYHORSPHQWIURPGHVSHUDWHO\ZDQW  9HU\LQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHLVWKDWWKHQRWLRQRIODQJXDJHLQ%ULWLVK$VLDQOLWHUDWXUH LVRIWHQIRFXVVHGRQWKHQRQWUDQVODWDELOLW\RIIRUHLJQZRUGVLQWKHQRYHO7KHVHXQWUDQV ODWHGZRUGVRIWHQFRPHXSLQWKHOLQJXLVWLFILHOGRIIDPLO\UHODWLRQVDQGIRRGDVQRYHOV VXFKDV$QLWD 0H E\0HHUD6\DORU6KDGHVRI:KLWH E\3UHHWKL1DLULOOXVWUDWH 140 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LQJWREHORQJWRWKHJURXSWRKLVYLRODWLRQRIWKHJDQJ©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¦SRVWFRORQLDOH[RWLF§ +XJJDQ[YL DV+XJJDQVWULNLQJO\ODEHOVWKH VHPLRWLFV\VWHP¦ERXQGXSLQDODWHFDSLWDOLVWPRGHRISURGXFWLRQ¥D PRGHLQZKLFKVXFKWHUPVDV¦PDUJLQDOLW\§¦DXWKHQWLFLW\§ DQG¦UHVLVW DQFH§FLUFXODWHDVFRPPRGLWLHVDYDLODEOHIRUFRPPHUFLDOH[SORLWDWLRQ§ [YL  +XJJDQ©V DUJXPHQW WKDW H[RWLF SURGXFWV VXFK DV D %ULWLVK $VLDQ FXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\KDYHEHFRPHDFRPPRGLW\WKDWQRWRQO\JLYHVLPSHWXV WR%ULWLVK$VLDQZULWLQJEXWDOVRPDNHVWKLVOLWHUDWXUHDVHOODEOHLWHPRQ WKH OLWHUDU\ PDUNHW VHHPV WR EH DSSOLFDEOH WR /RQGRQVWDQL 7KH FDVH RI-DVDQGKLVGHVSHUDWHZLVKWRDGRSWD%ULWLVK$VLDQLGHQWLW\VKRZV WKDWLWLVWKHH[RWLFWKDWZKLFKKHFDQQRWKDYHDQGQHYHUDFTXLUHWKDW KHGHVLUHV%\XVLQJWKHULJKWODQJXDJH IROORZLQJWKHUXOHVZHDULQJWKH ULJKWFORWKHVDQGKDQJLQJRXWZLWKWKHULJKWSHRSOH-DVEHOLHYHVKHFDQ ¦EX\§ KLPVHOIWKHH[RWLFFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\KHORQJVIRU<HWKLVIDLOXUH SURYHV WKDWDFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\LVQRWDPHUHFRPPRGLW\DQGWKXVFDQ QRWEHDGRSWHGDQGGURSSHGDVDVW\OH,QKDYLQJ-DVIDLODWKLVDWWHPSW WREHFRPHDSURSHUGHVLZLWKKLVH[FOXVLRQIURPWKHFRPPXQLW\0DO NDQLUHMHFWVWKHQRWLRQRIDPXOWLFXOWXUDO%ULWLVKVRFLHW\LQZKLFKFXOWXUDO LGHQWLWLHVEHFRPHSURGXFWV Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 141 JUTTA WEINGARTEN 7KHVHOOLQJQXPEHUVDQGVXFFHVVLQOLWHUDU\SUL]HVVXFKDVWKH%RRN HU3UL]H +XJJDQII VKRZWKDWLWLVQRWRQO\DILFWLRQDOFKDUDFWHU©V GHVLUHWROHDUQDERXW%ULWLVK$VLDQFXOWXUHEXWWKDWWKHUHDGLQJDXGLHQFH VHHPVWRVKDUHWKLVZLVK7KHUHIRUHWKHSRVWFRORQLDOH[RWLFHYHQLIQRW RIIHULQJDGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\GRHVVHOODFRPPRGLILHGPDUJLQDO LW\WRLWVUHDGHUVKLS%\¦VWDJLQJPDUJLQDOLW\§ ZULWHUVVXFKDV*DXWDP 0DONDQL GUDPDWLVH LQGLYLGXDOV RU PLQRULW\ JURXSV© VXERUGLQDWH VWDWXV IRU WKH LPDJLQHG EHQHILW RI WKH PDMRULW\ DXGLHQFH +XJJDQ [LL  7KXV +XJJDQDUJXHVWKDWLWLVWKH H[SOLFLWPDUJLQDOLW\RIWKHFKDUDFWHUVDVZHOO DVFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIWKDWPDUJLQDOLW\WKDWPDNHV%ULWLVK$VLDQZULW LQJDVXFFHVVIXOOLWHUDWXUH 7KHFRPPRGLILFDWLRQRIPDUJLQDOLW\KRZHYHUSUHVHQWWKHWHFKQLTXH PLJKWEHLQ%ULWLVK$VLDQZULWLQJGRHVQRWDFFRXQWIRULWVVWDWXVZLWKLQ %ULWLVKQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH7KHVWDWXVRI%ULWLVK$VLDQFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\LQ /RQGRQVWDQL PDNHVFOHDULWVSUHGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQLQ%ULWDLQ-DV©VZLVK WREHDGHVLSURYHVWKDWWKH$VLDQSUHVHQFHLQ*UHDW%ULWDLQKDVEHFRPH PRUHWKDQRQO\DWUHQGWRIROORZ %ULWLVK $VLDQ FXOWXUH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI %ULWDLQ PXOWLFXOWXUDO VRFLHW\DQGLWVFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ7KURXJKDVKDUHGKLVWRU\WKDWJRHV EDFNWRDWLPH HYHQEHIRUHWKH FRORQL]DWLRQRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQVXEFRQ WLQHQW D FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR FXOWXUDO V\VWHPV KDV JURZQ LQWR EHLQJDFRQQHFWLRQWKDWKDVH[LVWHGEHIRUHEXWKDVQRZSHDNHGLQWKH LPPHQVHSRSXODULW\RI%ULWLVK$VLDQFRQWULEXWLRQV WRLQWRFXOWXUDOSUR GXFWLRQLQPXVLFILOPDQGOLWHUDWXUH 7KLVSUHHPLQHQFHLV UHIOHFWHGLQ ZRUNV VXFK DV 6XVKHLOD 1DVWD©V VWXG\ ZKLFK KDYH VKRZQ WKDW %ULWLVK $VLDQ ZULWLQJ LV DQ HPHUJHQW OLWHUDWXUH WKDW GRHV UHVKDSH %ULWLVK QD WLRQDOOLWHUDWXUH 5HIHUHQFHV $VKFURIW %LOO *DUHWK *ULIILWKV DQG +HOHQ 7LIILQ 7KH (PSLUH :ULWHV %DFN 7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFHLQ3RVW&RORQLDO/LWHUDWXUHVQG HG/RQGRQ5RXW OHGJH 142 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe $VKFURIW %LOO *DUHWK *ULIILWKV DQG +HOHQ 7LIILQ 3RVW&RORQLDO 6WXGLHV 7KH .H\&RQFHSWV QG HG/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH %KDEKD+RPL7KH/RFDWLRQRI&XOWXUH/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH %|KQNH 'LHWPDU ¦6FUHHQLQJ 6FRWODQG 7KH ¨1HZ© 6FRWWLVK )LOP 6LQFH WKH V§+DUG7LPHV    &KHWW\ 5DMHQGUD ,QGLDV $EURDG 7KH 'LDVSRUD :ULWHV %DFN -RKDQQHVEXUJ 67(3XEO ¦(PHUJHQFH§ 2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\RQOLQH:HE6HS ¦'HVL§ 2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\RQOLQH:HE6HS )RXFDXOW0LFKHO¦1LHW]VFKH*HQHDORJ\+LVWRU\§/DQJXDJH&RXQWHU0HP RU\3UDFWLFH(G'RQDOG)%RXFKDUG7UDQV'RQDOG)%RXFKDUG6KHUU\ 6LPRQ,WKDFD&RUQHOO83 *RG]LFK:ODG7KH&XOWXUHRI/LWHUDF\ &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 *XLOOpQ &ODXGLR ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV &ULWLFDO 4XHVWLRQLQJV RI D +LVWRUL FDO&RQFHSW§(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV (G5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROH%HUQ3HWHU /DQJ +DOO 6WXDUW ¦1HZ (WKQLFLWLHV§ &ULWLFDO 'LDORJXHV LQ &XOWXUDO 6WXGLHV (GV 'DYLG0RUOH\DQG.XDQ+VLQJ&KHQ/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH +XJJDQ*UDKDP7KH3RVWFRORQLDO([RWLF0DUNHWLQJWKH0DUJLQV/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH +\GHU5HKDQ%ULPIXORI$VLD1HJRWLDWLQJ(WKQLFLW\RQWKH8.0XVLF6FHQH $OGHUVKRW$VKJDWH .RUWH%DUEDUDDQG.ODXV3HWHU0OOHU8QLW\LQ'LYHUVLW\5HYLVLWHG"%ULWLVK /LWHUDWXUHDQG&XOWXUHLQWKHV7ELQJHQ1DUU .RUWH%DUEDUDDQG&ODXGLD6WHUQEHUJ%LGGLQJIRUWKH0DLQVWUHDP"%ODFNDQG $VLDQ%ULWLVK)LOPVLQFHWKHV$PVWHUGDP5RGRSL .XPDU$PLWDYD$ZD\7KH,QGLDQ:ULWHUDVDQ([SDWULDWH1HZ<RUN5RXW OHGJH .SSHUV*QWHU¦(PHUJHQ]§0HW]OHU/H[LNRQ/LWHUDWXUXQG.XOWXUWKHRULH (G$QVJDU1QQLQJWK HG6WXWWJDUW-%0HW]OHU .XUZD1LVKDW¦8UEDQ'HVL$*HQUHRQ7KH5LVH§QSUPXVLF 2FWREHU  :HE6HS 0DFH5HQDWH)XQNWLRQHQGHV'LDOHNWVLPUHJLRQDOHQ5RPDQYRQ*DVNHOOELV /DZUHQFH7ELQJHQ*XQWHU1DUU9HUODJ 0DONDQL*DXWDP/RQGRQVWDQL/RQGRQ3HUHQQLDO+DUSHU 0HKOHP8OULFKHWDOHGV6WXDUW+DOO5DVVLVPXVXQG.XOWXUHOOH,GHQWLWlW$XV JHZlKOWH6FKULIWHQ 9RO+DPEXUJ$UJXPHQWH9HUODJ Make Way for the Indian: The Emergence of British Asian Literature 143 JUTTA WEINGARTEN 0RGRRG 7DULT 1RW (DV\ %HLQJ %ULWLVK &RORXU &XOWXUH DQG &LWL]HQVKLS 6WRNHRQ7UHQW7UHQWKDP%RRNV 1DVWD6XVKHLOD+RPH7UXWK)LFWLRQVRIWKH6RXWK$VLDQ'LDVSRUDLQ%ULWDLQ %DVLQJVWRNH3DOJUDYH 1DLU3UHHWKL6KDGHVRI:KLWH/RQGRQ+DUSHU&ROOLQV3XEOLVKHUV 2ZXVX .ZHVL %ODFN %ULWLVK &XOWXUH DQG 6RFLHW\ $ 7H[W5HDGHU /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 5DQDQVLQKD5XYDQL6RXWK$VLDQ:ULWHUVLQ7ZHQWLHWK&HQWXU\%ULWDLQ&XO WXUHLQ7UDQVODWLRQ2[IRUG&ODUHGRQ3UHVV 5HLFKO6XVDQQH¦(QJOLVKPDQ%RUQDQG%UHG$OPRVW¥6HOEVWYHUVWlQGQLVXQG 6HPLRWLN'HU¨%LQGHVWULFK,GHQWLWlWHQ© LP,QGLVFK%ULWLVFKHQ5RPDQ§/LW HUDWXUXQG0LJUDWLRQ,QGLHQ   6FKDHIHU 5LFKDUG 7 HG (QF\FORSHGLD RI 5DFH (WKQLFLW\ DQG 6RFLHW\ /RV $QJHOHV6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV 6QHOO . ' 0 HG 7KH 5HJLRQDO 1RYHO LQ %ULWDLQ DQG ,UHODQG  &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 6RPPHU 5R\ ¦9RQ GHU (LQZDQGHUHUOLWHUDWXU ]XP PXOWLNXOWXUHOOHQ 0LOOHQL XP§ .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHGHUHQJOLVFKHQ/LWHUDWXU9RQGHU5HQDLVVDQFHELV ]XU*HJHQZDUW (G9HUD1QQLQJ7ELQJHQ$)UDQFNH 6WHLQ 0DUN %ODFN %ULWLVK /LWHUDWXUH 1RYHOV RI 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ &ROXPEXV 2KLR6WDWH8 6\DO0HHUD$QLWD 0H/RQGRQ)ODPLQJR Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re.)Emergent Phenomenon "Transnational" European Identities in Helena Janeczek's Novel Lezioni di tenebra (1997) MIRJAM BITTER Universidade de Santiago de Compostela VKH GZHOOHWK DPRQJ WKH KHDWKHQ VKH ILQGHWK QR UHVW DOO KHU SHUVHFXWRUVRYHUWRRNKHUEHWZHHQWKHVWUDLWV 7KLVTXRWHIURPWKH/DPHQWDWLRQVRI-HUHPLDK  ZKHUHWKHYHUVHEH JLQVZLWK¦-XGDKLVJRQHLQWRFDSWLYLW\EHFDXVHRIDIIOLFWLRQDQGEHFDXVH RI JUHDW VHUYLWXGH§ VHUYHV DV PRWWR IRU /H]LRQL GL WHQHEUD E\ +HOHQD -DQHF]HN 7KHPRWWRZKLFKLQWKHQRYHOLVJLYHQLQ/DWLQLVQRWWDNHQ IURPWKHERRNRI/DPHQWDWLRQVLWVHOIEXWIURPWKH/HoRQVGHWpQqEUHV FRPSRVHGE\)UDQoRLV&RXSHULQLQLW WKXVH[SODLQVWKHWLWOHRIWKH QRYHO DQGSODFHV-DQHF]HN©VDXWRELRJUDSKLFDOWH[WZLWKLQD-HZLVKWUDGL WLRQUHDFKLQJEDFNWRELEOLFDOWLPHVDQGWRWKHSHUVHFXWLRQVDQGGLDVSRUD RIDUHPRWHSDVW7RWKLVGD\ UHVWOHVVQHVVDQGOLYLQJDPRQJRWKHU QRQ -HZLVK SHRSOHVUHPDLQWRSLFVRI-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHDVGRHVWKHH[SHULHQFH RIDQWL6HPLWLFSHUVHFXWLRQ VRPHWLPHVFUHDWLQJD¦VWDWHRIHPHUJHQF\§  7KH(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQLVWDNHQIURPWKH.LQJ-DPHV%LEOH7KH,WDOLDQWLWOHFDQ EHWUDQVODWHGDV¦/HVVRQVLQRIGDUNQHVV§ 7KHQRYHOKDVQRWEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVK \HW TXRWDWLRQVDUHWKHUHIRUHWDNHQIURPWKH,WDOLDQRULJLQDOIROORZHGE\DSDUDSKUDVH LQ(QJOLVK 146 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR7RQ\9RVVFDQEHFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHHPHUJHQFHRI OLWHUDU\SKHQRPHQD /RRNLQJDWFRQWHPSRUDU\GHYHORSPHQWVLQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHVDQG WKH1HZ(XURSHLWLVQRWLFHDEOHWKDWVLQFHWKHODWHVDVXEVWDQWLDO QXPEHURIQRYHOVDQGVKRUWVWRULHVLQ(XURSHKDYHEHHQZULWWHQDQGSXE OLVKHGE\-HZLVKDXWKRUVZKRZHUHERUQDIWHU&DOOLQJWKLVHPHU JHQW OLWHUDWXUH RI WKH ODVW WZHQW\ \HDUV ¦\RXQJ -HZLVK OLWHUDWXUH§ WKH HVVD\ IROORZV 7KRPDV 1ROGHQ V VWXG\ -XQJH MGLVFKH /LWHUDWXU ZKLFK LQZDVWKHILUVWPRQRJUDSKWRGHDOZLWKWKHSKHQRPHQRQLQ*HU PDQ\ $V1ROGHQSRLQWVRXW¦\RXQJ§ GRHVQRWUHIHUWRWKH DJHRIWKH DXWKRUVEXWWRWKHLQQRYDWLYHQHVVRIWKHLUOLWHUDU\SURGXFWLRQ  $W WKH HQG RI WKH V D QXPEHU RI OLWHUDU\ FULWLFV DOVR LQWURGXFHG WKH WHUP¦VHFRQG RUWKLUG JHQHUDWLRQ§ ZKLFKWKH\DGDSWHGIURPSV\FKR DQDO\WLFDOVWXGLHVRIWKH+RORFDXVW7RDYRLGWKHFRQIXVLRQLQFRXQWLQJ DQGWKHULVNRIPDNLQJGLIIHUHQFHVLQYLVLEOHE\XVLQJWKHWHUP¦VHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQ§ RU 0DULDQQH +LUVFK©V WHUP ¦SRVWPHPRU\ JHQHUDWLRQ§ IRU WKHFKLOGUHQRISHUVHFXWHGSDUHQWVDVZHOODVIRUFKLOGUHQRI1D]LSHUSH WUDWRUVVRPHSULYLOHJHWKHWHUP¦JHQHUDWLRQDIWHUWKH6KRDK§ 6WHLQHFNH   %\GHVFULELQJUHFXUULQJGUHDPVRISHUVHFXWLRQLQKHUFKLOGKRRG -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  WKHQDUUDWRURI/H]LRQLGLWHQHEUD PDUNVKHUVHOI DVSDUWRIWKLV¦JHQHUDWLRQDIWHUWKH6KRDK§ WKDW¦LQKHULWHG§ WKHIHDURI WKHLUSDUHQWV  9RVVVWDWHV¦7KLVUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDQHPHUJHQWOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKHVWDWHRI SROLWLFDOHPHUJHQF\ZKLFKLVLWVFRQWH[WKDVUHFXUUHG DWZLGHO\GLIIHULQJWLPHVDQGSODF HV>ž@ 6HPDQWLFDOO\ZKDWFRQQHFWVHPHUJHQWDQGHPHUJHQF\LVWKHLGHDRIWKHXQSUHGLFW DEOHRUWKHXQH[SHFWHG§ II   7KHWHUP¦\RXQJ-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUH§¥MXVWOLNHWKHWHUP¦-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUH§¥DOVR FRQVWUXFWVWKHSKHQRPHQRQLWLVVXSSRVHGWRGHVFULEH6LQFHWKHUHDUHQRGHIHQVLEOHFUL WHULDIRUFODVVLI\LQJDWH[WXQDPELJXRXVO\DV¦-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUH§ .LOFKHU[L[ WKLVHVVD\ LVEDVHGRQWKHSUDJPDWLFDSSURDFKRIORRNLQJRQO\DWWH[WVRIDXWKRUVZKRGHILQHWKHP VHOYHVDV-HZLVKDQGZKRDUHSHUFHLYHGDV-HZLVKE\WKHUHDGHUV  7KHVDPHDXWKRUVDUHVRPHWLPHVFODVVLILHGDV¦VHFRQG§ DQGVRPHWLPHVDV¦WKLUG JHQHUDWLRQ§ &IIRUWKLVFULWLTXHIRUH[DPSOHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQLQ*UQEHUJ%HWWLQD%DQ QDVFKDOVR VHHVDQLQDGPLVVLEOHSDUDOOHOWRWKHFRQFHSWRI6WXQGH1XOO ]HURKRXU ZKLFK KHOSHG*HUPDQSHUSHWUDWRUVWRFRQWLQXHWKHLUFDUHHUDIWHU   Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 147 MIRJAM BITTER +RZHYHULQGHVFULELQJFHUWDLQWH[WVDVSDUWRIDQHPHUJHQW\RXQJ -HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHWKLVHVVD\GRHVQRWLQWHQGWRH[FOXGHWKHVHWH[WVIURP WKHLUUHVSHFWLYHQDWLRQDOFRQWH[WV-DQHF]HN©VQRYHOLVERWK \RXQJ-HZLVK OLWHUDWXUHDQG FRQWHPSRUDU\,WDOLDQOLWHUDWXUHSXEOLVKHGE\0RQGDGRUL LQ WKHLU ¦VFULWWRUL LWDOLDQL§ VHULHV $V &ODXGLR *XLOOpQ ULJKWO\ UHPDUNV HYHU\WH[WFDQEHDVVLJQHGWRGLIIHUHQWOLWHUDWXUHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSHU VSHFWLYHRQHWDNHV  9LHZLQJWKHVHOLWHUDU\WH[WVWKURXJKWKHOHQVHVRI ¦\RXQJ-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUH§ LQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKLVHVVD\DSSHDUVMXVWLILHG KRZHYHUILUVWO\GXHWRWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI-HZLVKSHRSOHLQSRVW(X URSHWKDWVHWWKHPDSDUWIURPWKHLUQRQ-HZLVKQHLJKERXUVDQGVHFRQGO\ GXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQW¦JHQHUDWLRQDOLW\§ RIWKH\RXQJHUDXWKRUVFRPSDUHG ZLWK-HZLVKDXWKRUV ERUQEHIRUH &ODVVLI\LQJ WKLV OLWHUDU\ SKHQRPHQRQ DV ¦HPHUJHQW§ LV IUXLWIXO LQ VRIDU DV LW VKHGV OLJKW RQ WKH GLDORJLFDO UHODWLRQVKLS RI \RXQJ -HZLVK OLWHUDWXUHZLWKRWKHUOLWHUDWXUHVQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVRQWKHRQHKDQGDQG WKHVRFDOOHG6KRDKOLWHUDWXUHRIWKHVXUYLYRUVRQWKHRWKHU7KHFRQFHSW RI¦HPHUJHQFH§DOVRDOORZVXVWRIRFXVRQWKLVOLWHUDWXUH©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¦FKHQRQVLDPRSURSULR  +LVWRULDQ-UJHQ5HXOHFNHGHILQHV¦JHQHUDWLRQDOLW\§ DV¦FKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHVXOWLQJ IURPVKDUHGH[SHULHQFHVWKDWHLWKHULQGLYLGXDOVRUODUJHU¨JHQHUDWLRQDOXQLWV© FROOHFWLYHO\ FODLPIRUWKHPVHOYHV§ RUZKLFKDUH¦DVFULEHGWRVXFKXQLWVIURPWKHRXWVLGH>ž@ 7KXV JHQHUDWLRQDQGJHQHUDWLRQDOLW\DUHLQWKHHQGQRWWDQJLEOHHQWLWLHVEXWUDWKHUPHQWDO RIWHQYHU\]HLWJHLVWGHSHQGHQWFRQVWUXFWVWKURXJKZKLFKSHRSOHDVPHPEHUVRIDVSHFLILF DJH JURXS DUH ORFDWHG RU ORFDWH WKHPVHOYHV KLVWRULFDOO\ DQG DFFRUGLQJO\ FUHDWH D ZH IHHOLQJ§   148 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WHGHVFKL FRPH GLFHYDPR DL FRQRVFHQWL ( QHPPHQR SURSULR SRODFFKL >ž@ FRPHGLFHYDPRDFHUWLDPLFL§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL WKDWZHDUHQRW UHDOO\*HUPDQVDVZHWROGRXUDFTXDLQWDQFHVDQGQRWHYHQUHDOO\3ROLVK DV ZHWROGFHUWDLQIULHQGV DQGWKXVQHYHURSHQO\TXHVWLRQHGQDWLRQDO LW\ DV DQ DGHTXDWH GHVFULSWLRQ RI LGHQWLW\ +RZHYHU LQ SXEOLVKLQJ WKLV QRYHO WKH DXWKRU +HOHQD -DQHF]HN FKDOOHQJHV WKHVH QDWLRQDO LGHQWLWLHV DQGSOHDGVIRUDZLGHUQRWLRQRI(XURSHDQLGHQWLW\WKDWVWLOOQHHGVWREH FUHDWHG(YHQWKRXJKWKHPRWKHUWHOOVWKHQDUUDWRU¦WXVHLFLWWDGLQDHXUR SHD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL \RXDUHDFLWL]HQRI(XURSH LQ+HOHQD©VUHDO OLIHLWKDVQRWDOZD\VEHHQWKDWHDV\)RUH[DPSOHZKHQWKHQDUUDWRUZDV \HDUVROGDQGRQKROLGD\VLQ,WDO\,WDOLDQFKLOGUHQRQILQGLQJRXWWKDW VKHZDVIURP*HUPDQ\WDXQWHGKHUZLWK¦+HLO+LWOHU§DVFHQHWKHQDU UDWRU QRZ FDOOV D ¦PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ§ ¦PDOLQWHVR§ -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL   +HOHQD QRZ VD\V VHOIFRQILGHQWO\ ¦1HVVXQR PL KD PDL LQVHJQDWR TXDQGRIDUHODWHGHVFDODSRODFFDO©LWDOLDQD+RLPSDUDWRGDVRODEHQLV VLPR DQFKHPHJOLRGHLPLHL§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  1RERG\HYHUWDXJKW PHZKHQWRDFWOLNHD*HUPDQD3ROLVKRUDQ,WDOLDQZRPDQ,OHDUQHGLW DOOE\P\VHOI,OHDUQHG LWYHU\ZHOOHYHQ EHWWHUWKDQP\SDUHQWV  ,Q TXHVWLRQLQJ WKH QRWLRQV RI ¦*HUPDQ§ RU ¦3ROLVK§ WKH QRYHO PDNHV D FRQWULEXWLRQ WR UHQHZLQJ DQG HQULFKLQJ WKHVH FRQFHSWV 0RVW RIWKHQRYHOVDQGVKRUWVWRULHVRI\RXQJ-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHGHDOZLWK WKH VWUXJJOH IRU  LGHQWLW\ ZKLFK LV QHYHU ¦QDWXUDOO\§ JLYHQ QRU HDVLO\ RE WDLQHG 7KLVHVVD\ZLOOWKHUHIRUHSUHVHQW-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHLQJHQHUDO DQG \RXQJ -HZLVK OLWHUDWXUH LQ SDUWLFXODU DV D WUDQVQDWLRQDO SKHQRPHQRQ IRFXVLQJRQKRZ+HOHQD-DQHF]HNLQKHUQRYHO/H]LRQLGLWHQHEUDGHDOV ZLWKWUDQVQDWLRQDO(XURSHDQLGHQWLWLHV -HZLVK/LWHUDWXUHDVD7UDQVQDWLRQDO3KHQRPHQRQDQG ,WV5H(PHUJHQFH $FFRUGLQJWR*XLOOpQWKHFRQFHSWRIQDWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHKDVFRPHWR EHUHJDUGHGDVTXHVWLRQDEOH¦>W@KHUHDUHRWKHUFODVVHVRWKHUJURXSLQJV  +HOHQH 6FKUXII DQDO\VHG WKH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLHV RQ ZKLFK LGHQWLWLHV DUH EXLOG LQ \RXQJ-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHLQ*HUPDQ\ Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 149 MIRJAM BITTER RIVLJQLILFDQWZULWLQJWKDWDSSHDUWRDGYDQFHDQGDIILUPWKHPVHOYHVLQ RXU WLPH§   2ZLQJ WR WKLV QHZ LQWHUHVW LQ WUDQVQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUHV DQGHVSHFLDOO\LQQHZ(XURSHDQSRVWQDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHVPDQ\VFKRODUV KDYHUHGLVFRYHUHG-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHDVDSDUDGLJPIRUWKLVNLQGRIPR ELOHPXOWLOLQJXDODQGWUDQVWHUULWRULDOZULWLQJ ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKDWWKHWHUP¦WUDQVQDWLRQDO§ LVQRW QHFHVVDULO\LQRSSRVLWLRQWRWKHQDWLRQDO6RFLRORJLVW8OULFK%HFNWKHUH IRUH FDOOV LW D ¦4XHUEHJULII§   D WHUP WKDW WUDYHUVHV WKH QDWLRQDO DQGH[SODLQVWKDWLWVWDQGVIRUIRUPVRIOLIHRUDFWLRQVWKDWUHSODFHWKH ¦QDWLRQDO HLWKHURU§ E\ D ¦FRQDWLRQDO ERWKDQG§ %HFN   7KH WLWOH RI%HFN©VPRQRJUDSK7KH&RVPRSROLWDQ9LVLRQ IXUWKHUPRUHUHDQLPDWHV WKH¦DJHROGWHUP§ ¦8UDOWEHJULII§  FRVPRSROLWDQLVPWKDWKDVRI WHQEHHQXVHGWRGHVFULEH-HZLVKWUDQVQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGLVDJDLQ EHLQJXVHGWRGD\ ,Q-DQHF]HN©VQRYHOWRRWKHPRWKHULVGHVFULEHGDVD FRVPRSROLWDQZRPDQ:KDWPDNHVFRVPRSROLWDQLVP¦QHZ§ LQWKHVW FHQWXU\DFFRUGLQJWR%HFNLVLWVUHIOH[LYLW\   $FFRUGLQJWRWKHKLVWRULDQ-DUDXVFK¦RQHFDQKDUGO\FODLPWKDWWKHUH DOUHDG\H[LVWVDFRPPRQPHPRU\FXOWXUH§ -DUDXVFK/LQGHQEHUJHU LQ (XURSHDQGLW¦FDQRQO\EHGHYHORSHGE\UHFRJQL]LQJWKHSOXUDOLW\RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ KLVWRULHV§   (XURSHDQ -HZV KRZHYHU DOUHDG\ KDYH D  ,Q KLV HVVD\ RQ ¦7KH 6XEMHFW V  RI (XURSH§ 0LFKDHO *H\HU DUJXHV WKDW ¦>W@KH PRVWWHOOLQJFDVHIRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDPRUHJHQXLQHO\WUDQVQDWLRQDOFLYLOVRFLHW\LVWKH -HZLVKGLDVSRUDLQ(XURSH§  &IDOVR'LQHUDQG+HQGULN1LHWKHU©V5HSRUWRQ WKH6XPPHU6FKRRO¦1HJRWLDWLQJ(XURSH-HZLVKDQG1RQ-HZLVK6SDFHV§ -HQD&HQWHU ¦*HVFKLFKWHGHV-DKUKXQGHUWV§3URMHFW¦.RPPXQNDWLRQVUlXPHGHV(XURSlLVFKHQ -GLVFKH :LVVHQVNXOWXUHQ MHQVHLWV GHV 1DWLRQDOHQ§ )ULHGULFK6FKLOOHU8QLYHUVLWlW -HQD -XO\$+),QIRUPDWLRQ1R)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHZDVDVHV VLRQFDOOHG¦&RQWHPSRUDU\7UDQVQDWLRQDOLVP7KH-HZLVK'LDVSRUDDVD3DUDGLJPDWLF &DVH§ DWWKHDQQXDOFRQIHUHQFHRIWKH$VVRFLDWLRQIRU-HZLVK6WXGLHVLQ'HFHPEHU LQ:DVKLQJWRQ  ,WLVXVHGIRULQVWDQFHE\1DWDQ6]QDLGHU ZKRWRJHWKHUZLWK'DQLHO/HY\SXE OLVKHG7KH+RORFDXVWDQG0HPRU\LQWKH*OREDO$JH LQKLVQHZERRN*HGlFKWQLVUDXP (XURSD'LH9LVLRQHQGHVHXURSlLVFKHQ .RVPRSROLWLVPXV(LQHMGLVFKH3HUVSHNWLYH  ([FHSWIRUWKHDJHRIWKHWHUP%HFNGRHVQRWGHILQHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWUDQV QDWLRQDOLVPDQGFRVPRSROLWDQLVPKHXVXDOO\XVHVERWKRIWKHWHUPVLQWKHVDPHSKUDVH FRQQHFWHGE\DQ¦DQG§ 150 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WUDQVQDWLRQDOPHPRU\FXOWXUHQRWRQO\EDVHGRQWKHQHJDWLYHIRXQGD WLRQP\WKRIWKH6KRDK7KHKLVWRULFDOHYHQWRIWKH6KRDKQHFHVVDULO\LV VWLOORQHRIWKHFRPPRQDOLWLHV-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHUHIHUVWRDVLWDIIHFWHG DOO(XURSHDQ-HZVDQGWKHLUIDPLOLHVHLWKHUWKURXJKH[LOHRUPRUHRIWHQ WKURXJKGHDWKLQWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV +RZHYHUDVDOUHDG\GHP RQVWUDWHGZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHPRWWRRI/H]LRQLGLWHQHEUDFRPPRQDOLWLHV FDQHTXDOO\EHIRXQGLQUHIHUHQFHVWR-HZLVKWUDGLWLRQVDQGKLVWRU\EH IRUHWKH6KRDKDQGEDFNWRELEOLFDOWLPHV 7KHQRYHO©VWRSLFLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHQDUUDWRUDQGKHU PRWKHU ,W EHJLQV LQ WRGD\©V ,WDO\ DQG WKH QDUUDWRU©V SUHVHQWGD\ OLIH )URPWKLVSUHVHQWWKHWLPHRIQDUUDWLRQWKHUHDUHPDQ\IODVKEDFNVWR WKH\RXWKRIWKHQDUUDWRULQ0XQLFK*HUPDQ\7KHVHFRQGSDUWRIWKH QRYHOUHODWHVDMRXUQH\RIWKHQDUUDWRUDQGKHUPRWKHUWR3RODQGZKHUH DPRQJRWKHUSODFHVWKH\YLVLW$XVFKZLW])RUWKHPRWKHULWLVDOVR¦XQ ULWRUQR§ -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL  D UHWXUQ  D MRXUQH\ EDFN LQ WLPH DQG VSDFH WR KHU SHUVRQDO H[SHULHQFH RI RSSUHVVLRQ WKH ORVV RI KHU RZQ PRWKHUDQGKHUVXUYLYDOGXULQJWKH1D]LSHULRGIRUWKHGDXJKWHULWLVD MRXUQH\WRKHUVWLOOODUJHO\XQNQRZQIDPLOLDOURRWV(YHQLQWKHSDVVDJHV DERXWWKHSDVWKRZHYHUWKHVLWXDWLRQRIUHPHPEHULQJLVDOZD\VPDUNHG KHQFHWKHIRFXVUHPDLQV RQWRGD\©VVLWXDWLRQ 7KHWRSLFRIWKH6KRDKLVSUHVHQWIURPWKHILUVWVHQWHQFHRIWKHQRYHO KRZHYHU LW LV WULSO\ PHGLDWHG WKURXJK SUREDEO\ ILFWLWLRXV  QDUUDWLRQ WHOHSKRQHDQG79DIULHQGRIWKHQDUUDWRUWHOOVKHURQWKHSKRQHWKDW RQ WHOHYLVLRQ D ZRPDQ FODLPV WR EH WKH UHLQFDUQDWLRQ RI D -HZLVK JLUO PXUGHUHGLQDQH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPS -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  7KLVLURQLF DQGPHGLDWHGGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH6KRDKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI\RXQJ-HZLVK OLWHUDWXUH -HDQ0DULH*UDVVLQFRPPHQWLQJRQWKHDXWKRUVRIHPHUJLQJOLWHUD WXUHVLQJHQHUDOGHVFULEHGWKHVHDV¦HPHUJLQJIURP>ž@ FXOWXUDODOLHQD WLRQSHUYHUWHGLGHQWLW\GHSHQGHQFHHWF:KDWWKH\DUHHPHUJLQJLQWR LVFROOHFWLYHSXUSRVH FXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\UHFRJQLWLRQDXWRQRP\§ ,QIDFW  :LWK(GJDU3ODWHQZHPLJKWHYHQVD\WKDWDOO OLWHUDWXUHDIWHULV¦OLWHUDWXUH ZLWK$XVFKZLW]§   Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 151 MIRJAM BITTER \RXQJDXWKRUVDUHQRZHPHUJLQJZKRKDYHQRWIRXQGWKHPVHOYHVDQG WKHLU H[SHULHQFHV UHSUHVHQWHG LQ SXEOLF GLVFRXUVH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH GLV FRXUVHV RQ PHPRU\ RI WKH 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU DQG WKH 6KRDK \RXQJ DXWKRUVZKRLGHQWLI\WKHPVHOYHVDV*HUPDQDQG-HZLVKRU,WDOLDQDQG -HZLVKDQGZKRSURFODLPWKHH[LVWHQFHRID¦GLIIHUHQWPHPRU\§ VHQ VX 6WHSKDQ%UDHVH RUUDWKHU¦GLIIHUHQWPHPRULHV§ EHFDXVHWKHUHLVQR ¦-HZLVKLGHQWLW\§ DVDQHQWLW\LQWKHVLQJXODU )RUWKHQDUUDWRULQ/H]LRQLGLWHQHEUDLWLVQRWHDV\WRJDLQDQLGHQ WLW\YLDLGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWKPHPEHUVRIWKHVRFLHW\WKDWVXUURXQGKHU2Q WKHRQHKDQGKHUSDUHQWVWDNHFDUHWKDWVKHZLOOE\QRPHDQVEHFRPH *HUPDQ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHSDUHQWVGLG QRWWHDFKKHU 3ROLVKDQGWKH\RQO\¦UHGLVFRYHU§ WKHLU-HZLVKQHVVZKHQ WKHQDUUDWRULV\HDUVROG -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL II +HOHQDFDQQRW LGHQWLI\ZLWKWKHRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKH-HZLVK\RXWKJURXSZKLFKVKH MRLQVIRUUHDVRQVRIFODVVVKHSHUFHLYHVWKHPDVOLYLQJLQ¦XQEHOJKHWWR G©RUR§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL DQLFHJROGHQJKHWWR RI0XQLFK©VKLJK VRFLHW\HYHQWKRXJKWKHLUSDUHQWVKDLOIURPWKH¦VKWHWO§ -DQHF]HN/H]L RQL  7KHQDUUDWRUKHUVHOILV¦GLEXRQDIDPLJOLD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL IURPDJRRGIDPLO\ DVWKHPRWKHUNHHSVRQWHOOLQJKHUEXW+HOHQD VD\V WKDW VKH FDQQRW LGHQWLI\ ZLWK D IDPLO\ WKDW FRQVLVWV RI RQO\ WKUHH SHRSOH,WLVQRWXQWLOKHUMRXUQH\WR3RODQGWKDWVKHVWDUWVFDOOLQJKHU UHODWLYHVNLOOHGLQWKH6KRDK¦JUDQGSDUHQWV§¦XQFOHV§ DQG¦DXQWV§ /7   *HQGHULVDOVRSUREOHPDWLFDO IRU+HOHQDEHFDXVH¥DWOHDVWLQWKHH\HV RIKHUPRWKHU¥VKHLVWRRIDWDQGWRXQWHQGHGWREHD¦JRRG§ ZRPDQ,W WKXVWDNHVDSURFHVVWKDWZLWK0XxR]ZHPLJKWFDOO¦GLVLGHQWLILFDWLRQ§ WRKHOS+HOHQD©VLGHQWLW\DQGWKDWRIRWKHUFKDUDFWHUVLQ\RXQJ-HZLVK OLWHUDWXUH HPHUJH +HOHQD IRU H[DPSOH GLVLGHQWLILHV ZLWK WKH FRQFHSW RI IDPLO\ E\ FDOOLQJ FHUWDLQ ,WDOLDQ IULHQGV RI KHU SDUHQWV ¦XQFOH§ DQG ¦DXQW§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  WKHUHE\GHFHQWULQJWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHVH WHUPVDQGRSHQLQJWKHPXSIRUQHZGHILQLWLRQV  7KLVLVWKHFDVHDWOHDVWLQ*HUPDQ\$XVWULDDQG,WDO\ WKHFRXQWULHVP\GLVVHU WDWLRQSURMHFWLVIRFXVVLQJRQ 152 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7R IROORZ DJDLQ *UDVVLQ LQ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'LFWLRQDU\ RI /LW HUDU\7HUPV¦>H@PHUJHQFHLVSHUFHSWLRQ FRPLQJLQWRYLHZ UHFHSWLRQ EHLQJLQWHUSUHWHG UHFRJQLWLRQ EHLQJDFFHSWHGEHFRPLQJOHJLWLPDWH § $FFRUGLQJO\*XLOOpQDVNVIRU¦WKHVLJQVRIWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDOLWHUDWXUH DV DQ LQVWLWXWLRQ§ DQG E\ VLJQV KH PHDQV ¦FHUWDLQ SHUVRQV RUJDQL]D WLRQVHYHQWVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQVWKDWDUHOLQNHGZLWKVXFKDGHYHORSPHQW DQGKHOSWRDGYDQFHLW§ IRUH[DPSOHFULWLFVWKHRULVWVVFKRODUVHGLWRUV SXEOLVKHUVZULWHUVDFDGHPLHVSUHVVVFKRROVXQLYHUVLWLHVWKHDWUHVDQG ¦QXPHURXVNLQGVRISXEOLFDWLRQVDVLQVWLWXWLRQDOVLJQVUHYLHZVMRXUQDOV OLWWOH PDJD]LQHV DQG DQWKRORJLHV DQG KLVWRULHV RI QDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUHV DQGWUDQVODWLRQV§   $VWULNLQJLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVDWLRQRIWKLVHPHUJHQWOLWHU DWXUHLQ*HUPDQ\LVWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIDOH[LFRQRQ*HUPDQ-HZLVK/LW HUDWXUH LQ .LOFKHU 7KXVLQ*HUPDQ\DWWKHWXUQRIWKHFHQWXU\ \RXQJ-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHKDGQRWRQO\FRPHLQWRYLHZDQGEHHQLQWHUSUHW HGEXW ZDVDFFHSWHGLQWRWKHOLWHUDU\FDQRQ%\WKHV\RXQJ -HZLVK DXWKRUVLQ,WDO\ZHUHQRWDVYLVLEOHDVLQ*HUPDQ\EXWDODUJHQXPEHURI DXWRELRJUDSKLFDOQRYHOVE\,WDOLDQ6KRDKVXUYLYRUVKDGDSSHDUHG )RX FDXOWVWDWHV(PHUJHQFHLVDOZD\VSURGXFHGWKURXJKDSDUWLFXODUVWDJH RI IRUFHV>ž@ (PHUJHQFHLVWKXVWKHHQWU\RIIRUFHVLWLVWKHLUHUXSWLRQIURP WKHZLQJVWRFHQWHUVWDJHHDFKLQLWV\RXWKIXOVWUHQJWK§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Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon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© ,WDO\ WKDW KHOSHG +HOHQD©V SDUHQWV UHGLVFRYHU WKHLU -HZLVKQHVV MXVW DV -HZ LVKDXWKRUVE\WKH)RXFDXOGLDQHQWU\RIQHZIRUFHVUHGLVFRYHUHGWKRVH PHPRULHVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHKHJHPRQLFQDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHWKDWKHOSHG -HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHUHHPHUJH )RU *XLOOpQ HPHUJHQFH LV FRQQHFWHG PRUH ZLWK ¦VHOIDZDUHQHVV DO OHJLDQFH RU WKH ZLOO WR DULVH§ WKDQ ZLWK ODQJXDJH WHUULWRU\ JHQUHV RU OLWHUDU\WKHPHV  1HYHUWKHOHVV\RXQJ-HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHGRHVKDYHVRPH WKHPHV LQ FRPPRQ QDPHO\ TXHVWLRQV RI LGHQWLW\ RQ WKH RQH KDQG DQG PHPRU\RQWKHRWKHU/H]LRQLGLWHQHEUD GHSLFWVERWKWKHQDUUDWRU©VDQG KHUPRWKHU©VFKLOGKRRGPHPRULHVDVWKH\GHDOZLWKTXHVWLRQVRILGHQWLW\ LWIXUWKHUPRUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHXQUHOLDELOLW\RIPHPRU\DQGLWVPHGLDWHGQHVV HJ-DQHF]HN/H]LRQL    :KLOHWKLV¦UHHPHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUH§¥DV 6DQGHU/*LOPDQDQG.DUHQ5HPPOHUFDOOLW¥LVFOHDUO\UHODWHGWRWKHWUD GLWLRQRI¦6KRDKOLWHUDWXUH§ LWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\WUDQVIRUPVWKHVXEMHFWVIR FXVDQGVWUXFWXUHRIWKLVJHQUHDQGWKXVPRGXODWHVWKHOLWHUDU\ODQGVFDSH -DQHF]HN©V DXWRELRJUDSKLFDO QRYHO PDUNV LWVHOI DV D GLDORJXH ZLWK KHU PRWKHUZKRVXUYLYHGWKH6KRDKE\DGGUHVVLQJKHULQWKHWH[W HJ¦&DUD PDPPD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  DQGE\LQVHUWLQJSDVVDJHVLQLWDOLFVGHQRW LQJLQVWDQFHVRIGLUHFWVSHHFKEHWZHHQWKHWZRZRPHQ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL IIIIII  0DQ\\RXQJ-HZLVKDXWKRUVSODFHHPSKDVLVRQHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQG VHOILURQ\ DV D PHDQV RI GLVWDQFLQJ WKHLU ZULWLQJ IURP WKH VRPHWLPHV KHUPHWLFWH[WVRIWKHVXUYLYRU JHQHUDWLRQ%LRJUDSKLFDOO\LWLVRIWHQWKH 154 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe FRQIRUPLW\DQGFRQVWDQWVHDUFKIRUKDUPRQ\RIWKHSDUHQWV© JHQHUDWLRQ WKDW FRPSHOV D PRUH DJJUHVVLYH LPSHWXV LQ \RXQJ -HZLVK SURVH 0DQ QKHLPHU 3UHVVHU ,Q-DQHF]HN©VQRYHOKRZHYHULWLVWKHPRWKHU ZKRLVGHVFULEHGE\WKHQDUUDWRUDVDGYLVLQJKHUGDXJKWHUQRWWRZULWH WRR PXFK DERXW $XVFKZLW] EXW UDWKHU WR WHOO WKH UHDGHUV VRPH IXQQ\ VWRULHV -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  DQG+HOHQDKDVQRDJJUHVVLYHLP SHWXVDQGDWWHPSWVWRFRQIRUPWRVRFLHW\<HWLQGHVFULELQJWKHQHJDWLYH FRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKLVVHDUFKIRUKDUPRQ\DQGLQLQVHUWLQJWKLVDGYLFH RI KHUPRWKHU-DQHF]HNXVHVDIRUPRIGLVWDQFLQJDQGVHOILURQ\ +RZHYHUZKHQWKHPRWKHUMXGJHV5XWK.OJHU©V6WLOO$OLYH DVEHLQJ ZULWWHQPXFKWRRDJJUHVVLYHO\ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  LWVKRZVWKDW WKHUH LVQRVLPSOHGLFKRWRP\EHWZHHQWKHZULWLQJRIVXUYLYRUVDQGWKH\RXQJHU JHQHUDWLRQEXWWKDWWKHUHDUHDOVRWH[WVRIVXUYLYRUVWKHPVHOYHVWKDWDUH ¦VHFRQGGHJUHH§ 6KRDKOLWHUDWXUH %XW]HU 7KURXJKWKHPHWDWH[WXDO UHIHUHQFHWR.OJHU©VDXWRELRJUDSK\WKHQRYHORYHUWO\LQVHUWVLWVHOILQD GLVFXVVLRQRIGLIIHUHQWJHQHUDWLRQVRI-HZLVKZULWLQJ 7UDQVQDWLRQDO,GHQWLWLHVLQ+HOHQD-DQHF]HN©V1RYHO /H]LRQLGLWHQHEUD -DQHF]HN©V QRYHO SUHVHQWV WKH EOXUULQJ RI LGHQWLWLHV DV D KLVWRULFDO O\ URRWHG LI QRW LQKHULWHG ¦NQRZOHGJH RI VXUYLYDO§ (WWH  )LUVW WKH PRWKHU©V LGHQWLW\ ZDV GHVWDELOLVHG IURP WKH RXWVLGH VKH IHOW KHUVHOI WR EH D 3ROLVK ZRPDQ XQWLO WKH 1D]LV IRUFHG KHU WR IHHO -HZLVK 6KH OHIW KHU3ROLVKER\IULHQG=ELJQLHZDQGLQWKHJKHWWREHIULHQGHGWKHQDUUD WRU©VIDWKHU,QWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH6KRDKWKHPRWKHUDFWLYHO\EOXUVKHU LGHQWLW\%HFDXVHRIWKH,WDOLDQVKRHVWRUHVKHRZQVLQ0XQLFKSHRSOH RIWHQWKLQNVKHLV,WDOLDQDQGZLWKKHU¦FLYHWWHULDGDJUDQFRVPRSROLWD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL KHUFRVPRSROLWDQFRTXHWU\ VKHGRHVQRWKLQJWR FRUUHFWWKHLU HUURU7KHQDUUDWRUVWDWHVWKDW KHUPRWKHU©VGHFLVLRQWRVHOO  (WWHXVHVWKHZRUGhEHU/HEHQVZLVVHQ LQWKHVXEWLWOHRIKLVVWXG\RQOLWHUDWXUHV RQWKHPRYH,QWKLVERRN(WWHDGGUHVVHVDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWKHVRFDOOHG 6KRDK/LWHUD WXUHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWUDGLWLRQVRIOLWWpUDWXUHVVDQVGRPLFLOHIL[H   Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 155 MIRJAM BITTER VKRHVZDVQRWRQO\LQRUGHUWRHDUQDOLYLQJEXW¦DQFKHXQDVRUWDGLQXR YDLGHQWLWj§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL DOVRVRUW RIDQHZLGHQWLW\ WKURXJK EHFRPLQJ¦HOHJDQWLVVLPDHLWDOLDQD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  )RUKHU0X QLFK FXVWRPHUVVKHUHPDLQV¦,WDOLDQ§ XQWLOWKHODWH VZKHQVKHWHV WLILHVLQWKHWULDORIWKH66FRPPDQGHURI=DZLHUFLHKHUKRPHWRZQLQ 3RODQG DQGUHPDLQVVRIRUPRVWRIWKHPHYHQDIWHUWKLVSURFHVV ZKLOH KHU,WDOLDQVXSSOLHUVDOZD\VWKLQNVKHLV*HUPDQ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL   )XUWKHUPRUHVKHWHDFKHVKHUGDXJKWHUQHYHUWRJRWRDUHJLVWUDWLRQ RIILFHVRWKDWQRERG\ZLOONQRZZKRVKHLV -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL II ,Q WKHPRWKHU©VFDVHLWZDVKHUXQGHILQHGLGHQWLW\WKDWKHOSHGKHUWRVXU YLYHWKH6KRDK¦¼SUREDELOHFKHORVFDPELRFRQXQ©DOWUDFKHGHY©HVVHUH ILQLWDD$XVFKZLW]PHVLSULPDFKHFLFDSLWDVVHOHLDEELDFRQWULEXLWRD VDOYDUOD§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¦FRPSXWHU§ -DQHF ]HN/H]LRQL  VKHFDQQRWMXVWJRWRGLIIHUHQWRIILFHVDQGWHOOWKHPGLIIHU HQWVWRULHV+HQFHDGGUHVVLQJKHUPRWKHU+HOHQDKDVWRFRQFOXGH¦FKHL WXRLLQVHJQDPHQWLPLKDQQRPHVVRLQXQEHOJXDLR§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL WKDW\RXUWHDFKLQJVKDYHEURXJKWPHLQDQDZNZDUGSRVLWLRQ 2QO\ DWWKHHQGRIWKHQRYHOZKHQWKHQDUUDWRUKDVJRWKHUUHVLGHQFHSHUPLW EXWWKHPRWKHUKDVWRDSSO\IRURQHWRRGRHVWKHQDUUDWRU¥DQGZLWKKHU WKHUHDGHU¥OHDUQZK\ WKHPRWKHUGRHVQRWOLNHWRTXHXHDWWKHUHJLVWUD WLRQRIILFHLWUHPLQGVKHURITXHXLQJIRUIRRGLQ$XVFKZLW] -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL   :LWKWKHWKHPHRISDVVSRUWVDQGGRFXPHQWVWKHQRYHOLQYHVWLJDWHV GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI EHORQJLQJ WR D QDWLRQ ,Q WKH ZRUGV RI -HIIUH\ 0 156 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 3HFNZKRZULWHVDERXW%HLQJ-HZLVKLQWKH1HZ*HUPDQ\¦EHORQJLQJLV PRUHWKDQDQRIILFLDOSLHFHRISDSHU§  $ORQJVLGHWKHSDVVSRUWVWRU\ WKHQRYHOPHQWLRQVERGLO\LQVFULSWLRQVRILGHQWLW\VXFKDVWKH$XVFKZLW] QXPEHURQKHUPRWKHU©VDUPZKLFKVKHUHPRYHG -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL   RUWKHPRWKHU©VVNLQUDVKRIXQNQRZQSV\FKRVRPDWLFRULJLQV -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL  7KHQDUUDWRUUHIOHFWVRQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWUDQVPLWWLQJERG LO\H[SHULHQFHVZLWKPRWKHU©VPLONWKHDWDYLVWLFKXQJHUVKHVRPHWLPHV IHHOV -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  DVZHOODV RQWKH LQIOXHQFHRIPHQWDOV\V WHPVKLVWRU\DQGVRFLHW\RQWKHVKDSHRIRQH©VERG\WKHQDUUDWRUDVNV KHUVHOILIKHUSDUHQWVVWUDQGHGLQ*HUPDQ\ FDXVHGKHUWREHERUQEORQG DQGEOXHH\HGPHUHO\E\ZLVKLQJWKDWWKHLUFKLOGZRXOGQ©WEH YLVLEO\-HZ LVK -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  7KHQRYHODOVRGLVFXVVHVWKHLGHDRILXVVDQ JXLQLV DQGUHLQWHUSUHWVLWVPHDQLQJLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHLGHDWKDW-HZLVK 'LVSODFHG3HUVRQVJRW*HUPDQSDVVSRUWVLQH[FKDQJHIRUWKHEORRGRI PXUGHUHG-HZV -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL   )LQDOO\LWVWUHVVHVPHQWDOLW\DVDQLPSRUWDQWSDWWHUQRILGHQWLW\DQG EHORQJLQJ7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQJIRUWKH\RXQJQDUUDWRUWROHDUQLV WKDW¦QRLQRQVLDPRWHGHVFKL§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL ZHDUHQ©W*HUPDQV  LQWKHZD\ZHEHKDYHDQGWKLQN 7KH*HUPDQSDVVSRUW LVLPSRUWDQW RQO\EHFDXVHLWLVEHWWHUWRGHDOZLWK*HUPDQEXUHDXFUDF\DV*HUPDQV -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  (YHQWKRXJKRQWKHLUMRXUQH\WR3RODQG3ROLVK DQWL6HPLWLVPLVSHUFHLYHGE\WKHQDUUDWRUDVPXFKPRUHGDQJHURXVWKDQ VKHHYHUIHOWLWWREHLQ*HUPDQ\ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  DQGDOWKRXJK WKHQRYHOVKRZVVHYHUDOWLPHVKRZHYHQWKHPRWKHUKDVSLFNHGXSFHU WDLQ¦*HUPDQ§ WUDLWV ¦VHLGLYHQWDWDXQSR© \HFNLVKDQFKHWX§ -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL HYHQ\RXEHFDPHDELW<HFNLVK WKHQRYHOLWVHOIPDUJLQDOLVHV ¦*HUPDQ§ LQIOXHQFHRQWKHQDUUDWRU©VLGHQWLW\E\WDONLQJDERXWKHUQRQ -HZLVK*HUPDQQDQQ\RQO\LQWKHODVWFKDSWHU  &KDUORWWH.DKQIRXQGRXWLQKHUHPSLULFDOVWXG\ZLWK-HZLVK'3VLQ*HUPDQ\ WKDWPRVWRIWKHPZHUH DVKDPHGWROLYHTXLWHJRRGLQWKHODQGRIWKHPXUGHUHUV)HHOLQJ JXLOW\UHPHPEHULQJWKHPXUGHUHG-HZVLVZK\PRVWRIWKHPGLGQRWGHILQHWKHPVHOYHV DV*HUPDQV   Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 157 MIRJAM BITTER 2QHPDQQHURIOHDUQLQJDERXWWKH¦FRQDWLRQDOERWKDQG§ %HFN LV WUDYHOOLQJIRURQO\WKHQ+HOHQDVWDUWVWRLQWHJUDWHKHU3ROLVKDQFHVWRUVDV SDUWRIKHUIDPLOLDOLGHQWLW\ZLWKRXWGLVFDUGLQJKHU*HUPDQDQG,WDOLDQ ERQGV)XUWKHUPRUHKHUPRWKHU©VPHPRULHV¥DQGZLWKWKHP+HOHQD©V SURMHFWRIZULWLQJWKHQRYHO¥HPHUJHRQO\ZLWKWKHXQGHUWDNLQJRIWKH MRXUQH\ 1RQFUHGRFKHPLDPDGUHDEELDPDLGHFLVRGLDIILGDUPLODVXDVWR ULDQHDQFKHQHOODYHUVLRQHSLVWULQJDWD+DLQYHFHGHFLVRGLWRUQDUHLQ 3RORQLDXQDYROWDDOPHQRHLRKRYROXWRDFFRPSDJQDUODULYHGHUHOD VXDFDVDODFDVDGLPLRSDGUHODFLWWj -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  >,GRQ©WWKLQNP\PRWKHUHYHUGHFLGHGWRWHOOPHKHUVWRU\QRWHYHQLQ WKHVKRUWHVWYHUVLRQ6KHGHFLGHGKRZHYHUWRJREDFNWR3RODQGDW OHDVWRQHWLPHDQG,ZDQWHGWRDFFRPSDQ\KHUWRVHHKHUKRPHP\ IDWKHU©VKRPHWKHFLW\@ $JDLQLWLVWKH)RXFDXOGLDQHQWU\RIQHZIRUFHVRULQWKLVFDVHWKHHQWU\ RIWKHQDUUDWRUV PRWKHUDQGGDXJKWHU LQWRDQHZSODFHZLWK DGLIIHUHQW VWDJHRIIRUFHVWKDWKHOSHGWKHVWRU\RIWKHPRWKHUDQGWKHQ-DQHF]HN©V QRYHO HPHUJH)UDQFD6LQRSROLVHHVWKHMRXUQH\DVDPHWDSKRURIGLVWDQF LQJRQHVHOIIURPWKHLGHDRILQFOXVLRQRULJLQDQGLGHQWLW\ZLWKDSODFH   $QRWKHUZD\WKHQRYHOH[SUHVVHVWKHVHPXOWLSOH(XURSHDQLGHQWLWLHV LVE\FKDQJLQJQDPHVRUVZLWFKLQJODQJXDJHVIURP*HUPDQWR3ROLVKWR <LGGLVKWR,WDOLDQ(VSHFLDOO\WKHZRUGIRUPRWKHULVH[SUHVVHGLQPDQ\ ODQJXDJHV¦GHLQHPDPH§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  RU¦PDPHOH§ -DQHF ]HN/H]LRQL  LQ<LGGLVK¦GHLQH0XWWHU§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  RU ¦0DPPD§ ¦0DPPL§ -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL   LQ *HUPDQ ¦PDPPD H PDPPLQD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  LQ,WDOLDQ¦PDPLQNDHPDPHVKLPD PHVKLNURLQ§ RU¦PDWNDPDWXVLDPDWXĞND PDPXVLDPDPXQLX§ -DQHF ]HN/H]LRQL  LQ3ROLVKDVDUH WKHVZHDUZRUGVZLWKZKLFKWKHPRWKHU LQVXOWVKHUGDXJKWHU -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL   <HWKHUPRWKHU©VODQJXDJH 3ROLVKLVVRPHWKLQJWKHQDUUDWRUGRHVQRWUHDOO\NQRZVKHRQO\NQRZV VRPH3ROLVKVRQJVDQGQXUVHU\UK\PHV7KHQDUUDWRUFRQFOXGHV¦6RQR FRQYLQWDGLDYHUHXQDOLQJXDPDGUHFKHQRQFRQRVFRPDYDOORDVSLHJDUH 158 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DTXDOFXQR§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL ,©PFRQYLQFHGWKDW, KDYH DPRWKHU WRQJXH,GRQ©WNQRZEXWKRZFDQ,H[SODLQWKDWWRVRPHRQHHOVH"  :KLOH WKH EXUHDXFUDWLF FRQIXVLRQ FRPSOLFDWHG OLIH LQ WRGD\©V (X URSHIRU+HOHQDDQGKHUIULHQG2OHNLQWKHQHZ(XURSH©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¦1HOOD QRVWUD IDPLJOLD L QRPL KDQQR XQD QDWXUD PRELOH§ -DQHF]HN /H]LRQL ,QRXUIDPLO\QDPHVDUHRIDPRELOHQDWXUH 7KDWLVZK\ +HOHQD KDV QR SUREOHP ZLWK HYHU\ERG\ SURQRXQFLQJ KHU QDPH GLIIHU HQWO\¦VLYLYHWUDQTXLOOLDQFKHFRVu§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL DOVROLNHWKDW RQHOLYHVWUDQTXLOO\ 6LPLODUO\VKHKDVQRSUREOHPZLWKWKHIDFWWKDWKHU WKUHHJLYHQQDPHV¦+HOHQD0LULDP5HJLQD§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  DUH WKRVHRIKHUWZRJUDQGPRWKHUVDQGKHUDXQWZKRZHUHPXUGHUHG LQWKH 6KRDKVRPHWKLQJZKLFKVHHPV¦ULJKWDQGQDWXUDO§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  WRKHUEHFDXVHLQ-HZLVKWUDGLWLRQQDPHVRIWKHGHDGIDPLO\PHPEHUV DUHJLYHQWRWKHFKLOGUHQ¦3HUPHqLOPLRQRPH§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  )RUPHLWLVP\QDPH 2QO\DW$XVFKZLW]ZKHQVKHFDQQRWUHPHPEHU WKHQDPHVRIKHUIDWKHU©VEURWKHUVZKLOHSUD\LQJGRHVVKHEUHDNRXWLQD  %\PDUU\LQJKHUKXVEDQGVKHORVWKHUWUXH6ODYLFVXUQDPH/LVIRUWKHILFWLWLRXV 6ODYLFQDPH-DQHF]HNZKLFKZDVZULWWHQRQWKHIDNHGSDVVSRUWWKDWVHUYHGWKHQDUUDWRU©V IDWKHUWRVXUYLYHWKHZDU -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  $OVRKHUQDPHV¦1LQD)UDQ]LVND§ DUH WKH,WDOLDQWUDQVODWLRQRIWKH3ROLVKGLPLQXWLYHRI)UDQFLV]NDDVILUVWDQGWKHJHUPDQLVHG YHUVLRQRIWKH3ROLVKJLYHQQDPHDVKHUPLGGOHQDPH -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL   Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 159 MIRJAM BITTER ¦SLDQWRGLVSHUDWR§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¦SDFNHG VXLWFDVHV§ +HOHQD -DQHF]HN XQSDFNHG KHU VXLWFDVH LQ ,WDO\ ZKHUH VKH KDVOLYHGVLQFH$IWHUSXEOLVKLQJKHUSRHWU\ZLWKWKH*HUPDQSXE OLVKHU 6XKUNDPSVKHZURWHKHUILUVWQRYHOLQWKH,WDOLDQODQJXDJHDQGIRU DQ,WDOLDQDXGLHQFH -DQHF]HNVWDWHVWKDWWRGD\VKHSUHIHUVWRFDOOKHUVHOI¦ILJOLDGHOSRS ROR HEUDLFR§ GDXJKWHU RI WKH -HZLVK SHRSOH ¥LQVWHDG RI &KLOGUHQ RI WKH+RORFDXVW (SVWHLQ RU¦)LJOLGHOOD6KRDK§ DVDQ,WDOLDQDVVRFLDWLRQ QDPHGLWVHOIDIWHU WKHERRNE\+HOHQD(SVWHLQ7KLVRQFHDJDLQUHIOHFWV ZKDWKDVEHHQVDLGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKLVHVVD\WRGD\©V-HZVEHOLHYH WKDWWKH\KDYHPRUHLQFRPPRQWKDQWKHQHJDWLYHKHULWDJHRIWKH6KRDK 7KLV SRVLWLYH GHILQLWLRQ DV D GDXJKWHU RI WKH -HZLVK SHRSOH LV QRW H[ KDXVWLYH DQGLWGRHVQRWIL[KHULGHQWLW\DWOHDVWOHVVVRWKDQQDWLRQDO  $VXEVWDQWLDOQXPEHURIWKHDXWKRUVZKRFDQEHDVVLJQHGWRWKLVHPHUJHQW\RXQJ -HZLVKOLWHUDWXUHDUH¦RQWKHPRYH§ 0DQ\RIWKHPZHUHQRWERUQLQWKHVDPHFRXQWU\ WKH\QRZOLYHLQ6RPHRIWKHPVWLOOVSHQGORQJHUSHULRGVLQWKHLUQDWLYHFRXQWULHVDQG WKXVPRUHRUOHVVOLYHLQERWKFRXQWULHV  1ROGHQ GRHV QRW GHILQH WKLV SRHWU\ DV -HZLVK OLWHUDWXUH VLQFH LW GRHV QRW UHIHU WR-HZLVKUHOLJLRQFXOWXUHRULGHQWLW\  7KLVEHFRPHVFOHDUZKHQWKH QDUUDWRUIRU LQVWDQFHFRPSDUHVWKHKHLJKWRIDKLOOQHDU:DUV]DZDZLWKWKDWRI¦6DQ6LURD0LODQR§ -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  7KHQDUUDWRURIWKHQRYHOUHFRXQWVKRZVKHZDVEORFNHGEHIRUH WKH HPSW\ SDSHU WR EH ILOOHG LQ WKH ,WDOLDQ ODQJXDJH ZKHQ VKH KDG WR ZULWH KHU WKHVLV -DQHF]HN/H]LRQL  7KHQRYHOKRZHYHULVZULWWHQLQ¦XQLWDOLDQRPDJLVWUDOPHQWH GRPLQDWR§ &DODEUHVH WKXVLIWKHDXWKRUKDGWRVWUXJJOHZLWKODQJXDJHWKHQRYHO ZLWKLWV¦PDVWHUO\GRPLQDWHG§ ,WDOLDQGRHVQRWVKRZLW 160 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe GHILQLWLRQV OLNH ¦3ROLVK§ ¦*HUPDQ§ RU ¦,WDOLDQ§ ZRXOG GR -DQHF]HN )LJOL  7RVSHDNZLWK3HFN¦-HZLVKQHVVGLVUXSWVWKHYHU\FDWHJRULHV RILGHQWLW\EHFDXVHLWLVQRWQDWLRQDOQRWJHQHDORJLFDOQRWUHOLJLRXVEXW DOORIWKHVHLQGLDOHFWLFDOWHQVLRQZLWKRQHDQRWKHU§  6LQFH-DQHF]HN LV¦XQSR© GLWXWWRHDYROWHXQSR© QLHQWH§ DELWRIDOODQGVRPHWLPHV QRWKLQJ VKHZDQWVWRDSSURDFKDZLGHUGHILQLWLRQRIV\PEROLFEHORQJ LQJWKDWUHIHUVWRDYHU\UHPRWHSDVWDQGSRLQWV WR DPRUHRSHQIXWXUH -DQHF]HN)LJOL II $QGDVDGDXJKWHURIWKH-HZLVKSHRSOHKHULGHQ WLW\HYHQFURVVHVWKHERUGHUVRIWKHQHZ(XURSH 5HIHUHQFHV %DQQDVFK%HWWLQD¦=XP3UREOHPGHU9HUJOHLFKEDUNHLWLQGHU6KRDKOLWHUDWXU 5REHUW 0HQDVVHV ¨'LH 9HUWUHLEXQJ DXV GHU +|OOH©§ /LWHUDWXU XQG +ROR FDXVW(GV*HUG%D\HUDQG5XGROI)UHLEXUJ:U]EXUJ.|QLJVKDXVHQ  1HXPDQQ %HFN8OULFK7KH&RVPRSROLWDQ9LVLRQ7UDQV&LDUDQ&URQLQ&DPEULGJH3RO LW\ %UDHVH6WHSKDQ'LHDQGHUH(ULQQHUXQJ-GLVFKH$XWRUHQLQGHUZHVWGHXWVFKHQ 1DFKNULHJVOLWHUDWXU%HUOLQ3KLOR %UDYR$QQD¦'HU8PJDQJPLWGHU6KRDKLQ,WDOLHQ§'HU8PJDQJPLWGHP +RORFDXVW (XURSD¥86$¥,VUDHO (G 5ROI 6WHLQLQJHU QG HG :LHQ %|KODX %XW]HU*QWHU¦7RSRJUDSKLHXQG7RSLN=XU%H]LHKXQJYRQ1DUUDWLRQXQG $UJXPHQWDWLRQ LQ GHU DXWRELRJUDSKLVFKHQ +RORFDXVW/LWHUDWXU§ hEHUOH EHQVFKUHLEHQ=XU$XWRELRJUDSKLN GHU6KRDK (G 0DQXHOD *QWHU :U] EXUJ.|QLJVKDXVHQ 1HXPDQQ &DODEUHVH5LWD¦6FULYHUHLQLWDOLDQR(OLVD6SULQJHU+HOJD6FKQHLGHU+HOHQD -DQHF]HN§ &RQYHJQRSHULOGHOO©8QLYHUVLWjGL3DOHUPR0XOWLFXOWXUDO LVPRHFRPXQLFD]LRQH0DU/HFWXUH 'DQ'LQHU¦,PSHULDOH5HVLGXHQ=XUSDUDGLJPDWLVFKHQ%HGHXWXQJWUDQVWHUULWR ULDOHUMGLVFKHU(UIDKUXQJIUHLQHJHVDPWHXURSlLVFKH*HVFKLFKWH§)LJXUHQ GHV (XURSlLVFKHQ .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWOLFKH 3HUVSHNWLYHQ (G 'DQLHO :HLGQHU 0QFKHQ)LQN (SVWHLQ+HOHQ&KLOGUHQRI WKH +RORFDXVW&RQYHUVDWLRQV:LWK6RQVDQG'DXJKWHUV Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 161 MIRJAM BITTER RI6XUYLYRUV1HZ<RUN3XWQDP (WWH2WWPDU=ZLVFKHQ:HOWHQ6FKUHLEHQ/LWHUDWXUHQRKQH IHVWHQ:RKQVLW]%HUOLQ .XOWXUYHUODJ.DGPRV )RFDUGL )LOLSSR ¦/D PHPRULD GHO IDVFLVPR H LO ¨GHPRQH GHOO©DQDORJLD©§ *H VFKLFKWH XQG5HJLRQ6WRULDH UHJLRQH    )RXFDXOW0LFKHO¦1LHW]VFKH*HQHDORJ\+LVWRU\§/DQJXDJH&RXQWHUPHPRU\ 3UDFWLFH 6HOHFWHG (VVD\V DQG ,QWHUYLHZV (G 'RQDOG ) %RXFKDUG ,WKDFD &RUQHOO83 *H\HU0LFKDHO¦7KH6XEMHFW V RI(XURSH§&RQÀLFWHG0HPRULHV(XURSHDQL]LQJ &RQWHPSRUDU\ +LVWRULHV(G.RQUDG+XJR-DUDXVFK1HZ<RUN%HUJKDKQ %RRNV *LOPDQ6DQGHU/DQG.DUHQ5HPPOHUHGV5HHPHUJLQJ-HZLVK&XOWXUH LQ*HU PDQ\/LIHDQG/LWHUDWXUH 6LQFH 1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUN83 *LUHOOL&DUDVL)DELR¦&RQWHPSRUDU\-HZLVK0HPRULDOLVWVLQ,WDO\WKH5HDVRQ RI D 5HFHQW 3KHQRPHQRQ§ 7KH ,WDOLDQ -HZLVK ([SHULHQFH (G 7KRPDV 3 'L1DSROL6WRQ\%URRN)RUXP,WDOLFXP *UDVVLQ-HDQ0DULH¦ePHUJHQFH§'LFWLRQQDLUH ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH GHV7HUPHV/LWWp UDLUHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'LFWLRQDU\ RI /LWHUDU\ 7HUPV:HE-XQ *UQEHUJ.XUW/RYH $IWHU$XVFKZLW]7KH6HFRQG*HQHUDWLRQLQ*HUPDQ\-HZLVK &KLOGUHQRI 6XUYLYRUVRI WKH 1D]L 3HUVHFXWLRQLQWKH )HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI *HUPD Q\ DQG7KHLU([SHULHQFHZLWK/RYH 5HODWLRQVKLSV%LHOHIHOG7UDQVFULSW *XLOOpQ &ODXGLR ¦(PHUJLQJ /LWHUDWXUHV &ULWLFDO 4XHVWLRQLQJ RI D +LVWRUL FDO&RQFHSW§(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUHV(G5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROH%HUQ/DQJ  +LUVFK 0DULDQQH )DPLO\ )UDPHV 3KRWRJUDSK\ 1DUUDWLYH DQG 3RVWPHPRU\ &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 -DQHF]HN+HOHQD/H]LRQL GL WHQHEUD5RPDQ]R0LODQR0RQGDGRUL ¥ ¦)LJOLGHOOD6KRDK"§'RSROD6KRDK1XRYH LGHQWLWjHEUDLFKH QHOODOHWWHUDWXUD (G5LWD&DODEUHVH3LVD(76 -DUDXVFK .RQUDG +XJR DQG 7KRPDV /LQGHQEHUJHU ¦&RQWRXUV RI D &ULWLFDO +LVWRU\ RI &RQWHPSRUDU\ (XURSH $ 7UDQVQDWLRQDO $JHQGD§ &RQÀLFWHG 0HPRULHV (XURSHDQL]LQJ &RQWHPSRUDU\ +LVWRULHV (G .RQUDG +XJR -D UDXVFK1HZ<RUN%HUJKDKQ%RRNV .DKQ &KDUORWWH ¦-XGHQ LQ 'HXWVFKODQG GHXWVFKH -XGHQ RGHU MGLVFKH 'HXWVFKH"6HOEVWYHUVWlQGQLVXQG3HUVSHNWLYHQGHULQ'HXWVFKODQGOHEHQG HQ -XGHQ§ =ZLVFKHQ (ULQQHUXQJ XQG 1HXEHJLQQ =XU GHXWVFKMGLVFKHQ *H VFKLFKWH QDFK(G6XVDQQH6FK|QERUQ0QFKHQ0HLGHQEDXHU 162 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe  .LOFKHU$QGUHDV%HG0HW]OHU/H[LNRQGHUGHXWVFKMGLVFKHQ/LWHUDWXU-GLVFKH $XWRULQQHQXQG$XWRUHQGHXWVFKHU6SUDFKH YRQGHU$XINOlUXQJ ELV]XU*HJHQ ZDUW6WXWWJDUW0HW]OHU 0DQQKHLPHU 2OJD DQG (OOHQ 3UHVVHU HGV 1XU ZHQQ LFK ODFKH 1HXH MGLVFKH 3URVD0QFKHQGWY 0DXFHUL 0DULD &ULVWLQD ¦6FULYHUH RYXQTXH 'LDVSRUH HXURSHH H PLJUD]LRQH SODQHWDULD§1XRYRSODQHWDULRLWDOLDQR*HRJUD¿DHDQWRORJLDGHOODOHWWHUDWXUD GHOOD PLJUD]LRQH LQ ,WDOLD H LQ (XURSD (G $UPDQGR *QLVFL 7URLQD &LWWj $SHUWD 0LHWKLQJ &KULVWRSK ¦=HLWJHQ|VVLVFKH MGLVFKH $XWRELRJUDSKLHQ LQ ,WDOLHQ§ =ZLVFKHQ$GDSWLRQXQG([LO-GLVFKH $XWRUHQXQG7KHPHQLQGHQURPDQLVFKHQ /lQGHUQ(G%ULJLWWH6lQGLJ:LHVEDGHQ+DUUDVVRZLW] 0XxR]-RVp(VWHEDQ'LVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV4XHHUVRI&RORUDQGWKH3HUIRUPDQFHRI 3ROLWLFV0LQQHDSROLV8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD3 1ROGHQ7KRPDV-XQJH MGLVFKH /LWHUDWXU.RQ]HQWULVFKHV6FKUHLEHQLQGHU*HJHQ ZDUW:U]EXUJ.|QLJVKDXVHQ 1HXPDQQ 3HFN-HIIUH\0%HLQJ-HZLVKLQWKH1HZ*HUPDQ\1HZ%UXQVZLFN5XWJHUV83  3ODWHQ(GJDU¦.HLQ¨'DQDFK© XQGNHLQ¨$QGHUVZR©/LWHUDWXUPLW$XVFKZLW] %HPHUNXQJHQ]XUHWKLVFKHQ'LPHQVLRQOLWHUDULVFKHQ(ULQQHUQVXQG'DUVWHO OHQV DP%HLVSLHOYRQ*QWHU*UDVV©¨(LQZHLWHV)HOG© §(ULQQHUWHXQGHU IXQGHQH (UIDKUXQJ =XU 'DUVWHOOXQJ YRQ =HLWJHVFKLFKWH LQ GHXWVFKVSUDFKLJHU *HJHQZDUWVOLWHUDWXU(G(GJDU3ODWHQ0QFKHQ,XGLFXP 5HXOHFNH -UJHQ ¦*HQHUDWLRQ*HQHUDWLRQDOLW\ *HQHUDWLYLW\ DQG 0HPRU\§ &XOWXUDO0HPRU\6WXGLHV$Q,QWHUQDWLRQDODQG,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ +DQGERRN(G $VWULG(UOODQG$QVJDU1QQLQJ%HUOLQ:DOWHUGH*UX\WHU 6FKUXII+HOHQH:HFKVHOZLUNXQJHQ'HXWVFKMGLVFKH ,GHQWLWlWLQHU]lKOHQGHU3UR VDGHU³=ZHLWHQ*HQHUDWLRQ´+LOGHVKHLP2OPV 6LQRSROL )UDQFD ¦'LDVSRUD H PLJUD]LRQH LQWUDHXURSHH LQ /XLJL 0HQHJKHOOR &DUPLQH$EDWHH-DUPLOD2FKND\RYj§'LDVSRUH HXURSHH OHWWHUH PLJUDQWL 3ULPR)HVWLYDO(XURSHRGHJOL6FULWWRUL0LJUDQWL5RPDJLXJQR(GV$U PDQGR*QLVFLDQG1RUD0ROO5RPD(GL]LRQL,QWHUFXOWXUDOL 6WHLQHFNH+DUWPXW¦¨'HXWVFKMGLVFKH© /LWHUDWXUKHXWH'LH*HQHUDWLRQQDFK GHU6KRDK=XU(LQIKUXQJ§'HXWVFKMGLVFKH /LWHUDWXUGHUQHXQ]LJHU-DKUH 'LH*HQHUDWLRQQDFKGHU6KRDK%HLWUlJHGHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQ6\PSRVLRQV± 1RYHPEHULP/LWHUDULVFKHQ&ROORTXLXP%HUOLQ:DQQVHH(GV6DQGHU Young Jewish Literature in Europe as a (Re-)Emergent Phenomenon 163 MIRJAM BITTER /*LOPDQDQG+DUWPXW6WHLQHFNH%HUOLQ6FKPLGW 9RVV7RQ\¦(PHUJLQJ/LWHUDWXUH7KH/LWHUDWXUHRI(PHUJHQF\§(PHUJLQJ/LW HUDWXUHV(G5HLQJDUG1HWKHUVROH%HUQ/DQJ :DOVWRQ -DPHV ¦1DWLRQDOLVP DQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDOLVP WKH 5HVSRQVH RI ,WDOLDQ -HZVWR)DVFLVP§7KH ,WDOLDQ-HZLVK([SHULHQFH(G7KRPDV3'L1DSROL %URRN)RUXP,WDOLFXP =LSHV-DFN¦7KH&RQWHPSRUDU\*HUPDQ)DVFLQDWLRQIRU7KLQJV-HZLVK7R ZDUGD-HZLVK0LQRU&XOWXUH§5HHPHUJLQJ-HZLVK&XOWXUHLQ*HUPDQ\ /LIHDQG/LWHUDWXUH6LQFH(GV6DQGHU/*LOPDQDQG.DUHQ5HPPOHU 1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUN83 Emerging Poetics Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 7KHZRUGPDQLIHVWRRIWHQHYRNHV DSROLWLFDOVWDWHPHQWDJDLQVWWKHHVWDE OLVKPHQWOLNHWKH&RPPXQLVW0DQLIHVWRRUDQLFRQRFODVWLFDUWLVWLFSUR JUDPOLNHWKHPDQLIHVWRVRIWKHHDUO\WK FHQWXU\DYDQWJDUGHV:KDW LVOHVVNQRZQLVWKDWPDQLIHVWRVZHUHRULJLQDOO\DXWKRULWDWLYHWH[WVVXFK DVGHFODUDWLRQVRIZDURUWKDWLQVRPHUHFHQWFDVHVWKH\DUHXVHGDVD SOR\WRJDLQV\PEROLFSRZHUZLWKRXWDQHZUHSHUWRLUHWRSURSRVHRU HYHQZLWKDQROGRUPDLQVWUHDPUHSHUWRLUHGLVJXLVHGDVQHZDQGDQWL KHJHPRQLF 0DQLIHVWRVWU\WRFKDQJHWKHZRUOGE\VD\LQJLW,VVXHGIURPRUDJDLQVW SRZHUWKH\DOOVKDUHWKLVSHUIRUPDWLYHQDWXUH6SHHFK$FW7KHRU\WKXV SURYLGHVDVXLWDEOHWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHWRH[SODLQWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKHLU SHUIRUPDWLYLW\ WDNHV VKDSH 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKLV SHUVSHFWLYH QHHGV WR EH FRPSOHPHQWHG7KHPRGHUQDSSUHFLDWLRQIRUQRYHOW\DVDV\VWHPLFYDOXH LQ LWVHOIPDNHVWKHPDQLIHVWRDQDSSHDOLQJPHDQVWRVHOISURSDJDQGD,Q WKLVVHQVHWKHQRWLRQRIHPHUJHQFH EHFRPHVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHXQGHUVWDQG LQJRISROLWLFDODQGFXOWXUDOPDQLIHVWRVRYHUWKHODVW\HDUV  )RUSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKRQWKHPDQLIHVWRDVDVSHHFKJHQUHVHH6REULQR)UHLUH¦(O PDQLILHVWRDUWtVWLFR§¦0DQLIHVWRLGHQWLGDGHHSODQLILFDFLyQGRUHSHUWRULR§¦0HPyULDV QmRRILFLDLV§¦0DQLILHVWR\PHPRULD§¦7KH)RUHZRUGVRI&DQWDUHV*DOOHJRVDQG)RO ODV1RYDV§ DQG5iEDGH9LOODUDQG6REULQR)UHLUH 168 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe +RZHYHU HPHUJHQFH LQ QRW V\QRQ\PRXV ZLWK QRYHOW\ 0RGHUQ PDQLIHVWRVFDQVHWWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUFKDQJHWRKDSSHQEXWWKLVGRHVQRW PHDQWKDWWKHUHLVDOZD\VDQHZLGHQWLW\RUUHSHUWRLUHWRGHIHQG2QWKH FRQWUDU\WKHORJLFRI WKHV\VWHPDOORZVQLKLOLVWLFRU FRQVHUYDWLYHLGHDVWR DSSHDUDVEUDQGQHZE\PDNLQJWKHPRVWRIWKHPDQLIHVWR©VUHYROXWLRQ DU\DXUD(YHQVRPHFRPSDQLHVKDYHDSSURSULDWHGWKHODEHOPDQLIHVWR DQGLWVUKHWRULFRIQRYHOW\IRUFRPPHUFLDOSXUSRVHV%XWWKHJHQUHLVVWLOO DOLYHDQGNLFNLQJ 0DQLIHVWRVWKURXJK+LVWRU\ 7KHWHUP ZLWK LWVGLIIHUHQWYHUVLRQVLQWKH(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVGHULYHV IURP WKH /DWLQ DGMHFWLYH PDQLIHVWXV ZKLFK PHDQV ¦FOHDU§ ¦HYLGHQW§ ¦SDOSDEOH§ $VDQRXQLWVILUVWUHFRUGHGXVDJHGDWHVIURPWKHWK FHQ WXU\LQ,WDOLDQLQDWH[WFDOOHG0DQLIHVWRGL/XQJKH]]DZULWWHQE\WKH FDUGLQDOV *LDFRPR DQG 3LHWUR &RORQQD DQG E\ WKH SRHW ,DFRSRQH GD 7RGLLQ,WLVDFRQGHPQDWLRQRI%RQLIDFH9,,,©VSDSDF\ 6XEVH TXHQWO\WKHQRXQVWDUWHGEHLQJXVHGLQRWKHU(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV 7KRVHHDUO\XVDJHVRIWKHWHUPKDYHOLWWOHWRGRZLWKWRGD\©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©VWHUPLQRORJ\DVDVSHHFKDFWZLWKDVVHUWLYHIRUFHWKDWLVWRVD\D   7KHPDQXVFULSWLVLQWKH6HFUHW$UFKLYHVRIWKH9DWLFDQ VHH/DUFDQ  2QWKHFRQFHSWXDOKLVWRU\RIWKHPDQLIHVWRVHH&KRXLQDUG$QJHQRWDQG6XYLQ Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence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• DQGWKHGLUHFWLYHIRUFH •  >PRL VRXVVLJQp JpQpUDO FRPPDQGDQW HQ FKHI GHV GHX[ DUPpHV Gp FODUH@ ƒ4X©HQWUDvQpVGDQVODJXHUUHSUpVHQWHSDUGHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVLUUpVLVWL EOHVOHVGHX[FRXUVDOOLpHVQHVHSURSRVHQWG©DXWUHEXWTXHOHERQKHXU GHOD)UDQFHVDQVSUpWHQGUHV©HQULFKLUSDUGHVFRQTXrWHV ƒ/DYLOOHGH3DULVHWWRXVVHVKDELWDQWVVDQVGLVWLQFWLRQVHURQWWHQXVGH VHVRXPHWWUHVXUOHFKDPSHWVDQVGpODLDXURLGHPHWWUHFHSULQFHHQ SOHLQHHWHQWLqUHOLEHUWpHWGHOXLDVVXUHUDLQVLTX©jWRXWHVOHVSHUVRQQHV UR\DOHV O©LQYLRODELOLWp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170 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe $QH[DPSOHRIWKHGHFODUDWLYHIRUFHRIPDQLIHVWRVFDQEHIRXQGLQWKH 0DQLIHVWR RI )HEUXDU\  RI $OH[DQGHU ,, RI 5XVVLD D WH[W WKURXJK ZKLFKWKHDEROLWLRQRIVHUIGRPLVGHFODUHG¦WKHVHUIVZLOOUHFHLYHLQWLPH WKHIXOOULJKWVRIIUHHUXUDOLQKDELWDQWV§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¦>W@KH )UHQFK 5HYROXWLRQRIIHUV DOHJLEOHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKHVWXG\RIWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIPRGHUQGLVVHQW DQGLWKDVEHHQQDUUDWHG>@ DVWKHVWRU\RI¨WKHSHRSOH© ILUVWILQGLQJWKHLU YRLFH§  $QH[DPSOHRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIWKLVGLVVHQWLQWKH)UHQFK 5HYROXWLRQLVWKH0DQLIHVWHGHVeJDX[ 0DQLIHVWRRIWKH(TXDOV  RI6\OYDLQ0DUpFKDO$IWHUWKH7KHUPLGRULDQ5HDFWLRQDQGWKHUDWLILFD WLRQ RI WKH &RQVWLWXWLRQ RI  D JURXS RI UHYROXWLRQDULHV JDWKHUHG DURXQG)UDQoRLV1RsO%DEHXIDQGFUHDWHGWKH6RFLHWpGHVpJDX[ VHH9R JHODQG1HEUHUD 7KH\FODLPHGUHDOHTXDOLW\ 3(83/('()5$1&( $ TXHO VLJQH GRLVWX GRQF UHFRQQDvWUH GpVRUPDLV O©H[FHOOHQFH G©XQH FRQVWLWXWLRQ">@ &HOOHTXLWRXWHQWLqUHUHSRVHVXUO©pJDOLWpGHIDLWHVWOD VHXOHTXLSXLVVHWHFRQYHQLUHWVDWLVIDLUHjWRXVWHVYRHX[ /HVFKDUWHVDULVWRFUDWLTXHVGHHWGHULYDLHQWWHVIHUVDX OLHXGHOHVEULVHU&HOOHGHpWDLWXQJUDQGSDVGHIDLWYHUVO©pJDOLWp UpHOOHRQQ©HQDYDLWSDVHQFRUHDSSURFKpGHVLSUqVPDLVHOOHQHWRX FKDLHQWSDVHQFRUHOHEXWHWQ©DERUGDLWSRLQWOHERQKHXUFRPPXQGRQW SRXUWDQWHOOHFRQVDFUDLWVROHQQHOOHPHQWOHJUDQGSULQFLSH Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 171 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE 3(83/('()5$1&( 2XYUH OHV \HX[ HW OH FRHXU j OD SOpQLWXGH GH OD IpOLFLWp UHFRQQDLV HW SURFODPH DYHF QRXV OH 5pSXEOLTXH GHV (JDX[ 0DUp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pFKDO 0DQLIHVWRRIWKH(TXDOV  7KH6WDQGDUG0RGHOVRIWKH0DQLIHVWR 7KHVWDQGDUGPRGHORIWKLVVHFRQGW\SHRIPDQLIHVWRLVEHFDXVHRILWVH[ WUDRUGLQDU\GLIIXVLRQDQGJOREDOLQIOXHQFH0DU[DQG(QJHOV©0DQLIHVWR RIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\  ,QWKHODVWRIKLV7KHVHVRQ)HXHUEDFK 0DU[KDGIRUPXODWHGWKHGHVLUHWRXVHWKHODQJXDJHRISKLORVRSK\IRU SROLWLFDOSXUSRVHV¦7KHSKLORVRSKHUVKDYHRQO\LQWHUSUHWHGWKHZRUOG LQ YDULRXV ZD\V WKH SRLQW LV WR FKDQJH LW§ [L  7KH 0DQLIHVWR DULVHV WKHUHIRUHDVDUHVSRQVHWRWKDWGHVLUH 7KHDLPKHUHLVQRWWRDQDO\VHWKH0DQLIHVWR LQGHSWKEXWWRSRLQW RXWDUHOHYDQWDVSHFWRIWKHWH[WIRUWKHWKHRUHWLFDOLVVXHRIHPHUJHQFH WKDWLVWRVD\WKHWH[WXDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHSUROHWDULDWDVDVRFLDOFODVV *LYHQWKHLQVXIILFLHQWVHOIDZDUHQHVVRIWKHSUROHWDULDQVWKH0DQLIHVWR LQWHUYHQHV WR FUHDWH D FODVV IRU LWVHOI 7KLV LV WKH SURFHVV -DFTXHV 5DQ FLqUHUHIHUVWRDV¦SROLWLFDOVXEMHFWLYL]DWLRQ§¦WKHHQDFWPHQWRIHTXDOLW\ >ž@ E\ SHRSOH ZKR DUH WRJHWKHU WR WKH H[WHQW WKDW WKH\ DUH EHWZHHQ§  $QGIRUWKH)UHQFKDXWKRUWKLV¦LQEHWZHHQQHVV§ LVSUHFLVHO\RQHRI 172 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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pDV©V/H6\PEROLVPH SXEOLVKHGLQ-HDQ0RUpDV©VWH[WZDVQRWRULJLQDOO\HQWLWOHGPDQL IHVWR EXW LW ZDV UHWURVSHFWLYHO\ FRLQHG /H 0DQLIHVWH 6\PEROLVWH 7KH 6\PEROLVW0DQLIHVWR 7KHVDPHWKLQJKDSSHQHGZLWK)LOLSSR7RPDVVR 0DULQHWWL©VILUVW)XWXULVW0DQLIHVWR RILWZDVILUVWSXEOLVKHGLQ/H )LJDUR DV¦/H)XWXULVPH§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¥$3HUIRUPDWLYH*HQUH 2QFHWKHVWDQGDUGPRGHOVDUHUHFRJQLVDEOHWKHIRXQGDWLRQVDUHODLGIRU WKHFUHDWLRQRIQHZPDQLIHVWRV$WWKHVDPHWLPHVRPHWH[WVRIWKHSDVW ZKLFKZHUHQRWRULJLQDOO\FDOOHG¦PDQLIHVWRV§ ZLOO EH QRZUHDGLQWKDW OLJKW7KHUHLVDVHULHVRIGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHVZKLFKDSSHDULQWKHPDMRU Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 173 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE LW\RIWKHPDQLIHVWRVDQGDOORZXVWRLGHQWLI\WKHPDVVXFKDOWKRXJKWKH\ FDQ WDNH VKDSH LQ YDULRXV ZD\V DQG JDLQ LPSRUWDQFH LQ YHU\ GLIIHUHQW GHJUHHV ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡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¦QRWRQO\WKHQRPHQFODWXUHRID VSHDNLQJJURXSEXWDOVRDUKHWRULFDOGHYLFHWRHYRNH DXGLHQFHVDQGWR  7KLVQRWLRQRIWKHPDQLIHVWRDVDWUDQVKLVWRULFDOIXQFWLRQ LVFHQWUDOLQ 0DQJRQH DQG:DUOH\©VDSSURDFK$VWKH\SRLQWRXW¦7KHUH KDYHDOZD\VEHHQLQHYHU\KLVWRUL FDOSHULRGPDQLIHVWDWLRQVDVZHOODVPDQLIHVWRHIIHFWVDQGPDQLIHVWRIXQFWLRQV ZKDWD SURGXFWKDVRUZKDWDVRFLHW\DWWDFKHV WRWKHWH[WZKLFKGLGQRWLQLWLDOO\KDYHWKDWLQWHQ WLRQ§  6HH6REULQR)UHLUH¦(OPDQLILHVWRDUWtVWLFR§ 174 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe PDUNWKHGLVWDQFHLQLGHRORJLFDOJURXQGEHWZHHQWKRVHFUHDWHGDXGLHQFHV DQG WKHLU VFULSWHG RSSUHVVRU§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©V )RQGDWLRQHWPDQLIHVWHGXIXWXULVPH $GPLUHU XQ YLHX[ WDEOHDX F©HVW YHUVHU QRWUH VHQVLELOLWp GDQV XQH XUQHIXQpUDLUHDXOLHXGHODODQFHUHQDYDQWSDUMHWVYLROHQWVGHFUpD WLRQHWG©DFWLRQ9RXOH]YRXVGRQFJkFKHUDLQVLYRVPHLOOHXUHVIRUFHV GDQVXQHDGPLUDWLRQLQXWLOHGXSDVVpGRQWYRXVVRUWH]IRUFpPHQWpSXL VpVDPRLQGULVSLpWLQpV"9LHQQHQWGRQFOHVERQVLQFHQGLDLUHVDX[ GRLJWV FDUERQLVpV /HV YRLFL /HV YRLFL (W ERXWH] GRQF OH IHX DX[ UD\RQVGHVELEOLRWKqTXHV'pWRXUQH]OHFRXUVGHVFDQDX[SRXULQRQGHU OHVFDYHDX[GHVPXVpHV 2KTX©HOOHVQDJHQWjODGpULYHOHVWRLOHVJOR ULHXVHV$YRXVOHVSLRFKHVHWOHVPDUWHDX[6DSH]OHVIRQGHPHQWVGHV YLOOHVYpQpUDEOHV 0DULQHWWL¦)RQGDWLRQHWPDQLIHVWH§ 7RDGPLUHDQROGSLFWXUHLVWRSRXURXUVHQVLELOLW\LQWRDIXQHUDO XUQLQVWHDGRIFDVWLQJLWIRUZDUGZLWKYLROHQWVSXUWVRIFUHDWLRQDQG DFWLRQ'R\RXZDQWWRZDVWHWKHEHVWSDUWRI\RXUVWUHQJWKLQDXVHOHVV DGPLUDWLRQRIWKHSDVWIURPZKLFK\RXZLOOHPHUJHH[KDXVWHGGLPLQ LVKHGWUDPSOHGRQ"/HWWKHJRRGLQFHQGLDULHVZLWKFKDUUHGILQJHUV FRPH+HUHWKH\DUH+HDSXSWKHILUHWRWKHVKHOYHVRIWKHOLEUDULHV 'LYHUWWKHFDQDOVWRIORRGWKHFHOODUVRIWKHPXVHXPV/HWWKHJORULRXV FDQYDVHVVZLPDVKRUH7DNHWKHSLFNVDQGKDPPHUV8QGHUPLQHWKH IRXQGDWLRQRIYHQHUDEOHWRZQV 0DULQHWWL¦7KH)RXQGLQJDQG0DQL IHVWRRI)XWXULVP§ Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 175 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE 7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQHZLGHQWLWLHVWKHSURFODPDWLRQRIQHZUHSHU WRLUHVWKHFKDOOHQJHWRKHJHPRQLFSRVLWLRQVWKHVHDUFKIRUSRZHUDOO WKHVHIHDWXUHVUHIHUVRPHKRZWRWKHFRQFHSWRIHPHUJHQFH-HDQ0DULH *UDVVLQ©VQRWLRQRID¦IDFLOLWDWRURIHPHUJHQFH§ VHHPVDSSOLFDEOHKHUH *UDVVLQXVHVWKLVH[SUHVVLRQWRGHVFULEHWKRVHZRUNVZKLFKVHWWUHQGV SURGXFHPRGHOVRULQDXJXUDWHQHZDHVWKHWLFV6LQFHWKHPDQLIHVWRLVD QRUPDWLYHWH[WLWZRXOGQRWEHDSURGXFWLYHPRGHOLWVHOIEXWD¦IDFLOLWD WRU RI HPHUJHQFH§ ZKLFK RSHUDWHV ZLWKLQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ VXEV\VWHP RI FRGLILFDWLRQ &RQVLGHULQJ ,XUL /RWPDQ©V YLHZ RI WKH VHFRQGDU\ VXEV\V WHPRIFRGLILFDWLRQDVDFDXVHRIULJLGLW\DQGVORZGRZQLQWKHV\VWHP $FHUFDGHODVHPLRVIHUD  WKLVDVVHUWLRQPLJKWVRXQGFRQWUDGLFWRU\ /HWXVH[SORUHLWVWKHRUHWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV ,QDFRQWULEXWLRQWRDVSHFLDOYROXPHRIWKHMRXUQDO/LWWp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¦IDFLOLWDWRURIHPHUJHQFH§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176 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe JUDSKLFDOYLHZSRLQWZHFDQVHHLQLWDSULYLOHJHGJXLGHWRVWXG\FXOWXUDO RUSROLWLFDOFKDQJH (YHQWKRXJKVRPHWLPHVLWVHIIHFWVDUHXQH[SHFWHGRU XQLQWHQGHG LWFUHDWHVDIDYRXUDEOHDWPRVSKHUHIRUFKDQJH ZKDWHYHU WKH GLUHFWLRQLWZLOOWDNH7KXVWKHDSSURDFKWRWKHPDQLIHVWRDOORZVXVWR DVVHVVWKRVHSKHQRPHQDUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHPRPHQWVRI¦H[SORVLRQ§ LQ WKHVHPLRVSKHUHDV,XUL/RWPDQKDVGHILQHGWKHP &XOWXUD\H[SORVLyQ   0RUHRYHULWKHOSVVKRZWKHGLVVHQWVDQGFRQWUDGLFWLRQVZKLFKH[LVW ZLWKLQWKHV\VWHPDVZHOO DVWKHKLVWRULFDOGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVWKHYDULRXV UK\WKPV WKDW V\QFKURQLFDOO\ FRKDELW LQ D FXOWXUDO RU SROLWLFDO G\QDPLF RQOLWHUDU\FKDQJHDQGGLVFRQWLQXLW\VHH *XLOOpQ  1HYHUWKHOHVVDWKRURXJKDQDO\VLVRIDQXPEHURIWKHVRFDOOHGPDQL IHVWRV VKRZV WKDW WKH XVH RI WKH JHQUH GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LPSO\ WKDW WKHUHLVDQHZLGHQWLW\DQGDQHZUHSHUWRLUHEXWWKDWWKHUHLVDZLOOWR SUHVHQWDQLGHQWLW\DQGDUHSHUWRLUHDVEHLQJQHZ,QKLV/HV5HJOHVGH O©DUW3LHUUH%RXUGLHXFDOOHGDWWHQWLRQWRWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHFUHDWLRQRI ¦HPSW\SRVLWLRQV§ LQWKHFXOWXUDOILHOGWKDWLVWRVD\WKHFUHDWLRQRISR VLWLRQVRULGHQWLWLHVZKLFKGRQRWHVVHQWLDOO\GLIIHUIURPRWKHUSRVLWLRQV EXWSUHVHQWWKHPVHOYHVDVQHZLQRUGHUWRVWUXJJOHIRUV\PEROLFSRZHU  7KH'DGDLVWVVKRZHGDFOHDUDZDUHQHVVRIWKLVG\QDPLFLQWKHLU DQWLPDQLIHVWRV ZKLFK FDQ EH UHDG DV DQ DXWRLURQLFDO H[HUFLVH DV ZHOO DVDFULWLTXHRIWKHVHULRXVQHVVRIWKHRWKHUDYDQWJDUGHPRYHPHQWVDQG WKHLUPDQLIHVWRV$JRRGH[DPSOHRIWKLVSRVLWLRQFDQEHVHHQLQWKHWH[W 'DGD6RXOqYH7RXW 'DGD([FLWHV(YHU\WKLQJ  OHFXELVPHFRQVWUXLWXQHFDWKpGUDOHHQSkWpGHIRLHDUWLVWLTXH 4XHIDLW'$'$" O©H[SUHVVLRQQLVPHHPSRLVRQQHOHVVDUGLQHVDUWLVWLTXHV 4XHIDLW'$'$" OHVLPXOWDQHLVPHHQHVWHQFRUHjVDSUHPLqUHFRPPXQLRQDUWLVWLTXH 4XHIDLW'$'$" OHIXWXULVPHYHXWPRQWHUGDQVXQO\ULVPHDVFHQVHXUDUWLVWLTXH 4XHIDLW'$'$" 48()$,7'$'$" IUDQFVGHUpFRPSHQVHDFHOXLTXLWURXYHOHPR\HQ GHQRXVH[SOLTXHU'$'$ 9DUqVHHWDO'DGDVRXOqYHWRXW Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 177 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE FXELVPFRQVWUXFWVDFDWKHGUDORIDUWLVWLFOLYHUSDVWH:+$7'2(6 '$'$'2"H[SUHVVLRQLVPSRLVRQVDUWLVWLFVDUGLQHV:+$7'2(6 '$'$ '2"  VLPXOWDQHLVP LV VWLOO DW LWV ILUVW DUWLVWLF FRPPXQLRQ  :+$7 '2(6 '$'$ '2"  IXWXULVP ZDQWV WR PRXQW LQ DQ DUWLV WLFO\ULFLVPHOHYDWRU:+$7'2(6'$'$'2":+$7'2(6 '$'$'2"IUDQFVUHZDUGWRWKHSHUVRQZKRILQGVWKHEHVWZD\ WRH[SODLQ'$'$WRXV 9DUqVHHWDO'DGD([FLWHV(YHU\WKLQJ ,Q WKH PRGHUQ (XURSH D FRQWH[W GRPLQDWHG E\ VWUXJJOH IRU ERWK SR OLWLFDODQGV\PEROLFSRZHUWKHPDQLIHVWRDSSHDUVDVWKHPRVWVXLWDEOH JHQUHIRUWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIGLVVHQWDQGWKHWULDOWRFRQTXHUWKRVHSRZHUV (DUO\LQWKHV0DU[DQG(QJHOVH[SUHVVHGWKHLUSUHRFFXSDWLRQZLWK ZKDW WKH\ FDOOHG D ¦PDQLIHVWR PDQLD§ 3XFKQHU   7KH\ ZHUH ZRU ULHGEHFDXVHWKH\EHOLHYHGWKRVHQHZPDQLIHVWRVWKUHDWHQHGWKHRULJLQDO IRUFHRIWKH&RPPXQLVW0DQLIHVWR,QWKHDUWLVWLF DQGOLWHUDU\ILHOGZH ILQGWKHVDPHFRQFHUQZLWKWKHLQIODWLRQRIPDQLIHVWRVWKURXJKWKHHDUO\ GHFDGHVRIWKHWK FHQWXU\7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVFRQFHUQLVWKHUDWLREH WZHHQPDQLIHVWRVDQGZRUNVRIDUW,QDOHWWHURI$QWRQLQ$UWDXG ZULWHV¦7KHUHDUHWRRPDQ\PDQLIHVWRVDQGQRWHQRXJKZRUNVRIDUW 7RRPDQ\WKHRULHV DQGQRDFWLRQV§ TWGLQ3XFKQHU $IWHUZDUGVKH ZURWHPDQLIHVWRVKLPVHOI $SDUW IURP WKH WUHQG WR RFFXS\ SRVLWLRQV UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU D UHDOQRYHOW\LVDWVWDNHRUQRWIXUWKHUVWUDWHJLHVFDQKLGHXQGHUWKHLVVXH RI D PDQLIHVWR D FRQVHUYDWLYH UHSHUWRLUH SUHVHQWHG DV LQQRYDWLYH RU D KHJHPRQLFJURXSSUHVHQWHGDVDQWLKHJHPRQLF:KDWZHKDYHKHUHLVDQ DWWHPSWWRUHFUHDWHDQLGHQWLW\E\GLVJXLVLQJLWDVRSSRVLWLRQDO:HILQG WKLV VLWXDWLRQ PRVWO\ LQ SROLWLFDO PDQLIHVWRV $ UHFHQW H[DPSOH RI WKLV LVWKH0DQLILHVWRSRUXQDOHQJXDFRP~QLVVXHGE\DJURXSRI6SDQLVK LQWHOOHFWXDOVLQ3UHVHQWLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVGHIHQGHUVRIFLYLOULJKWV DQGOLQJXLVWLFIUHHGRPWKH\DUJXHWKDW6SDQLVKVSHDNHUVVXIIHUGLVFULPL QDWLRQLQELOLQJXDOUHJLRQVDQGWKH\SUHVHQWWKHODZVZKLFKSURWHFW WKH RWKHUODQJXDJHVDVLPSRVLWLRQV 'HVGH KDFH DOJXQRV DxRV KD\ FUHFLHQWHV UD]RQHV SDUD SUHRFXSDUVH HQ QXHVWUR SDtV SRU OD VLWXDFLyQ LQVWLWXFLRQDO GH OD OHQJXD FDVWHOODQD OD ~QLFD OHQJXD MXQWDPHQWH RILFLDO \ FRP~Q GH WRGRV ORV FLXGDGDQRV 178 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe HVSDxROHV'HVGHOXHJRQRVHWUDWDGHXQDGHVD]yQPHUDPHQWHFXOWXUDO ¤QXHVWURLGLRPDJR]DGHXQDSXMDQ]DHQYLGLDEOH\FUHFLHQWHHQHOPXQGR HQWHUR VyOR VXSHUDGD SRU HO FKLQR \ HO LQJOpV¤ VLQR GH XQD LQTXLHWXG HVWULFWDPHQWH SROtWLFD VH UHILHUH D VX SDSHO FRPR OHQJXD SULQFLSDO GH FRPXQLFDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFDHQHVWHSDtVDVtFRPRGHORVGHUHFKRVHGX FDWLYRV\FtYLFRVGHTXLHQHVODWLHQHQFRPROHQJXDPDWHUQDRODHOLJHQ FRQWRGRGHUHFKRFRPRYHKtFXORSUHIHUHQWHGHH[SUHVLyQFRPSUHQVLyQ \FRPXQLFDFLyQ 9DUJDV/ORVDHWDO0DQLILHVWRSRUXQDOHQJXDFRP~Q 7KHUH KDYH EHHQ JURZLQJ UHDVRQV IRU ZRUU\ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV ZLWK UHJDUGV WR WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO VLWXDWLRQ RI WKH 6SDQLVK ODQJXDJH ZKLFK KDVWKHVROHVWDWXVRIEHLQJERWKWKHFRPPRQDQGRIILFLDOODQJXDJHRI DOO6SDQLVKFLWL]HQV1HHGOHVVWRVD\WKLVLVQRWDFXOWXUDOFRQFHUQ¥RXU ODQJXDJHHQMR\VDQHQYLDEOHDQGJURZLQJSRVLWLRQRIVWUHQJWKZRUOG ZLGH RQO\ VXUSDVVHG E\ WKH &KLQHVH DQG (QJOLVK ODQJXDJHV¥EXW DQ VWULFWO\SROLWLFDOFRQFHUQQDPHO\LWVUROHDVWKHSULQFLSDOODQJXDJHRI GHPRFUDWLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWKLVFRXQWU\DVZHOODVDFRQFHUQDERXW WKH HGXFDWLRQDO DQG FLYLF ULJKWV RI WKRVH ZKR KDYH 6SDQLVK DV WKHLU PRWKHUWRQJXHRUWKRVHWKDWFKRRVHLW¥H[HUFLVLQJWKHLUULJKWV¥DVWKHLU SUHIHUUHGFKDQQHOIRUH[SUHVVLRQFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 9DUJDV/ORVDHWDO0DQLIHVW>VLF@ IRUD&RPPRQ/DQJXDJHLQ6SDLQ 5HJDUGLQJFRQVHUYDWLYHDUWPDQLIHVWRVWZRH[DPSOHVZLOOEHJLYHQ ERWKIURP%ULWDLQ7KHILUVWRQHLVDTXRWHIURP%ODVWDPDQLIHVWR LVVXHG E\:\QGKDP/HZLVDQG(]UD3RXQGLQ,WLVDVFHSWLFDOVDWLULFDO PDQLIHVWR DJDLQVW 0DULQHWWL DQG WKH IXWXULVW PDQLIHVWRV ,W LV PDUNHG E\ WKH DYDQWJDUGH GHVLUH IRU GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ LW GRHV QRW FRQVWLWXWH DQ ¦HPSW\SRVLWLRQ§ EXWLVUDWKHUDGHIHQFHRIDUWLQWKHWUDGLWLRQDO VHQVH ,QWKHIROORZLQJOLQHVWKH\DGGUHVVWKH6XIIUDJHWWHVNLQGO\DVNLQJWKHP QRWWRGHVWUR\ZRUNVRIDUW 7R6XIIUDJHWWHV $ZRUGRIDGYLFH ,QGHVWUXFWLRQDVLQRWKHUWKLQJV VWLFNWRZKDW\RXXQGHUVWDQG :HPDNH\RXDSUHVHQWRIRXUYRWHV 2QO\OHDYHZRUNVRIDUWDORQH <RXPLJKWVRPHGD\GHVWUR\DJRRGSLFWXUHE\DFFLGHQW /HZLV HWDO  Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 179 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE 7KHVHFRQGH[DPSOHLVPRUHUHFHQW,WLV DWH[WHQWLWOHG¦7KH6WXFN LVWV§ LVVXHG E\ %LOO\ &KLOGLVK DQG &KDUOHV 7KRPVRQ LQ  ,W LV D UHVSRQVHWRWKH<RXQJ%ULWLVK$UWLVWVDVXFFHVVIXOJURXSRIFRQFHSWXDO DUWLVWVVXFKDV'DPLHQ+LUVWDQG7UDFH\(PLQ7KHQDPH6WXFNLVPZDV FRLQHGE\7KRPVRQLQUHVSRQVHWRDSRHP SXEOLVKHGE\%LOO\&KLOGLVK LQ  ZKLFK UHFRUGV DQ DUJXPHQW ZLWK 7UDFH\ (PLQ LQ ZKLFK VKH DFFXVHG&KLOGLVKRIEHLQJVWXFN7KHSRHPUHDGV¦<RXUSDLQWLQJVDUH VWXFN\RXDUHVWXFN6WXFN6WXFN6WXFN§ 7UDFH\(PLQ§ 7KHWH[W SUHVHQWVVWXFNLVPLQDQH[HUFLVHRIWKHGRXEOHELQGDVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO QRQPRYHPHQW DV DQ DQWL ¨LVP© DQG GHQRXQFHV WKH DYDQWJDUGH©V G\ QDPLFRISURFODLPLQJDQGGLVDSSHDULQJLWVHPSW\HPHUJHQFHV $JDLQVWFRQFHSWXDOLVPKHGRQLVPDQGWKHFXOWRIWKHHJRDUWLVW ž $UWLVWVZKRGRQ©WSDLQWDUHQ©WDUWLVWV ž $JDLQVWWKHMLQJRLVPRI%ULW$UWDQGWKHHJR¤DUWLVW6WXFNLVPLV DQLQWHUQDWLRQDOQRQPRYHPHQW 6WXFNLVPLVDQWL¦LVP§ 6WXFNLVPGRHVQ©WEHFRPHDQ¨LVP© EHFDXVH 6WXFNLVPLVQRW6WXFNLVPLWLVVWXFN ž 6WXFNLVP HPEUDFHV DOO WKDW LW GHQRXQFHV :H RQO\ GHQRXQFH WKDWZKLFKVWRSVDWWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQW¥6WXFNLVPVWDUWVDWWKHVWRSSLQJ SRLQW 7KHSRVLWLRQUHSUHVHQWHGKHUHLVKDOIZD\EHWZHHQWKRVHRI'DGDLVP DQG9RUWLFLVP6HOIUHIOH[LYLW\DQGDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIF\QLFLVP PRUH ELWWHUWKDQSOD\IXO UHPLQGXVRI'DGDZKHUHDVWKHGHIHQFHRIWUDGLWLRQ DOLVPLQDUWPDNHVXVWKLQNRI%ODVW©VVWDWHPHQWV$JDLQVWWKHW\UDQQ\RI QRYHOW\WKH PRPHQWKDVDUULYHGWRVWRSDQG¦JHWVWXFN§ +RZHYHUWKH IDFWRILVVXLQJDPDQLIHVWRWRFRPPXQLFDWHWKLV¥LQVWHDGRIMXVWGRLQJ LW¥SODFHVWKHJURXSLQWKHVDPHG\QDPLFDVWKDWRIDYDQWJDUGHPRYH PHQWV 7KHH[LVWHQFHRIDOOWKRVHFRXQWHUH[DPSOHVIRUFHVXVWRUHWKLQNWKH UROHRIWKHPDQLIHVWRLQWKHV\VWHPDVZHOODVWKHQRWLRQRIHPHUJHQFH LWVHOI,QGHHGZKHQUHDGLQJPDQLIHVWRVZKLFKJLYHYRLFHWRHPSW\SRVL WLRQVRUZKLFKGRPLQDQWJURXSVGLVJXLVHDVDQWLKHJHPRQLFLWEHFRPHV HYLGHQWWKDWWKH XVHRIWKHWRSRV RIQRYHOW\LVDVWUDWHJ\WRJDLQV\PEROLF SRZHU2UHYHQHFRQRPLFSRZHUIRU DV&pVDU'RPtQJXH]PDLQWDLQV 180 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KHQRYHOFRPSRQHQWRIHPHUJHQFHVKRXOGQRWEHDFFHSWHGEOLQGO\ 7KXVLWLVQRWZLVHWRLJQRUHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI¦QRYHOW\§ IRUWKHFDSL WDOLVWV\VWHP>ž@ ,QRWKHUZRUGVHPHUJHQFHFDQDOVREHDFRPPHUFLDO SKHQRPHQRQZKLFKIURPDQRWKHUSHUVSHFWLYHOHDGVXVWRWKHGLIIL FXOW\LQGLVWLQJXLVKLQJEHWZHHQWUXO\HPHUJLQJQRYHOW\DQGQRYHOW\DV DVWUDWHJ\RIVHOIUHSURGXFWLRQRIGRPLQDQWFXOWXUHV   $QH[DPSOHRIWKHFDSLWDOLVWDSSURSULDWLRQRIWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHOD EHOPDQLIHVWR LVWKHPDUNHWLQJIRU,VDEHOOD5RVVHOOLQL©VOLQHRIFRVPHWLFV ODXQFKHGLQ0DQLIHVWR LVWKHQDPHJLYHQWRWKHSURGXFWVVSHFLDOO\ DGGUHVVHGWRPLGGOHDJHGZRPHQLQDQDWWHPSWWREUHDNWKHFOLFKpRI EHDXW\DVDV\QRQ\PRI\RXWK)XUWKHUPRUHDV0DUWLQ3XFKQHUZULWHV WKH DGYHUWLVHPHQW IRU WKH FRVPHWLFV LQYLWHV RQH WR ¦:ULWH \RXU RZQ PDQLIHVWR§  7KHFRPSDQ\©VFRPPHUFLDOVWUDWHJ\FRQVLVWVWKXVLQ PDNLQJWKHPRVWRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\HFKRHVRIWKHZRPHQ©VOLEHUDWLRQ PRYHPHQW DQG SUHWHQGLQJ WR FUHDWH DQ HPDQFLSDWHG FROOHFWLYH VXEMHFW RXWRIWKHSRWHQWLDOFXVWRPHUV+HUHWKHSRVWPRGHUQSHUYHUVLRQRIYDO XHVUHDFKHVLWVQDGLU 1HYHUWKHOHVVWRHQGWKLVSDQRUDPDLQDPRUHRSWLPLVWLFWRQHLWLV QHFHVVDU\ WR PHQWLRQ D QXPEHU RI FDVHV LQ ZKLFK PDQLIHVWRV UHFRYHU WKHLU RULJLQDO FULWLFDO GLPHQVLRQ $OWKRXJK VRPH DXWKRUV UHIHU WR WKH PDQLIHVWRDVDVSHHFKJHQUHLQGHFOLQH &DZV ¦YDULRXVSROLWLFDOVRFLDO DQG DUWLVWLF JURXSV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV KDYH FRQWLQXHG ZULWLQJ PDQLIHVWRV ZLWKLPSXQLW\§ 3XFKQHU $FFRUGLQJWR+HUYp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Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 181 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE +HUHLVDQH[FHUSWIURP¦$SDPSKOHWIRUWKH6HUSHQWLQH*DOOHU\0DQL IHVWR0DUDWKRQ§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©V D[LRP WKDW ZKHUH WKHUH LV SRZHU WKHUH LV DOVRUHVLVWDQFH 5HIHUHQFHV ¦$3DPSKOHWIRUWKH6HUSHQWLQH*DOOHU\0DQLIHVWR0DUDWKRQ§6HUSHQWLQH *DOOHU\RUJ:HE2FW $OH[DQGHU ,, RI 5XVVLD ¦5XVVLDQ (PDQFLSDWLRQ 0DQLIHVWR RI  (QJOLVK 7UDQVODWLRQ§ *LYHQDW6W3HWHUVEXUJ0DUFK:LNLVRXUFH7KH)UHH 182 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe /LEUDU\0D\:LNLPHGLD)RXQGDWLRQ,QF:HE6HS $QJHQRW 0DUF DQG 'DUNR 6XYLQ ¦/©LPSOLFLWH GX PDQLIHVWH  PpWDSKRUHV HW LPDJHULH GH OD GpP\VWLILFDWLRQ GDQV OH ÙPDQLIHVWH FRPPXQLVWH©§ eWXGHV IUDQoDLVHV /H0DQLIHVWHSRpWLTXHSROLWLTXH  $XVWLQ-RKQ/+RZWRGR7KLQJVZLWK:RUGV2[IRUG2[IRUG83 %RXUGLHX3LHUUH/DVUHJODVGHODUWHJpQHVLV\HVWUXFWXUDGHOFDPSROLWHUDULR 7UDQV7KRPDV.DXI%DUFHORQD$QDJUDPD %UXQVZLFN/XQHEXUJ &KDUOHV*XLOODXPH)HUGLQDQG GXF GH 0DQLIHVWH GH %UXQVZLFN *LYHQ DW WKH KHDGTXDUWHUV DW &REOHQ] -XO\   :LNL VRXUFH2FW:HE6HSWHPEHU ¥ 7KH 3URFODPDWLRQ RI WKH 'XNH RI %UXQVZLFN  (G -DPHV +DUYH\ 5RELQVRQ%RVWRQ*LQQ+DQRYHU+LVWRULFDO7H[WV3URM HFW0DUFK:HE6HS &DZV0DU\$QQHG0DQLIHVWR$&HQWXU\RI,VPV/LQFROQ8RI1HEUDVND 3 &REEH7RP¦6HUSHQWLQH*DOOHU\0DQLIHVWR0DUDWKRQ%ORJ§6HUSHQWLQH*DO OHU\RUJ:HE2FW &KLOGLVK %LOO\ DQG &KDUOHV 7KRPVRQ ¦7KH 6WXFNLVWV§  6WXFNLVPRUJ :HE6HS &KRXLQDUG 'DQLHO ¦6XU OD SUpKLVWRLUH GX PDQLIHVWH OLWWpUDLUH  § eWXGHVIUDQoDLVHV  /H0DQLIHVWHSRpWLTXHSROLWLTXH  'RPtQJXH] &pVDU ¦/LWHUDU\ (PHUJHQFH DV D &DVH 6WXG\ RI 7KHRU\ LQ &RP SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ &/&:HE &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH DQG &XOWXUH $ :::HE-RXUQDO  :HE6HS *RG]LFK:ODG¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHDQGWKH)LHOGRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH§ 7KH&XOWXUHRI/LWHUDF\&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 *UDVVLQ -HDQ0DULH ¦ePHUJHQFH  (PHUJHQFH§ 'LFWLRQQDLUH ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH GHV7HUPHV/LWWpUDLUHV,QWHUQDWLRQDOGLFWLRQDU\RIOLWHUDU\WHUPV-XQH :HE0DUFK *XLOOpQ &ODXGLR ¦&DPELR OLWHUDULR \ P~OWLSOHV GXUDFLRQHV§ 7HRUtDV GH ODKLVWRULDOLWHUDULD (QVD\RVGH7HRUtD 0DGULG(VSDVD&DOSH  /DPEHUW+HUYp3LHUUH¦3RVWKXPDLQELRDUW,QWHUQHWHWPDQLIHVWHV§,WLQpUDLUHV HW&RQWDFWVGH&XOWXUHV  /©$UWTXLPDQLIHVWH  /DUFDQ /DXUD ¦-DFRSRQH O©DYYHQWXULHUR§ /D 5HSXEEOLFD /D 5HSXEEOLFD  'HFHPEHU:HE2FWREHU /HZLV:\QGKDPHWDO%ODVW, -XQH %URZQ8QLYHUVLW\/LEUDU\:HE Dissent, Novelty and Power: An Approach to the Manifesto as a "Facilitator of Emergence" 183 IRIA SOBRINO FREIRE 6HS /RWPDQ-XUL0$FHUFDGHODVHPLRVIHUD7UDQV'HVLGHULR1DYDUUR9DOHQFLD (SLVWHPH ¥ &XOWXUD\H[SORVLyQ/RSUHYLVLEOH\ORLPSUHYLVLEOHHQORVSURFHVRVGHFDP ELRVRFLDO7UDQV'HOILQD0XVFKLHWWL%DUFHORQD*HGLVD /\RQ -DQHW 0DQLIHVWRHV 3URYRFDWLRQV RI WKH 0RGHUQ ,WKDFD DQG /RQGRQ &RUQHOO83 0DQJRQH&DUORVDQG-RUJH:DUOH\(OPDQLILHVWRXQJpQHURHQWUHHODUWH\OD SROtWLFD%XHQRV$LUHV%LEORV 0DUpFKDO6\OYDLQ0DQLIHVWHGHV(JDX[(GLWLRQV$OWHUQDWLYH/LEHUWDLUH :HE6HS ¥ 0DQLIHVWR RI WKH (TXDOV  7UDQV 0LWFKHOO $ELGRU 0DU[LVWVRUJ :HE6HS 0DULQHWWL)LOLSSR7RPDVVR¦)RQGDWLRQHWPDQLIHVWHGXIXWXULVPH§/H)LJDUR )HE,WDOLDQ)XWXULVPRUJ:HE6HSWHPEHU ¥ ¦7KH )RXQGLQJ DQG 0DQLIHVWR RI )XWXULVP§  7UDQV 5 : )OLQW ,WDOLDQ)XWXULVPRUJ:HE6HS 0DU[.DUO7KHVHVRQ)HXHUEDFK7UDQV:/RXJK0DU[(QJHOV,QWHU QHW$UFKLYH0DU[LVWVRUJ:HE6HS 0HQGOH0LFKDHOHG7KH3XWQH\'HEDWHVRI7KH$UP\WKH/HYHOOHUV DQGWKH(QJOLVK6WDWH&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 1HEUHUD0RQWVHUUDW¦36\OYDLQ0DUpFKDO0DQLILHVWRGHORV,JXDOHV 3UHWH[WR SDUDXQDUHIOH[LyQVREUHORVRUtJHQHVGHOFRQFHSWRGHLJXDOGDGPDWHULDO § 5HYLVWDGH(VWXGLRV3ROtWLFRV    3HUORII0DUMRULH7KH)XWXULVW0RPHQW$YDQW*DUGH$YDQW*XHUUHDQGWKH /DQJXDJHRI5XSWXUH&KLFDJR8RI&KLFDJR3 3XFKQHU0DUWLQ3RHWU\RIWKH5HYROXWLRQ0DU[0DQLIHVWRVDQGWKH$YDQW *DUGHV3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 5iEDGH 9LOODU 0DUtD GR &HEUHLUR DQG ,ULD 6REULQR )UHLUH ¦2 PDQLIHVWR H D DQWROR[tDFRPRWH[WRVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQQRVLVWHPDOLWHUDULRJDOHJR §$QXDULR*ULDOGH(VWXGRV*DOHJRV   5DQFLqUH-DFTXHV¦3ROLWLFV,GHQWLILFDWLRQDQG6XEMHFWLYL]DWLRQ§2FWREHU    6HDUOH-RKQ5DQG'DQLHO9DQGHUYHNHQ)RXQGDWLRQVRI,OORFXFLRQDU\/RJLF &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 6REULQR )UHLUH ,ULD ¦(O PDQLILHVWR DUWtVWLFR XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ DO HVWXGLR GH VXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQHOFDPSRGHSURGXFFLyQFXOWXUDO§3UR\HFWR(QVD\R 184 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe +LVSiQLFR(G-RVp/XLV*yPH]0DUWtQH]  QS:HE6HS ¥ ¦0DQLIHVWRLGHQWLGDGHHSODQLILFDFLyQGRUHSHUWRULRXQKDSHUVSHFWLYDLQ WHUFXOWXUDO§%DVHVPHWRGROy[LFDVSDUDXQKDKLVWRULDFRPSDUDGDGDVOLWH UDWXUDVGD3HQtQVXOD,EpULFD(GV$Q[R$EXtQDQG$Q[R7DUUtR6DQWLDJR GH&RPSRVWHOD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD ¥ ¦0HPyULDVQmRRILFLDLV$FRQVWUXomRGHLGHQWLGDGHVDOWHUQDWLYDVQRVPD QLIHVWRVOLWHUiULRV§'HGDOXV    ¥ ¦0DQLILHVWR \ PHPRULD UHHVFULELHQGR OD KLVWRULD OLWHUDULD§ +LVSDQtVWLFD ;;  0pPRLUH V 5HSUpVHQWDWLRQVHWWUDQVPLVVLRQGDQVOHPRQGH KLVSDQLTXH ;;H;;,HVLqFOHV  ¥ ¦2V SUyORJRV D &DQWDUHV *DOOHJRV H )ROODV 1RYDV PDQLIHVWRV SRU XQKD FXOWXUDGDUHVLVWHQFLD§5RVDOtD(G$Q[R$QJXHLUD6DQWLDJRGH&RP SRVWHOD;XQWDGH*DOLFLD¦7KH)RUHZRUGVRI&DQWDUHV*DO OHJRV DQG )ROODV 1RYDV 0DQLIHVWRV IRU D &XOWXUH RI 5HVLVWDQFH§ 7UDQV 0DUtD5HLPyQGH] 7D\ORU%ULDQ7KH(PSLUHRIWKH)UHQFK$&KURQRORJ\RIWKH5HYROXWLRQDU\ DQG1DSROHRQLF:DUV¤6WURXG6SHOOPRXQW 9DUqVH ( HW DO 'DGD VRXOqYH WRXW 3DULV -DQXDU\   $QGUp %UHWRQ 'RVVLHU'DGD(GV7RELD%H]]RODDQG5DLPXQG0H\HU2VWILOGHUQ5XLW +DWMH&DQW] ¥ 'DGD([FLWHV(YHU\WKLQJ7UDQV/XF\5/LSSDUG&DZV 9DUJDV/ORVD0DULRHWDO¦0DQLILHVWRSRUODOHQJXDFRP~Q§8QLyQ3URJUHVR ¦0DQLIHVWIRUD&RPPRQ/DQJXDJHLQ6SDLQ§8QLyQ3URJUHVR\'HPRF UDFLD-XQH:HE6HS 9RJHO-HDQ¦3DULWpHWpJDOLWp§&DKLHUVGX*HGLVVW  3ULQFLSHVHWHQ MHX[GHODSDULWp  :LOOLDPV5D\PRQG0DU[LVPDQG/LWHUDWXUH2[IRUG2[IRUG83 <DKDORP6KHOO\¦&RQVWDQWHVIRQFWLRQHOOHVGXGLVFRXUVPDQLIHVWH§/LWWpUDWXUH  /HV0DQLIHVWHV  Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA Universidade de Santiago de Compostela /LWHUDU\LPDJHVDUHVRSRZHUIXOWKDWWKH\SHUVLVWLQWKHUHDGHUV© LPDJL QDWLRQORQJDIWHUWKHLUH[WUDOLQJXLVWLFUHIHUHQWKDVFHDVHGWRH[LVW%RWK ,ULVK DQG *DOLFLDQ FXOWXUHV DERXQG LQ EXFROLF UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI WKHLU ODQGVFDSHVZKLFKIL[LQDVHULHVRI$UFDGLDQSLFWXUHVWKDWZKLFKKDVLQ UHDOLW\ EHHQ XQGHUJRLQJ FRQVWDQW FKDQJH 6LQFH WKH 0LGGOH $JHV WKH OLWHUDWXUHVRIWKHVHWZR$WODQWLFFRPPXQLWLHVKDYHVKDSHGDQXPEHURI QDWXUDOIHDWXUHVDVLFRQVRIQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\ 7KHDOOXUHRIWKHVHLFRQV 7KHUHVHDUFKIRUWKLVSDSHUKDVEHHQIXQGHGE\WKH6SDQLVK0LQLVWHULRGH(FRQRPtD \ &RPSHWLWLYLGDG(5') DQG ;XQWD GH *DOLFLD WKURXJK WKHLU JUDQWV )), )),DQG,1&,7(35IRUWKHVWXG\RIFRQWHPSRUDU\,ULVKDQG*DOL FLDQZRPHQZULWHUV  0DQXHOD3DODFLRV ¦+RZ*UHHQ§ GLVFXVVHVYDULRXVHOHPHQWVRISDVWRUDOLVP LQ WKHZRUNRI<HDWVDQG2WHUR3HGUD\RDVZHOODVWKH FULWLTXHGHSOR\HGE\FRQWHPSRUDU\ ZRPHQZULWHUVLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHLGHDOL]DWLRQRIODQGVFDSH  0DUtD /ySH] 6iQGH] UHPDUNV IRU LQVWDQFH WKDW WKH DGMHFWLYH ¦JUHHQ§ KDV DFKLHYHGDYHU\SUHFLVHLGHQWLW\YDOXHLQ*DOLFLDQFXOWXUHVLQFHWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI5RVDOtD GH &DVWUR©V &DQWDUHV JDOOHJRV LQ  ; 5RI &DUEDOOR IROORZLQJ *HUPDQ 5RPDQWL FLVPUHIHUVWRWKH LQWLPDWHERQGEHWZHHQWKH¦VDFUHGJUHHQ§ RI*DOLFLDQODQGVFDSHDQG WKHSHRSOH©VVSLULW  5HJDUGLQJ,ULVKOLWHUDWXUH:%<HDWVHPSOR\VWKHJUHHQFRORXU DVDV\PERORI,ULVKSDWULRWLVP¥¦ZKHUHYHUJUHHQLVZRUQ§¥LQKLVSRHP¦(DVWHU§ <HDWVRSSRVHVWKLVJUHHQFRORXUWRWKHIUDJPHQWDWLRQDPRQJKLVFRQWHPSRUDULHV¥¦WKH\ DQG,%XWOLYHGZKHUHPRWOH\LVZRUQ§   186 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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¦WKH  7KH,ULVKZULWHU'HUPRW%ROJHUGHSUHFDWHVWKHUROHRI,ULVKOLWHUDWXUHDVWKHSDV WRUDO WULEXWDU\ RI %ULWLVK ZULWLQJ +H DOVR FRPPHQWV RQ KRZ ,ULVK SHRSOH IHOO LQ ORYH ZLWK,UHODQGWKURXJK-RKQ+LQGH©VURPDQWLFL]HGSRVWFDUGVRI,ULVKODQGVFDSHV *RQ]iOH] &DVDGHPRQW $OIUHG&RUQKDVGUDZQDWWHQWLRQWRWKHZD\$PHULFDZHOFRPHV ,ULVKSRHWVEHFDXVHWKH\EULQJZLWKWKHP¦KXPDQLW\ YHUEDOIOXHQF\DQGDFRQYLQFLQJ SDVWRUDOLVP§ 2©'ULVFROO   ,Q SULYDWH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH ZLWK 0DQXHOD 3DODFLRV WKH ,ULVK SRHW DQG QRYHOLVW .HUU\+DUGLHVXJJHVWHGDVDSRVVLEOHUHDVRQIRUWKHVFDUFLW\RISRHWU\GHDOLQJZLWKHQYL URQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQWKDWZULWHUVPD\¦KDYHKHOGEDFNEHFDXVHWKHSRYHUW\LQ,UHODQG ZDVVREDGWKDWLWVHHPV DOPRVWEODVSKHPRXVWRTXHVWLRQWKHGDPDJLQJFRQVHTXHQFHVRI SURVSHULW\§ UHSURGXFHGZLWKWKHDXWKRU©VSHUPLVVLRQ   -RG\$OOHQ5DQGROSK  KRZHYHUPDLQWDLQVWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHQDWXUHSRHP ¦GLGQRWWKULYHLQ,UHODQGDVDPHGLWDWLYHRUWUDQVFHQGHQWDOIRUP>LW@ VKRZVVLJQVRI WKULYLQJQRZDVDQHFRFULWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYH§$OOHQ 5DQGROSKEDVHVKHUDVVHVVPHQWRQWKH DQDO\VLVRIVHYHUDOSRHPVE\3DXOD0HHKDQDQG(DYDQ%RODQGDQGLGHQWLILHVLQHDUOLHU ZULWHUVVXFKDV2*ROGVPLWKDQG3.DYDQDJKDIHZIHDWXUHVWKDWSUHILJXUHHFRFULWL FLVP1HYHUWKHOHVVRXUSDUDOOHOVWXG\RIWKH*DOLFLDQDQG,ULVKOLWHUDU\ILHOGVOHDGVXVWR EHOLHYHWKDWWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\SURGXFWLRQRIHFRFULWLFDOSRHWU\LQ,UHODQGLVFRPSDUD WLYHO\VSHDNLQJVWLOOVSDUVH Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 187 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA HFRORJLFDOFULVLVGHPDQGVDQGSURGXFHVDPRUHSDUWLFLSDWLYHGHPRFUDF\§ 'H%XVWRV DVWDWHPHQWWKDWKLJKOLJKWVWKHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDODF FRXQWDELOLW\RIDUWLVWV $SDUWIURPHLWKHULJQRULQJHQYLURQPHQWDOGDPDJHRUHQJDJLQJLQLWV OLWHUDU\DQGSROLWLFDOGHQXQFLDWLRQWKHUHLVDWKLUGW\SHRIUHDFWLRQZKLFK FRQVLVWVLQODPHQWLQJWKHSUHVHQWVWDWHRIWKLQJVDQGH[WROOLQJWKHYLUWXHV RIDEXFROLFSDVW7KHYHU\QRWLRQRI¦GHJUDGDWLRQ§ FHUWDLQO\VHHPVWR FRQYH\DSURFHVVIURPDQLPSOLHGSURSHUVWDWHRIWKLQJVWRDVLJQLILFDQW ORZHULQJRIWKHLUVWDQGDUGV7KLVWKLUGNLQGRIUHVSRQVHVKRZVVHQVLWLYLW\ WRZDUGVHFRORJLFDOSUREOHPVEXWWDNHVUHIXJHLQDVHULHVRIVRFLDOFXOWXU DODQGSROLWLFDOGR[DZKLFKPD\VXERUGLQDWHQDWXUH©VLQWHUHVWVWRWKRVH RIQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\VLQFHFHUWDLQNLQGVRIODQGVFDSHVKDYHEHHQLGHRORJL FDOO\DSSURSULDWHGWRSURPRWH VSHFLILFFROOHFWLYHLGHQWLWLHV ,OOXVWUDWLYH RI WKLV UHDFWLRQ LV WKH OLWHUDU\ WKHRULVW 'HFODQ .LEHUG©V WLUDGH DJDLQVW XUEDQVSUDZODQGPLVGHYHORSPHQWLQ,UHODQG+HDVVHUWVWKDWUXUDODUHDV KDYHEHFRPHRQHJLDQWVXEXUEWKDWWKH,ULVKKDYHMHWWLVRQHG WKHLU FRUH YDOXHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKDWQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\LVDWULVN.LEHUGSUDLVHV :%<HDWV©V¦VHQVHRISODFH§ WKHZD\KLV¦P\WKRORJ\PDUULHGSHRSOH WRURFNDQGKLOO§ DQGKHVHFRQGV(GZDUG6DLG©VSURFODPDWLRQRI<HDWV DV¦WKHVXSUHPHSRHWRIGHFRORQLVDWLRQDQGRIDUHFODLPHGQDWLRQDOODQG VFDSH§ 7KHSUREOHPIRUXVOLHVDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVLQNQRZLQJZKDW FRQVWLWXWHVDQDWLRQDO ODQGVFDSHVLQFHVXQGU\LGHRORJLFDOLQWHUHVWVDQG SHUVRQDO H[SHULHQFHV FRQVWUXFW LW GLIIHUHQWO\ 7KLV LQVWUXPHQWDO DSSUR SULDWLRQRIQDWXUHIRUWKHQDWLRQDOFDXVHLVDWRGGVZLWKHFRORJLFDODW WHQWLYHQHVVWRQDWXUH©VQHHGVDQGULJKWVIRUQDWXUH©VVDNH%HVLGHVHYHQLI ZHDJUHHWKDWODQGVFDSHLVLQWLPDWHO\LQWHUWZLQHGZLWKSHRSOH©VFROOHFWLYH LGHQWLW\ .LEHUG©V LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI ODQJXDJH UHOLJLRQ DQG QDWLRQDOLVP DV WKH NH\ HOHPHQWV RI D SDVVLQJ ,ULVK FXOWXUH WKDW KH PRXUQV LJQRUHV  0DUtD/ySH]6iQGH]PDLQWDLQVWKDWWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\OLWHUDU\UHYLYDOPRYH PHQWLQ*DOLFLD5H[XUGLPHQWRSULYLOHJHGUXUDODQGQDWXUDOODQGVFDSHVRYHUFLW\VFDSHV DVWKHODWWHUVHHPHGSURQHWRLGHQWLW\GLVVROXWLRQ,ULVKQDWLRQDOLVPIRULWVSDUWVLWXDWHG WKHHVVHQFHRI,ULVKQHVVLQWKHUXUDOZHVWRIWKHFRXQWU\DUHJLRQOHVVVXVFHSWLEOHWRWKH LQIOXHQFHRI%ULWLVKFRORQL]DWLRQ %KUHDWKQDFK/\QFK  188 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe GLVFRXUVHVVXFKDVIHPLQLVPZKLFKLQWKHODVWIRXUGHFDGHVKDYHTXHV WLRQHGWKHVSDFHVDQGUROHVDVVLJQHGWRZRPHQE\QDWLRQDOLVWDQG&DWKR OLFLQVWLWXWLRQV 7KHUHLVDQRWKHUSRVVLEOHUHDFWLRQWRWKHSUHVHQWHQYLURQPHQWDOFUL VLV WKDW LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ HOHJLDF DQG GHSHQGHQW RQ FXOWXUDO FOLFKpV RU WKH RSSUHVVLYH LGHRORJLHV RI WKH SDVW 7KLV LV D SRVLWLRQ WKDW FDOOV LQWR TXHVWLRQERWKSDVWFXOWXUDOGR[DDQGLWVRZQFXUUHQWGD\WRGD\SUDF WLFHDSRVLWLRQWKDWLQWHUURJDWHVLWVRZQVWDQFHLWVFRPSOLFLWLHVLWVFRQ WUDGLFWLRQVLWVDPELWLRQVDQGLWVIDLOXUHV0RVWOLNHO\WKHUHLVQRVLQJOH ZULWHURUJURXSRIZULWHUVZKRFRQVLVWHQWO\RFFXS\WKLVSRVLWLRQEXWZH LQGHQWLI\WKHWUDFHVRIWKLVVHOITXHVWLRQLQJDSSURDFKLQVHYHUDOZULWHUV©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¦:LWKLQDQG%H\RQGWKH1DWLRQ§  Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 189 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA KDYHSURGXFHGDQHZDOWHUQDWLYHGLVFRXUVHZKLFKLQWHUURJDWHVOLWHUDU\ WUDGLWLRQQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\DQGWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWKHVHWZRLGHRORJLFDO DQG FXOWXUDO FRQVWUXFWV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKRXJK WKH DUULYDO RI HFRFULWLFDO GLVFRXUVHVLQ(XURSHDQGLQSDUWLFXODULQ,UHODQGDQG*DOLFLDLVRQO\WRR UHFHQWZHGRQRWDSSO\WKHWHUP¦HPHUJHQW§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¦HPHUJHQFH§ DVWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIDOLWHUDU\ILHOGE\WKHGLVFRXUVHVRISUHYLRXVO\ VXEPHUJHGRUVXSSUHVVHGJURXSVDQGLGHRORJLHV ,QKHUODWHVWSRHWU\FROOHFWLRQ7KH$UN%XLOGHUV0DU\2©'RQQHOO TXHVWLRQVWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRIRXUUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHSDVWDQGZDUQV DERXWWKHZD\FXOWXUDOVWHUHRW\SHVPLJKWOHDGWRDSRFDO\SWLFDWWLWXGHV ¦,W©V WKH HQG RI WKH ZRUOG 2U D EHJLQQLQJ  :KDW KROGV XV EDFN LV HWLTXHWWHRIVSHHFK§  ,QKHUSRHP¦([SORUHU§ WKHSRHWLFSHUVRQD H[SUHVVHVKHULPSDWLHQFHZLWKWKH SUHVVXUHIHOW WR DFWDQGOLYHDFFRUG LQJWRFXOWXUDOSDWWHUQVWKDWVKHQRORQJHULGHQWLILHVDVKHURZQ¦>WKH H[SORUHU@/RYHVRXUODQJXDJHDVPXFKDVWKHERJ+LVJD]HKLVHDU EOHVVWKHEODFNFUXPEOHRIERWK WKRXJKSHRSOHNHHSIDLWKZLWKQHLWKHU§  7KHERJWKDWHOHPHQWRIWKH,ULVKODQGVFDSHLQHYLWDEO\WLHGWRWKH KDUGVKLSVRIFRXQWU\OLIHPLJKWMXVWEH DQREMHFWRIDHVWKHWLFFRQVXPS WLRQIRUWKHVWUDQJHUEXWWKHSRHWGHOYHVLQWRKHUDPELYDOHQFHWRZDUGV WKHVHHVVHQWLDOLVWLGHQWLW\IHDWXUHVZKLFKKDYHEHHQFRQJHDOHGLQD¦SRVW FDUG§7KHFRPPRGLILFDWLRQRIWKHODQGVFDSHE\WKHWRXULVWLQGXVWU\LVLQ WXUQH[SRVHGLQ¦/HV)UDQoDLVVRQWDUULYpVGLH'HXWVFKHQDXFK§ $JDLQ HFRQRPLF LQWHUHVWV PDQLSXODWH DQFLHQW P\WKV ZKLFK ZHUH QRW DOZD\V EHQHYROHQWLQ RUGHUWRUHQGHU¦YLVLRQVRIWKHZD\ZHQHYHUZHUH§   /DQGVFDSHDOVREHFRPHVDWULQNHWIRUWRXULVWV¦UROOVRIWZHHGVHDYLHZV  KRUVHV RSHQ VNLHV  SRWWHU\ DQG DUWLVDQ EUHDGV  EXWWHU FKXUQHG E\ 190 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe IDLULHVZKHQWKHPRRQ©VZD[LQJ§  0DU\2©'RQQHOO©VSRHP¦$Q $PQHVLDFLQ'XEOLQ§  FRPSHOVXVWRKDYHDJRRGORRNDWWKHSUHVHQW UDWKHU WKDQ WDNLQJ UHIXJH LQ UHGXQGDQW FRPPHPRUDWLRQV RI WKH SDVW WKDW¦IUpQpVLHGHOLWXUJLHVKLVWRULTXHV§ ZKLFK7]YHWDQ7RGRURYFULWLFLVHV LQ/HV$EXVGHODPpPRLUH  $QREVHVVLYHFRQFHUQZLWKXQHDUWKLQJ WKHSDVWPD\VWRSXVIURPQRWLFLQJWKHOLIHWKDWLVFXUUHQWO\ILJKWLQJWR VXUYLYHVKHVHHPVWRVXJJHVWLQKHUSRHP¦2QO\RQWKH(GJH§DQDOOH JRU\RIVWULYLQJPLQRULW\ODQJXDJHVOLNH,ULVKRU*DOLFLDQ¦>WKHUDPEOHUV@ KRSLQJ WR XQHDUWK  FRLQ FDVNHW VSHDUKHDG  7KH\ IRUJHW WR SUHVV DQ HDUWRWKH OLSRIWKHODQGZKHUHODQJXDJHVWLOOIORZHUVVHHNLQJSDJDQ HDUVDQGDPRGHUQPRXWK§  2©'RQQHOO©VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIQDWXUH LVXQVHQWLPHQWDOVKRZLQJ LW DVDVSDFH ZKHUH RQO\WKH ILWWHVW FDQVXU YLYH ¦%XUUHQ)DOFRQ§  +HUGHSLFWLRQRIWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIJOREDO ZDUPLQJ LQ ¦+HDW§   VXEVWLWXWHV DQ H\H IRU WKH O\ULF , DQG FRROO\ REVHUYHV WKH QH[W DFW LQ WKH VWUXJJOH EHWZHHQ KXPDQ DQG QRQKXPDQ QDWXUH 7KHRQFHEOXHLFHLVWXUQLQJJUH\DQGVRIW >ž@ :KLWHEHDUVKHDGIRUWKHVXEXUEV ORRVHSHOWHGGUDZQE\WKHUHHNRIOHIWRYHUV WRUDLGWUDVKFDQVUXEELVKWLSV(YHU\ZLQWHU WKHLUGDULQJJURZVGHVSLWHYDUPLQWULIOHV PHQZKRSUHVVWKHURXQGVLQVKRRWLQWR WKHQLJKWWKHQDLPDJDLQWKHLUEUHDWK DZKLVSHURILFHZLWKHDFKUHWRUW $QRWKHU ,ULVK SRHW ZKR LV XQOLNHO\ WR UKDSVRGL]H WKH SDVW LV 3DXOD 0HHKDQZKR LQKHU UHFHQWSRHWU\FROOHFWLRQ3DLQWLQJ5DLQHQJDJHVLQ DQ LPSODFDEOH H[DPLQDWLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDO DQG FROOHFWLYH PHPRULHV ¦$W 6KHOOLQJ +LOO§ FRQWUDVWV WKH $UFDGLDQ ODQGVFDSH SURPRWHG E\ WRXULVP ZLWKWKHYLROHQFHH[SHULHQFHGLQWKHERUGHUFRXQW\RI/RXWKRQO\WKUHH  )RUDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHJURZLQJFRQFHUQZLWKJOREDOZDUPLQJLQ,UHODQGVHH&XQ QLQJKDP Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 191 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA GHFDGHVDJR7KHSRHPDFWVDVDQHSLWDSKIRU¦-HDQ0F&RQYLOOHZLGRZ GLVDSSHDUHGPRWKHURIWHQ§  ZKRVHVWRU\LVXVXDOO\VLOHQFHGLQIDYRXU RIP\WKLFDOKHURHV©GHHGV¦6DIHUWKH DQFLHQWORUH>ž@ 6DIHU WKHDERULJLQDO JRUH§   &~ &KXODLQQ VXUYLYHV LQ D FKLOGUHQ©V JDPH WKRXJK KLV DS SDUHOKDVEHHQGRZQJUDGHGWR¦IORWVDPWKHWLGHZDVKHGLQILVKLQJQHWV FRLOVRIWUDZOHUURSHDEURNHQIORDWDVFUDSRIWDUSSXOOHGWRVKDSHD ZDUULRU©VFORDNVW\URIRDPVKLHOGVZRRGHQVSHDUV§  7KLVLVWKHQ WKH VKLSZUHFN RI D OHJHQG ZKLFK FRQWLQXHV WR LQVSLUH RXU LPDJLQDWLRQ DOWKRXJKWKHSRHWVLWXDWHVLWRQDOHYHOZLWKRWKHURUGLQDU\OLYHV 3DXOD 0HHKDQ XVXDOO\ GUDZV RXU DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH FRQVWUXFWHGQHVV RI WKH SRHP WKH DUWLVWLF PDQLSXODWLRQ RI QDWXUH¥DV LQ KHU FROOHFWLRQ WLWOH 3DLQWLQJ 5DLQ DQG WKH VHOITXHVWLRQLQJ RI KHU SRHWLF UROH¥DV LQ ¦'HDGZRRG§¦,GUHGJHIURPRXUSULPHYDOEHGWKHVHD©VZLGHIORRU P\SHDUOVRIZLVGRPP\VZLQLVKJDUGHQORUH§  RULQ¦3DQJXU%iQ 5HLQFDUQDWH§ ZKHUHVKHFRPSDUHVWKH DUWLVWLFSURFHVVWRKHUSHW©VKXQW LQJSUDFWLFHV¦ERWKKXQWHUVE\WUDGHWKRXJKVKH©VPXFKEHWWHUDWLW§  2ISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLV0HHKDQ©VSHUIRUPDWLYHXVHRIODQJXDJHE\ ZKLFKWKHSRHPFHUWLILHV WKHZD\DQRWDU\ZRXOGWKHH[LVWHQFHRISODQWV WKDWPLJKWRWKHUZLVHJRXQQRWLFHG+HUSRHP¦)URP6RXUFHWR6HD§ KDV UHFRXUVHWRHQXPHUDWLRQDQGQDPLQJZKLFKJUDQWWH[WXDODQGV\PEROLF VLJQLILFDQFH WR ZKDW VRPH PLJKW FRQVLGHU DV LQVLJQLILFDQW ZLOGIORZHUV ¦DQJHOLFDFKDPRPLOHFDOHQGXODGHDUYXOQHUDULHVZLWKWKHLUEDOPVDQG WKHLUSRZHUV§  ,WLVRQO\ZKHQQDWXUHLVHQGDQJHUHGWKDWLWLVWUXO\ DSSUHFLDWHGWKHO\ULFYRLFHVHHPVWRDGPLWLQ¦1RW:HHGLQJ§¥¦1HWWOH EUDPEOHVKHSKHUG©VSXUVH>ž@ P\IRUPHUVZRUQHQHPLHV>ž@ QRZFKHU LVKHGJXHVWV§  DSRHPWKDWLVDOVRZLWQHVVWRWKHUHGXFWLRQRIQDWXUH WRWKHVWDWXVRIDQDOLHQUHIXJHHLQRXUVSUDZOLQJWRZQV(QXPHUDWLRQ DFKLHYHVDPRUHGUDPDWLFHIIHFWZKHQWKHQDPHVRISODQWVDUHFRQWUDVWHG ZLWKWKRVHRIWKHFOHDQLQJSURGXFWV WKDWLQYDGHWKHLUVSDFHDVKDSSHQV LQ¦'HDWKRID)LHOG§  ,QKHUDQDO\VLVRI¦'HDWKRID)LHOG§-RG\$OOHQ5DQGROSK  GUDZVRXUDW WHQWLRQWRQHRFRORQLDOVWUDWHJLHVZKLFKWXUQ¦PHPRU\§ LQWRDFRPPRGLW\\RXEX\7KH GLVHPSRZHUHG VSHDNHU FRQIURQWV WKH GLJLWDO PDS PHPRU\ LQ WKH DUFKLWHFW©V FRPSXWHU ZLWKKHURZQFKLOGKRRGPHPRULHVRIWKHILHOG 192 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KHHQGRIGDQGHOLRQLVWKHVWDUWRI)ODVK 7KHHQGRIGRFNLVWKHVWDUWRI3OHGJH 7KHHQGRIWHD]HOLVWKHVWDUWRI$ULHO 7KHHQGRISULPURVHLVWKHVWDUWRI%ULOOR 7KHHQGRIWKLVWOHLVWKHVWDUWRI%RXQFH 7KHHQGRIVORHLVWKHVWDUWRI2[\DFWLRQ 7KHHQGRIKHUEUREHUWLVWKHVWDUWRI%UDVVR 7KHHQGRIH\HEULJKWLVWKHVWDUWRI3HUVLO  $VLQ¦7KH0XVKURRP)LHOG§  WKHILHOGEHFRPHVDEXLOGLQJVLWH DQGLWVGLVDSSHDUDQFHHQWDLOVWKHORVVRILQGLYLGXDODQGFROOHFWLYHPHPR U\ZKLFKLVQHYHUWKDWRIDKHURLFSDVWRUDQ(GHQLFFKLOGKRRG¦ERWKRI XVORQHO\ERWKRIXVLQSDLQ§   (DYDQ%RODQGKDVUHSHDWHGO\FDOOHGIRUWKHVRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI ZULWHUV LQ WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH SDVW DQG IRU WUXWK WR WKH H[SHUL HQFH RI WKRVH H[FOXGHG IURP OLWHUDU\ WUDGLWLRQ +HU SRHWU\ FROOHFWLRQ 'RPHVWLF9LROHQFHLVDFRQWLQXLQJSURRIRIWKLVLQLWVFRQFHUQIRUWKH YLFWLPVRIDEXVHRIWHQZRPHQEXWDOVRQDWXUH,QKHUSRHP¦9LROHQFH DJDLQVW:RPHQ§  VKHH[SRVHVWKHFRPSOLFLW\RIOLWHUDWXUHZLWKWKH IDOVLILFDWLRQRISHDVDQWZRPHQ©VOLYHVE\PHDQVRIWKHSDVWRUDODJHQUH ZKLFKUHPDLQVEOLQGWRVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFFKDQJHVDV ZHOODVWRWKHHQ VODYLQJFRQGLWLRQVLPSRVHGE\WKH,QGXVWULDO5HYROXWLRQ %RODQGDOVR WDNHVLVVXHZLWKWKHQDWLRQDODQGFXOWXUDOUKHWRULFWKDWLGHDOL]HVIHPDOH DEVWUDFWLRQVOLNH0RWKHU1DWXUHRU0RWKHU,UHODQGZKLOHWKHQDWLRQOHWV LWVZRPHQGLH ¦:LQGIDOO§  7KHSRHW GHQRXQFHV,UHODQGDVDFRXQWU\ ZKLFKKDWHVWKDWHOHPHQWZKLFKPRVWQDWXUDOL]HVZRPHQDQGIHPLQL]HV QDWXUHDZRPDQ©VERG\ ¦/HWWHUVWRWKH'HDG§   ,IDVZHPHQWLRQHGDERYH0HHKDQOLNHQHGZLOGSODQWVLQWKHFLW\ WRUHIXJHHV%RODQGKDVKHUVSHDNHULQWKHSRHP¦,Q2XU2ZQ&RXQWU\§  LGHQWLI\WKH,ULVKDV¦H[LOHV§ LQ WKHLUODQGVXFKLVWKHLUDOLHQDWLRQ IURPWKHQHZODQGVFDSHVGHVLJQHGLQWKHQDPHRISURJUHVV,I,ULVKOLWHU DU\WUDGLWLRQXVHGWRUHSUHVHQWWKH(QJOLVKFRORQL]HUDVWKH¦VWUDQJHU§  6WHSKHQ&RSOH\DQG3HWHU*DUVLGH  PDLQWDLQWKDW¦WKH3LFWXUHVTXHWUDQVODWHV WKHSROLWLFDODQGWKHVRFLDOLQWRWKHGHFRUDWLYH§ Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 193 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA WKHUHLVQRZDQHZW\SHRIFRORQL]DWLRQZLWKLWVVXEVHTXHQWSURFHVVRI GLVSRVVHVVLRQLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKHPDFKLQHU\DUULYHGIURPFRQWLQHQWDO (XURSH¦$QROG(XURSHKDVFRPHWRXVDVWUDQJHULQRXUFLW\>ž@ LV QRZDPDFKLQHIURPWKH1HWKHUODQGVRU%HOJLXP§ 7KH,ULVKZKRZHUH WKHPVHOYHVVWUDQJHUVLQIRUHLJQODQGVGXHWRIRUFHGHPLJUDWLRQ KDYHQRZ EHFRPH TXLWH SDUDGR[LFDOO\ VWUDQJHUV LQ WKHLU RZQ FRXQWU\ LQ WLPHV RI HFRQRPLF EXR\DQF\ :H FRXOG DVN RXUVHOYHV ZKHWKHU 0HHKDQ©V DQG %RODQG©V FRQIURQWDWLRQV RI WKHLU UHPHPEHUHG ODQGVFDSHV ZLWK WKH SUHVHQWRQHVPD\FRQVWLWXWHDQHZYDULHW\RIWKH¦FRXQWU\YHUVXV FLW\§ SDVWRUDOWRSRV WKDWXUEDQZULWHUVXVHGWRFXOWLYDWHLQWKHLUGHSUHFDWLRQ RIWKHFLW\DQGLGHDOL]DWLRQRIUXUDOVSDFHV :LOOLDPV +RZHYHUZH ZRXOGOLNHWRVXJJHVWWKDWWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRIQD WXUH LV DFWXDOO\ D UHVSRQVH IURP D QHZ HFRORJLFDO VWDQGSRLQW WR WKLV VRFLDO FXOWXUDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SKHQRPHQRQ DQG WKDW DV VXFK LW SUREHVLQWRWKHOLPLWVRIZKDWFDQEHLPDJLQHGLQSRHWU\DQGFRQWULEXWHV WRVKDSHDQHZUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKQDWXUH %LGG\ -HQNLQVRQ©V HVVD\ ¦7KH 'HVWUXFWLRQ RI 3RHWLF +DELWDW§ DQ FKRUV WKH ZULWHU©V FUHDWLYLW\ LQ WKH ODQGVFDSH RI KHU FKLOGKRRG ZKHUH QDWXUHDQG P\WKDUHLQWHUWZLQHG¦3RHWLF LQVSLUDWLRQ>ž@ VKRXOGULVHLQ DKRO\ZHOOZKHUHLWZLOOEHZKLVNHGE\WKHWDLOILQVRIEURZQWURXWZKR NHHSWKHJUDYHOXQWDUQLVKHGZKRIDFHDOZD\VLQWRWKHSXOVHRIWKHZDWHU DQGZKRHDWRQO\URZDQEHUULHV§  7KHLURQ\LQWKHSDVVDJHLVHYL GHQWDOWKRXJKLWV IXQFWLRQLVQRWWKDWRIPRFNLQJWKHWLHVEHWZHHQODQG VFDSHP\WKDQGOLWHUDWXUH2QWKHFRQWUDU\-HQNLQVRQ©VILQDOUHFRXUVH WRWKHILJXUHRIWKH+DJ¥DQROGZLWFK¥LQWKHVKDSHRIDIXU]HURRWWKDW V\PEROL]HV WKH YLWDOLW\ RI ,ULVK OLWHUDU\ FUHDWLYLW\ UHLWHUDWHV DW WKH HQG RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ WKH ERQGV EHWZHHQ DUWLVW P\WK DQG QDWXUH 1HYHUWKHOHVVZHZRXOGOLNHWRDUJXHWKDW-HQNLQVRQ©VLURQ\UHVSRQGVWR FRQWHPSRUDU\DZDUHQHVVWKDWWKHVHERQGVFDQQRORQJHUEH DSSURDFKHG  -RG\$OOHQ5DQGROSK  H[SODLQVKRZ¦,Q 2XU2ZQ&RXQWU\§ UHVSRQGVWR WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHODUJHVW,ULVKVKRSSLQJFHQWUHLQWKH'XEOLQVXEXUERI'XQGUXP¥ ZKLFKXVHGWREHDIRXUKXQGUHG\HDUROGYLOODJH$OOHQ 5DQGROSKTXRWHVWKH,ULVKQRYHO LVW$QQH(QULJKWZKRUHPDUNVWKDWWKLV VKRSSLQJFHQWUHDSSURSULDWHGWKHQDPHRIWKH WRZQ¦DQGVWDUWHGZLSLQJRXWDOOWKHRWKHUQDPHVLQDUDGLXV§ 194 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe EXW ZLWK D GHJUHH RI VHOIGRXEW DQG LQWHUURJDWLRQ DV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHPHQW¦7KH\RXQJSDWULRWLFSRHWXVHGWRPDNHDWRQHPHQWDWWKLV ZHOO +HU DQFHVWRUV KDG EHHQ 6DVVHQDFKV PXFK WR KHU GLVJXVW§   &XULRXVO\HQRXJKLWLVQRWWKHLG\OOLFVHWWLQJWKDWWULJJHUVSRHWLFLQVSLUD WLRQEXWWKHFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQ(GHQDQGHYLO¦WKHDGYDQFHRIFLYLOLVDWLRQ LQWKHYDOOH\§  LQWKHIRUPRIDWRXUEXVZKLFKUDQRYHUKHU FDW DQGOHGWKHFKLOGWRZULWHKHUILUVWSRHP$VLQ%RODQG©V¦,Q2XU2ZQ &RXQWU\§ -HQNLQVRQ©VHVVD\OD\VLQSDUWWKHEODPHIRUWKHGHWHULRUD WLRQRI,ULVKQDWXUHRQ(XURSHLQSDUWLFXODURQWKHIDUPLQJSROLFLHVRI WKHQDVFHQW(XURSHDQ8QLRQ¦3URJUHVV>ž@DGYDQFHGWKURXJKWKHYDO OH\LQWKHIRUPRI((&VXEVLGLVHGVKHHSDQGKLJKEDUEHGZLUHIHQFHV§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pLQHWUDFHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV RI WKLV FRQQHFWLRQ LQ SRSXODU ORUH ZKHUH ZRPHQ DQG QDWXUHVKDUHWKHSHUYHUVHHIIHFWVRISDWULDUFKDO GHVSRWLVP ULYHUVGLVDSSHDU ILVKDUHEHDFKHG DQGVWLOOZHOLNHWRSRNHRXUQRVHV LQWRRWKHUSHRSOH©VDIIDLUV >ž@ FDVWLJDWLQJWKHJLUOZKRUDQRII ZLWKWKHVWUDQJHU Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 195 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA PDOLJQLQJWKHPRWKHU ZKRDEDQGRQHGKHUFKLOG VKRXOGQ©WZHEHFRQFHUQHG DERXWVXFKDODNHRUVN\RUVHD DQGVWRSWRFRQVLGHUWKHFDXVHRIWKHLUJULHI 7KHVXJJHVWLRQKHUHLV WKDWWKHFDXVHIRUQDWXUH©VDQGWKHVHIHPDOH ILJXUHV© JULHIPD\EHFRQQHFWHGDQGUHVSRQGWRWKHDQGURFHQWULFGHVLUH WRFRQWUROZRPHQ©VERGLHVWKURXJKWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIWZRPRGHOVHLWKHU FKDVWLW\LIWKH\DUHVLQJOHRUPRWKHUKRRGLIWKH\DUHPDUULHG$VLPL ODUSDUDOOHOLVPRIODQGVFDSHGHWHULRUDWLRQDQGZRPHQ©VVH[XDOH[SORLWD WLRQFDQEHIRXQGLQ0DU\'RUFH\©V¦3KRWRJUDSKV§  ZKHUHVKH GHQRXQFHV WKH SRUQRJUDSK\ LQGXVWU\ DQG WULHV WR SURWHFW WKH H[SRVHG ZRPHQIURPIXUWKHUDEXVH3LFWXUHVIURPDSRUQRJUDSKLFPDJD]LQHIORDW RQDULYHUEDQNDPRQJWKHGHEULV LQ DPHWRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVKLSWKDWOLQNV WKHVH ZRPHQ©V ERGLHV DQG RWKHU FRQVXPHU JRRGV ERWK XVHG DQG WKHQ GLVFDUGHG GXQFRORXUHGGXFNVVZDPDPRQJWKHGHEULV VDOYDJLQJEUHDGIURPSODVWLFZUDSSHUV 7KHQ,VDZLW¥GULIWLQJRQWKHVORZFXUUHQWD ZRPDQ©VDUPQDNHGLQWKHWKLQVXQOLJKWDQG DWWKHZDWHU©VHGJHDEODFNVWRFNLQJHGWKLJK KDOIEXULHGLQPXGDQGVLOW :HZRXOGOLNHWRILQLVKWKLVDQDO\VLVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\,ULVKSRHWU\ ZKLFKHQJDJHVZLWKLVVXHVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQZLWKDUHIHUHQFH WR6LQpDG0RUULVH\©V¦3LORWV§LQKHUFROOHFWLRQ7KH6WDWHRIWKH3ULVRQV 7KLV SRHP VKDUHV ZLWK 0DU\ 2©'RQQHOO©V ¦+HDW§ D FRQFHUQ ZLWK HQ GDQJHUHGDQLPDOVSHFLHVLQ WKHLUHQFRXQWHUZLWKKXPDQV,I2©'RQQHOO  7KLVTXRWDWLRQLVSDUWRIDORQJSRHPZKLFKZDVLQVSLUHGE\/DNH&HUNQLFDLQ 6ORYHQLDLQDQGZDVZULWWHQDVSDUWRID6HDOLQHVFRPPLVVLRQRUJDQLVHGE\/LW HUDWXUH $FURVV)URQWLHUV3DUWVRILWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHGLQMRXUQDOVVXFKDVWKH&~LUW -RXUQDO DQG&RPKDUWKRXJKLWKDV QRW\HWDSSHDUHGLQERRNIRUP:HUHSURGXFH GH)UpLQH©VRZQWUDQVODWLRQIURP,ULVKLQWR(QJOLVKZLWKWKHDXWKRU©VNLQGSHUPLVVLRQ 196 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe GHSLFWHG D IDWDO FRQIURQWDWLRQ EHWZHHQ EHDUV DQG KXQWHUV 0RUULVVH\ LURQLFDOO\UHPDUNVRQRXUKXPDQLQFDSDFLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHGHVSHUDWH PHVVDJHRIQDWXUH7KHVHWWLQJLV%HOIDVW/RXJKSROOXWHGWRWKHH[WHQWRI UHVHPEOLQJDG\VWRSLDQGpFRU¦,W ZDVEODFNDVWKHVOLFNVWXQQHGFRDVW RI .XZDLW§   7KH SURWDJRQLVWV DUH WKH ZKDOHV ZKRVH XQH[SHFWHG DUULYDO WULJJHUV DOO NLQGV RI K\SRWKHVHV DQG UHDFWLRQV ¦1HLWKHU GXH  QRUTXDUU\QRUQHFHVVDU\QRUDVNHGIRUQRUXQGHUVWRRGXSRQDUULYDO ¤ ZKDWGLGZHUHFNRQWRGUHVVWKHPLQ"§  7KHSRHPHODERUDWHVRQ WKH GUDPDWLF SKHQRPHQRQ RI ZKDOHV VWUD\LQJ IURP WKHLU ZD\ DQG G\ LQJVWUDQGHG¦7KH\©GOHIWDVLVWHUURWWLQJRQD&RUQLVKEHDFK§   2QHFDQQRWKHOSQRWLFLQJWKHWUDJLFLURQ\RIDQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHOLWHUDU\ WUDGLWLRQZKLFKKDVSDVVHGIURP0RE\'LFN WRWKHVHVWUDQGHGZKDOHV :KLOHWKHYLVLWLQJZKDOHVEHFRPHDVSHFWDFOHWKHFURZGVZHDYHDOONLQGV RI QDUUDWLYHV ZLWK WKHLU FRQMHFWXUHV EXW QDWXUH FDQQRW EH UHGXFHG WR D KXPDQ FXOWXUDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ 0RUULVH\©V FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH FXUUHQW HFRFULWLFDOGHEDWHFRQVLVWVLQSUHVHQWLQJQDWXUHDVDVSHDNLQJVXEMHFW DQG D VRXUFH RI ZLVGRP 0XUSK\   7KXV WKH ZKDOHV FRQYH\ D PHVVDJH ZLWKWKHLUDFWVHYHQLIKXPDQVDUHQRWGLVFHUQLQJHQRXJKWRXQGHUVWDQG LW ¦VRPH GLVPDO FKRUXV RI ZDQW DQG ZLVWIXOQHVV  UHVRXQGLQJ DURXQG WKHSODQHWDODUPHGDQGSURSKHWLFZLWKDOOWKHIRUHVLJKWZHODFN§   ,Q *DOLFLD FRQWHPSRUDU\ SRHWU\ VKDUHV VRPH IHDWXUHV ZLWK ,ULVK YHUVH QDPHO\ WKH GHVLUH WR LQWHUURJDWH SDVWRUDO FOLFKpV DQG WKH H[SOR UDWLRQ RI QHZ UHSHUWRLUHV RI ODQGVFDSH IURP D VHOITXHVWLRQLQJ VWDQG SRLQW $VZHPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKH3UHVWLJHRLOVSLOODJHRIDQG RWKHU UHFHQW HQYLURQPHQWDO FDWDVWURSKHV KDYH PDGH LW LPSRVVLEOH IRU ZULWHUVWRLJQRUHWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQRIQDWXUHVRZHSHUFHLYHDPRQJ*DOL FLDQ ZULWHUV D KLJKHU GHJUHH RI DWWHQWLYHQHVV DQG FRPPLWPHQW WR FXU UHQWHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQVWKDQWKDWWDNLQJSODFHDPRQJ,ULVKSRHWV  ,Q ¦7KH 6HD &DELQHW 9 7KH :KDOH§ &DLWULRQD 2© 5HLOO\ ZULWHV DERXW ZKDOH KXQWLQJDQGH[WLQFWLRQ¦7KHZKDOHRQ ZKLFKWKHLUZRUOGGHSHQGHGLVHOVHZKHUHIUHH RIKLVWRU\§    7KH IROORZLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ RI *DOLFLDQ SRHWV© HQGDQJHUHG ODQGVFDSHV ZDV LQLWL DWHGDQGEULHIO\VNHWFKHGLQDSUHYLRXVDUWLFOHE\0DUtD;HV~V1RJXHLUD ¦3DODEUDVGH WLHUUD§  Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 197 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚ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¦ILUVWWKH\ FRQFHQWUDWHGSURSHUW\WKHQWKH\H[SURSULDWHGZRRGVLQWKHHQGZH EHJDQ WR OLYH RQ EDQN LQWHUHVWV§ ¦$ HVFDGD GH ;DFREH§   7KHVH OLQHVGHSLFWWKHZD\LQZKLFKSHDVDQWVKDYHEHHQSURJUHVVLYHO\DOLHQDWHG IURPWKHLUDJULFXOWXUDOFKRUHV7KH5HIRUPDQG$JUDULDQ'HYHORS PHQW%LOOFRQFHQWUDWHGWKRVHSHDVDQWV© VPDOOODQGVZKLFKDVZDVPRVW RIWHQWKHFDVHZHUHGLVSHUVHG7KHH[SURSULDWLRQRIZRRGVZDVSDUWLDOO\ FDXVHGE\WKLVODQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQFHLWZDVQHFHVVDU\WREXLOGQHZ IRUHVWWUDLOVDQGURDGVEXWLWDOVRGHULYHGIURPRWKHUSXEOLFDQGSULYDWH ZRUNVWKHFRQVHTXHQFHRIZKLFKEHLQJDGUDPDWLFGHIRUHVWDWLRQRIWKH ODQG )URP WKH VWDUW ZLWK KHU FROOHFWLRQ 8UDQLD LQ  &KXV 3D WR©VZRUNKDVEHHQPDUNHGE\DSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHZKLFKDPRQJRWKHU WKLQJVGHQRXQFHVWKHSHUYHUVHHIIHFWVRIFDSLWDOLVP  )RUDVXUYH\RIWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI*DOLFLDQSRHWU\LQWKHVDQGVVHH 1RJXHLUD ¦$SRHVtDJDOHJDDFWXDO§ DQG&RFKyQ  ¦SULPHLUR FRQFHQWUDURQ D SURSLHGDGH  ORJR H[SURSLDURQ D DUERUHGD  ILQDO PHQWHFRPH]DPRVDYLYLUGRVLQWHUHVHVEDQFDULRV§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198 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe (YHQZULWHUVZKRDUHQRZLQWKHLUWZHQWLHVOLNH$QWtD2WHURSHU FHLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDQJHV ZKLFK OHDG WKHP WR ODPHQW WKH ZD\ WKH FRDVWDOODQGVFDSHVRI WKHLUFKLOGKRRGKDYHEHHQPDUUHGE\WKHHXFDO\S WXVPRQRFXOWXUH¦$VDJLUO,XVHGWRZDWFKWKHWLGHVIURPWKHZLQGRZ 7RGD\WKH\SODQWHGHXFDO\SWXVHV§ 2WHUR  7KHPDVVLYHSODQWDWLRQ RIHXFDO\SWXVHVKDV EHHQPRWLYDWHGE\LQWHUHVWVRIWKHSDSHUDQGWLPEHU LQGXVWULHVDQGWKHUHDUHVRPHFRQFHUQVUHJDUGLQJWKHLU HIIHFWRQ ELRORJL FDO GLYHUVLW\ DQG EDODQFH $OWKRXJK WKLV FRQWUDVW EHWZHHQ WKH UHPHP EHUHG ODQGVFDSH RI FKLOGKRRG DQG WKH GHWHULRUDWHG RQH RI DGXOWKRRG PD\UHPLQGXVRI3DXOD0HHKDQ©VSRHPVLQWKLVUHVSHFW2WHUR©VYLVLRQ RIFKLOGKRRGLV SHUKDSVPRUHLGHDOL]HGWKDQ0HHKDQ©VQXDQFHGZULWLQJ $QRWKHUKXPDQLQWHUYHQWLRQUHVHQWHGE\VRPHZULWHUVLVWKHXELTXLW\RI ZLQGWXUELQHVRQKLOOVXPPLWV7KLVPD\VHHPSDUDGR[LFDODVZLQGHQ HUJ\KDVWKHHFRORJLVWV© VXSSRUWEXWQRRQHLVXQDZDUHRIWKHHFRQRPLF LQWHUHVWVZKLFKPRWLYDWHWKHLQWHQVLYHGHSOR\PHQWRIWKHVHWXUELQHVDQG WKHLU VWURQJ YLVXDO LPSDFW 0DULxD 3pUH] 5HL ¦2V DHUR[HQHUDGRUHV§  UHIOHFWVRQWKHLUYDPSLULFHIIHFWRQODQGVFDSHERG\DQGZULWLQJ¦7KH ZLQGWXUELQHVFDVWDJLJDQWLFVKDGRZRQWKHVORSHVRIP\VLHUUDERG\ 5HFNOHVVO\ZLQGHQHUJ\JURZVRQWKHVXPPLWDEVRUELQJP\LGHDV VROHLVXUHO\ž§   7KHSRHWLGHQWLILHVKHU ERG\ZLWKWKHODQGVFDSH DQGIHHOVWKHDJJUHVVLRQWRQDWXUHDVLILWZHUHGLUHFWHGWRKHURZQERG\ DQGSRHWLFLQVSLUDWLRQ$VLQRXUGLVFXVVLRQRI%LGG\-HQNLQVRQ©VHVVD\ DERYHWKHSDUDGR[KHUHOLHVRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHWXUELQHVDUHDFWXDOO\WKH VRXUFHRILQVSLUDWLRQRIWKLVSRHP,QERWKFDVHVWKHUHLVDQHODERUDWLRQ RQQDWXUHDVPXVHWKDWLVXQGHUPLQHGE\DFRQWUDU\GLVFRXUVHRQHQYL URQPHQWDOGHJUDGDWLRQDVPXVH :HZRXOGOLNHWRWXUQRXUDWWHQWLRQQRZWRWZRHQYLURQPHQWDOFD WDVWURSKHVWKDWKDYHUHSHDWHGO\DIIHFWHG*DOLFLDIRUHVWILUHVDQGRLOVSLOO  ¦'H QHQDDVH[DEDPDUHDVGHVGHDILHVWUD+R[HSODQWDURQHXFDOLSWRV§ ¦2VDHUR[HQHUDGRUHVGHLWDQVRPEUD[LJDQWHQDVDEDVGRPHXFRUSRFRUGDO 6HQUHFDWRDHQHU[tDHyOLFDPHGUDQRFXPHDEVRUEHQGRDVPLxDVLGHDVWDQYDJDU RVDPHQWHž§  3pUH]5HLKDVDOVRSXEOLVKHGDIXWXULVWQRYHO&DQtFXODDERXWWKHHIIHFWVRIJORE DOZDUPLQJ  Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 199 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA DJHV7KHLUOLWHUDU\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDUHQRWLPDJLQDU\RUV\PEROLFG\V WRSLDVEXWUHIHUWRUHDOHYHQWV,QWKHVXPPHURI*DOLFLDVXIIHUHG D QLJKWPDULVK ZDYH RI ILUHV ZKLFK GHYDVWDWHG KXQGUHGV RI IRUHVWV DQG ZUHDNHGKDYRFZLWK WKHSRSXODWLRQ,QKHUFROOHFWLRQ0XGDQ]DVZKLFK HQJDJHVLQUHZULWLQJDQXPEHURI:HVWHUQP\WKV0DULODU$OHL[DQGUH DOOXGHVWRWKH$QJHOLQ([RGXVVHQWE\*RGWRSXQLVK(J\SWLDQVZKHQ VKHGHVFULEHVDQDQJHOGHVWUR\LQJWKHODQGVFDSH¦WKHILUHPROHVFUDWFKHV LWVWXQQHOVXQGHUWKHWUHHVSODQWHGE\P\IDWKHU©VKDQGVKHGLHVDJDLQ ZLWKHYHU\IDOOHQWUHHWKHUHWKHDQJHO©VFODZLVWHDULQJWKHODQGVFDSH VLJQLQJWKHKDQGVWKHWKURDWVWKHKRXVHVZKHUHKHGLGQRWILQGWKH EORRGPDUNV§   7KHVHEORRGPDUNVDUHDQDOOXVLRQWRWKRVHRQWKH GRRUVRIWKH,VUDHOLWHV©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¦WLGHRIVROLGDULW\§)RXUFROOHFWLYHYROXPHVKDYHJDWKHUHG WKH ZULWHUV© SRHPV DERXW WKLV FDWDVWURSKH 7KHVH DUH KHWHURJHQHRXV FROOHFWLRQVUHJDUGLQJERWKWKHDXWKRUV¥IURPGLIIHUHQWJHQHUDWLRQVDQG ZLWK VRPH FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP QRQSURIHVVLRQDO ZULWHUV¥DQG WKH W\SH RI WH[WV¥UHDOLVWLF DOOHJRULFDO EXUOHVTXH SDPSKOHWHHULQJ O\ULFDO HWF +RZHYHUWKH\DOOVKDUHWKHGHQXQFLDWLRQRIWKHFDXVHVRIWKHRLOVSLOODJH  ¦HVFDUDYHOODDWRXSDGHIRJRRVVHXVW~QHOHVSRUEDL[RGDViUERUHVSODQWDGDV SRODPDQGHPHXSDLHOYROYHPRUUHUFRQFDGDiUERUHGHUUXEDGDHLVDJDGRXSDGR DQ[RHVJD]DQGRDSDLVD[HDVLQDQGRQDVPDQVQDVJRU[DVQDVFDVDVRQGHQRQDFKRX DV PDUFDVGRVDQJXH§  $OPD GH EHLUDPDU   1HJUD VRPEUD   6HPSUH0DU   1XQFD PiLV   200 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe LWV LQHIILFLHQW KDQGOLQJ DQG DERYH DOO LWV FRQVHTXHQFHV RQ WKH HFRV\V WHP7KHFRPPRQSXUSRVHDQGVXEMHFWPDWWHURIWKHWH[WVJUDQWVWKHVH FROOHFWLRQV D PLOLWDQW VWDWXV ,Q 0DUtD /DGR©V RSLQLRQ 3pUH]  ZULWHUV ZHUH EURXJKW WRJHWKHU E\ D FRPPRQ JRDO ZKLFK IDFLOLWDWHG WKH FUHD WLRQ RI QHWZRUNV DQG WKH SODQQLQJ RI FROODERUDWLYH SURMHFWV 7KH SRHW EHOLHYHVWKDWWKLVHFRORJLFDOFULVLVPDGHLWQHFHVVDU\WRUHYLVHWKHOLWHUDU\ UHSHUWRLUH RI *DOLFLD©V EXFROLF ODQGVFDSHV 7KH FULWLF +HOHQD *RQ]iOH] )HUQiQGH] KDV DOVR VLQJOHG RXW WKH OLWHUDU\ QHWZRUNV IRUPHG WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVVDERXWWKHGLVDVWHUDQGGHQRXQFHWKHPLVPDQDJHPHQW5DWKHU WKDQWKHERRNVSURGXFHGVKHKLJKOLJKWVWKHLQQXPHUDEOH¦DFWLRQVDQG LQWHUYHQWLRQV DQG LQWHUYHQLQJ LV WUDQVIRUPLQJ §   ZKLFK VSUHDG ZLWKYLUDOUDSLGLW\RYHU*DOLFLDDQGUHDFWLYDWHGFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQ7KH \HDU  WKHQ LV ERXQG WR PDUN D WXUQLQJ SRLQW LQ WKH SDUFRXUV RI *DOLFLDQ OLWHUDWXUHDVZHOODVLQLWVFULWLFDOSHULRGL]DWLRQ 7KHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQVRRQKDGLWVHIIHFWRQWKHSRHWV© PHWDOLW HUDU\UHIOHFWLRQV$QD5RPDQtZURWH¦WK 'HFHPEHU /LNHERGLHV H[KDXVWHGRQWKHLURZQYR\DJHLQWKHLULPSRVVLELOLW\VWUDQGHGLQWKH GDUNVHDWKHFHWDFHDQVDQGWKHZRUGV§   :KDOHVKDYHDVLQJXODU SUHVHQFHLQ5RPDQt©VSRHWU\ RIWHQDVV\PEROVRIIHPLQLQLW\DOWKRXJK LQ WKLV FDVH FHWDFHDQV DQG ZRUGV JHW VWUDQGHG DIWHU WKH HFRORJLFDO FD WDVWURSKH $JDLQ ZH DUH FRQIURQWHG ZLWK WKH SDUDGR[ RI D WH[W WKDW LVWULJJHUHGE\GDPDJHWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWZKLOHLWFODLPVWREHPDGH LPSRVVLEOH E\ WKDW VDPH GDPDJH 7KLV SDUDGR[ VHHPV WR H[SUHVV WKH ZULWHU©VSDLQVWDNLQJHIIRUWWRSURGXFHDQHZSRHWLFGLVFRXUVHWKDWLVGLI IHUHQWIURPWKHDFTXLUHGWUDGLWLRQRQHWKDWFDQJLYHDYRLFHWRWKHQHZ FLUFXPVWDQFHVLQWKHHFRV\VWHP:HDOVRILQGWKLV¦QHJDWHG§ SRHWU\LQ 0DUtDGR&HEUHLUR©V¦7RQHJDWHWKHEOXHLVPRUHWKDQWRQDPHLW,ZLOO QRWVSHDNRIWKHVHD,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHDQ\PRUH§    ¦GHFHPEUR &RPRFRUSRVTXHVHHVJRWDQQDV~DSURSLDVLQJUDGXUDQD V~D LPSRVLELOLGDGHYDUDGRVQRPDUHVFXURRVFHWiFHRVHDVSDODEUDV§ 5RPDQt©VYHUVH LVSDUWRIDVHULHVZULWWHQGXULQJWKH3UHVWLJHFULVLVDVKHDGWH[WVIRUKHUSURJUDPPH &XOWXUDO-RXUQDORQWKH*DOLFLDQ5DGLR+HUZULWLQJLOOXVWUDWHVWKHHIIHFWRIWKHGLVDVWHU RQWKHFXOWXUDOZRUOGDV ZHOODVWKHZULWHUV© FRPPLWPHQW  ¦1HJDURD]XOpPiLVTXHQRPHDOR1RQIDODUHLGRPDU;DQRQVHSRGH§ Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 201 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA $V ZDV WKH FDVH ZLWK 'RUFH\ DQG GH )UpLQH LQ ,UHODQG WKHUH DUH RFFDVLRQDOILJXUDWLYHFRQQHFWLRQVRIQDWXUHDQGZRPDQLQWKH3UHVWLJH SRHWLFFRUSXV/XSH*yPH]FRPSDUHV WKHSROOXWHGVHDWRDVDGZRPDQ DQGKHUOLQHVHQGZLWKDFDOOWRVWUXJJOH¦,GDQFHGLQWKHVHD,QRORQJHU GDQFH,QRORQJHUKDYHDQ\VWUHQJWKLQP\ERG\7KHVHDLVQRZDVDG ZRPDQDQGZHPXVWVWUXJJOHZHPXVWHOHYDWHRXU VRQJ§   'DQF LQJXVXDOO\UHSUHVHQWVKDSSLQHVVDQGIUHHGRPLQ*yPH]©VSRHWU\7KLVLV DOVRSRHWU\LQWKHQHJDWLYHIRUPVLQFHWKHSRHWLFSHUVRQDIHHOVLQFDSDEOH RIGDQFLQJDIWHU WKH3UHVWLJHRLOVSLOODJH 7KHSRHWU\DERXWWKH3UHVWLJHFULVLVLVQRWOLPLWHGWRWKHIRXUDGKRF FROOHFWLYH YROXPHV SXEOLVKHG LQ  :ULWHUV FRQWLQXHG WR HQJDJH LQ WKLVWRSLFLQWKHIROORZLQJ\HDUV2ISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLV(OYLUD5LYHLUR©V UHIHUHQFHWR&HOVR(PLOLR)HUUHLURDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRI*DOLFLDQVRFLDOSR HWU\LQWKHV,QRQHRIKLVSRHPVKHVWDWHV¦,QRUGHUWRHQFRPSDVV DOOWKHVKDPHRIWKHZRUOG,VD\9LHW1DPDQGLWLVHQRXJK§   5LYHLUR GHFLGHV WR DGG WKH 3UHVWLJH WRSLF WR WKH XQLYHUVDO FDWDORJXH RI VKDPHIXOGLVDVWHUVDQGZULWHV¦,VD\3UHVWLJHDQGDORQJZLWKWKHUHHG WUHPEOHVDUJRHVSORYHUVZLQNOHVVDODPDQGHUV/LNHDKRZOWKDWEXUVWV RXWRIPHPRU\,VD\3UHVWLJHDQGLWLVHQRXJK§   2Q RWKHURF FDVLRQVWKRVHWHOHYLVLRQLPDJHVRIWKHFDWDVWURSKHZKLFKKDYHUHPDLQHG LQRXUFROOHFWLYHPHPRU\VXFKDVILVKHUPHQDQGYROXQWHHUVUHPRYLQJWKH IXHOIURPWKHVHDZLWKWKHLURZQKDQGVEHFRPHVLPLOHVDQGMRLQWKHUHS HUWRLUHRIOLWHUDU\WURSHV7KLVLVWKHFDVHLQ&KXV3DWR©VWH[W¦MXVWDVZH FKRRVHIURPWKHGUL]]OHRIRQHGD\©VWKRXJKWVWKRVHRIFRPPRQLQWHUHVW LQDVXPPDU\WRDIULHQGVRZHH[WUDFWSRUWLRQVIURPWLPHZHH[WUDFW WKHP MXVW OLNH *DOLFLDQ ILVKHUPHQ ZLWKGUDZLQJ WKH IXHO IURP *DOLFLDQ VHDVZLWKWKHLUKDQGV§ ¦2VSD[DURV§   $VLQJXODUFDVHLVWKDWRI  ¦(XEDLOHLQRPDU;DQRQEDLOR;DQRQWHxRIRU]DQRFRUSR2PDUpXQKD PXOOHUWULVWHDJRUDHWHPRVTXHORLWDUWHPRVTXHHOHYDURFDQWR§  ¦3DUDDEUDQJXHUDYHUJRQ]DGRPXQGRGLJR9LHW 1DPHEDVWD§  ¦'LJR 3UHVWLJH H WUHPHQ FR [XQFR  VDUJR StOODUD FDUDPX[R VDOPiQWLJD  &RPDXQDODULGRTXHUHEHQWDGDPHPRULDGLJR3UHVWLJHHEDVWD§  ¦FRPR GD PDUPDxD GH SHQVDPHQWRV GXQ GtD FDQGR D UHVXPLPRV SDUD XQKD DPLJD GHVWDFDPRV RV GH LQWHUHVH FRP~Q DVt H[WUDHPRV GR WHPSR SRUFLyQV H[WUDFWi PRODVFRPRRVPDULxHLURVGH*DOLFLDUHWLUDEDQRIXHOGRVPDUHVGH*DOLFLDFRDVPDQV§ 202 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 0DUtD/DGR©VFROOHFWLRQ1RYHZKLFKLQVSLUHGDOVRE\WKH3UHVWLJHFD WDVWURSKHUHYROYHVDURXQGDQDOOHJRULFDOLVODQGQDPHG1RYHPEHU¥WKH PRQWK RI WKH VLQNLQJ¥DQG H[SORUHV WKH WRSLFV RI SDLQ UHPHPEUDQFH DQGDPQHVLD%HVLGHVLQIRUPLQJWKHDWPRVSKHUHDQGV\PEROLVPRIWKH SRHPVWKH3UHVWLJHPRWLIUHDSSHDUVDWWKHFRORSKRQPDUNLQJWKHFRP SOHWLRQ GDWHRI WKHERRN¦PDUFK LQDFRUXxDRSHQWRWKHVWRUPLQPD UtDPDULxR©V\HDUILYH\HDUVDIWHUWKHVKLS§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¦PDU]RQDFRUXxDDEHUWDDRWHPSRUDOQRDQRGHPDUtDPDULxRDFLQFRDQRVGR EDUFR§7KHERRNZDVFRPSOHWHGLQWKHFLW\RI$&RUXxDLQ0DUFK7KLVZDVDOVR WKH\HDULQZKLFKWKH'D\RI*DOLFLDQ/LWHUDWXUHKRQRXUHG0DUtD0DULxR   Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 203 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA 5HIHUHQFHV $OHL[DQGUH0DULODU¦$UGHR3LQGR§0XGDQ]DV6DQWLDJR3HQ&OXEHGH*DOL FLD(GLWRULDO'DQ~ $OOHQ5DQGROSK-RG\¦1HZ,UHODQG3RHWLFV7KH(FRFULWLFDO7XUQLQ&RQWHP SRUDU\,ULVK:RPHQ©V3RHWU\§-RXUQDORI1RUGLF,ULVK6WXGLHV     $OPDGH%HLUDPDU$$VRFLDFLyQGH(VFULWRUHVHQ/LQJXD*DOHJDFRQWUDDPDU HDQHJUD  9LJR$(/*$1RVD7HUUD %RODQG(DYDQ¦$.LQGRI6FDU7KH:RPDQ3RHWLQD1DWLRQDO7UDGLWLRQ§ (DYDQ%RODQGHWDO$'R]HQ/LSV'XEOLQ$WWLF3UHVV ¥ 'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH0DQFKHVWHU&DUFDQHW %KUHDWKQDFK/\QFK6LJKOH¦/DQGVFDSH6SDFHDQG*HQGHU7KHLU5ROHLQWKH &RQVWUXFWLRQRI)HPDOH,GHQWLW\LQ1HZO\,QGHSHQGHQW,UHODQG§&DQDGLDQ :RPDQ6WXGLHV/HV&DKLHUVGHOD)HPPH    &RFKyQ ,ULV ¦$ GpFDGD SRpWLFD GRV QRYHQWD FRQWLQXLGDGH H PXGDQ]D§ $ /LWHUDWXUD GHVGH  DWD KR[H 3RHVtD H WHDWUR 'LU 'DUtR 9LOODQXHYD (G$Q[R7DUUtR9DUHOD9RORI/LWHUDWXUD$&RUXxD+pUFXOHVGH(GL FLRQHV &RSOH\ 6WHSKHQ DQG 3HWHU *DUVLGH HGV 7KH 3ROLWLFV RI WKH 3LFWXUHVTXH /LW HUDWXUH/DQGVFDSHDQG$HVWKHWLFVVLQFH&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83  &XQQLQJKDP3DXO,UHODQG©V%XUQLQJ+RZ&OLPDWH&KDQJH:LOO$IIHFW<RX 'XEOLQ3RROEHJ3UHVV 'H%XVWRV5RVD,QWHUYLHZZLWK0DQXHO5LYDV8QHOLEURV    'H)UpLQH&HOLD¦&XLUDPDFKWRPKDVGRPULGGOHPHWKLV§ 3RHPXQSXEOLVKHG LQERRNIRUP 'RUFH\0DU\0RYLQJLQWRWKH6SDFH&OHDUHGE\2XU0RWKHUV%ULGJH0LOOV *DOZD\6DOPRQ3XEOLVKLQJ )HUUHLUR &HOVR (PLOLR¦'LJR9LHW1DPHEDVWD§9LD[HDRSDtVGRVDQDQRV3RH VtDJDOHJDFRPSOHWD(G5DPyQ1LFROiV9LJR;HUDLV *DDUG *UHWD DQG 3DWULFN ' 0XUSK\ ¦,QWURGXFWLRQ§ (FRIHPLQLVW /LWHUDU\ &ULWLFLVP7KHRU\,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ3HGDJRJ\ (GV*UHWD*DDUGDQG3DWULFN '0XUSK\8UEDQDDQG&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV *yPH]/XSH¦2PDUpXQKDPXOOHUWULVWH§1HJUDVRPEUD,QWHUYHQFLyQSRp WLFDFRQWUDDPDUHDQHJUD6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD$&RUXxD9LJR)HGH UDFLyQGH/LEUHLURVGH*DOLFLD(VSLUDO0DLRU;HUDLV 204 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe *RQ]iOH] &DVDGHPRQW 5RVD ¦¨$V D :ULWHU , MXVW /LNH WKH 1RWLRQ RI 'R LQJ 1HZ 7KLQJV© $Q ,QWHUYLHZ ZLWK 'HUPRW %ROJHU§ ,ULVK /DQGVFDSHV (GV-RVp)UDQFLVFR)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH]DQG0DUtD(OHQD-DLPHGH3DEORV $OPHUtD 6HUYLFLR GH 3XEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OPHUtD   *RQ]iOH] )HUQiQGH] +HOHQD ¦$ SRHVtD QRV DQRV  H  6REUH FULVHV DXWRUDV H XQKD FHUWD WHQGHQFLD i LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQ§ $QXDULR *ULDO GH (VWXGRV/LWHUDULRV*DOHJRV9LJR*DOD[LD *XLQQHVV6HOLQD,QWURGXFWLRQ7KH1HZ,ULVK3RHWV(G6HOLQD*XLQQHVV7DU VHW%ORRGD[H +DUGLH.HUU\0HVVDJHWR0DQXHOD3DODFLRV-XO\(PDLO -HQNLQVRQ%LGG\¦7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRI3RHWLF+DELWDW§ 7KH6RXWKHUQ5HYLHZ    .LEHUG 'HFODQ ¦$IWHU ,UHODQG"§ 7KH ,ULVK 7LPHV  $XJXVW  :HE  1RY /DGR0DUtD1RYH$(VWUDGD(GLFLyQV)HUYHQ]D /ySH]6iQGH]0DUtD  ¦$UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGRVHVSD]RVUXUDLVHXUEDQRVQD SRHVtDJDOHJDDFWXDOLPD[LQDULRWHUULWRULDOORFDOL]DFLyQHJOREDOL]DFLyQ§ WK $,(*&RQIHUHQFH6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD-XO\ 0DUtDGR&HEUHLUR¦3RHPDGHDPRU§2VKHPLVIHULRV9LJR*DOD[LD  0HHKDQ3DXOD3DLQWLQJ5DLQ0DFKHVWHU&DUFDQHW 0RUULVVH\6LQpDG7KH6WDWHRIWKH3ULVRQV0DQFKHVWHU&DUFDQHW 0RXUH7HUHVD2QDWXUDOpSROtWLFR9LJR;HUDLV 0XUSK\3DWULFN'/LWHUDWXUH1DWXUHDQG2WKHU(FRIHPLQLVW&ULWLTXHV$O EDQ\6WDWH8RI1HZ<RUN3 1HJUDVRPEUD,QWHUYHQFLyQSRpWLFDFRQWUDDPDUHDQHJUD6DQWLDJRGH&RP SRVWHOD$&RUXxD9LJR)HGHUDFLyQGH/LEUHLURVGH*DOLFLD(VSLUDO0DLRU ;HUDLV 1HOVRQ(&KDUOHVDQG:HQG\):DOVK7KH7UHHVRI,UHODQG1DWLYHDQG1DWX UDOLVHG'XEOLQ7KH/LOOLSXW3UHVV 1RJXHLUD 0DUtD ;HV~V ¦$ SRHVtD JDOHJD DFWXDO $OJXQKDV QRWDV QHFHVDULD PHQWHSURYLVRULDVSDUDXQHVWDGRGDFXHVWLyQ§0DGU\JDO    ¥ 1XQFD 0iLV 6L WRWV QRVDOWUHV VRP OD PLUDGD L HO YHQW %DUFHORQD $VR FLDFLyQ1XQFD0iLVGH&DWDOXQ\D ¥ ¦3DODEUDVGHWLHUUDSDUDGHWHQHUODPDUHD(OSDLVDMHHQODVSRHWDVJDOOHJDV§ 3DODEUDVH[WUHPDV(VFULWRUDVJDOOHJDVHLUODQGHVDVGHKR\(GV0DQXHOD Endangered Landscapes: Poetic Interventions in Ireland and Galicia 205 MANUELA PALACIOS AND MARÍA XESÚS NOGUEIRA 3DODFLRV*RQ]iOH]DQG+HOHQD*RQ]iOH])HUQiQGH]$&RUXxD1HWELEOR  2©'RQQHOO0DU\7KH$UN%XLOGHUV7RGPRUGHQ$UF3XEOLFDWLRQV 2©'ULVFROO'HQQLV¦7URXEOHG7KRXJKWV3RHWU\3ROLWLFVLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\,UH ODQG§7KH6RXWKHUQ5HYLHZ    2©5HLOO\&DLWULRQD7KH6HD&DELQHW7DUVHW%ORRGD[H 2WHUR$QWtD¦2OODQGRRPDU§2VRQGD[RUGHLUD$&RUXxD(VSLUDO0DLRU  3DODFLRV*RQ]iOH]0DQXHOD¦+RZ*UHHQ:DV0\9DOOH\7KH&ULWLTXHRIWKH 3LFWXUHVTXHE\,ULVKDQG*DOLFLDQ:RPHQ3RHWV§)HPLQLVPRV     ¥ ¦:LWKLQDQG%H\RQGWKH1DWLRQ&RQWHPSRUDU\,ULVKDQG*DOLFLDQ:RPHQ 3RHWV§(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI(QJOLVK6WXGLHV  ,QWHUFXOWXUDO1HJRWLD WLRQV   3DWR&KXV¦$HVFDGDGH;DFREH§1tQLYH9LJR;HUDLV ¥ ¦2VSD[DURVTXHULiPRORVVHUHQRQQRVJXVWDQRVSULVPiWLFRV§+RUGDVGH HVFULWXUD9LJR;HUDLV 3pUH]0DUFRV6¦(Q1RYH SDUDPLQHUDLPSRUWDQWHPDUFDUPRLWRRVHQWLPHQWR GHGRU§9LHLURV -XQH:HE1RY 3pUH]5HL0DULxD¦2VDHUR[HQHUDGRUHVGHLWDQVRPEUD§)DQHUyJDPD6DGD$ &RUXxD(GLFLyQVGR&DVWUR ¥ &DQtFXOD6DQWLDJR6RWHOR%ODQFR 4XLQE\ /HH ¦(FRIHPLQLVP DQG WKH 3ROLWLFV RI 5HVLVWDQFH§ 5HZHDYLQJ WKH :RUOG7KH(PHUJHQFHRI(FRIHPLQLVP(GV,UHQH'LDPRQGDQG*ORULD )HUQDQ2UHQVWHLQ6DQ)UDQFLVFR6LHUUD&OXE%RRNV 5LYHLUR (OYLUD ¦'LJR 3UHVWLJH H EDVWD§ $QGDU DR OHX 3RQWHYHGUD 7DPER  5RI&DUEDOOR;0LWRHUHDOLGDGHGDWHUUDQDLQG HG9LJR*DOD[LD 5RPDQt$QD¦'RGLDULR§6HPSUH0DU&XOWXUDFRQWUDDEXUODQHJUD6DQWLDJR GH&RPSRVWHOD$VRFLDFLyQ&XOWXUDO%HQLWR6RWR 6HPSUH0DU&XOWXUDFRQWUDDEXUODQHJUD6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD$VRFLDFLyQ &XOWXUDO%HQLWR6RWR 7RGRURY7]YHWDQ/HV$EXVGHODPpPRLUH3DULV$UOpD :LOOLDPV5D\PRQG7KH&RXQWU\DQGWKH&LW\2[IRUG2[IRUG83 <HDWV:LOOLDP%XWOHU¦(DVWHU§ &ROOHFWHG3RHPV/RQGRQ3LFDGRU &ODVVLFV The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art MANUS O'DWYER Universidade de Santiago de Compostela ¦(PHUJLQJOLWHUDWXUHV§ KDYHEHHQGHILQHGDV¦$ERG\RIWH[WVSURGXFHG LQ D JLYHQ FKDQJLQJ VRFLROLQJXLVWLFSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDO FRQWH[W WDNLQJ SODFHLQWKHODQGVFDSHRIZRUOGOLWHUDWXUHDQGWUDQVIRUPLQJLWIURPWKH SHULSKHU\§ *UDVVLQ ',7/  &pVDU 'RPtQJXH]   LQ DQ HIIRUW WR PRYHDZD\IURPWKHQDWLRQVWDWHDVWKHFRQFHSWXDOXQLWZLWKLQZKLFKWR ORFDWHWKLVFKDQJHDQGHPSKDVL]LQJWKHV\VWHPLFFRPSOH[LW\RIOLWHUDU\ G\QDPLFV SUHIHUV WKHWHUP¦OLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH§ , WKXV UHIRUPXODWH WKH WUDGLWLRQDO ODEHO ¦HPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUHV§ WR ¦OLWHUDU\ HPHUJHQFH§ DV WKH IRUPHU SRVVHVVHV FOHDU HVVHQWLDOLVW DQG PRQRORJLFFRQQRWDWLRQVZKLFKFODVKZLWKWKHUHDOLW\RIWKHOLWHUDU\G\ QDPLF7KHIDFWLVWKDWQRWRQO\WKHJUHDWOLWHUDU\SHULRGVEXWDOVRHDFK PRPHQWLQWLPHGHVFULEHVDSURFHVVRIG\QDPLFDQGFRQWUDGLFWRU\UHOD WLRQVLQWKHGLDOHFWLFVRIGRPLQDQWUHVLGXDODQGHPHUJLQJIRUPV   %DVLQJKLVDQDO\VLVLQSDUW RQ5D\PRQG:LOOLDPV©V¦%DVHDQG6XSHUVWUXF WXUH LQ 0DU[LVW &XOWXUDO 7KHRU\§ 'RPtQJXH] HPSKDVLVHV WKH SOD\ RI DOWHUQDWLYHDQGRSSRVLWLRQDOFRXQWHUIRUFHVWRDVHOIUHSURGXFLQJGRPL QDQWFXOWXUH+HDOVRVWUHVVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\IRFXV LQWKHVWXG\RIOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFH¦>W@KHVWXG\RIHPHUJHQFHUHTXLUHVDQ LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\IRFXVDVZHDUHGHDOLQJZLWKDSKHQRPHQRQZKLFKJRHV EH\RQGWKHERXQGDULHVRIOLWHUDU\DUWLVWLFDQGHYHQFXOWXUDOFLUFOHV§   208 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe /LWHUDU\HPHUJHQFHWKHQLVDFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJG\QDPLFRIGLVFRXUVH DQGFRXQWHUGLVFRXUVHWKDWRFFXUVZLWKLQDQGEHWZHHQPXOWLSOHV\VWHPLF VWUXFWXUHVWKHVWXG\RIZKLFK UHTXLUHVXVWRPRYHEH\RQGOLWHUDU\ILHOGV ,QWKLVHVVD\,ZLOOUHODWHWKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIOLWHUDU\HPHUJHQFHWR WKHZRUNRI6SDQLVKSRVWZDUSRHW-RVpºQJHO9DOHQWHEXWLQNHHSLQJ ZLWK WKH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ SRWHQWLDO LPSOLHG E\ 'RPtQJXH]©V IRUPXOD WLRQZLOOPRYHDZD\IURPWKHVWULFWO\OLWHUDU\WRH[SORUHKRZ9DOHQWH©V SRHWU\DQGSRHWLFV H[SOLFLWO\HQJDJHZLWKHPHUJHQFHDVDSKLORVRSKLFDO DQGWKHRORJLFDOFRQFHSW,ZLOODUJXHWKDW9DOHQWH©VSRHWLFVLVSHUWLQHQW WRFRQWHPSRUDU\WKRXJKWDQGDUWLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQWKDWHQJDJHZLWKHPHU JHQFH¥WKHFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRI¦OLIH§ LQWKHWKRXJKWRI*LOOHV'HOHX]H DQG*LRUJLR$JDPEHQDQGWKH¦ELRDUW§ RI(GXDUGR.DFDQGWKH7LV VXH&XOWXUHDQG$UWSURMHFW¥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¦HPHUJHQWHQWL WLHV SURSHUWLHVRUVXEVWDQFHV ¨DULVH© RXWRIPRUHIXQGDPHQWDOHQWLWLHV DQG \HW DUH ¨QRYHO© RU ¨LUUHGXFLEOH© ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKHP§ ,Q VFLHQWLILF GLVFRXUVHHPHUJHQWLVPLVRSSRVHGWRUHGXFWLRQLVPWKHLGHDWKDWFRP SOH[LW\ FDQ EHXQGHUVWRRGE\XQGHUO\LQJODZVZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHD¦GHHS DQGXQLI\LQJVLPSOLFLW\§ 'DYLHV ,WSRVLWVWKHQRQUHGXFLELOLW\RIV\V WHPVDQGILQGVH[SUHVVLRQLQWKHJURZLQJ DLGHGE\WKHGHYHORSPHQWRI SRZHUIXOFRPSXWHUV ILHOGVRIFKDRVDQGFRPSOH[LW\WKHRULHV 7KHSK\VLFLVW3DXO'DYLHVGLVFXVVLQJWKHWKHPHRIHPHUJHQFHLQWKH FROOHFWLRQRIHVVD\V)URP&RPSOH[LW\WR/LIH2QWKH(PHUJHQFHRI/LIH DQG0HDQLQJ ZULWHV ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH VFLHQWLILF TXHVW IRU H[SODLQLQJ WKH URXWH ¦IURP FRPSOH[LW\WROLIH§ SURYRNHVDSRVWVFLHQWLILFTXHVWIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJ The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 209 MANUS O'DWYER WKHHPHUJHQFHRIPHDQLQJ¦IURPFRPSOH[LW\WRFRQVFLRXVQHVV§ 7KLV LVZKHUHSKLORVRSK\DQGWKHRORJ\PD\HQWHUWKHSLFWXUH,IE\SKLOR VRSKLFDOWKHRORJ\ZHPHDQWKHGLVFLSOLQHGDWWHPSWWRUDWLRQDOO\HYDOX DWHDOWHUQDWLYHSKLORVRSKLFDODQGUHOLJLRXVDQVZHUVWRWKHTXHVWLRQRI PHDQLQJLQDZRUOGRIHPHUJLQJFRPSOH[LW\   4XHVWLRQLQJ KRZ FRPSOH[LW\ DQG OLIH LWVHOI HPHUJH OHDGV LUUHYRFDEO\ WRSKLORVRSKLFDODQGWKHRORJLFDOLQTXLU\DQGXOWLPDWHO\WRLQTXLU\DVWR KRZRXUFDSDFLW\WRUHIOHFWXSRQRXURZQRULJLQV DURVH $ FRQWHPSRUDU\ WKLQNHU RI HPHUJHQFH +DUROG 0RURZLW] ZULW LQJLQWKHVDPHYROXPHSRVLWVWKLVPRPHQWRI¦PLQGWKLQNLQJEDFNRQ WKHEHJLQQLQJVDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIPLQG§  DVWKHRFFDVLRQRI SKLORVRSKLFDODQGWKHRORJLFDO TXHVWLRQLQJRIRULJLQV7KLVFDQWDNHWKH IRUPLQWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\RIWKHQDWXUDOLVW¦(PHUJHQW(YROXWLRQ§ SURSRXQGHGE\&/OR\G0RUJDQRUFDQFRQIRUPZLWK UHOLJLRXVEHOLHI LQDGLYLQHFUHDWRU)RU 0RURZLW]WKHHPHUJHQWWKHRORJLFDOZRUOGYLHZ LPDJLQHVDGLYLQHLPPDQHQFHZLWKLQWKHZRUOGZKLFKDVLWXQIROGV LQ FRPSOH[LW\SURGXFHVLQKXPDQVHOIUHIOH[LYLW\LWVRZQWUDQVFHQGHQFH ¦2Q WKLV YLHZ WKH WUDQVFHQGHQFH RI *RG LV LWVHOI DQ HPHUJHQW UHDOLW\ *RGLVQRWRQO\WKHZHOOVSULQJRIWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGEXWDOVRDUHVXOWWKDW IORZV RXW RI WKH ZRUNLQJV RI QDWXUH 7KH KXPDQ PLQG LV WKHQ *RG©V WUDQVFHQGHQFH*RG©VLPDJH§  ,QDVLPLODUYHLQWKH%ULWLVKVFLHQWLVW $UWKXU3HDFRFNHZULWHV *RGLVKHUHVHHQERWKDVRQWRORJLFDOO\GLVWLQFWIURPWKHZRUOG DQG WKXV DV QHFHVVDULO\ WUDQVFHQGHQW  DQG \HW DV LPPDQHQW LQ ZLWK DQG XQGHU QDWXUDO SURFHVVHV 2Q WKLV PRGHO FUHDWLRQ LV VHHQ DV WKH VHOI H[SUHVVLRQRI*RGWKH:RUGRU/RJRV*RGLVHTXDOO\H[SUHVVHGHYH U\ZKHUHLQWKHXQLYHUVHQRWVRPXFKLQWKHGXOOLQHUWQHVVRIPDWWHUDV LQWKHFRPSOH[EHDXW\RIWKHXQLYHUVH   7KHVH WZR YLHZV ERWK FRQFHLYH D GLYLQH LPPDQHQFH ZRUNLQJ WKURXJKPDWWHUDQGLQDQHPHUJHQWSURFHVVFRPLQJWRNQRZLWVHOILQ KXPDQFRQVFLRXVQHVV7KHUHOHYDQFHRIOLWHUDU\H[SUHVVLRQWRWKHVHWKHR ULHVLVFOHDUDVWKH\FORVHO\PLUURU5RPDQWLFWKHRULHVRISRHWLFLPDJLQD WLRQWKDWLPDJLQHKXPDQFUHDWLYHODQJXDJHDVDPLUURULQJRIWKH'LYLQH 210 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe FUHDWLRQWKURXJKWKH:RUG 7KHVHFRQFHSWLRQVRIGLYLQHHPHUJHQFHDQG WKHFUHDWLYHKXPDQZRUGDVZHZLOOVHHKDYHDVSHFLDOUHOHYDQFHWRWKH SRHWLFGLVFRXUVHRI-RVpºQJHO9DOHQWHEXWDOVRWRDQHPHUJLQJIRUPRI DUWLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQWKDWLQWHUURJDWHVWKHFRQFHSWRI¦OLIH§ LQOLJKWRIUH FHQW LQQRYDWLRQVLQELRWHFKQRORJ\ELRDUW -RVpºQJHO9DOHQWH©V3RHWLFVRI(PHUJHQFH 7KHSRHWLFWKHRU\RIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\6SDQLVKSRHW -RVpºQJHO9D OHQWHLV SDUWLFXODUO\DSWIRUDVWXG\RIWKH FRQFHSWRI HPHUJHQFH9DOHQWH FRQFHLYHVWKHZULWLQJRISRHWU\DVDQHPHUJHQWSURFHVVLQZKLFKWKHIRUP RIWKHSRHPLVLUUHGXFLEOHWRLWVLQGLYLGXDOHOHPHQWV7KHPRYHPHQWRI FUHDWLRQLVVHHQUHPLQLVFHQWRI76(OLRW©V¦REMHFWLYHFRUUHODWLYH§ DVD SURJUHVVLYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIDQDVSHFWRIH[SHULHQFHDVUHYHDOHG E\WKH SRHPDVDWRWDO VWUXFWXUH,QDQLQIOXHQWLDOWH[W¦&RQRFLPLHQWR\&RPX QLFDFLyQ .QRZOHGJHDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ SXEOLVKHGLQ9DOHQWH ZULWHV 7RGR SRHPD HV SXHV XQD H[SORUDFLyQ GHO PDWHULDO GH OD H[SH ULHQFLD QR SUHYLDPHQWH FRQRFLGR TXH FRQVWLWX\H VX REMHWR (O FRQR FLPLHQWRPiVRPHQRVSOHQRGHOREMHWRGHOSRHPDVXSRQHODH[LVWHQFLD PiVRPHQRVSOHQDGHOSRHPDHQFXHVWLyQ'HDKtTXHHOSURFHVRGHOD FUHDFLyQSRpWLFDVHDXQPRYLPLHQWRGHLQGDJDFLyQ\WDQWHRHQHOTXH ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHFDGDQXHYRHOHPHQWRPRGLILFDDORVGHPiVRORV HOLPLQD SRUTXH WRGR SRHPD HV XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR ¦KDFLpQGRVH§ 2& ,,  >(YHU\SRHPLVWKHQDQH[SORUDWLRQRIDQH[SHULHQFHQRWSUHYLRXVO\ NQRZQZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHVLWVREMHFW7KHPRUHRUOHVVFRPSOHWHNQRZO HGJHRIWKHREMHFWRIWKHSRHPVXSSRVHVPRUHRUOHVVWKHH[LVWHQFHRI WKHSRHPLQTXHVWLRQ)URPWKLVZHFDQFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHSURFHVVRI  3UREDEO\WKHPRVWZHOONQRZQ5RPDQWLFIRUPXODWLRQVRIWKH*RGOLNHSRZHUVRI WKHSRHWLV6DPXHO7D\ORU&ROHULGJH©VFODLPVIRUWKHSRZHURIWKHLPDJLQDWLRQLQ&KDSWHU RIKLV%LRJUDILD/LWHUDULD¦7KHSULPDU\,PDJLQDWLRQ,KROGWREHWKHOLYLQJ3RZHUDQG SULPH $JHQWRIDOOKXPDQ3HUFHSWLRQDQGDVDUHSHWLWLRQLQWKHILQLWHPLQGRIWKHHWHUQDO DFWRIFUHDWLRQLQWKHLQILQLWH,$P§  )RUDFODVVLFGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUHODWLRQEH WZHHQWKHRORJ\DQG5RPDQWLFSRHWLFVVHH0$EUDPV1DWXUDO6XSHUQDWXUDOLVP   The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 211 MANUS O'DWYER SRHWLFFUHDWLRQLVDPRYHPHQWRILQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGWULDODQGHUURULQ ZKLFK HYHU\ QHZ HOHPHQW PRGLILHV RU HOLPLQDWHV WKH RWKHUV EHFDXVH HYHU\SRHPLVNQRZOHGJH¦PDNLQJLWVHOI§@ 7KHSRHPLV DQHPHUJHQWSURFHVVLQZKLFKHDFKOLQJXLVWLFHOHPHQW PRGLILHVDOOWKHRWKHUHOHPHQWVLQDWRWDOVWUXFWXUH (VWHDYDQFHSRUWDQWHRHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHOSR HPDGHWRGRSRHPDFX\RVHOHPHQWRVDPHGLGDTXHYDQHPHUJLHQGR YDQFRUULJLpQGRVHDVtPLVPRV DYHFHVHOLPLQiQGRVH HQEXVFDGHOD SUHFLVDIRUPXODFLyQGHVXREMHWRTXHQLQJXQRGHHOORVSRUVtPLVPR HQFLHUUD\TXHQRSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHPi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¦/DKHUPHQpXWLFD\ OD FRUWHGDG GHO GHFLU§ +HUPHQHXWLFV DQG WKH ,QVXIILFLHQF\ RI 6D\LQJ  9DOHQWHGHVFULEHVWKLVPRYHPHQWIURPFRPSOH[LW\WRVLPSOLFLW\ (OPiVEUHYHSRHPDOtULFRHQFLHUUDHQSRWHQFLDWRGDODFDGHQDGH ODVUHPHPRUDFLRQHV\FRQYHUJHKDFLDORXPELOLFDOKDFLDHORULJHQ3RU  $OOWUDQVODWLRQVRI9DOHQWH©VSURVHDQGSRHWU\DUHPLQH 212 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe HVR HQ OD WHRORJtD JULHJD GH ODV 0XVDV pVWDVKLMDV GH OD 0HPRULD FDQWDQFRPHQ]DQGRSRUHORULJHQ H[DUNKpV HVGHFLUSUR\HFWDQGR WRGRVORVHVWUDWRVGHVHQWLGRDXQRULJHQGRQGHVHJ~QRWUDUHYHODFLyQ HVWDEDODSOHQLWXGGHVHQWLGRGHODSDODEUDHOORJRV'HHVHPRGRWRGD RSHUDFLyQSRpWLFDFRQVLVWHDVDELHQGDVRQRHQXQHVIXHU]RSRUSHU IRUDUHOW~QHOLQILQLWRGHODVUHPHPRUDFLRQHVSDUDDUUDVWUDUODVGHVGHR KDFLDHORULJHQSDUDVLWXDUODVGHDOJ~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¦UHODFLyQFDUQDOFRQODV SDODEUDV§ 2&,  DFDUQDOUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKZRUGV WKDWGHLQVWUX PHQWDOL]HVODQJXDJHDVDFRPPXQLFDWLYHPHGLXPDQGDOORZVIRUDQH[ SHULHQFHRIODQJXDJHDVVXFK7KLVH[SHULHQFHZRXOGFRQVWLWXWHDVSHFLILF W\SHRIQRQGLVFXUVLYHNQRZOHGJHDNQRZOHGJHRIWKDWZKLFKSUHFHGHV ODQJXDJH7KHSRHP¦0DWHULD§ IURPWKHFROOHFWLRQILUVWSXEOLVKHGLQ ,QWHULRUFRQ)LJXUDVEHDXWLIXOO\GHVFULEHVWKLVH[SHULHQFHRIWKH RXWVLGH &RQYHUWLUODSDODEUDHQODPDWHULD GRQGHORTXHTXLVLpUDPRVGHFLUQRSXHGD SHQHWUDUPiVDOOi  )RUDQH[WHQGHGGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH¦PDWHULDO§ LQ WKHSRHWU\RI 9DOHQWHVHH00DV/DHVFULWXUDPDWHULDOGH-RVHºQJHO9DOHQWH   The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 213 MANUS O'DWYER GHORTXHODPDWHULDQRVGLUtD VLDHOODFRPRXQYLHQWUH GHOLFDGRDSOLFiVHPRV GHVQXGREODQFRYLHQWUH GHOLFDGRHORtGRSDUDRtU HOPDUHOLQGLVWLQWR UXPRUGHOPDUTXHPiVDOOiGHWL HOQRQRPEUDGRDPRUWHHQJHQGUDVLHPSUH 2&,  >&RQYHUWWKHZRUGWRWKHPDWHULDO ZKHUHZKDWZHZRXOGOLNHWRVD\FDQQRW SHQHWUDWHEH\RQG WKDWZKLFKWKHPDWHULDOZRXOGWHOOXV DVLIWRKHUDVWRDGHOLFDWH ZRPEZHDSSOLHGRXUVHOYHV QDNHGZKLWHZRPE GHOLFDWHWKHHDUWKHVHD WRKHDUWKHLQGLVWLQFW UXPRURIWKHVHDZKLFKEH\RQG\RX DQXQQDPHGORYHHQJHQGHUV\RXIRUHYHU@ 9DOHQWH©VSRHWLFVRIRULJLQVLPDJLQHVDJHQHUDWLYHPDWHULDOWKDWPHUJHV ZLWKODQJXDJHLQWKHSRHWLFIRUP)RU9DOHQWHLWLVWKHVSHFLDORSDFLW\RI SRHWU\LWVQRQFRPPXQLFDEOHPDWHULDOLW\ZKLFKDOORZVIRUDQH[SHUL HQFHRIWKDWZKLFKHVFDSHVUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHLQODQJXDJH7KLVDVSHFWRI 9DOHQWH©VSRHWU\KDVPXFKWRGRZLWKWKH5RPDQWLFKHULWDJHRIWKHFUHD WLYHLPDJLQDWLRQDQGWKHXQLI\LQJV\PEROWKHODWWHUZKLFKDV&ROHULGJH DUJXHG LQ WKH 6WDWHVPDQ©V 0DQXDO LV WKH ¦WUDQVOXFHQFH RI WKH (WHUQDO WKURXJKDQGLQWKH7HPSRUDO§   LWVHOIDYHUVLRQRIWKHVDFUHGV\P EROVRIWKH&KULVWLDQIDLWKWKH:RUGPDGHIOHVKRIWKH(XFKDULVW,Q9D OHQWH©VZRUNDVRSSRVHGWRWKHUHOLJLRXVUHYHODWLRQRIWKHGLYLQHLWLVD SUHOLQJXLVWLFPDWHULDOLW\WKDWFRPHVWRSUHVHQFHLQSRHWLFODQJXDJH,WLV LQGLFDWLYHRIWKHDELGLQJSUHVHQFHRIDQLGHDRIUHYHODWLRQLQRXUFXOWXUH ZKHWKHUDVDUHYHODWLRQRIWKH'LYLQHRURIWKHPDWHULDOWKDWZHFDQVHH DWOHDVWVRPHFRQQHFWLRQVWR9DOHQWH©VSRHWLFWKHRU\LILQGLVWRUWHGRU LURQLFIRUPLQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\DYDQWJDUGHSUDFWLFHVRIELRDUW 214 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KH(PHUJHQFHRI%LRDUW %LRDUWVWDQGVIRUFRQWHPSRUDU\DUWSUDFWLFHVZKLFKVHHNWRH[SORUHWKH FRQYHUJHQFHRIDUWDQGVFLHQFHDQGZKLFKXVHWKHODWHVWGHYHORSPHQWV LQELRWHFKQRORJ\DVH[SUHVVLYHPHGLD(GXDUGR.DF ZZZHNDFRUJ LV RQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQELRDUWLVWVDQGFODLPVWRKDYHFRLQHGWKH WHUP¦ELRDUW§ .DF LQ.DFLVSHUKDSVPRVWIDPRXVIRUKLV SURYRFDWLYHDUWLVWLFH[SHULPHQWVWKDWKLJKOLJKWWKHHWKLFDOLVVXHVLQSOLHG E\LQQRYDWLRQVLQJHQHWLFHQJLQHHULQJDQGFHOO FXOWLYDWLRQ:KDWKHWHUPV KLV¦WUDQVJHQLF§ DUWWKHFUHDWLRQRIXQLTXHOLYLQJEHLQJVWKURXJKJHQHWLF HQJLQHHULQJZDVPRVW QRWRULRXVO\H[HFXWHGLQWKH\HDUZLWKKLV FUHDWLRQRI $OEDDUDEELWJHQHWLFDOO\DOWHUHGVRDVWRVKLQHIOXRUHVFHQW JUHHQXQGHUJLYHQFRQGLWLRQV .DF©VSLHFH¦*HQHVLV§ GHDOVGLUHFWO\ZLWKWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRI DGYDQFHVLQELRWHFKQRORJ\LQWHUPVRIWKHRORJLFDOFRQFHSWLRQVRIHPHU JHQFHDQGFDQEHUHDGDVDQLURQLFDFWXDOL]DWLRQRIWKHSRHWLFGHVLUHIRU OLQJXLVWLFXQLRQZLWKWKHPDWHULDODVH[SUHVVHGLQ9DOHQWH©VZRUN.DF WUDQVODWHGDTXRWHIURP*HQHVLV¦OHWPDQKDYHGRPLQDWLRQRYHUWKHILVK RIWKHVHDDQGRYHUWKHIRZO RI WKHDLUDQGRYHUHYHU\OLYLQJWKLQJWKDW OLYHVRQHDUWK§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©VH[SHULPHQWGHQLHVWKLVSRVVLELOLW\0DWWHULV LQIXVHGZLWKODQJXDJHEXWWKHLPSRVVLELOLW\RIFRQWUROOLQJWKLVPDWWHU The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 215 MANUS O'DWYER ODQJXDJH FRLQFLGHV ZLWK D GHFRQVWUXFWLYH PRYH ZKLFK DQQXOV WKH FHQ WUDOLW\RIDQRUJDQLVLQJSULQFLSOH WKHVLJQLILHG RIODQJXDJH.DF©VSLHFH GHQLHVWKHSULYLOHJHRIDFHQWUH *RG:RUG WKDWFRXOGVWDQGRXWVLGHRI WKHVWUXFWXUHLWRULJLQDWHV:KDWUHPDLQVLVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWKHFHDVHOHVV PHWDPRUSKRVLVRIODQJXDJH IURP%LEOLFDOTXRWHWR0RUVHFRGHWREDF WHULDDQGEDFN DWWKHOHYHORIVLJQLILHU.DF©VPDQLSXODWLRQRIEDFWHULD DQGJHQHWLFVWUXFWXUHVVXJJHVWVDQRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\LQQRYDWLRQLQWKH ELRVFLHQFHV WKH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI WLVVXH FXOWXUH 7KLV LV WKH IRFXV RI WKH $XVWUDOLDQ7LVVXH&XOWXUHDQG$UW3URMHFW 0RUHFRQWHPSRUDU\WKDQ.DF©V¦*HQHVLV§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¦7RZDUGV D1HZ&ODVVRI%HLQJ7KH([WHQGHG%RG\§ &DWWVDQG=XUUGHYHORSWKH FRQFHSWRIWKH¦([WHQGHG%RG\§LQDQDWWHPSWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHQHZ IRUPVRIOLIHLPSOLHGE\WKHVHLQQRYDWLRQV 7KHELRPDVVRIGLVDVVRFLDWHGOLYLQJFHOOVDQGWLVVXHVLVLQWKHWKRX VDQGVRIWRQV7KHVHIUDJPHQWVGRQRWIDOOXQGHUFXUUHQWELRORJLFDORU FXOWXUDO FODVVLILFDWLRQV 7KH QRWLRQ RI WKH ([WHQGHG %RG\ GHYHORSHG E\ WKH 7& $ 7LVVXH &XOWXUH  $UW  3URMHFW FDQ EH VHHQ DV D ZD\ WRGHILQHWKLVFDWHJRU\RIOLIHDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQDWWHPSWWRGH VWDELOL]HVRPHRIWKHURRWHGSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQRIOLYLQJ EHLQJV 7KHFRQFHSWRIWKH¦([WHQGHG%RG\§ FRPSUHKHQGVDOLIHWKDWFDQQRWEH UHODWHGWRDVXEMHFWEXWSHUKDSVWKHVWURQJHVWWKHPHLQ7KH7LVVXH&XO WXUHDQG$UW©VZRUN PRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQZKLFKLVDYDLODEOHDWKWWS ZZZWFDXZDHGXDX LVWKHTXHVWLRQLQJRIWKHERXQGDULHVRIDUWLFXOD WLRQWKURXJKZKLFKOLIHKDVEHHQGHILQHGZLWKLQ:HVWHUQFXOWXUH KXPDQ 216 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DQLPDO DQLPDWHLQDQLPDWH HWF  WKURXJK WKH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI VHPLOLYLQJ HQWLWLHV WKDW DUH ORFDWHG EHWZHHQ KXPDQDQLPDO FHOOV RI KXPDQV DQG DQLPDOV IXVHG WRJHWKHU  KXPDQREMHFW D WLVVXH HQJLQHHUHG FRQVWUXFW FRQVLVWLQJRIKXPDQFHOOV DQGDQLPDOREMHFW DWLVVXHHQJLQHHUHGFRQ VWUXFWFRQVLVWLQJRIDQLPDOFHOOV 7KHLUSURMHFWVLQFOXGH¦'LVHPERGLHG &XLVLQH§ ZKHUH D ¦VWHDN§ ZDV JURZQ IURP SUHQDWDO VKHHS FHOOV WKH ¦3LJ:LQJV§ SURMHFWZKLFKSOD\VRQWKHSKUDVH¦SLJVZLOOIO\§ DQGLQ ZKLFKWLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJDQGVWHPFHOOWHFKQRORJLHVZHUHXVHGLQRUGHU WRJURZSLJERQHWLVVXHLQWKHVKDSHRIWKUHHVHWVRIZLQJVDQGPRUH UHFHQWO\ D FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH SHUIRUPDQFH DUWLVW 6WHODUF LQ ZKLFK WKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIDUHSOLFDRIKLVHDUXVLQJKXPDQFHOOVZDVGHVLJQHGWR SURYRNHQHZFRQFHSWXDOLVDWLRQVRISURVWKHVLV 7KHZRUNRI(GXDUGR.DFDQGWKH7LVVXH&XOWXUHDQG$UW3URMHFW FKDOOHQJHVRXUQRWLRQVRI¦OLIH§ DQGWKHQDWXUDODQGDOVRFKDOOHQJHVWKH DQWKURSRFHQWULFELDVHVWKDWXQGHUOLHPXFKWHFKQRORJLFDOHQGHDYRXU.DF GUDZV RXW WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI DQ HPHUJHQW ZRUOGYLHZ¥WKH XQSUHGLFW DEOHSURFHVVHVRIWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGLVIDUIURPXQGHURXUGRPLQLRQ¥ ZKLOHWKH7LVVXH&XOWXUHDQG$UW3URMHFWFRQIURQWVXVZLWK QHZIRUPV RI OLIH DQG WKH HWKLFDO GLIILFXOWLHV WKH\ LPSRVH 3HUKDSV LW LV KHUH WKDW ELRDUW ILQGV LWV UHDO HIILFDF\¥WKLV PLJKW H[SODLQ LWV LURQLF DQG VRPH WLPHVWDVWHOHVVSURFHGXUHV¥LQWKDWLWPDNHVYLVLEOHWKHIDFWWKDWWHFKQR ORJLFDO DGYDQFHV LQ ELRVFLHQFHV PD\ HQG XS XQGHUPLQLQJ WKH VHQVH RI KXPDQDJHQF\SRZHUDQGFRQWUROWKH\VKRXOGLQWKHRU\EROVWHUDQG DOVRPRUHIXQGDPHQWDOO\PD\FRPHWRXQGHUPLQHRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI ZKDWLWLVWREHDKXPDQ VXEMHFW $/LIHž %LRDUWZRUNVRQWKHVLPSOHVWRUJDQLFPDWHULDOVWKHFHOOVWKDWPDNHXS WKHEDVLFEXLOGLQJEORFNVRIOLIH7KLVIRFXVRQEDVLFFHOOXODU¦OLIH§ ILQGV DFRUUHODWLRQLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWVLQFHWKHVDQGEDVHGPDLQO\RQ WKHZRUNRI0LFKHO)RXFDXOWRIDFRQFHSWRI¦ELRSROLWLFV§ WKDWLVDFUL WLTXHRIWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKHELRORJLFDOOLIHRIKXPDQVXEMHFWVEHFRPHV DQREMHFWIRUPRGHUQSRZHU7KHZRUNRI*LRUJLR$JDPEHQLVSHUWLQHQW The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 217 MANUS O'DWYER KHUH,QKLV+RPR6DFHU$JDPEHQDUJXHVWKDW:HVWHUQFRQFHSWLRQV RI ZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVKXPDQOLIHDUHEDVHGRQIXQGDPHQWDOFDHVXUDVDQGH[ FOXVLRQV&KLHIDPRQJWKHVHDUHWKHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQEDUHOLIH ]RH DQG SROLWLFDOO\TXDOLILHGOLIH ELRV $FFRUGLQJWR$JDPEHQWKLVGLYLVLRQFUH DWHV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU WKH PDVV GHVWUXFWLRQ RI KXPDQ OLIH WKURXJK WKH GHQLDORIWKHVWDWXVRITXDOLILHGOLIHWRFHUWDLQJURXSVZKLFKKDVEHHQ FDUULHGRXW WRVXFKGHYDVWDWLQJH[WUHPHVLQWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\$JDP EHQ©VWKRXJKWLVDSDUWLFXODUO\SRZHUIXOH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHSKLORVRSKLFDO FULWLTXHRIELRSROLWLFVDQGFDQEHUHODWHGWRWKHHWKLFDOLVVXHVUDLVHGE\ WKH 7LVVXH &XOWXUH DQG $UW 3URMHFW +HUH KRZHYHU , ZLOO FRQFHQWUDWH RQDQHVVD\IURP$JDPEHQ©VFROOHFWLRQ3RWHQWLDOLWLHV¦$EVROXWH,PPD QHQFH§ LQ ZKLFKWKH,WDOLDQSKLORVRSKHUGLVFXVVHV WKHILQDOZULWLQJVRI WKHWZRWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\WKLQNHUVZKRSHUKDSVDUHPRVWLQIOXHQWLDOLQ KLVH[SORUDWLRQRIFRQFHSWLRQVRIOLIH*LOOHV'HOHX]HDQG0LFKHO)RX FDXOW, ZLOO DUJXHWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRIOLIHWRZDUGVZKLFKWKHODVWZRUNV RI WKH SKLORVRSKHUV JHVWXUH HOXFLGDWHV WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ 9DOHQWH©V SRHWLFVRIHPHUJHQFHDQGWKHELRDUWRI.DFVDQGWKH7LVVXH&XOWXUHDQG $UW3URMHFW ,Q )RXFDXOW©V ¦/LIH ([SHULHQFH DQG 6FLHQFH§ OLIH LV GHVFULEHG LQ WHUPVRIHUURUUHPLQGLQJXVRI.DF©VH[SHULPHQWZKLFKGHPRQVWUDWHG WKHDEVROXWHXQSUHGLFWDELOLW\RIHPHUJHQFH$JDPEHQSD\VPRUHDWWHQ WLRQ WR 'HOHX]H©V VKRUW HVVD\ ¦,PPDQHQFH $ /LIHž§ VWDUWLQJ ZLWK D GLVFXVVLRQRIWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHFRORQWKHSXQFWXDWLRQPDUNZKLFK MRLQVWKHZRUGV¦,PPDQHQFH§ DQG¦$/LIHž§ LQWKHWLWOH)RU $JDPEHQ 'HOHX]H©VXVHRIWKHFRORQLPSOLHVQHLWKHU >V@LPSOHLGHQWLW\QRUDVLPSOHORJLFDOFRQQHFWLRQUDWKHULWLPSOLHVWKDW EHWZHHQLPPDQHQFHDQGOLIHWKHUHLVDNLQGRIFURVVLQJZLWKQHLWKHU GLVWDQFHQRULGHQWLILFDWLRQDSDVVDJHZLWKRXWVSDWLDOPRYHPHQWWKH RSHQLQJWRDQDOWHULW\WKDWLVDEVROXWHO\LPPDQHQW   $JDPEHQXQGHUVWDQGVWKHWLWOH¦,PPDQHQFH$/LIHž§ DVVXPPLQJXS WKHWKRXJKWRIWKHODWH'HOHX]HDQGWKHSULQFLSOHGHULYHGIURPDUHDGLQJ RI6SLQR]DRIXQLYRFDO EHLQJDQGLPPDQHQWFDXVHV,Q'HOHX]H©VWKRXJKW WKH¦SODQHRILPPDQHQFH§ LVWKDWZKLFKIORZV IRUWKEXWDWWKHVDPHWLPH 218 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe UHPDLQVZLWKLQLWVHOIDWKHRU\RIIORZZKLFKSRVLWVDOWHULW\ZLWKLQLP PDQHQFH$JDPEHQUHDGV'HOHX]HDVVHHLQJWKHKLVWRU\RISKLORVRSK\DV WKHIDLOXUHWRXQGHUVWDQGWKLV¦SODQHRILPPDQHQFH§7KLQNLQJRQOLIHLV FKDUDFWHULVHGE\WKH$ULVWRWOHDQSDUDGLJPRIDJURXQGE\WKHTXHVWLRQ ¦WKURXJKZKDWWKLQJGRHVVRPHWKLQJEHORQJWRVRPHWKLQJHOVH§   ZKLFK LQ WKH FRQWH[W $ULVWRWOH©V 'H $QLPD LV PHDW RU QXWULWLYH EDUH OLIH )RU $JDPEHQ WKH JHQHUDOLVDWLRQ RI WKLV FRQFHSW RI OLIH IRUPV WKH EDVLVRIZKDW)RXFDXOWXQGHUVWDQGVDVPRGHUQELRSROLWLFV 'HOHX]HDWWHPSWVWRWKLQNSDVWWKLVFRQFHSWLRQRIOLIH:KLOHQXWUL WLYHOLIHIXQFWLRQVDVWKHSULQFLSOHDOORZLQJIRUWKHDWWULEXWLRQRIOLIHWR D VXEMHFW D OLIH LV WKH ILJXUH RI DEVROXWH LPPDQHQFH SUHFLVHO\ WKDW ZKLFKFDQQHYHUEHDWWULEXWHGWRDVXEMHFW$JDPEHQFRQFOXGHVWKDW¦,Q 'HOHX]HWKHSULQFLSOHRILPPDQHQFHWKXVIXQFWLRQVDQWLWKHWLFDOO\WR$U LVWRWOH©VSULQFLSOHRIWKHJURXQG§  7KHUHIRUHZKHUHDVWKHSRVLWLQJ RIDJURXQGPDUNVDGLYLVLRQLQWKHOLYLQJEHLQJZKLFKDOORZWKHDUWLFXOD WLRQRIDVHULHVRIIXQFWLRQVDQGRSSRVLWLRQV $JDPEHQPHQWLRQVYHJHWD WLYHOLIHUHODWLRQDOOLIHDQLPDORQWKHLQVLGHDQLPDORQWKHRXWVLGH]RH ELRVEDUHOLIHDQGSROLWLFDOO\TXDOLILHGOLIH DOLIHPDUNVWKHUDGLFDO LPSRVVLELOLW\RIHVWDEOLVKLQJKLHUDUFKLHVDQGVHSDUDWLRQV7KH¦SODQHRI LPPDQHQFH§ WKXVIXQFWLRQVDVD¦SULQFLSOHRIYLUWXDOLQGHWHUPLQDWLRQ§  LQZKLFKWKHYHJHWDWLYHDQGWKHDQLPDOWKHLQVLGHDQGWKHRXWVLGH DQGHYHQWKHRUJDQLFDQGWKHLQRUJDQLFFDQQRWEHWROGDSDUW 7KH7LVVXH&XOWXUHDQG$UW3URMHFWHQJDJHZLWKWKLVGLVFRXUVHRQ OLIH7KHLUVFXOSWXUHVDUHPDGHRIWKHVWXIIRIDOLIH WKDWLVDW\SHRIOLIH ZKLFKFDQQRWEHDWWULEXWHGWRDVXEMHFW7KHFKLPHULFSLJVZLWKZLQJV SRLQWWRDOLIHWKDWLVERWKGLYLQHDQGEHVWLDORUVLPSO\PRQVWURXVDQGLW LVSHUKDSVUHOHYDQWWKDWWKLVPRQVWURXV OLIHZKLFKLVQRWDJURXQGVKRXOG ILQG DQ HFKR LQ WKH HQLJPDWLF ODVW VHQWHQFHV RI 'HUULGD©V SURJUDPDWLF DQWLIRXQGDWLRQDOLVWWH[W¦6WUXFWXUH6LJQDQG3OD\LQWKH+XPDQ6FL HQFHV§ +HUHWKHUHLVDVRUWRITXHVWLRQFDOOLWKLVWRULFDORIZKLFKZHDUH RQO\JOLPSVLQJWRGD\WKHFRQFHSWLRQWKHIRUPDWLRQWKHJHVWDWLRQWKH ODERU,HPSOR\WKHVHZRUGV,DGPLWZLWKDJODQFHWRZDUGWKHEXVL QHVV RI FKLOGEHDULQJEXW DOVR ZLWK D JODQFH WRZDUG WKRVH ZKR LQ D The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 219 MANUS O'DWYER FRPSDQ\ IURP ZKLFK , GR QRW H[FOXGH P\VHOI WXUQ WKHLU H\HV DZD\ LQWKHIDFHRIWKHDV\HWXQQDPHDEOHZKLFKLVSURFODLPLQJLWVHOIDQG ZKLFKFDQGRVRDVLVQHFHVVDU\ZKHQHYHUDELUWKLVLQWKHRIILQJRQO\ XQGHUWKHVSHFLHVRIWKHQRQVSHFLHVLQWKHIRUPOHVVPXWHLQIDQWDQG WHUULI\LQJIRUPRIPRQVWURVLW\   7KHDPELJXLW\DQGLURQ\LPSOLHGE\'HUULGD©VVWDQFHWRZDUGWKH¦ELUWK§ RIWKLVQHZ SRVWKXPDQLVWWKRXJKWPLUURUVWKHXQHDVLQHVVZHH[SHULHQFH ZKHQZHDUHLQYLWHGWRHDWWKH7&$©V¦VWHDN§ JURZQIURPFXOWLYDWHG FHOOVDQGLVSHUWLQHQWWRWKHDEVROXWHDPELJXLW\RIWKLVIRUPRIOLIHDQG WKHHWKLFDOVWDQFHZHDUHREOLJHGWRWDNHWRZDUGVLW:KDWUHPDLQVFOHDU LVWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRIOLIHWRZKLFK)RXFDXOWDQG'HOHX]HJHVWXUHJDLQV VSHFLDO XUJHQF\ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI LQQRYDWLRQV LQ ELRWHFKQRORJLFDO UH VHDUFK &RQFOXVLRQ -RVpºQJHO9DOHQWHFRQFHLYHVWKHZULWLQJRISRHWU\DVDQHPHUJHQWSUR FHVVLQZKLFKWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKH IRUPFDQQRWEHUHGXFHGWRLWVHOH PHQWV%XWDWWKHVDPHWLPHKLVSRHWLFWKHRU\UHYHDOVDIDVFLQDWLRQZLWK QRWLRQV RIRULJLQVZLWKELRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVRIELUWKDQGJHQHUDWLRQDQG LPDJLQHVDSURFHVV ZKHUHE\SRHWLFGLVFRXUVHLVUHGXFLEOHWRDQRULJLQDU\ DQGJHQHUDWLYHVLPSOLFLW\+RZWKHQFDQZHUHODWHWKLVWHQVLRQZLWKLQKLV SRHWLFVWRFRQFHSWVHPHUJHQFHOLIHDQGLPPDQHQFH"$UHDGLQJRIRQH RIWKHSRHPVIURP9DOHQWH©VFROOHFWLRQ7UHVOHFFLRQHVGHWLQLHEODV 7KUHH /HVVRQVRI'DUNQHVV LQZKLFKHDFKSKUDVHLVOLQNHGWRWKHRWKHUE\WKH FRORQVLJQUHYHDOVSRVVLEOHFRQQHFWLRQV 7HW /D VDQJUH VH KDFH FHQWUR \ OR GLVSHUVR FRQYHUJHQFLD WRGR HV UHDE VRUELGRGHVGHODSLHGUDDODODKDVWDHOOXJDUGHODJHQHUDFLyQODVDYHV YXHODQHQUHGRQGRSDUDLQGLFDUHOFHQWURGHORFyQFDYRHOPXQGRVH UHWUDHDWLSRUTXHHOYLHQWUHKDGHVHULJXDODOPXQGRHQJpQGUDPHGH QXHYRKD]PHPRULUGHXQQXHYRQDFLPLHQWRUHVStUDPH\H[S~OVDPH DQLPDOGHWXVDJXDVSH]\SDORPD\VLHUSH 2&,  220 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe >7HW %ORRGEHFRPHVFHQWUHDQGWKHGLVSHUVHFRQYHUJHQFHDOOLVUHDEVRUEHG IURPWKHVWRQHWRWKHZLQJWRWKHSODFHRIJHQHUDWLRQWKHELUGVFLUFOHWR LQGLFDWHWKHFHQWUHRIWKHFRQFDYHWKHZRUOGUHWUDFWVWR\RXEHFDXVH WKH ZRPE KDV WR HTXDO WKH ZRUOG HQJHQGHU PH RQFH PRUH NLOO PH ZLWKDQHZELUWKEUHDWKPHDQGH[SHOPHDQLPDORI\RXUZDWHUVILVK DQGGRYHDQGVHUSHQW@ 7KHLPDJLQDWLYHMRXUQH\IURPPXOWLSOLFLW\WRXQLW\SDVVHVWKURXJKDVH ULHVRIVLJQVZKLFKLPSO\DQRSHQLQJWRDQDOWHULW\WKDWUHPDLQVHQWLUHO\ LPPDQHQW ¦SRUTXH HO YLHQWUH KD GH VHU LJXDO DO PXQGR§ EHFDXVH WKH ZRPEKDV WR EHHTXDOWRWKHZRUOG 7KHXQVWDEOHDQGPXWXDOFURVVLQJ RYHUIURPFHQWUHDQGFRPSOH[LW\UHVRQDWHVZLWKWKH'HOHX]LDQILJXUHRID OLIH+RZHYHUWKHUHUHPDLQVWKHSUREOHPRIWKHFHQWUHWKHJURXQG7KH WH[WXOWLPDWHO\IDOOVLQWRWKHWUDSWKDW'HOHX]HLQKLV:KDWLV3KLORVRSK\ DUJXHVLVLPSRVVLEOHIRUDOOWKRXJKWRILPPDQHQFHWRDYRLGWKHUHQHZDO RIWUDQVFHQGHQFH7KLVLVZK\LQ'HOHX]LDQWKRXJKWWKHUHDUHSODQHV RI LPPDQHQFHWKHSODQHRILPPDQHQFHEHLQJ¦WKDWZKLFKPXVWEHWKRXJKW EXWDWWKHVDPHWLPHFDQQRWEHWKRXJKW§   %XWKRZDUHZHWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHWUDQVFHQGHQFHUHIHUUHGWRLQWKLV WH[W" 9DOHQWH LV D WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ SRHW ZKR GHVSLWH WKH SURIRXQG LQIOXHQFH RI YDULRXV P\VWLFDO DQG VSLULWXDO WUDGLWLRQV LQ KLV ZRUN ZULWHV LQ D SRVW &KULVWLDQ RHXYUH 7KH YRLFH DSRVWURSKLVHV WKH FHQWUH EXWWRZKRPGRHVLWUHIHU",QDQHVVD\¦7KH,GHDRI/DQJXDJH§$JDP EHQ GLVFXVVHV $QVHOP©V RQWRORJLFDO DUJXPHQW DFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK WKH QRPLQDWLRQ RI D *UHDWHVW %HLQJ LPSOLHV LWV H[LVWHQFH $JDPEHQ FRPSDUHVWKLVDUJXPHQWWRWKH LPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHSKUDVH¦ODQJXDJHH[ LVWV§ 7KHUHLVDEHLQJZKRVHQRPLQDWLRQLPSOLHVLWVH[LVWHQFHDQGWKDWEH LQJLVODQJXDJH7KHIDFWWKDW,VSHDNDQGWKDWVRPHRQHOLVWHQVLPSOLHV WKHH[LVWHQFHRIQRWKLQJRWKHUWKDQODQJXDJH /DQJXDJHLVZKDWPXVW QHFHVVDULO\ SUHVXSSRVH LWVHOI :KDW WKH RQWRORJLFDO DUJXPHQW SURYHV LVWKHUHIRUHWKDWWKHVSHHFKRIKXPDQEHLQJVDQGH[LVWHQFHRIUDWLRQDO DQLPDOVQHFHVVDULO\LPSO\WKHGLYLQHZRUGLQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKH\SUH VXSSRVH WKH VLJQLI\LQJ IXQFWLRQ DQG RSHQQHVV WR UHYHODWLRQ RQO\ LQ The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 221 MANUS O'DWYER WKLVVHQVHGRHVWKHRQWRORJLFDODUJXPHQWSURYHWKHH[LVWHQFHRI*RG¥ RQO\WKDWLVLI*RGLVWKHQDPHRIWKHSUHH[LVWHQFHRIODQJXDJHRUKLV GZHOOLQJLQWKH DUNKH    )RU $JDPEHQ 2FFDP©V RQWRORJLFDO DUJXPHQW FDQ RQO\ DSSO\ WR WKDW ZKLFKLVSUHVXSSRVHGLQHYHU\OLQJXLVWLFXWWHUDQFHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIODQ JXDJH LWVHOI ,Q WKH OLJKW RI WKLV SRVLWLRQ ZH FDQ UHDG WKH SRHWLF YRLFH LQ9DOHQWH©VSRHPDVWKURXJKDSRVWURSKHDGGUHVVLQJDQGQDPLQJODQ JXDJHLWVHOI,QVRGRLQJZHUHDFKDOLPLWSRLQWLQZKLFKLVUHYHDOHGWKH SUHVXSSRVLWLRQRIWKHH[LVWHQFHRIODQJXDJHWKDWLVLPSOLHG LQHYHU\LQ VWDQFHRIODQJXDJHXVH7KHSRHPVWDJHVDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDYRLFH DQGDQDOWHULW\WKDWLVDWWKHVDPHWLPHLPPDQHQWWKHYHU\PDWWHURU PDWHULDORIODQJXDJH,QWKLVOLPLQDOWHUULWRU\VXEMHFWLYLW\LVDOWHUHGWKH YRLFH EHFRPHV ¦DQLPDO GH WXV DJXDV SH] \ SDORPD \ VLHUSH§ DQLPDO RI \RXU ZDWHUV ILVK DQG GRYH DQG VHUSHQW  $JDPEHQ KDV ZULWWHQ RQ 9DOHQWHDQGGLVFXVVHVKLVSRHWU\SUHFLVHO\LQWHUPVRIDPXWDWLRQRIWKH KXPDQLQZKLFK SRHWU\WKHSRHWKLPVHOIDUH>ž@ DODERUDWRU\LQZKLFKDOOWKHNQRZQ ILJXUHVRIVXEMHFWLYLW\DUH>ž@ GLVORFDWHGDOWHUHGWUDQVIRUPHGDOOWKH NQRZQILJXUHVRIVXEMHFWLYLW\RIWKHSV\FKRVRPDWLFLQGLYLGXDODUHDO WHUHGWUDQVIRUPHGLQVXEKXPDQVXEGLYLQHPHWDKXPDQILJXUHV ¦1R DPHQHFHHOFDQWRU§  /DQJXDJHDWWKLVH[WUHPHORVHVLWVLQVWUXPHQWDOIXQFWLRQEHFRPLQJLQ WHUPVRI9DOHQWH©VSRHWLFVDQRQVLJQLILFDQWPRGHRINQRZOHGJHDUH VWDJLQJRIWKHHYHQWRIODQJXDJHUHODWHGWRQRYHOILJXUHVRIVXEMHFWLYLW\ ,WLVLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKDWZHFDQXQGHUVWDQGWKHREMHFWLRQVWR$QVHOP©V DUJXPHQWZKLFKEDVHWKHPVHOYHVRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRID¦EDUEDULDQ§ RU ¦LGLRW§ LQFDSDEOH RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH ZRUG *RG $JDPEHQ LPDJLQHV WKDW VXFK D ¦EDUEDULDQ§ PLJKW QRW XQGHUVWDQG WKH PHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGSURIIHUHG EXWZRXOGXQGHUVWDQGWKDWKHLVLQWKH SUHVHQFHRIDQHYHQWRIODQJXDJH ZKLFK LVIRU$JDPEHQDQGIRU9DOHQWH SUHFLVHO\WKHHVVHQFHRIWKHGLYLQH:RUGWKHDEVHQFHRIPHDQLQJLQWKH RULJLQDU\HYHQWRIODQJXDJH¦DYRLFHWKDWZLWKRXWVLJQLI\LQJDQ\WKLQJ 222 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe VLJQLILHV VLJQLILFDWLRQ LWVHOI§   $QG WKLV YRLFH LV LQGHHG PRQVWURXV LWLPSOLHVDQH[SHULHQFHRIODQJXDJHWKDWLV HLWKHUEHVWLDORUGLYLQHWKH YRLFHRIDEDUEDULDQRUDQDQJHO7KLVGHVXEMHFWLYLVHGYRLFHILQGVDFRU UHODWLRQLQWKH'HOHX]LDQ¦DOLIH§ ZKLFKIRUPV WKHEDVLVRIWKH7&$©V FRQFHSWLRQRI WKH¦([WHQGHG%RG\§ WKHOLIHWRZKLFKLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWR DWWULEXWHVXEMHFWLYLW\,QDZD\WKDWLVSHUKDSVOHVVSDUDGR[LFDOWKDQLW DSSHDUV9DOHQWH©VSRHWLFVRIRULJLQVVHHPWRHQJDJHZLWKDSKLORVRSK\ RIJURXQGOHVVQHVV 7KH WHQVLRQV EHWZHHQ 9DOHQWH©V FRQFHSWXDOLVDWLRQ RI D JHQHUDWLYH PDWHULDO WR ZKLFK DOO FRPSOH[LW\ FDQ EH UHGXFHG DQG KLV WKHRUL]DWLRQ RIDQLUUHGXFLEO\FRPSOH[DQGHPHUJHQWFUHDWLYHSURFHVVILQGVDQHFKR LQ'HOHX]H©VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI¦DOLIH§ DVWKHWKRXJKWZKLFKPXVWEXW DOVR FDQQRW EH WKRXJKW 7KLV LQVWDELOLW\ ZLWKLQ 9DOHQWH©V SRHWLFV DQG WKH VWUDQJH IRUPV RI VXEMHFWLYLW\ LW VXJJHVWV OHQGV KLV SRHWU\ D VSHFLDO UHOHYDQFHLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHFUHDWLRQRIQHZIRUPVRIOLIH ZLWK ZKLFK WKHFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNVRIRXUFXOWXUHVDUHRQO\EHJLQQLQJWRHQJDJH DSURFHVVLQZKLFKWKHFRQFHSWRIHPHUJHQFHZLOOSHUKDSVEHNH\8OWL PDWHO\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHWKHRORJLFDODQGOLWHUDU\WUDGLWLRQVWKDWIRUPWKH EDVLVRI9DOHQWH©VSRHWU\DQGSRHWLFVHQJDJHVRULFKO\ZLWKWKHWKRXJKW DQGDUWWKDWSRLQWVWRQHZZD\VRIFRQFHSWXDOLVLQJ¦OLIH§ LQWKH WZHQW\ ILUVWFHQWXU\FKDOOHQJHVXVWRUHFRJQLVHWKHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\QDWXUHRIRXU RZQHPHUJLQJGLVFRXUVHV 5HIHUHQFHV $EUDPV01DWXUDO6XSHUQDWXUDOLVP7UDGLWLRQDQG5HYROXWLRQLQ5RPDQWLF /LWHUDWXUH1HZ<RUN::1RUWRQDQG&RPSDQ\ $JDPEHQ*LRUJLR+RPR6DFHU6RYHUHLJQ3RZHUDQG%DUH/LIH7UDQV'DQLHO +HOOHU5RD]HQ6WDQIRUG&$6WDQIRUG83 ¥ ¦1RDPDQHFHHOFDQWRU§ $QFHW-HWDO0DGULG$OLDQ]D ¥ 3RWHQWLDOLWLHV&ROOHFWHG(VVD\VLQ3KLORVRSK\(G'DQLHO+HOOHU5RD]HQ 6WDQIRUG The Word Made Flesh: Poetics of Emergence in José Ángel Valente and Contemporary Bio-Art 223 MANUS O'DWYER &$6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\ $QFHW - HW DO (Q WRUQR D OD REUD GH -RVp ºQJHO 9DOHQWH 0DGULG $OLDQ]D  %HQODEEDK)DWLKD(QHOHVSDFLRGHODPHGLDFLyQ-RVpºQJHO9DOHQWH\HOGLV FXUVRPtVWLFR 6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6DQWLDJRGH&RP SRVWHOD6HUYL]RGH3XEOLFDFLyQVH,QWHUFDPELR&LHQWtILFR &DWWV2URQDQG,RQDW=XUU¦7RZDUGVD1HZ&ODVVRI%HLQJ7KH([WHQGHG %RG\§  :HE-XQ &ROHULGJH6DPXHO7D\ORU%LRJUDILD/LWHUDULD3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 ¥ /D\6HUPRQV/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 'DYLHV3DXO¦7RZDUGDQ(PHUJHQWLVW:RUOGYLHZ§ *UHJHUVHQ 'HOHX]H*LOOHV3XUH,PPDQHQFH(VVD\VRQD/LIH7UDQV$QQH%R\PDQ1HZ <RUN=RQH%RRNV ¥ DQG)pOL[*XDWDUL:KDWLV3KLORVRSK\7UDQV*UDKDP%XUFKHOODQG+XJK 7RPOLQVRQ1HZ<RUN&RORPELD83 'HUULGD -DFTXHV :ULWLQJ DQG 'LIIHUHQFH 7UDQV $ODQ %DVV /RQGRQ 5RXW OHGJH 'RPtQJXH] &pVDU ¦/LWHUDU\ (PHUJHQFH DV D &DVH 6WXG\ RI 7KHRU\ LQ &RP SDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH§ &/&:HE &RPSDUDWLYH /LWHUDWXUH DQG &XOWXUH $ :::HE-RXUQDO  :HE6HS 'RPtQJXH]5H\$QWRQLR/LPRVGHOYHUER -RVp$QJHO9DOHQWH  0DGULG8QL YHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH(GXFDFLyQD'LVWDQFLD9HUEXP *RG]LFK:ODG¦(PHUJHQW/LWHUDWXUHDQGWKH)LHOGRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH§ 7KH&XOWXUHRI/LWHUDF\&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 *UDVVLQ-HDQ0DULH¦ePHUJHQFH§'LFWLRQQDLUH,QWHUQDWLRQDOHGHV7HUPHV/LW WpUDLUHV,QWHUQDWLRQDOGLFWLRQDU\RIOLWHUDU\WHUPV:HE-XQH *UHJHUVHQ+HQULN1HLOVHG)URP&RPSOH[LW\WR/LIH2QWKH(PHUJHQFHRI /LIHDQG0HDQLQJ1HZ<RUN2[IRUG83 *XLOOpQ&ODXGLR7KH&KDOOHQJHRI&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH7UDQV&ROD)UD ]HQ&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 +HUQiQGH])HUQiQGH]7HUHVDHG(O6LOHQFLR\ODHVFXFKD-RVpºQJHO9DOHQWH 0DGULG&iWHGUD0LQLVWHULRGH&XOWXUD .DF (GXDUGR HG 6LJQV RI /LIH %LR $UW DQG %H\RQG /RQGRQ 0,7 3UHVV  0DV0LJXHO/D(VFULWXUDPDWHULDOGH-RVpºQJHO9DOHQWH 0DGULG+LSHULyQ  0RURZLW]+DUROG-¦(PHUJHQFHRI7UDQVFHQGHQFH§ *UHJHUVHQ 224 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 2©&RQQRU7LPRWK\DQG:RQJ+RQJ<X¦(PHUJHQW3URSHUWLHV§7KH6WDQIRUG (QF\FORSHGLDRI3KLORVRSK\ 6SULQJ(GLWLRQ (G(GZDUG1=DOWD :HE-XQ 9DOHQWH-RVpº2EUDV&RPSOHWDV3RHVtD\3URVD%DUFHORQD*DOD[LD*XWHQ EHUJ ¥ 2EUDV&RPSOHWDV,,(QVD\RV%DUFHORQD*DOD[LD*XWHQEHUJ Towards an Emergent Europe The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN Universidade de Santiago de Compostela ,WKLQNDZULWHUEHORQJVWRDODQJXDJHDQGQRWDUHJLRQ 3pWHU(VWHUKi]\ *RRGZULWLQJDVVXPHVDIURQWLHUOHVVQDWLRQ 6DOPDQ5XVKGLH , ,WVHHPVSDUDGR[LFDOWKDW:DUDQG3HDFHWKH(XURSHDQQRYHOSDUH[FHO OHQFH LV ZULWWHQ LQ D ODQJXDJH 5XVVLDQ PDUJLQDOO\ SODFHG ZLWKLQ (X URSH,WLVOHVVLQWULJXLQJSHUKDSVWKDWLWVKRXOGRSHQZLWKDGLDORJXH LQ)UHQFKIRUWKDWZDVWKHODQJXDJHRIWKHGRPLQDQWFXOWXUHLQ(XURSH GXULQJWKH1DSROHRQLF\HDUVIUDPLQJWKHDFWLRQRIWKHQRYHO,WLVWKXV UHJUHWWDEOHWKDWWKHSXEOLVKHUVDW2[IRUG83VKRXOGKDYHUHPDLQHGIDLWK IXO WR DQ ROG WUDQVODWLRQ RI 7ROVWRL©V QRYHO LQ ZKLFK DOO WKH GLDORJXHV RULJLQDOO\ ZULWWHQ LQ )UHQFK DUH UHSURGXFHG LQ (QJOLVK 7KH IHHOLQJ RI OLQJXLVWLFGLIIHUHQFHZKLFK7ROVWRLQRGRXEWLQWHQGHGKDVEHHQYLROHQWO\ UHPRYHG6RPHWKLQJYHU\VHULRXV,WKLQNLVVDFULILFHGE\WKLVHGLWRULDO GHFLVLRQVRPHWKLQJWKDWLQYROYHVWKHSKRQHWLFDUFKLYHRI(XURSH:DU DQG3HDFHDUJXDEO\WKHOHDVWUHJLRQDORI(XURSHDQQRYHOVDQGSRVVLEO\ WKHPRVWLQVWUXPHQWDOIRUWKHFDXVHRI(XURSHDQXQLW\LVKDXQWHGE\D 228 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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iOH] ZHUHUHDGDVLQWHU QDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHV7KHVFDQWORFDOHOHPHQWVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\PRUDO IDEOH ZHUH GRPLQDQWO\ QRQ(XURSHDQ RULHQWDO $IULFDQ 3HUVLDQ 1R  $ FODULILFDWLRQ LV GXH IRU 7ROVWRL FHUWDLQO\ GLG QRW LQWHQG VXFK XQLILHG SDQ (XURSHDQDSSHDO+LVLQWHQWLRQVPRUHPRGHVW WRFHOHEUDWHWKHOLIHRIDORVWQRELOLW\ WRH[SORUHWKHHQHUJ\RIHDUO\UHYROXWLRQLVWV KDGDQDUURZ5XVVLDQIRFXV7KH XVHRI )UHQFK GHIHQGHGLQ¦6RPH:RUGVDERXW¨:DUDQG3HDFH©§ 5XVVLDQ$UFKLYH ZDV DFDUHIXOO\SODQQHGGHYLFHDLPHGDWSURGXFLQJDQDWPRVSKHUHRIVRFLDOLQDXWKHQWLFLW\DQG PRUDOLQVLQFHULW\ The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 229 JULIÁN JIMÉ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¦LQFRPSOHWHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQ§ 7KHVXFFHVVRIQRYHOLVWVOLNH2UKDQ 3DPXNDQG$PRV2]ZULWLQJDWWKHYHU\IULQJHVRI(XURSH DWWHVWVWR WKLVFRQWHPSRUDU\IDVFLQDWLRQZLWKWKHORFDO,QWKH,EHULDQWHUULWRULHV WKHPHUHUHIHUHQFHWR%HUQDUGR$W[DJD0DQXHO5LYDVRU-XOLR/ODPD]D UHVVXIILFHVWRFRQMXUHDVSLULWRIUHJLRQDOLVPRIWHQLQIRUPLQJDODUJHU QDWLRQDOLVW SROLWLFDO DJHQGD $ UHJLRQDO PRPHQW LV DOVR SUHVHQW LQ WKH ZRUNRI6DUDPDJR&ODXGLR0DJULV6HEDOGRU-DYLHU0DUtDVQRYHOLVWV ZKLFK LQ DOO OLNHOLKRRG ZRXOG UHMHFW WKH FDWHJRU\ VLQFH WKH\ VHHN WR LQYHVWLQDFRQWUDU\WHQGHQF\RILQWHUQDWLRQDOLVPRUFRVPRSROLWLVP2Q RFFDVLRQKRZHYHUWKHEHVWRIWKHLUZULWLQJLVWLHGWRDSODFH EH LW/LV  5D\PRQG :LOOLDPV ¦,Q & UHJLRQDOLVP DSSHDUHG PDLQO\ DW ILUVW WR LQGLFDWH LQFRPSOHWHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQ>@ 7KHSULPDU\SROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVKDYHFRQWLQXHGLQWKLV VHQVHWKRXJKWKHUHKDVEHHQVRPHFRXQWHUPRYHPHQWDWWHPSWLQJWRPDNHWKHGLVWLQF WLYHYLUWXHVRIUHJLRQVWKHEDVLVIRUQHZIRUPVRILGHQWLW\RUGHJUHHVRI¨VHOIJRYHUQPHQW©§ .H\ZRUGV   230 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe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w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©V WKHVLV LV WKDW LW DVVLJQV WR 0RQWHVTXLHX©V LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH )UDQFR *HUPDQLF(XURSHDSULYLOHJHGDQGDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHSRVLWLRQDWWKHFRUH RIWKH:HVWHUQKLVWRULFLVWFDQRQ$QGKRZHYHUSUHGLFWDEOHWKLVUHDGLQJ PD\EHRQHZRXOGH[SHFWPRUHDWWHQWLRQWRRWKHUSRZHUIXOKLVWRULFLVW  ,QWKH(QJOLVKFDVHWKHWUDQVLWIURPSURYLQFLDOUHJLRQDOLVPWRDNLQGRIPHWURSROL WDQUHJLRQDOLVPFHQWHUHGRQ/RQGRQLVEULHIO\FRQVLGHUHGE\%HOO  $QLGHRORJLFDO UHDGLQJRIWKLVSURFHVVFDQRIFRXUVHEHIRXQGLQ:LOOLDPV   The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 231 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN DFFRXQWVRI(XURSH©VFRPLQJRIDJH$PRQJWKHVHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLV WKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRISUHPRGHUQ(XURSHSURYLGHGE\(GZDUG*LEERQLQ 7KH+LVWRU\RIWKH'HFOLQHDQG)DOORIWKH5RPDQ(PSLUH$FFRUGLQJWR *LEERQWKHIDOO RIWKH5RPDQ(PSLUHZDVIROORZHGE\DPLOOHQLXPRI ¦EDUEDULVP DQGUHOLJLRQ§ 7KHQHZ GDZQRIOLEHUW\DQGOLJKWWKHUHWXUQ RIYLUWXHDVFRPPHUFHWRRNSODFHGXULQJWKH5HQDLVVDQFHWKDWLVQRW HDUOLHUWKDQWKHWK FHQWXU\7KLVKLVWRULFDODFFRXQWLVFOHDUO\DWRGGV ZLWK0RQWHVTXLHX©VFRQFHSWLRQRIDPHGLHYDO*HUPDQLF)UDQNLVKUH QDLVVDQFHSDYLQJWKHZD\WROLEHUWLHVDQGUHDVRQ*LEERQ©VGLVWDQFHIURP WKH)UDQFR*HUPDQLFD[LVKLVSHULSKHUDOSRVLWLRQYLVjYLVWKHKLVWRULFLVW QDUUDWLYHWKDWOLQNVLQ'DLQRWWR©VDFFRXQW0RQWHVTXLHXWR0DGDPHGH 6WlHODQG+HJHOGRHVQRWOHVVHQLQDQ\ZD\WKHSDQ(XURSHDQFODLPRI KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ *LEERQ©V VHQVH RI SUHPRGHUQ (XURSH IXUQLVKHV DQ HQWLUHO\QHZSHUVSHFWLYHRIWKHLGHQWLW\RI(XURSHDQGWKH:HVWRQHWKDW FDQQRWDOZD\VEHUHFRQFLOHGZLWKWKH KLVWRULFLVWWUDGLWLRQZKLFKGUDZ LQJ RQ 0RQWHVTXLHX SHUPHDWHV PRVW FRQWHPSRUDU\ GHEDWHV RQ SRVW LPSHULDOLVPSRVWFRORQLDOLVPDQGWKHHWKLFVRIWKHRWKHU7KHUHLVQRQH WKH OHVV RQH FRQWHPSRUDU\ WKLQNHU WKDW KDV VHW RXW WR H[SORUH DOO WKH LPSOLFDWLRQVRI*LEERQ©VQRWLRQRI(XURSHDQPRGHUQLW\7KLVWKLQNHULV WKHKLVWRULDQ-*$3RFRFNZKRVHUHVHDUFKRQ*LEERQVWLOOLQSURJUHVV DPRXQWVWRIRXUYROXPHVRIDVHULHVWKDWGUDZVLWVWLWOHIURP*LEERQ©V SKUDVH¦%DUEDULVPDQG5HOLJLRQ§ ,QWKHVHFRQGYROXPHQZHUHDGDV\Q WKHWLFGHVFULSWLRQRID(XURSHDQQDUUDWLYHWKDWZDVQRWH[FOXVLYHO\*LE ERQ©VEXWSDUWO\VKDUHGE\RWKHULQIOXHQWLDOWKLQNHUVVXFKDV9ROWDLUH +XPH)HUJXVRQ5REHUWVRQDQG$GDP6PLWK 7KHSULQFLSDOQRUPWRHQJDJHLVWKDWWRZKLFK,UHIHUE\XVLQJWKH WHUP ¦WKH (QOLJKWHQHG QDUUDWLYH§ 7KH KLVWRULDQV KHUH VWXGLHG ZHUH DOO FRQFHUQHG WR ZULWH ILUVW WKH KLVWRU\ RI ZKDW , IXUWKHU WHUP ¨WKH &KULVWLDQPLOOHQLXP©FRYHULQJWKHHOHYHQFHQWXULHVIURP&RQVWDQWLQH WR&KDUOHV9LQWKHFDVHRI5REHUWVRQRUWKHQLQHRUVRFHQWXULHVIURP &KDUOHPDJQH WR /RXLV ;,9 LQ WKH FDVH RI 9ROWDLUH 7KLV HUD ZDV LQ D VSHFLDO VHQVH WKDW RI ¦EDUEDULVP DQG UHOLJLRQ§¥D SKUDVH IDPRXV O\ XVHG E\ *LEERQ >@¥VLQFH LW ZDV WKDW LQ ZKLFK WKH /DWLQXVLQJ SURYLQFHVRIWKHIRUPHU5RPDQHPSLUHZHUHSHUFHLYHGDVGRPLQDWHG E\IHXGDOORUGVKLSVRULJLQDWLQJZLWKWKHEDUEDULDQLQYDVLRQVRIWKHVH 232 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe SURYLQFHV DQG E\ WKH HFFOHVLDVWLFDO DQG DERYH DOO SDSDO MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHUVHFXODUDIIDLUVH[HUFLVHGE\WKH5RPDQFKXUFKLQWKHDEVHQFHRI LPSHULDOFLYLOVRYHUHLJQW\ 3RFRFN1DUUDWLYHV 6RPHSDJHVDKHDGWKLVGHVFULSWLRQLVUHQGHUHGPRUHVSHFLILF ¦7KH(QOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYH§ UHFRXQWHGWKHGHVFHQWIURPFODVVLFDO DQWLTXLW\LQWRWKHGDUNQHVVRI¦EDUEDULVPDQGUHOLJLRQ§ DQGWKHHPHU JHQFH IURP WKH ODWWHU VHW RI FRQGLWLRQV RI D ¨(XURSH© LQ ZKLFK FLYLO VRFLHW\ FRXOG GHIHQG LWVHOI DJDLQVW GLVUXSWLRQ E\ HLWKHU 7KH KLVWRU\ KDGWZRWKHPHVWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDV\VWHPRIVRYHUHLJQVWDWHV¥PXO WLSOH PRQDUFKLHV FRQIHGHUDFLHV DQG UHSXEOLFV¥LQ ZKLFK WKH UXOLQJ DXWKRULW\ ZDV FRPSHWHQW WR PDLQWDLQ FLYLO JRYHUQPHQW DQG FRQGXFW DQLQGHSHQGHQW$XVVHQSROLWLNDQGWKHHPHUJHQFHRIDVKDUHGFLYLOL]D WLRQRIPDQQHUVDQGFRPPHUFHWKURXJKZKLFKLQDGGLWLRQWRWUHDWLHV DQGVWDWHFUDIWWKHLQGHSHQGHQWVWDWHVFRXOGEHWKRXJKWWRFRQVWLWXWHD FRQIHGHUDWLRQRUUHSXEOLF7KLVLGHDOFRQGLWLRQRUWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILW KDGUHSODFHGWKHXQLYHUVDOPRQDUFKLHVSDSDFLHVHPSLUHVDQGIHXGDO GLVRUGHUVRIWKH(XURSHDQSDVWDQGWKH(QOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYHUHODWHG ERWKWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHGHVFHQWLQWR¨EDUEDULVPDQGUHOLJLRQ© DQGWKH HVFDSHIURPLW 1DUUDWLYHV ,I ZH FRPSDUH WKLV DFFRXQW WR WKH DOWHUQDWLYH ¨(QOLJKWHQHG QDUUD WLYH© HPHUJLQJIURPWKH0RQWHVTXLHX'H6WDs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©VPRGHUQLW\'DLQRWWRULJKWO\WUDFHVWKLVWHQ GHQF\LQ0DGDPHGH6WlHODQG1RYDOLV,Q*LEERQ©VHQOLJKWHQHGQDUUD  3RFRFNH[SORUHVLQGHWDLOWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOORJLFRI0RQWHVTXLHX©VQDUUDWLYHLQ7KH )LUVW'HFOLQHDQG)DOO   The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 233 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN WLYHVKDUHGE\9ROWDLUH+XPHDQGRWKHUVNHSWLFV&KULVWLDQLW\LVVHHQ UDWKHUDVLPSDLULQJ(XURSHDQPRGHUQL]DWLRQ *LEERQ©VKLVWRULRJUDSKLFLPDJLQDWLRQSURYLGHVWKHIUDPHRIWKHIRO ORZLQJK\SRWKHVLVWKHFXOWXUDOUHOHYDQFHRIWKH(XURSHDQUHJLRQDOQRYHO PD\ EH EHVW DVFHUWDLQHG LI RQH DFFHSWV WKH H[SODQDWRU\ SRZHU RI WKH ¦HQOLJKWHQHG QDUUDWLYH§ UHFRQVWUXFWHG E\ 3RFRFN ,W LV LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH FRQMHFWXUH RI D &KULVWLDQ PLOOHQLXP RI EDUEDULVP DQG UHOLJLRQ RI SULPLWLYLVPDQGVXSHUVWLWLRQWKDWWKHHDUO\URPDQWLFVXEJHQUHRIQRY HOLVWLFUHJLRQDOLVPLVEHVWXQGHUVWRRG7KHOHJHQGVRI PHGLHYDOIUHHGRP WKDWEHFDPHSRSXODULQWKHKDQGVRIHDUO\URPDQWLFZULWHUVOLNH6FKLOOHU RU6FRWW¥:LOKHOP7HOO DQG,YDQKRH¥VWHPIURPDQLGHRORJLFDOPDWUL[ VKDUSO\ RSSRVHG WR WKDW RI WKH UHJLRQDO QRYHO ,Q IDFW ,YDQKRH LV DQ H[FHSWLRQ LQ 6FRWW©V RHXYUH VLQFH PRVW RI KLV KLVWRULFDO QRYHOV FRQYH\ D YHU\ UHWURJUDGH SLFWXUH RI WKH PLGGOH DJHV )HXGDO EDFNZDUGQHVV LV LQGHHG WKH YLVLEOH WKHPH RI PRVW QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ UHJLRQDO ILFWLRQ IURP(GJHZRUWKWR*RJRODQG7XUJHQHYIURP 6FRWWWR3DUGR%D]iQDQG 3HUHGD+RZHYHUGHVSLWH WKHYLVLELOLW\RIDWKHPHWKDWOLQNVWKHUHJLRQDO QRYHO WR WKH KLVWRULFLW\ LPSOLFLW LQ *LEERQ©V HQOLJKWHQHG QDUUDWLYH WKH VWUXFWXUDOLGHQWLW\RIWKHUHJLRQDOQRYHOOLHVDWDGHHSHUDQGQRWDOZD\V YLVLEOHOHYHO&XVWRPDU\GHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHUHJLRQDOQRYHOSXWHPSKDVLV RQ WKH LGHD RI SODFH DQG ORFDOLW\ 7KXV IRU LQVWDQFH 6QHOO GHILQHV WKH UHJLRQDOQRYHODV¦ILFWLRQWKDWLVVHWLQDUHFRJQLVDEOHUHJLRQDQGZKLFK GHVFULEHVIHDWXUHVGLVWLQJXLVKLQJWKHOLIHVRFLDOUHODWLRQVFXVWRPVODQ JXDJHGLDOHFWRURWKHUDVSHFWVRIWKHFXOWXUHRIWKDWDUHDDQGLWVSHRSOH )LFWLRQZLWKDVWURQJVHQVHRIORFDOJHRJUDSK\§  ,QWHUPVRIJHQHULF FRQYHQWLRQVWKH UHJLRQDOQRYHOLVGHVFULEHGE\6QHOODVQRQFODVVLFDODQG QRQSDVWRUDO  $IWHUDFNQRZOHGJLQJPRUHRYHULWVLQVWUXPHQWDOL]D WLRQLQWKHKDQGVRIQDWLRQDOLVWSURSDJDQGDKHEOXQWO\DVVHUWVWKDW¦WKH GHVLUHRIDXWKRUVWRFUHDWHWKHLURZQUHJLRQDOPRVWWRDVVHUWWKHLURZQ XQLTXHQHVV LQQRWVKDULQJWRRPXFKVSDFHZLWKRWKHUZULWHUVLV SUREDEO\ VWURQJHUWRGD\WKDQHYHUEHIRUH§  7KLVZDVZULWWHQHOHYHQ\HDUV DJR EXWLWVWLOOYDOLGWRGD\ +RZHYHU6QHOO©VGRFXPHQWHGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQPLVVHVWKHSRLQWLQRQH IXQGDPHQWDO ZD\ +H FRQVLGHUV WKDW ¦D IRUHJURXQGLQJ RI ORFDOLW\ UH 234 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe JLRQDQGFXOWXUDOGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVIUHTXHQWO\FRQVWLWXWHVDNLQGRISROLWLFDO VWDWHPHQWIRUH[DPSOHDUHDFWLRQDJDLQVWFHQWUDOL]HGJRYHUQPHQW§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©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The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 235 JULIÁN JIMÉ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¦PHDVXUHGSURVH§ RIKHURLFURPDQFHDQGIDYRUVDQDUUD WLYHWKDWLVRSHQWRWKHLUUHJXODUVSHHFKFDGHQFHVRIUHDOFKDUDFWHUV¦:H FDQQRWMXGJHHLWKHURI WKHIHHOLQJVRIWKHFKDUDFWHUVRIPHQZLWKSHUIHFW DFFXUDF\IURPWKHLUDFWLRQRUWKHLUDSSHDUDQFHVLQSXEOLFLWLVIURPWKHLU FDUHOHVVFRQYHUVDWLRQVWKHLUKDOI ILQLVKHGVHQWHQFHVWKDWZHPD\KRSH ZLWKWKHJUHDWHVWSUREDELOLW\RIVXFFHVVWRGLVFRYHUWKHLUUHDOFKDUDFWHUV§ &DVWOH 7KDWLVZK\¦WKHSXEOLFRIWHQFRXQWHQDQFHVWKRVHZKRZLWK RXWHQODUJHPHQWRIPLQGWRGUDZDQ\FRQFOXVLRQVIURPWKHIDFWVWKH\ UHODWHVLPSO\SRXUIRUWKDQHFGRWHVDQGUHWDLOFRQYHUVDWLRQVZLWKDOOWKH PLQXWHSUROL[LW\RIDJRVVLSLQDFRXQWU\WRZQ§ &DVWOH  )RU(GJHZRUWKUHDOLVPZKHWKHUSV\FKRORJLFDORUVRFLRORJLFDOH[ DFWHGILGHOLW\WRVSHHFKXQGHUVWRRGDVLPSHUIHFWGLDORJXHEURNHQFRQ YHUVDWLRQDQGKDOIKHDUGJRVVLS$QDSRORJ\IRUSKRQHWLFUHDOLVPLVWKXV SODFHGDWWKHRULJLQRIPRGHUQ(XURSHDQILFWLRQ7KHQRYHOIRU(GJH ZURWKLVDSKRQHWLFDUFKLYH7KLVSUREDEO\H[SODLQVZK\VKHUHIHUUHGWR KHUQDUUDWLYHVDVWDOHV DQGQRWDVQRYHOV RUURPDQFHVEHFDXVHDWDOH LV ZKDW\RXWHOO.DWKU\Q-.LUNSDWULFNKDVVKUHZGO\FRPPHQWHGRQWKH SROLWLFDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKLVFKRLFH 236 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 0DULD(GJHZRUWK©VILUVWQRYHOFRQWDLQVHOHPHQWVRIDQ,ULVKQDWLRQ DOLVPPRUHOLEHUDWRU\SHUKDSVWKDQWKH&HOWLFHVVHQWLDOLVP<HDWVODWHU KHOSHGWRIRUJH)RUZLWKWKHPXOWLSOHQDUUDWLYHYRLFHVRI&DVWOH5DFN UHQW(GJHZRUWKSUHVHQWV,ULVKLGHQWLW\DVGLDORJXHVRPHWLPHVIUDFWLRXV VRPHWLPHV G\QDPLF $QG GLDORJXH LV FHQWUDO EHFDXVH ,ULVK LGHQWLW\ LV DFWLYHO\QHJRWLDWHGDQGFRQVWUXFWHGQRWERUQHDORQJLQWKHEORRG  7KHRSSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQRUDOLW\DQGZULWLQJLQIRUPVWKHQRYHO6LU 3DWULFN RQHRIWKHODQGORUGV LVVHHQ¦LQWKHPLGVWRIWKHSDSHUVLQKLV RIILFH§ DQG¦KHFRXOGKDUGO\WXUQDERXWWKHP§ &DVWOH  7KLVODFNRI SURILFLHQF\ LQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK ZULWWHQ GRFXPHQWV RI UDWLRQDO DGPLQLVWUD WLRQLVFRPSHQVDWHGE\KLVPDVWHUIXOFRPPDQGRIUXPRXUVOHJHQGVDQG VRQJV ,Q KLV GHDWKEHG KH VLQJV WKH IROORZLQJ OLQHV ¦+H WKDW JRHV WR EHG DQGJRHVWREHGVREHU)DOOVDVWKHOHDYHVGRIDOOVDVWKHOHDYHVGR DQGGLHVLQ2FWREHU%XWKHWKDWJRHVWREHGDQGJRHVWREHGPHOORZ /LYHVDV KH RXJKWWRGROLYHVDVKHRXJKWWRGRDQGGLHVDQKRQHVWIHO ORZ§ &DVWOH  7KHFRQFHSWRIKRQHVW\WKDWLQIRUPVWKLVVRQJLVRSHQ O\ DW RGGV ZLWK WKH $QJOR3URWHVWDQW HWKRV RI UHVWUDLQW DXVWHULW\ DQG VHOIGLVFLSOLQH 7KLV YRFDO HYHQW HQDFWV ZLWKLQ WKH QRYHO WKH V\PEROLF VXUYLYDORIDSRSXODUHQHUJ\WKDWKDVPDQDJHGWRFRQWDPLQDWHDOOOHYHOV RI,ULVKVRFLHW\¦,ULVKLGHQWLW\DVGLDORJXH§ LQGHHGDQG,ULVKLGHQWLW\DV VRQJ7KHQRYHO LVDQDUFKLYHEHFDXVHLWVWRUHVWKHGLVSHUVHGWUDFHVRIWKLV SKRQHWLF HQHUJ\ 7KH XQUHVROYHG GLDOHFWLF EHWZHHQ ZULWLQJ DQG RUDOLW\ EHFRPHVDOOWKHPRUHUHOHYDQWLQ(GJHZURWK©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The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 237 JULIÁN JIMÉ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¥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©VQRYHOZLWKWKHQDUUDWLYHDVVXUDQFHLQWKHEHJLQQLQJV RI-DQH$XVWHQ©VRU*HRUJH(OLRW©VQRYHOVLQRUGHUWR,DVVXPHVWUHVVWKHRULJLQDOLW\RI WKHPRGHUQLVWPDVWHUSLHFHVKHLVEHLQJKLVWRULRJUDSKLFDOO\LQDFFXUDWHDQGUDWKHUXQIDLU WRRQHRI-R\FH©VSRZHUIXO,ULVKSUHFXUVRUV 238 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe SKRQHWLFVSHFWUXP7KHLUODQJXDJHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\OLYHO\DQGSULPLWLYH IURXJKWZLWKGLDOHFWDOPXVLFDOLW\LVGHVFULEHGDV¦VWUDQJH§ 7KHQDUUD WRU JHQXLQHO\ UHOLVKHV WKH DWWHQGLQJ GUDPDWLFDO FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI WKHVH VWUDQJHYRFDOHYHQWV 3DGG\SDUWLQJZLWKDQXQWDVWHGELWRIWREDFFREHJDQDQGUHFRXQW HGVRPHRIVLU7HUHQFH2©)D\©VH[SORLWVRIHYDGLQJGXQVUHSOHYL\QJ FDWWOHILJKWLQJVKHULIIVEULELQJVXEVPDQDJLQJFDQWVWULFNLQJFXVWR GHHVLQODQJXDJHVRVWUDQJHDQGZLWKFRXQWHQDQFHDQGJHVWXUHVVRIXOO RIHQMR\HPHQW>@ $OOWKH\DUGZHUHLQDURDURIODXJKWHUWKRXJKWKH\ GLG QRW XQGHUVWDQG KDOI RI ZKDW WKH\ KHDUG EXW WKH ULVLEOH PXVFOHV ZHUHDFWHGXSRQPHFKDQLFDOO\RUPDOLFLRXVO\PHUHO\E\WKHVRXQGRI WKH,ULVKEURJXH 7KH$EVHQWHH   7KH WHUP EURJXH ZKLFK PHDQV VWURQJ UHJLRQDO GLDOHFW SURQXQFLD WLRQUHDSSHDUVLQUHIHUHQFHWR6LU7HUHQFH¦1RRQHFRXOGWHOODJRRG VWRU\RUVLQJDJRRGVRQJEHWWHUWKDQ6LU7HUHQFHKHH[DJJHUDWHGKLV QDWLYH EURJXH§ 7KH $EVHQWHH   'LIIHUHQW SURQRXQFLDWLRQV RI (QJ OLVKDUH YLVLEO\PDUNHGLQWKHQRYHO©VIDEULFWKURXJK WKH XVHRI LWDOLFV )RUHJURXQGHGSURQXQFLDWLRQHFKRHVDWDSKRQHWLFOHYHO WKHODUJHULGHR ORJLFDOFRQIOLFWH[SORUHGLQWKHQRYHO/RUG&RODPEUHWKHPRVWEDODQFHG FKDUDFWHUVRQWRDQDEVHQWHHODQGORUGDQG\HW ZLOOLQJWREULGJHWKHJDS EHWZHHQ,ULVKDQG(QJOLVKLGHQWLWLHVLVDQJHUHGZKHQ(QJOLVKSHRSOHFULW LFL]HWKHDFFHQWRIWKH,ULVK¦:KDWVLJQLILHVZKDWDFFHQWSHRSOHVSHDN LQWKDWKDYHQRWKLQJWRVD\"§ 7KH$EVHQWHH  ,QGXH FRXUVHKHZLOO GLVFRYHU WKDW WKH ,ULVK DJHQW RI KLV IDPLO\ HVWDWH LQ ,UHODQG KDV LQGHHG PXFKPRUHWRVD\WKDQKLVIDWKHUSDUWLFXODUO\DVUHJDUGVWKHIXOOILOPHQW RIRQH©VGXWLHV7KXVWKHQRYHOGHYHORSVLQWRDUHPDUNDEOHFRPHG\RI PDQQHUVWXUQLQJRQWKHLGHRORJLFDOSUREOHPRIVWDWXVLQFRQVLVWHQF\%XW LW UHPDLQV D QDUUDWLYH H[SHULPHQW RQ FXOWXUDO DV QDWLRQDO LGHQWLW\ WKDW IORZVDVDILFWLRQDOH[SORUDWLRQRILPSHULDOFRQIOLFW7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQW VRFLDO HIIHFW RI $QJOR,ULVK ODQGORUG DEVHQWHHLVP ZDV WKH FRQIXVLRQ RI UDQN$V6LU-DPHVH[SODLQVZLWKHQOLJKWHQHGJXVWR¦FRPPHUFHURVHLQWR WKHYDFDWHGVHDWVRIUDQN§ 7KH$EVHQWHH  7KHUHSODFHPHQWRIROG YLUWXHDQGDULVWRFUDWLFKRQRXUE\FRPPHUFHZDVDFFRUGLQJWR3RFRFN WKHPRVWWHOOLQJH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHHQGRIWKH&KULVWLDQPLOOHQLXPDQGWKH The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 239 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN EHJLQQLQJRIDQHZPRGHUQDJHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\PLGGOHFODVVPDQQHUV DQG SROLWH FRQYHUVDWLRQ +RZHYHU SHUVLVWHQW WKLV WUDQVLWLRQ PD\ EH LQ 3RFNRF©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© FRQFOXGHG6LU-DPHV¨\RXILQGDVRFLHW\LQ'XEOLQFRPSRVHGRI DPRVWDJUHHDEOHDQGVDOXWDU\PL[WXUHRIELUWKDQGHGXFDWLRQJHQWLOLW\ DQGNQRZOHGJHPDQQHUDQGPDWWHU 7KH$EVHQWHH 7KH$EVHQWHH SRVLWV DQLQVLGLRXVDQGSRWHQWLDOO\RIIHQVLYHLGHQWLILFD WLRQEHWZHHQWKHSHRSOHWKDWKDYHPDWWHUNQRZOHGJHDQGHGXFDWLRQDQG WKHSHRSOHFDOOHG¦YXOJDULDQV§ DQG¦EDUEDULDQV§ E\WKH$QJOR,ULVKDU LVWRFUDF\ 7KHELJRWHG/DG\'DVKIRUWH[FODLPVDWRQHSRLQW¦§%DUEDU LDQVDUHQRWZHWKHFLYLOL]HG(QJOLVKFRPHWRWHDFKWKHPPDQQHUVDQG IDVKLRQV§" 7KH $EVHQWHH   &XQQLQJ DQG PDQLSXODWLYH VKH HQMR\V IRUFLQJ WKH ,ULVK SHRSOH ¦WKRVH RI WKH XQHGXFDWHG UDFH§ WR HQJDJH LQ YRFDOSHUIRUPDQFHVWKDWEHOLHWKHLUPLVHU\DQGFRQWUDGLFWLRQV 7RWKHVHVKHFRQVWDQWO\DGGUHVVHGKHUVHOIPDNLQJWKHPJLYHLQDOO WKHLU GHVSDLULQJ WRQHV D KLVWRU\ RI WKHLU FRPSODLQWV DQG JULHYDQFHV  $OLYHO\DQGHQJURVVLQJGLVFXVVLRQRI3RFRFN©VFRPSXOVLYHIRFXVRQWKLVKLVWRULFDO WUDQVLWLRQFDQEHIRXQGLQ5REHUW6PLWK6HHSDUWLFXODUO\7KHWHUP¦KLEHUQD WLRQ§ LV H[SOLFLWO\XVHGLQSDJH  5D\PRQG:LOOLDPVDQDO\VHVDVLPLODUSDUDGR[LQKLVUHDGLQJRI&ODUH¦,QWKH DFWXDOVFDOHRIWKHUHJXODWHGFRQTXHVWRIODQGZKLFKHQFORVXUHDPRQJRWKHUSURFHGXUHV UHSUHVHQWHG WKLV SHUVLVWHQW LPDJH RI LQYDGLQJ EDUEDULDQV LV XQGHUVWDQGDEOH %XW WKH KDUGHUIDFWWKDWWKHVHEDUEDULDQVZHUHZHOOERUQ(QJOLVKPHQ LVFKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\GLV SODFHG§ &RXQWU\   240 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHQDVNLQJWKHPTXHVWLRQVDSWO\FRQWULYHGWRH[SRVHWKHLUKDELWVRI VHOIFRQWUDGLFWLRQWKHLUVHUYLOLW\DQGIODWWHU\RQHPRPHQWDQGWKHLUOL WLJLRXVDQGHQFURDFKLQJVSLULWWKHQH[WWKXVJLYLQJ/RUG&RODPEUHWKH PRVWXQIDYRXUDEOHLGHDRIWKHGLVSRVLWLRQDQGFKDUDFWHURIWKHORZHU FODVV 7KH$EVHQWHH 7KLVFRPSOH[SDVVDJHUHYHDOV(GJHZRUWK©VDPELYDOHQWDWWLWXGHWR ZDUGVWKH,ULVKSHRSOH )RUDOOKHUSDVVLRQDWHHIIRUWVWREHV\PSDWKHWL FDOO\ IDLWKIXO WR WKH YRFDO VSLULW RI WKH ,ULVK (GJHZRUWK FRXOG KDUGO\ FRQFHDOKHUDQJXLVKHGDZDUHQHVVRI DGRUPDQW,ULVKEDUEDULVPYHUJLQJ RQ[HQRSKRELD KHUIDWKHUZDVDOPRVWOLQFKHGE\DPRELQWKHZDNHRI WKH,ULVKUHEHOOLRQV  7KH8QLRQEHWZHHQWKH.LQJGRPVRI,UHODQGDQG (QJODQGUHDFKHGLQWKH\HDURIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI&DVWOH5DFNUHQW HQWDLOHG LQ KHU YLHZ D GLVFLSOLQDU\ DFFRPRGDWLRQ ,Q IDFW KHU QRYHOV FDQEHVHHQDVHQODUJLQJDQGVRSKLVWLFDWLQJ/DG\'DVKIRUW©VUHSUHVVLYH LQWHUURJDWRULHV&DVWOH5DFNUHQW DQG7KH$EVHQWHH DUHIXOO\RUSDUWO\ HQOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYHVDUFKLYHVIRU,ULVKFRPSODLQWVDQGJULHYDQFHVWROG LQ¦GHVSDLULQJWRQHV§ ,,, (PLOLD3DUGR%D]iQLVD*DOLFLDQQRYHOLVWZKRVHUHJLRQDOLVWFUHGHQWLDOV KDYHEHHQDEXQGDQWO\DVVHUWHGHVSHFLDOO\LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHGHYHO RSPHQWVRI(XURSHDQQDWXUDOLVP'HVSLWHWKHRYHUWO\ORFDOHPSKDVLVRI KHUILFWLRQ3DUGR%D]iQ©VQDUUDWLYHZULWLQJFRXOGDOVREHVXEMHFWWRD UHDGLQJWKDWFRQIODWHVWKHHQOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYHRSSRVLQJUDWLRQDOLW\WR EDUEDULVPDQGUHOLJLRQZLWK WKHDUFKLYDOFRPSXOVLRQWRVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ OLEHUDWHDQGFRQWDLQDSKRQHWLFHYHQW7KHIRFXVKHUHZLOOEHRQWZRUH ODWHGQRYHOV/RV3D]RVGH8OORD  DQG/DPDGUHQDWXUDOH]D   ZKLFKSDOSDEO\GHDOZLWKDQLGHRORJLFDOWHQVLRQEHWZHHQPRGHUQLW\DQG EDFNZDUGQHVV0RGHUQLW\LVEURDGO\LGHQWLILHGZLWK)UHQFKUDWLRQDOL]D WLRQZRUNLQJDWPRVWOHYHOVRIGDLO\OLIHIURPKLJKWRGRPHVWLFSROLWLFV  )RUDJURXQGEUHDNLQJDFRXQWRI(GJHZRUWK©VSROLWLFDODQGLGHRORJLFDOFUHGHQ WLDOVVHH%XWOHU   The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 241 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN IURPDJULFXOWXUDOPDQDJHPHQWWRDUWLVWLFDSSUHFLDWLRQIURPWDEOHPDQ QHUV WR JDUGHQLQJ 3ROLWLFDO PRGHUQLW\ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ OD\ DQG VHFXODU UHYROXWLRQLVDQDGPRQLWRU\EDFNVWDJHWKDWIUDPHVWKHDFWLRQDWDGLV WDQFH1RFKDUDFWHULVDWUXHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKLVUDVKIRUPRIPRGHU QLW\3DUDGR[LFDOO\WKHHQOLJKWHQHGSURWDJRQLVWLVKHUHDSDULVKSULHVW 'RQ-XOLiQHPSOR\HGDVHVWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWRUDWWKHGHFDGHQWUXUDODULV WRFUDWLFKRXVHKROGRI/RVSD]RVGH8OORD'RQ-XOLiQ©VUROHLVVLPLODUWR WKDWRI/RUG&RODPEUHLQ7KH$EVHQWHHIRUERWKDUHIRUHLJQZLWQHVVHV DQGH[WHUQDOLQIRUPDQWVRIUXUDOVWDJQDQF\7KH\VWDQGIRUFHQWUDOLVHG DQGRULPSHULDOUDWLRQDOLW\LQWKHPLGVWRIUHJLRQDOEDFNZDUGQHVV7KH\ DUHDJHQWVRIPRGHUQLW\IRUFHGWRJUDSSOHZLWKWKHSHUYDVLYHLQGLJQLWLHV FDXVHGE\WKHORJLFRIEDUEDULVP ¦OyJLFDGHODEDUEDULH§/RV3D]RVGH 8OORD 0DULD(GJHZRUWKFRXOGEHVDLGWRKDYHLQYHQWHGWKLVW\SH RIQRYHOLVWLFSURWDJRQLVWRQHWKDWZDVWREHFRPHLPPHQVHO\SURGXFWLYH IRU:DOWHU6FRWWDQGZKLFKVWLOOSDWUROVZLWKDEOHQGRIUDWLRQDOLVW]HVW DQGNHHQEHZLOGHUPHQWWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\JHRJUDSKLHVRI(XURSHDQUH JLRQDOLVP7REHWRWDOO\FOHDURQHGLVWLQJXLVKHGYHUVLRQRIWKLVW\SHLV -RVHSK.LQ.DIND©V7KH&DVWOHDUJXDEO\DVXEOLPDWHGUHJLRQDOQRYHO IHDWXULQJDODQGVXUYH\RUFDXJKWLQJRWKLFDQGEDUEDULFQLJKWPDUH7KH QRYHOLVWLFWUDGLWLRQKDVDVVLJQHGWKLVW\SHRISURWDJRQLVWWKHWDVNRIDW WHVWLQJ UHJLRQDO WRUSLGLW\ DW WKH LQQHU DQG RXWZDUG IULQJHV RI HPSLUH ZKLOH EXUGHQLQJ KLP ZLWK WKH MRE RI UHFRUGLQJ YRFDO GLIIHUHQFH 2QH ZRQGHUVZKHWKHUDQGZK\WKHVHWZRIXQFWLRQVDUHLQWHUZRYHQ 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI WKH ZRUG EDUEDULH DQG FRJQDWHV OLNH EDUEDUL GDGHV DQGEiUEDURV LVVLPSO\RYHUZKHOPLQJLQWKHVHWZRQRYHOVE\3DU GR %D]iQ 2WKHU OH[LFDO RSWLRQV HQFDSVXODWLQJ WKH VDPH PHDQLQJ DUH SULPLWLYRLQIHULRUVHOYiWLFR RUEUXWR3ULPLWLYRLVLQIDFWWKHQDPHRI DFDUHWDNHUDWWKHKRXVHKROGRI/RV3D]RV7KURXJKWKLVOH[LFDOGHYLFH WKHQRYHOLQYRNHVDFKURQRWRSHRIKLVWRULFDOLQYROXWLRQ,GHRORJLFDOUHW URJUHVVLRQWDNHVWZRIRUPV)LUVWWKHPRQVWUXRXVEXUHDFUDF\SURGXFHG E\ WKH LQHIIHFWXDO LQVWLWXWLRQV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKHVH IDURII UHJLRQV 7KHVH LQVWLWXWLRQVDUHERWKFLYLODQGHFFOHVLDVWLFDODQGDVHQVHRIEXLOWLQKL HUDUFK\WLHGWRSUHPRGHUQSURFHGXUHVRIWUXWKSURGXFWLRQKLQGHUVWKH HIILFLHQF\RIERWK0i[LPRDFKDUDFWHULQ/RV3D]RVGH8OORDEHPRDQV 242 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKH SHUYDVLYHQHVV RI ¦W\UDQQ\ SULYLOHJH DQG IHXGDOLVP§   'RQ -XOLiQ©V ILUVW WDVN DV HVWDWH DGPLQLVWUDWRU LV WR SXW RUGHU LQ WKH IDPLO\ DUFKLYH HDWHQ E\ GXVW DQG ZRUPV 7KH RUGHULQJ RI WKLV DUFKLYH LV DQ LQGH[RIWKHK\JLHQLFDQGUDWLRQDOL]LQJIXQFWLRQVRIPRGHUQLW\-XVWOLNH LQ&DVWOH5DFNUHQW DQG7KH$EVHQWHHWKHVHIXQFWLRQVDUHLQHYLWDEO\DW WHQGHG E\ VRFLDO XQUHVW 7KH ILJXUH RI WKH QDWLYH XSVWDUW 7KDG\©V VRQ LQ&DVWOH5DFNUHQWUHDSSHDUVLQ/DPDGUHQDWXUDOH]D LQWKHFKDUDFWHU RIHO*DOORWKHQHZDGPLQLVWUDWRURIWKHHVWDWH7KLVILJXUHRFFXSLHVD WUDQVLWLRQDOSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQWKHUXUDOVDYDJHDQGWKHFLYLOL]HGYLVLWRU 7KH HQOLJKWHQHG QDUUDWLYH SUHVFULEHV WKDW WKH QHZ UDWLRQDO PDQ PXVW ILUVW RYHUFRPH REVWDFOHV WR SUDJPDWLF HIILFLHQW\ LQKHUHQW WR WKH IHXGDO HWKRV5HOLJLRXVVXSHUVWLWLRQLVLQERWKQRYHOVDFKURQLFVLGHHIIHFWRI WKLV HWKRV SHUKDSV WKH PRVW FRQVSLFXRXVO\ DQWLPRGHUQ RI DOO 3DUGR %D]iQVSDUHVQRRSSRUWXQLW\RIUHFDOOLQJWKHDWDYLVWLFEHOLHILQZLWFKHV DQGSXUJDWRULDOVRXOV%XWWKHPRGHUQSURWDJRQLVWPXVWDOVRVXEODWHWKH GDQJHUVRISULPLWLYHQDWXUDOLVP:KLOHLQ/DPDGUHQDWXUDOH]DWKHQDU UDWRUDSSHDUVGLVJXLVHGDVDK\SRWKHWLFDO¦LQYHVWLJDWRUDQDUFKHRORJLVW DPDQPRYHGE\FXULRVLW\§  LQ/RVSD]RVGH8OORD WKHQDUUDWRULV REOLTXHO\GHVLJQDWHGE\FRQMHFWXUDOUHIHUHQFHWR¦DQHWKQRJUDSKHUDUH VHDUFKHU§YLVLWLQJWKHVHORVWUHJLRQVLQRUGHUWRVWXG\DORFDOVXEVSHFLHV RI¦$PD]RQVUHPDLQVRIWKH*DOOLFLDQZDUVPHQWLRQHGE\/DWLQJHRJUD SKHUV§  7KHQDUUDWRUDVHWKQRJUDSKHULVDQDSWLQYHUVLRQRI&OLI IRUG*HHUW]©VZHOONQRZQDVVLPLODWLRQRIWKHDQWKURSRORJLVWDVDXWKRU 1DWXUHIRU3DUGR%D]iQLVSRODULVHGEHWZHHQLJQRPLQRXVEDUEDULW\ WKH ZLOG$PD]RQV DQGLG\OOLFFDQGRU7KHILUVWH[WUHPHWKDWRISULPLWLYH EDUEDULVP LQIRUPV ERWK QDUUDWLYHV V\PEROLF DQG WKHPDWLF OHYHOV 7KH VHFRQGH[WUHPHWKDWRIQDWXUHDVSDVWRUDOEOLVVILQGVLWVEHVWH[SUHVVLRQ LQWKHVHFRQG/DPDGUHQDWXUDOH]DDQRYHOLQFRQFHLYDEOHZLWKRXWWKH VHQWLPHQWDOQDWXUDOLVPRI5RXVVHDXDQG%HUQDUGLQGH6DLQW3LHUUH<HW WKHH[DFWSODFHRI3DUGR%D]iQ©VLGHRORJ\EHWZHHQWKHVHWZRH[WUHPHVLV KDUGWRGHILQH7KLVGHEDWHPDWWHUVEHFDXVHVRPHRIWKHPRVWUHYHDOLQJ RFFXUUHQFHVRISKRQRFHQWULFVWDJLQJLQWKHVHQRYHOVDUHQHFHVVDULO\WLHG  7KH(QJOLVKYHUVLRQVRIH[FHUSWVIURP3DUGR%D]DQ©VQRYHOVDUHDOOPLQH The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 243 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN XSZLWK WKHLGHRORJLFDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRI1DWXUH,Q/RV3D]RVGH8OORD WKHUHDGHULVJLYHQDPSOHUHSRUWRI1HQp©VOLQJXLVWLFSURJUHVV¦1RDU WLFXODWHVRXQGFDPHRXWRIKHUPRXWKEXWVKHKDGDVXEOLPHFDSDFLW\WR H[SUHVVZLWKWKH RQRPDWRSRHLDHZKLFKFHUWDLQ SKLORORJLVWVWDNHIRUWKH EDVLVRISULPLWLYHODQJXDJHDOOKHUZKLPVDQGDIIHFWLRQV§  -XOLiQ WKHSULHVWDGPLQLVWUDWRULVQRZDSKRQRORJLVWDWILHOGZRUN7KHVPDOO JLUO1HQpLVWRPDNHDOLEHUDOXVHRI6SLYDN©VWHUPLQRORJ\D¦QDWLYHLQ IRUPDQW§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¦ULJKW XQGHUVWRRG HYHQE\VDYDJHV§  $QGWKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJKDVLWVRZQPXVLF -XVW OLNH LQ (GJHZRUWK©V QRYHOV WKHVH QDUUDWLYHV DUH GULYHQ WR WKH FRPSXOVLYH IUDPLQJ RI YRFDO HSLVRGHV SDVVDJHV LQ ZKLFK QRWKLQJ EXW DSKRQHWLFSHUIRUPDQFHKDSSHQV$WRQHSRLQWLQ/RV3D]RVGH8OORD 3HUXFKRWKH\RXQJER\ WHOOVDVWRU\WRWKHVPDOOJLUO1HQp :KHUH GLG WKDW VWRU\ FRPH IURP" :DV LW D YDULDQW RI WKH OHJHQG RIWKHRJUH"'LG3HUXFKRKHDULWRQHHYHQLQJE\WKHKHDUWKZKLOHWKH ROGZRPHQVSXQDQGSHHOHGFKHVWQXWV">@ 2QVHXSRQDWLQH¥WKXV WKHVWRU\EHJXQ¥WKHUHZDVDYHU\HYLOYHU\VFRXQGULONLQJZKRDWH SHRSOHDQGSUHVRQVDOLYH7KLVNLQJKDGDEHWLIXOEHWLIXOEDE\OLNH D0D\IURZHOO>@WLQ\WLQ\OLWWOHOLNHDJUDLQRIPDL]H FRUQLVZKDW 3HUXFKRPHDQW     7KHRULJLQDOUHDGV¦˜'HGyQGHSURFHGtDHOFXHQWRYDULDQWHGHODOH\HQGDGHO RJUR"˜/RRLUtD3HUXFKRHQDOJXQDYHODGDMXQWRDOODUPLHQWUDVKLODEDQODVYLHMDV\SHOD EDQFDVWDxDV">@ 8QDYHV¥HPSH]DEDHOFXHQWR¥ HUDXQUH\PX\PDORPX\JDORStQ 244 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KLVH[WUDRUGLQDU\SDVVDJHLOOXVWUDWHVPRVWRIWKHLVVXHVXQGHUFRQVLG HUDWLRQ 7KH YXOJDULVPV DQG GLDOHFWDO LQIOHFWLRQV RI WKH FKLOG©V VSHHFK FRORXUWKH WHOOLQJRIDIDLU\WDOHLPEXHGLQWKHIHXGDOHWKRVRIURPDQFH SRSXODU LQ RULJLQ DQG KDQGHG GRZQ WR KLP WKURXJK RUDO WUDGLWLRQ )HXGDO EDUEDULVP LV VXEWO\ VWDJHG WKURXJK WKLV RYHUGHWHUPLQHG QDUUD WLYH SHUIRUPDQFH $QG \HW VXEWOHQHVV LV QRW WKH SUHYDLOLQJ PRGH 1RW HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW LV RUDO LQ 3DUGR %D]iQ©V QRYHOV LV PRUDOO\ JRRG ,W LV LQ IDFW WKH RSSRVLWH +RZHYHU LQ D VFDOH RI JURZLQJ ZLFNHGQHVV WKH EDE\©V VFUHDPV VWDQG DW RQH H[WUHPH RI D VSHFWUXP WKDW DOVR LQFOXGHV 3HUXFKRLQQRFHQWVWRU\DQGDJUHDWYDULHW\RISRSXODUVRQJVDQGWDOHV RIDSSDUHQWO\LQQRFXRXVFRQWHQW7KHQDUUDWRUUHPLQGVWKHUHDGHUWKDW ¦LQ WKH ROG WLPHV ZKHQ ZRPHQ SUHYDLOHG D PDVVLYH WULEXWH ZDV SDLG WR VXSHUVWLWLRQ FRQVWDQW DOOXVLRQ ZDV PDGH WR WKH SURFHVVLRQ RI VSLU LWV >@ D VDXF\ ROG PDQ WROG VWRULHV WKHUH ZHUH PDQ\ SRSXODU VRQJV WKHQHZRQHVLPSURYLVHGZKHQWKHVWRFNRIROGRQHVKDGUXQRXW§ /D PDGUHQDWXUDOH]D  <HWWKHUHIHUHQFHWRVXSHUVWLWLRQDQGLPSURYLVD WLRQPDNHVURRPIRUPRUDODPELJXLW\6RPHVRQJVPD\EHWRWDOO\KDUP OHVV¦7KHPRRQLVFRYHUHG XS %XW,GRQ©WUHDOO\PLQG 7KHOLJKWWKDW VKLQHVRQPH,NHHSLQVLGHP\EUHDVW   %XWWKHUHDUHDOVR¦HYLO WRQJXHVVKDUSWRQJXHV§  YHU\RIWHQKLGGHQXQGHUDPDVNRIUXUDO VLPSOLFLW\7KHVHWRQJXHVQRORQJHUFRQYH\WKHYRLFHRIQDWXUH¦1DWXUH KDV YRLFHV YRLFHV WKDW VD\ VRPHWKLQJ P\VWHULRXV DQG KXJH 9RLFHV 9RLFHV™9RLFHVWKDWKDYHEHHQJRLQJRQVSHDNLQJIRUWKRXVDQGRI\HDUV WHOOLQJWRHYHU\RQHDGLIIHUHQWWKLQJ7KHYRLFHVDUHLQVLGH§   ,W ZRXOG EH ZURQJ WR VXSSRVH WKDW WKH GLDOHFWDO LQWHUSOD\ VXJJHVWHG E\ 3DUGR%D]iQRSHUDWHVH[FOXVLYHO\EHWZHHQWKHH[WUHPHVRIRUDOEHQLJQLW\ DQGZULWWHQPDOHYROHQFH7UXHHQRXJKDVWURQJHPSKDVLVLVSODFHGRQ WKHIOXFWXDWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHROGRUDOWUDGLWLRQVDQGQHZZULWWHQSUDF WLFHVOLNHWKHQHZVSDSHUV$FFRUGLQJWR*RURVDFKDUDFWHULQ/DPDGUH TXHVHFRPtDODJHQWH\ODVSUHVRQDVYLYDV(VWHUH\WHQtDXQDQHQpEXQLWDEXQLWDFRPR ODIUROGH0D\R>@ \SHTXHxLWDSHTXHxLWDFRPRXQJUDQRGHPLOOR PDt]TXHUtDGHFLU 3HUXFKR §  7KLVVRQJLV LQ*DOLFLDQODQJXDJHLQWKHRULJLQDO¦$OXDYD\HQFXEHUWD>@ D PLQSRXFRVHPHGiDOXDTXHDPLQP©DOXPEUDGHQWURGHPHXSHLWRHVWi§ The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 245 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN QDWXUDOH]D¦QHZVSDSHUVZLOOEHRXUUXLQ§   %XWWKHUHDVRQIRUWKLV GLVSDUDJHPHQWRIZULWWHQMRXUQDOVGRHVQRWVROHO\HYLQFHDSUHPRGHUQ SUHMXGLFH :KDW*RURVIHDUVLVWKHH[WUDRUGLQDU\FDSDFLW\WRVSUHDGJRV VLSLQKHUHQWWRSULQWWHFKQRORJ\,QFRQFOXVLRQZKDWWKHGLDOHFWLFDOLQ WHUSOD\RSSRVHVDUHSXUHQDWXUDOYRLFHVWRLPSXUHUXUDOWRQJXHVWKDWLV QDWXUDOODZWRVRFLDORSLQLRQ,QDYHU\DQWLURPDQWLFYHLQWKH6SDQLVK SRHW$QWRQLR0DFKDGRRQFHZURWHWKDWWKH&DVWLOOLDQSHDVDQWZDV¦FD SDEOHRILQVDQHYLFHVDQG EUXWDO FULPHV§ &DPSRVGH&DVWLOOD ,IRQHRI WKHIXQFWLRQVRIWKHUHJLRQDOLVWURPDQWLFLPDJLQDWLRQZDVWRVDQLWL]HWKH ORFDODQGSRSXODUE\PDNLQJLWPRUHDFFHSWDEOHWRFLYLOL]HGWDVWHWKHQ QHLWKHU(GJHZRUWKQRU3DUGR%D]iQFDQEHVDLGWRKDYHIXOO\VXFFHHGHG LQWKHLUWDVN7KLVLV3DUGR%D]i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246 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe YRFDO SHUILG\ ,W PD\ QRW EH WRWDOO\ FRLQFLGHQWDO WKDW WKH ILUVW PRGHUQ QRYHO/D]DULOORGH7RUPHVLVEHVWGHVFULEHGDVDQH[FXOSDWRU\UHVSRQVH WRWKRVHZKRGHYRWHWKHLUWLPHWR¦PXUPXUDUGHORVFXUDV\ODVDPDV§ ¦WRVSUHDGLQJUXPRUVDERXWSULHVWVDQGKRXVHNHHSHUV§ 3DUGR%D]iQ PDGHDFRQVFLRXVHIIRUWWRUHFRUGWKLVJRVVLSDQGVKHUHIOHFWHGRQWKH FRQGLWLRQVDQGGHYLFHVRIUHFRUGLQJ,Q /DPDGUHQDWXUDOH]DVKHFRP SDUHV *DEULHO©V PHPRU\ WR ¦D SKRQRJUDSKLF VKHHW§   +HU QRYHOV FDQ EH VLPLODUO\ GHVFULEHG DV SKRQRJUDSKLF VKHHWV GHVLJQHG WR UHJLVWHU WKHYRLFHRIWKHSODFH7KLVUHJLVWUDWLRQLPSOLHVERWKDFHOHEUDWRU\OLEHUD WLRQ DUHOHDVHRIVXEYHUVLYHSKRQHWLFHQHUJ\ DQGDGLVFLSOLQDU\UHSUHV VLRQ DQ DUFKLYDO FRQWDLQPHQW RI WKLV YRLFH IRU HQOLJKWHQHG SXUSRVHV  3DUGR%D]iQLVZULWLQJLQWKHV7KHSLWIDOOVRIURPDQWLFIRONORUH LQGLJHQLVPDQGQDWLYLVPOLHLQWKHSDVWQRWIXOO\GRJGHGSHUKDSVEXW FHUWDLQO\ RXW RI UHDFK WR D OLWHUDU\ FRQVFLRXVQHVV OLNH 3DUGR %D]iQ©V DOUHDG\EXLOGLQJRQQDWXUDOLVP+RZHYHUKHUPLQXWHDWWHQWLRQWRGLD OHFWDOVSHHFKDQGKHUHYLGHQWFRQFHUQZLWKWKHLGHRORJLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV RIWKHYRFDO EHWUD\DGHHSFRPPLWPHQWZLWKWKHSKRQHWLFPRPHQWWKDW LQIRUPV WKH UHJLRQDO QRYHO 7KLV FRPPLWPHQW LV PRUHRYHU HVVHQWLDO O\OLQNHGWRKHUHQGRUVHPHQWRIWKHHQOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYHDVGHVFULEHG E\3RFRFN ,9 7KH FRQWHPSRUDU\ QRYHOLVW ,VPDLO .DGDUp ZDV ERUQ LQ $OEDQLD DQG ZULWHVLQKLVQDWLYHODQJXDJH,QKLVQDUUDWLYHZRUNWKHH[WHUQDOLQIRUP DQW¥WKH VHWSURWDJRQLVW RI PRVW UHJLRQDO ILFWLRQ ZKLFK DIWHU 6FRWW©V DQWLTXDU\LVRIWHQGHVFULEHGDVDQHWKQRJUDSKHUSKLORORJLVW RUDUFKH RORJLVW¥EHFRPHVDQLQGLVSHQVDEOHVWUXFWXULQJGHYLFH,QVRIDUDVKHUHS UHVHQWVPRGHUQLW\WKLVFKDUDFWHUKROGVWKHNH\WRWKHHQOLJKWHQHGQDU UDWLYHERWKDVSURWDJRQLVWDQGDVSURMHFWLRQRUH[WHQVLRQRIWKHDXWKRU )URPDWHPSRUDOSRLQWRIYLHZ ZHKDYHPRYHGIURPWKHWK WR WKHHQG RIWKHWK FHQWXU\*HRJUDSKLFDOO\ZHKDYHWUDYHOOHGIURP,UHODQGDQG *DOLFLDWR $OEDQLDIURPWKHZHVWHUQILQLVWHUUDHWRWKHHDVWHUQEDFNZD The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 247 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN WHUVRI(XURSH'HVSLWHWKLVGRXEOHWUDQVIHUWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHUHJLRQDO QRYHO UHPDLQVGLVWXUELQJO\LGHQWLFDO7KHUHVHPEODQFHEHWZHHQ.DGDUp©V DQG6FRWW©VQRYHOVLVVLPSO\XQFDQQ\DQGLWFDQRQO\EHDFFRXQWHGIRUE\ LQYRNLQJERWKWKHHQOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYHDQGLWVPRVWFRPPLWWHGDJHQW WKH H[WHUQDO LQIRUPDQW ,Q %URNHQ $SULO   IRU LQVWDQFH WKLV LQ IRUPDQWLVD\RXQJZULWHUZKRWUDYHOVWKURXJKWKHPRXQWDLQVRI$OEDQLD ZKLOHRQKRQH\PRRQZLWKKLVZLIH+LVLQWHQWLRQLVWRWHDFKKHUDILHOG OHVVRQLQSKLORVRSKLFDOKLVWRU\WRVKRZKHUKRZEDUEDULVPVWLOOVXUYLYHV LQ D VXSSRVHGO\ PRGHUQ FRXQWU\ OLNH $OEDQLD %XW WKH SODQ EDFNILUHV +HUZLIHEHFRPHVLQIDWXDWHGZLWKD\RXQJPDQWKDWKDVIDOOHQYLFWLP RI WKHLPPHPRULDOODZRIWKH.DQXQDFRPSOH[DQGRULJLQDOO\RUDOFRGH RIORFDOYHQGHWWD%URNHQ$SULO LV SDUDGLJPDWLFDPRQJ.DGDUp©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©VOLIHODWHUH[WHQGHGWRWKHHQWLUHWHUULWRU\RI$OEDQLD7KLVRIILFLDO WHDP LQVWDOOV VPDOO PLFURSKRQHV LQ DOO FRQFHLYDEOH SDUWV RI WKH WRZQ ERWKSXEOLFDQGSULYDWH%\UHFRUGLQJDEVROXWHO\HYHU\WKLQJWKDWLVEHLQJ VDLGWKH\SXUSRUWWRJDLQDFFHVVWRRQJRLQJUXPRXUVDERXWWKHHYHQWDQG HYHQWXDOO\WRWKHUHVWOHVVYRLFH RIWKHGHDGGLVVLGHQW 7KHWDVNRIWKHILUVW PLVVLRQLVWRXQGHUVWDQGERWKWKHHYHQWDQGWKHORJLFRIWKLVH[KDXVWLYH 248 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe VXUYHLOODQFH 7KLVSORW DOORZV.DGDUpWRFRQIODWHWZRUHODWHGLGHRORJL FDOFRQFHUQVIRONORULVPDVWKHSKRQRJUDSKLFYLJLODQFHRIDQDWLRQ©VSDVW DQGWRWDOLWDULDQLVPDVWKHSKRQRJUDSKLFVFDQQLQJRIDQDWLRQ©VSUHVHQW ,QERWKFDVHVZKDWLVDVWDNHLVWKHFRQWDLQPHQWRIDVXEYHUVLYHYRLFH DQGWKHUHIRUHWKHFUHDWLRQRIDSKRQHWLFDUFKLYH%RWKFRQFHUQVPHHWLQ WKHIROORZLQJSDVDJH 7KRXVDQGV RI QHZ PLFURSKRQHV ZRXOG EH SODFHG HYHU\ZKHUH ,I $OEDQLDZDVFRQGHPQHGWRKDYLQJLWVYLVXDOVKDUSQHVVZDQHLWVKHDU LQJ ZRXOG UHDFK XQNQRZQ OHYHOV RI SHUFHSWLRQ 7KDW ZDV DIWHU DOO DEVROXWHO\ ORJLFDO $OEDQLD ZRXOG UHWXUQ WR LWV RULJLQDO URRWV WR WKH WLPHZKHQKHDULQJSUHYDLOHGRYHUVLJKW7KH$OEDQLDRIWKHUKDSVRGHV DQGWKHRUDOWUDGLWLRQ 6SLULWXV  .DGDUpFDOOVRXUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHLQYLVLEOHOLQNVFRQQHFWLQJWKHSR OLWLFDOUHSUHVVLRQLQYROYHGLQQDWLRQEXLOGLQJDQGWKHVSLULWXDOLVWVHDQFH FRQWLQJHQW RQIRONORULVP7RLQYHQWDQDWLRQWRLPDJLQHDFRPPXQLW\ LQYROYHV LQ .DGDUp©V KLVWRULRJUDSKLF LPDJLQDWLRQ DQ RULJLQDO SKRQR JUDSKLFUHFRUGLQJRIWKHQDWLRQ©VLPPHPRULDOYRLFHV %XWIRUWKHFRP PXQLW\WRVXUYLYHLWLVHVVHQWLDOWRHQFRXUDJHWKHSKRQRJUDSKLFSUD[LV DQGNHHSWKHSKRQHWLFDUFKLYHRSHQ7KH)LOHRQ+ GHDOVOLWHUDOO\ZLWK WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDQDUFKLYH,QWKLVEULHIDQGH[WUDRUGLQDU\QRYHOOD WKHH[WHUQDOLQIRUPDQWVDUHPRGHOOHGDIWHUWZRUHDOFKDUDFWHUVWKHGLV WLQJXLVKHG$PHULFDQIRNORULVW$OIUHG%/RUGDQGWKHIDPRXVSKLORORJLVW 0LOPDQ3DUU\%RWKYLVLWHG%RVQLDLQWKHPLGVLQRUGHUWRJDWKHU  7KLVVDPHFRQFHUQZLWKWRWDOL]LQJVXUYHLOODQFHVWUXFWXUHV.DGDUp©V7KH3DODFHRI 'UHDPVDQRYHOZLWKDZKROHFKDSWHUGHYRWHGWR¦7KH$UFKLYHV§    7KHUHLVVWLOOQR(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQRI6SLULWXV,DPWUDQVODWLQJIURPWKH6SDQLVK YHUVLRQ  ,LQYRNH%HQHGLFW$QGHUVRQ©VIHOLFLWRXVGHILQLWLRQRIQDWLRQVDV,PDJLQHGFRP PXQLWLHV)RUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIOLQJXLVWLFUHVHDUFKLQODWHWKQDWLRQEXLOGLQJLGHRORJ\ VHHLQSDUWLFXODU&KDSWHU¦2OGODQJXDJHVQHZPRGHOV§  $FODVVLFDODFFRXQW RIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQODQJXDJHDQGQDWLRQDOLVPFDQEHIRXQGLQ+REVEDZP   EXWVHHDOVR1HXEDXHU)RUWKHOLQNV EHWZHHQJHRJUDSKLFDOV\PEROLVPQDWLRQVWDWH EXLOGLQJDQGWKHQRYHOVHH0RUHWWL  The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 249 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN ILHOGHYLGHQFHIRUWKHLUWKHVLVWKDWWKHVWUXFWXUDOGHYLFHVWKDWDUWLFXODWHG 6HUER&URDWDQHSLFSRHWU\ZHUHVLPLODUWRWKRVHXVHGLQ+RPHULFYHUVH .DGDUp PHW $OEHUW /RUG LQ  DQG WKH EULHI FRQYHUVDWLRQ WKDW IRO ORZHG ZDV HQRXJK WR VHW KLV LPDJLQDWLRQ LQ ILUH 7KH )LOH RQ + LV D FRPLFQDUUDWLYH WKDWGUDZVKHDYLO\RQ*RJRODQG.DIND+RZHYHUWKH VWURQJSUHFXUVRULVDJDLQ:DOWHU6FRWWDQGWKHJHQHULFFDWHJRULFWKDW EHVWGHVFULEHVLWLVUHJLRQDOILFWLRQ$WWKHQRYHO©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pGLVFXVVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIHSLFSRHWU\DQGRUDOLW\IRU$OEDQLDQFXOWXUH LQWKHLQWHUYLHZFRQGXFWHGE\*XSS\  +HLQVLVWVRQWKHLGHDWKDWWKHJHQUHRI WKHQRYHOKDVUHSODFHGWKDWRIRUDOHSLFSRHWU\  7KHQRYHO LQIDFWHQFDSVXODWHVIRUFULWLFDOSXUSRVHVDFRQYHQWLRQDOYHUVLRQRI WKHLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQRUDOLW\DQGOLWHUDF\ZKLFK+DYHORFNVXPPDUL]HVZLWKRXWRPLWWLQJ LWV FRORQLDO LPSOLFDWLRQV ¦2UDO WKHRU\ DSSOLHG WR +RPHU ZLWK DQDORJLHV GUDZQ IURP %DONDQRUDOSRHWU\KDVHQFRXUDJHGWKHKDELWRIUHJDUGLQJRUDODQGOLWHUDWHSUDFWLFHDV PXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYH7KHOLWHUDWHLWLVSUHVXPHGLQYDGHVWKHJHQLXVRIWKHRUDOFRPSRVL WLRQDQGFRUUXSWVLWVRWKDWRUDORULJLQDOLW\JLYHVZD\WRPHFKDQLFDOUHSHWLWLRQ7KLVSRU WUDLWRIZKDWWRRNSODFHLQ*UHHFHLVERUURZHGIURP WKHH[DPSOHRIFRORQLDODGPLQLVWUD WLRQVHTXLSSHGZLWKWKHSHUIHFWHGWHFKQRORJLHVUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHOLWHUDF\ZKRLQYDGH QRQOLWHUDWHVRFLHWLHVDQGWDNHWKHPRYHU§   250 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KHUHVHDUFKHU©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p GRHV QRW H[SORUH WKH SRWHQWLDO UHODWLRQVKLS WKDW H[LVWV EH WZHHQFRQWHPSRUDU\SRSXODUUXPRXUDQGWKHSRSXODUDQGRUDOVRXUFHV RIWUDGLWLRQDOHSLFSRHP %XWWKHVXJJHVWLRQRIWKHLUPXWXDOUHODWLRQVKLS FDQKDUGO\EHDYRLGHG)XOO\WKHPDWL]HGLQVWHDGDQGSHUKDSVDELWRYHU GUDZQDUHWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQDQHYHQW SRHWU\DQGIRUJHWWLQJ ,IDQHSLFSRHPVHWVRXWWRUHJLVWHUDSRZHUIXO KLVWRULFDOHYHQWDQHFHVVDU\PRPHQWRIIRUJHWWLQJPXVWWKHQFUHHSLQWR WKHSRHWLFSURFHVVLPSDLULQJWKHILGHOLW\RIWKLVUHJLVWHU :KHQ DQ HYHQW JRHV WKURXJK WKRVH ROG UROOHUV EHOWV DQG YDWV RI GDUNDQGVLQLVWHUOLTXLGZKDWKDSSHQVWRLW"+RZGRWKHUKDSVRGHV OXQJVEUDLQVIDQWDVLHVSDVVLRQVDQGHYHQWKHLUKHUHGLWDU\FRQWULEXWH WRWKHSURFHVV",WLVDOOUDWKHUOLNHDQHPEDOPLQJSURFHVV%XWLW©VQRWD FRUSVHWKDWLVEHLQJWUHDWHGEXWDSLHFHRIOLIHDQHYHQWPRVWRIWHQDQ XQKDSS\RQH$WERWWRPHSLFSRHWU\LWVHOIVHHQDVDZKROHLVQRPRUH WKDQDNLQGRIPRUJXH 7KH)LOHRQ+  7KHDQDORJ\EHWZHHQHSLFSRHWU\DQGDPRUJXHLVIXUWKHUGHYHORSHGDV IROORZV (YHU\EDOODGDOUHDG\EHDUVWKHILUVWVLJQRIWKHSURFHVVRIIRUJHWWLQJ 6RGRHVWKLVVLJQIRUHWHOOWKHSRHP©VXOWLPDWHGLVDSSHDUDQFH",VLWWKH JHUPRIWKHGLVHDVHWKDWZLOOHYHQWXDOO\NLOOLW"2ULVLWRQWKHFRQWUDU\ WKHVHUXPWKDWZLOOSURWHFWWKHEDOODGIURPWLPH©VDWWULWLRQ")URPZKDW The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 251 JULIÁN JIMÉ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pLVRSHQO\DGGUHVV LQJDQLVVXHGLVFXVVHGDWOHQJWKE\'HUULGDLQYDULRXVSODFHVDQGZLWK SDUWLFXODUIRUFHIXOQHVVLQKLVOHFWXUHRQ¦)UHXGHWODVFHQHGHO©pFULWXUH§  7KHXQFDQQ\HIIHFWRIZULWLQJDVSURWRDUFKLYDOUHGXSOLFDWLRQLV PDVWHUIXOO\UHFUHDWHGE\.DGDUpLQWKHVFHQHLQZKLFKWKHUKDSVRGHUHVWV LQIURQWRIWKHUHFRUGLQJPDFKLQHDIWHUUHFLWLQJDSRHP¦7KHPDQZDV WKHUHZLWKKLVPRXWKVKXWDQGKLVODKXWDDWUHVW\HW\RXFRXOGKHDUWKH VRXQGRIKLVYRLFHDQGKLVLQVWUXPHQW7KHUHGXSOLFDWLRQVHHPHGWUXO\ LQFUHGLEOH7KHUHZDVVRPHWKLQJTXLWHKRUULI\LQJDERXWWKLVGLVFRQQHF WLRQWKLVUHPRYDORIDPDQIURPWKHDWWULEXWHVZLWKJLYHKLP KLVGLVWLQFW DQGLQGHSHQGHQWH[LVWHQFH§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252 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe YRLFHV UHDFKLQJ EDFN WR ¦WKH REVFXUH EDUGV RI :DOHV DQG $UPRULFD§ *LEERQ ,QVLGHWKHUHJLRQDOQRYHOWKHUHLVDOZD\VDSKRQRJUDSK DQGVRPHRQHRSHUDWLQJLW7KLVVRPHRQHDOWHUHJR RI WKHQRYHOLVWLVDQ H[WHUQDOLQIRUPDQWDQHQOLJKWHQHGUHVHDUFKHU,QRWKHUZRUGV¦UHJLRQDO QRYHOLVWVRIWHQVXEVXPHLQWRWKHLUSURIHVVLRQWKHUROHVRIDUFKLYLVWVDQG ORFDOKLVWRULDQV§ .HLWK :KDWWKLV LQIRUPDQWGLVFRYHUVLQKLVUHJLRQ DO WRXU LV QRW DOZD\V ZKDW KH H[SHFWHG 0L[HG XS ZLWK WKH WUDFHV RI IRONRULFZLVGRPWKHH[WHUQDOLQIRUPDQWLVFRPSHOOHGWRQHJRWLDWHZLWKD PDVVLYHFOXVWHURIFDOFLILHGFDQWPDOHYROHQWRSLQLRQJRVVLSDQGVODQGHU $VDFKDUDFWHULQ6SLULWXV VD\V¦:HDUHDOZD\VWKLQNLQJRIDUWLVWVDQG LQWHOOHFWXDOVEXWLWLVWKHSHDVDQWWKDWKDVWKHVKDUSHVWWRQJXH§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¦E\WKH DQWKURSRORJLVW©VWDSHUHFRUGHUDQGLQWKHIRONDUFKLYHVRIGHSDUWPHQWV RIFXOWXUH§ :DOFRWW PD\SURYHDPLVJXLGHGHQWHUSULVH 7KHUHPD\ EHQRWKLQJQHFHVVDULO\SULPHYDOJRRGRUDXWKHQWLFDERXWWKHP6XFKLV WKHDQWLURPDQWLFOHVVRQWKDWWKHWUDGLWLRQRIUHJLRQDOILFWLRQKDVKDQGHG GRZQWRWKHQRYHOLVWWREHDQGVKHZRXOGGRZHOOLQUHWDLQLQJLW HVSH FLDOO\LI VKHDLPVWRDOLJQKHUHPHUJHQWILFWLRQWRWKHELUWKRIDQHPHUJ  :DOFRWW©V SUHVFLHQW DQG HQHUJLF HVVD\ VKRXOG EH UHDG LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK +H DQH\©V¦7KH5HJLRQDO)RUHFDVW§ The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 253 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN LQJ QDWLRQ 7KH RWKHU DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQW OHVVRQ LV WKDW WKH QRYHO DV SKRQHWLFDUFKLYHLVERWKOLEHUDWRU\DQGUHSUHVVLYH$V'HUULGDUHPDUNHG LQ KLV HVVD\ 0DO G©$UFKLYH D UXWKOHVV GHDWKGULYH DWWHQGV DOO DUFKLYDO SURFHGXUHV¦7KHUHLVQR DUFKLYHZLWKRXVDSODFHRIFRQVLJQPHQWZLWK RXWDWHFKQLTXHRIUHSHWLWLRQDQGZLWKRXWDFHUWDLQ H[WHULRULW\7KHUHLV QRDUFKLYHZLWKRXWDQRXWVLGH§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¦RQO\EDUEDULDQVDUHQRW FXULRXVDERXWZKHUHWKH\FRPHIURP§  LWZDVRQO\FXULRXVLW\DERXW WKHEDUEDULDQVWKDWPDGHHQOLJKWHQHGKLVWRU\SRVVLEOH$PDOLFLRXVSDUD GR[LQKDELWVWKLVGLDOHFWLFRQHWKDWFHUWDLQO\¦EHDU>V@RQWKHSUREOHPRI WKHGHILQLWLRQRI(XURSH§ 3RFRFN¦3ROLWLFV§   7KHQHZUHJLRQDO  7KHILUVWVWDJHVRIWKLVHURVLRQZHUHYLJRURXVO\GHVFULEHGE\*LEERQ¦7KH5R PDQV FRPPXQLFDWHG WR WKHLU FRQTXHURUV WKH XVH RI &KULVWLDQ UHOLJLRQ DQG /DWLQ ODQ JXDJHEXWWKHLUUHOLJLRQKDGDOLNHGHJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHVLPSOHSXULW\RIWKH$XJXVWDQ DQG$SRVWROLFDJH7KHSURJUHVVRIVXSHUVWLRQDQG%DUEDULVPZDVUDSLGDQGXQLYHUVDO WKHZRUVKLSRIWKHVDLQWVFRQFHDOHGIURPYXOJDUH\HVWKH*RGRIWKH&KULVWLDQVDQGWKH UXVWLFGLDOHFWRISHDVDQWVDQGVROGLHUVZDVFRUUXSWHGE\D7HXWRQLFLGLRPDQGSURQXQFLD WLRQ§    7KHUHJLRQDOQRYHOFDQWKXVEHVHHQDVDQRWDEOHDGGLWLRQWRWKH¦YDVWQHWZRUN RIDUWLILFLDOO\FRQWULYHGPHGLDOLNHZULWLQJSULQWHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVVXFK DVVRXQGWDSHV RU FRPSXWHUV§ ZKLFK DFFRUGLQJ WR 2QJ ¦KDV JURZQ RXW RI DQG DURXQG WKH VSRNHQ ZRUG§ FDXVLQJ D JUHDW YDULHW\ RI GLVWUDFWLQJ HIIHFWV $QG \HW KH DGGV ¦SDUDGR[LFDOO\ DQGIRUWXQDWHO\WKHVHVDPHPHGLDKDYHEURXJKWKLVWRU\LQWREHLQJDQGRSHQHGWKHSDVW WRXVPDNLQJLWSRVVLEOHWRGLVFRYHUWKHZRUGZLWKQHZH[SOLFLWQHVVLIOHVVGLUHFWQHVVLQ LWVRULJLQDODQGVWLOOQDWXUDOKDELWDWWKHZRUOGRIYRLFHRIVRXQG§   7KHSDUDGR[GHQRXQFHGE\3RFRFNLVWKHGLDOHFWLFDOLQWHUSHQHWUDWLRQWKDWREWDLQV EHWZHHQHQOLJKWHQHGDXWRFHQWULFKLVWRULHVDQGKHWHURFHQWULFDQGVHHPLQJO\DKLVWRULFDO &RXQWHU(QOLJKWHQPHQWVDULVLQJ¦ZLWKLQZKDWZHFDOO(QOLJKWHQPHQW§ ¦3ROLWLFV§   254 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe QRYHOLVWPXVWGHFLGHZKHWKHUVKHLVZLOOLQJWRLQYHVWLQWKLVGHDGHQLQJ DUFKLYDOWUDGLWLRQZKHQKHUDLPLVWRIXOILOODSROLWLFDOGUHDPEDVHGRQ RUJDQLFFRPPXQDOLW\DQGSKRQHWLFSXULW\1HJULDQG+DUGWDUHFRUUHFW LQZDUQLQJWKDWWKHORFDOFDQEHSURGXFHG7KHYRFDOLQVWHDGFDQRQO\ EHUHSURGXFHGDQGDWJUHDWFRVW7KLVUHPLQGHULVQRWDVIRUPLGDEOHEXW SHUKDSVQROHVVLQVLGLRXV ,Q WKH OLJKW RI WKH DERYH DUJXPHQW :DU DQG 3HDFH ZULWWHQ LQ D ¦EDUEDULDQ§ WRQJXHYLVLWHGE\LQWHUPLWWHQWIODVKHVRI)UHQFKUHDGVOLNHD VWULFWVWUXFWXUDOLQYHUVLRQRIWKHUHJLRQDOQRYHO,Q7ROVWRL©VPDVWHUSLHFH WKHSUHPRGHUQVSHHFKKDUGHQVLQWRDFRQWDLQLQJpFULWXUH DQGWKHHQOLJKW HQHGODQJXDJHPHOWVLQWRYRLFH7KHUHPD\FRPHDWLPHZKHQIRONORULVWV RIWKHSODQHWDU\SDQ$PHULFDQHPSLUHZLOOWUDYHOWR(XURSHWRH[DPLQH WKHSROLWHFRQYHUVDWLRQVRI5RXVVHDX9ROWDLUHDQG'LGHURW%\WKHQWKH HQOLJKWHQHGQDUUDWLYHZLOOPHDQQRWKLQJ<HWQRELJGHDOVLQFHSUREDEO\ E\WKHQQRRQHZLOOFDUH 5HIHUHQFHV $QGHUVRQ %HQHGLFW ,PDJLQHG &RPPXQLWLHV 5HIOHFWLRQV RQ WKH 2ULJLQ DQG 6SUHDGRI1DWLRQDOLVP/RQGRQ9HUVR %HOO,DQ$3HULSKHUDO9LVLRQV,PDJHVRI1DWLRQKRRGLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\%ULWLVK )LFWLRQ&DUGLII8RI:DOHV3 %HOODP\/L]¦5HJLRQDOLVPDQG1DWLRQDOLVP0DULD(GJHZRUWK:DOWHU6FRWW DQGWKH'HILQLWLRQRI%ULWLVKQHVV§7KH5HJLRQDO1RYHOLQ%ULWDLQDQG,UH ODQG(G.'06QHOO&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 %HUOLQ,VDLDK7KH&URRNHG7LPEHURI+XPDQLW\&KDSWHUVLQWKH+LVWRU\RI ,GHDV/RQGRQ3LPOLFR %XWOHU0DULO\Q-DQH$XVWHQDQGWKH:DURI,GHDV2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ 3 'DLQRWWR5REHUWR0(XURSH ,Q7KHRU\ 'XUNKDP'XNH83 (GJHZRUWK0DULD&DVWOH5DFNUHQW(G*HRUJH:DWVRQ,QWURGE\.DWKULQ- .LUNSDWULFN/RQGRQ2[IRUG83 ¥ 7KH $EVWHQWHH (GV +HLGL 7KRPVRQ  .LP :DONHU ,QWURG E\ +HLGL 7KRPVRQ/RQGRQ3HQJXLQ The Phonetic Archive. Vocality and Locality in European Regional Fiction from Maria Edgeworth to Ismail Kadaré 255 JULIÁN JIMÉNEZ HEFFERNAN *LEERQ(GZDUG7KH+LVWRU\RIWKH'HFOLQHDQG)DOORIWKH5RPDQ(PSLUH (G'DYLG:RPHUVOH\9RO/RQGRQ3HQJXLQ *XSS\6KXVKD¦,VPDLO.DGDUp7KH$UWRI)LFWLRQ&/,,,§3DULV5HYLHZ    +DUGW0LFKDHODQG$QWRQLR1HJUL(PSLUH&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG83 +DYHORFN(ULF$7KH/LWHUDWH5HYROXWLRQLQ*UHHFHDQG,WV&XOWXUDO&RQVH TXHQFHV3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ83 +HDQH\6HDPXV¦7KH5HJLRQDO)RUHFDVW§ (G53'UDSHU7KH/LWHUDWXUHRI 5HJLRQDQG1DWLRQ/RQGRQ0DFPLOODQ +REVEDZP(-1DWLRQVDQG1DWLRQDOLVP6LQFH3URJUDPPH0\WK5H DOLW\QG HG&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 .DGDUp,VPDLO%URNHQ$SULO/RQGRQ9LQWDJH ¥ 7KH)LOHRQ+7UDQV'DYLG%HOORV/RQGRQ9LQWDJH ¥ 7KH3DODFHRI'UHDPV7UDQV%DUEDUD%UD\/RQGRQ9LQWDJH ¥ 6SLULWXV7UDQV5DPyQ6iQFKH]/L]DUUDOGH0DGULG$OLDQ]D .HLWK:-5HJLRQVRIWKH,PDJLQDWLRQ7KH'HYHORSPHQWRI%ULWLVK5XUDO)LF WLRQ7RURQWR7RURQWR83 0RUHWWL)UDQFR$WODVRIWKH(XURSHDQ1RYHO/RQGRQ9HU VR 1HXEDXHU-RKQ¦7KH,GHDRI(XURSH¥7UHDGLQJRQ1DWLYH*URXQG"§&RP SDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH    2QJ:DOWHU-7KH3UHVHQFHRIWKH:RUG6RPH3UROHJRPHQDIRU&XOWXUDODQG 5HOLJLRXV+LVWRU\1HZ+DYHQ<DOH83 3DUGR%D]iQ(PLOLD/DPDGUHQDWXUDOH]D(G,JQDFLR-DYLHU/ySH]0DGULG &iWHGUD ¥ /RV3D]RVGH8OORD(G0”GHORVºQJHOHV$\DOD0DGULG&iWHGUD 3RFRFN-*$7KH)LUVW'HFOLQHDQG)DOO&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 9RORI%DUEDULVPDQG5HOLJLRQYROVWRGDWH¥ ¥ 1DUUDWLYHVRI&LYLO*RYHUQPHQW&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH839RO RI%DUEDULVPDQG5HOLJLRQYROVWRGDWH¥ ¥ ¦7KH 3ROLWLFV RI +LVWRU\ 7KH 6XEDOWHUQ DQG WKH 6XEYHUVLYH§ 3ROLWLFDO 7KRXJKWDQG+LVWRU\&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH83 5XVKGLH6DOPDQ¦1RWHVRQ:ULWLQJDQGWKH1DWLRQ§6WHSDFURVVWKLV/LQH &ROOHFWHG1RQ)LFWLRQ/RQGRQ9LQWDJH 6PLWK 5REHUW ¦7KH 'HDWK 'ULYH 'RHV 1RW 7KLQN§ 3RVW7KHRU\ 1HZ 'L UHFWLRQVLQ&ULWLFLVP(G0DUWLQ0F4XLOODQ*UDHPH0DF'RQDOG5RELQ 3XUYHVDQG6WHSKHQ7KRPVRQ(GLQEXUJK(GLQEXUJK83 256 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 6QHOO.'0¦7KH5HJLRQDO1RYHO7KHPHVIRU,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFK§ 7KH5HJLRQDO1RYHOLQ%ULWDLQDQG,UHODQG(G.'06QHOO&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH83 6SLYDN *D\DWUL &KDNUDYRUW\ $ &ULWLTXH RI 3RVWFRORQLDO 5HDVRQ 7RZDUG D +LVWRU\RIWKH9DQLVKLQJ3UHVHQW&DPEULGJH+DUYDUG83 7ROVWRL/HR:DUDQG3HDFH7UDQV/RXLVHDQG$\OPHU0DXGH/RQGRQ 2[IRUG83 :DOFRWW 'HUHN ¦:KDW WKH 7ZLOLJKW 6D\V§ :KDW WKH 7ZLOLJKW 6D\V (VVD\V 1HZ<RUN)DEHU )DEHU :LOOLDPV 5D\PRQG .H\ZRUGV $ 9RFDEXODU\ RI &XOWXUH DQG 6RFLHW\  /RQGRQ)RQWDQD3 ¥ 7KH&RXQWU\DQGWKH&LW\/RQGRQ2[IRUG83 "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe VIRGINIA RAMOS Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 8Q UpFLW V©pFULW FRPPH V©LO GHYDLW V©DUUrWHU j FKDTXH LQVWDQW 3DUDUUrWGXEDWWHPHQWGHF£XU .KDWLEL$PRXU%LOLQJXH  ¦)RUP\JUDQGPRWKHUWRWUDYHOZDVWRGULQNIRUHLJQZDWHU'LIIHUHQW SODFHVGLIIHUHQWZDWHUž,QHYHUEHOLHYHGWKHUHZDVVXFKDVWKLQJDVIRU HLJQZDWHUIRU,KDGDOZD\VWKRXJKWRIWKHJOREHDVDVSKHUHRIZDWHU ZLWKDOOVRUWVRIVPDOODQGODUJHLVODQGVVZLPPLQJRQLW>ž@ +RZFDQ RQHVD\ZKHUHWKHSODFHRIIRUHLJQZDWHUEHJLQVZKHQWKHERUGHULWVHOILV ZDWHU"§ 7KLVTXRWHE\<RNR7DZDGD :KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV  LQWKH RSHQLQJVHFWLRQRIKHUVWRU\:KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV PDNHVXVZRQGHU ZKHUHGRHV¦WKHERUGHURIWKHIRUHLJQ§ EHJLQ"+RZGRZHXQGHUVWDQG WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVHOISODFHDQG2WKHU" ,FKRVHWKHWLWOHRIWKLVHVVD\WREH¦¨%H\RQGWKH%RUGHU©7KH 7UDQV QDWLRQDO6HOI:ULWHV0XOWLGLDORJLF 1DUUDWLYH)RUPVLQDQGRXWRI*OREDO (XURSH§ IRUWZRUHDVRQVILUVWEHFDXVHRILWVFRQWHQW¥DVLWPHQWLRQVWKH FRQFHSWV WR EH H[SORUHG LQ WKH HVVD\ DQG VHFRQG EHFDXVH RI LWV IRUP DVWLWOH,QRWKHUZRUGVE\XVLQJDORQJDQGWZRIROGHGWLWOH,ZDQWHG WR LOOXVWUDWH D FRQWHPSRUDU\ SDUDGLJP WKH SDUDGLJP RI VLPXOWDQHRXV FRQWUDFWLRQ DQG H[SDQVLRQ ERUQ RXW RI JOREDOL]DWLRQ 0\ WLWOH PHDQV WREHJLQWKHHVVD\E\KLQWLQJDWWKLVGRXEOHPRYHPHQWWKURXJKLWVRZQ 258 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe VWUXFWXUHILUVWO\E\VKRZLQJWKDWWKHUHLVDQHIIRUWWRFRQWUDFWDQGGLVWLOO WKHPHVVDJHRIDWH[WWKURXJKDV\PEROLFVWDWHPHQWVXFKDV¦EH\RQGWKH ERUGHU§ DQGVHFRQGO\E\H[SUHVVLQJWKURXJKWKHXVHDORQJVXEWLWOH WKDWWKHUHLVDQHIIRUWRIH[SDQVLRQEURXJKWRXWRIDQLQWHUDFWLRQRIHOH PHQWVLQWKLVFDVHWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIVHYHUDOVRFLDOLPDJLQDULHVRIRXUHUD QDPHO\WUDQVQDWLRQDOLW\JOREDOL]DWLRQDQGGLDORJLVP 7KHFDSLWDOLVWKHDUWEHDWFDQLQIDFWEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVRQHRIFRQ WUDFWLRQ DQG H[SDQVLRQ VLQFH WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ JHQHUDWHDGXDOPRYHPHQW¥DPRYHPHQWLQZDUGDQGDPRYHPHQWRXW ZDUG¥RI LGHDV ODQJXDJHV SHRSOHV DQG JRRGV SHUKDSV PRUH DFXWHO\ LOOXVWUDWHGLQWKHZHVWHUQZRUOG 7KHQHHGIRUFRQVWDQWUHIUDPLQJDQG WKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRIWHUPLQRORJ\DUHLQLWVHOIV\PSWRPDWLFRIWKLVGRXEOH PRYHPHQW )RU LQVWDQFH ZH UHFRJQL]H LQ VFKRODUVKLS WKH ODWH WZHQWL HWK FHQWXU\©V LQH[KDXVWLEOH SDVVLRQ IRU QDPLQJ DQG UHQDPLQJ DUHDV RI WKH ZRUOG DFFRUGLQJ WR QHZ DSSURDFKHV VXFK DV WKH KHPLVSKHULF DS SURDFKWKDWZRXOGXVHWHUPVVXFKDV¦7KH$PHULFDV§ RUWKHSODQHWDU\ DSSURDFKZLWKWHUPVVXFKDV¦JOREDO(XURSH§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¦WKHVSHDNLQJSHUVRQDOLW\WKHVSHDNLQJFRQ VFLRXVQHVV$YRLFHDOZD\VKDVDZLOORUGHVLUHEHKLQGLW§ +ROTXLVK ,QSRO\SKRQLF WH[WV VXFKDV$PRXUELOLQJXH ZHHQFRXQWHUPXOWLSOHYRLFHV IRULQVWDQFHWKDWRIWKH QDUUDWRUDQGWKDWRIWKHDXWKRU ZKHUHWKHYRLFHRIWKHQDUUDWRULVH[SUHVVHGWKURXJK ILUVWRUWKLUGSHUVRQSRLQWRIYLHZDQGWKDWRIWKHDXWKRUWKURXJKILUVWRUVHFRQGSHUVRQ SRLQWRIYLHZ "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 259 VIRGINIA RAMOS JLVP/DWHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\WH[WVVXFKDV<RNR7DZDGD©V:R(XURSD DQIlQJW :KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV DQG$EGHONpELU.KDWLELVQRYHO$PRXU ELOLQJXH /RYH LQ 7ZR /DQJXDJHV  DUH WZR H[DPSOHV RI PXOWLGLDORJLF QDUUDWLYHV ZULWWHQ E\ WUDQVQDWLRQDO ZULWHUV ,Q P\ LQWURGXFWRU\ TXRWH ,UHIHUUHGWRWKHLPSRVVLELOLW\RIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHEHJLQQLQJRI¦IRUHLJQ ZDWHU§ WKDWLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDERUGHU6LPLODUO\LWLVGLIILFXOWWRSLQ SRLQWWKHEHJLQQLQJRUERUGHU RIWKHVHQDUUDWLYHV 7KH\GRQRWHPERG\ ¦FURVVLQJV§ RYHU D ERUGHUV EXW UDWKHU D VWDWH RI FRQVWDQW ¦FURVVLQJ§ WKHUHIRUHEOXUULQJWKHERUGHULWVHOIDQGSXWWLQJLQWRTXHVWLRQLWVDEVWUDFW GHILQLWLRQ2QHZD\RILOOXVWUDWLQJWKLV VWDWHLVWRORRNDWWKHSRO\SKRQLF FKDUDFWHURI$PRXUELOLQJXH DQGWKHPXOWLJHQHULFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI:R (XURSDDQIlQJW )LUVW,OOXVWUDWLRQRI0XOWLGLDORJLVP$Q([DPSOHRID6HOI$ZDUH 3RO\SKRQLF1DUUDWLYH 7KH )UHQFK0RURFFDQ $EGHONpELU .KDWLEL FRPSOHWHG $PRXU ELOLQJXH LQ+HLVDPXOWLFXOWXUDODQGPXOWLOLQJXDOZULWHUZKDWZHFRXOG FDOODWUDQVQDWLRQDODXWKRU$PRXUELOLQJXH RSHQVZLWKWKHVHQWHQFH¦OHV pWpV DUULYDLHQW DYHF IRXJXH /H YHQW O©HQLYUDLW§ .KDWLEL  ¦VXPPHUV DUULYHGLQDEOD]HRIHQHUJ\7KHZLQGPDGHKLPGUXQN§ .KDWLEL/RYH LQ 7ZR /DQJXDJHV   7KXV IURP WKH VWDUW WKH UHDGHU LV IRUHZDUQHG FKDUULQJLQWHQVLW\DQGORVVRIEHDULQJVDUHWRIROORZ.KDWLEL©VFDSWLYDW LQJDQGLQQRYDWLYHQDUUDWLYHRIWHQKDVWKLVHIIHFWEXWPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\ LWVXFFHHGVLQH[HUWLQJDPXOWLSOHGLDORJXHEHWZHHQWKHODQJXDJHV DQGWKH YRLFHVRIWKHQDUUDWRUVSURWDJRQLVWVWKURXJKWKHFRH[LVWHQFHRIGLIIHUHQW SRLQWVRIYLHZRQSDVWPHPRULHVRIDORYHUHODWLRQVKLS .KDWLEL©VQRYHOH[SORUHVWKHTXHVWLRQRIVHOIKRRGLGHQWLW\DQGGLI IHUHQFHWKURXJKDORYHDIIDLUEHWZHHQD)UHQFKZRPDQDQGDELOLQJXDO 1RUWK$IULFDQPDQ7KRXJKWKLVQRYHOLVQRWDWUDYHOQDUUDWLYHLQWKDW LW KDUGO\ HYHU LGHQWLILHV D SODFH E\ QDPH LW HYRNHV D VWDWH RI FRQVWDQW WUDYHOOLQJWKDWFDQEHLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHWH[W©VSRO\SKRQ\,QWKLVVHQVH WKHFKDUDFWHUVQDUUDWRUVDUHLGHQWLWLHVRQWKHPRYHWKDWJHQHUDWHLQWXUQ DQH[SHULHQFHRIPXOWLSOHLGHQWLW\DQGLQWHULOOXPLQDWLRQZLWKDQGZLWKLQ 260 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHUHDGHU$WWKHVDPHWLPH.KDWLELZULWHVDVHOIUHIOHFWLYHQDUUDWLYHD PHWDQDUUDWLYHZKLFKPDNHVXVDZDUHRIWKHODQJXDJHRIFUHDWLRQ :HHQFRXQWHUDWH[WWKDWFURVVHVPRQRORJLFERXQGDULHVZKLOHPRY LQJXVLQWRDPXOWLSOHDFWLYHH[SHULHQFH7KHWH[WFRQVLVWVRQDPRVDLFRI PHPRULHVWROGSULPDULO\LQILUVWDQGWKLUGSHUVRQE\DYDULHW\RIYRLFHV UHFDSWXULQJPRPHQWVRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSDQGWKHLQWHUQDOHPRWLRQDOEDW WOHVRIWKHFKDUDFWHUV7KHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQYRLFHVWZRQDUUDWRUV¥RQH PDOHRQHIHPDOHWKDWDUHDOVRSURWDJRQLVWVRIWKHORYHVWRU\DQGWKH YRLFHRIWKHDXWKRU7KHPDOHDQGIHPDOHYRLFHVVSHDNWKURXJKPXOWLSOH SRLQWVRIYLHZ ILUVWDQGWKLUGSHUVRQ DQGGRQRWH[LVWLQ FOHDUO\GHOLP LWHGVHSDUDWHVSDFHV 7KHIHPDOHFKDUDFWHU©VYRLFHLVERWKQDUUDWRUDQGSURWDJRQLVWDVVKH UHPHPEHUVKHUVWDWHRIPLQGLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLS (OOHQ©pWDLWSDVPDODGHVLELHQTXHODPDODGLHSHUGLWGDQVVRQHVSULW OHVFRQYHQWLRQVTX©RQOXLDGPLQLVWUH(OOHpWDLWKDELWpHSDUXQYHUWLJH GLVFRQWLQXž FHQ©pWDLWSRLQWXQHIDLEOHVVHGHYLH PDLVpWUDQJHPHQW XQH[FqVGHGpVLUTXLpFODWDLWHQHOOHDXWRXUG©HOOH .KDWLEL$PRXU ELOLQJXH 6KH ZDVQ©W VLFN DQG WKXV LQ KHU PLQG WKH VLFNQHVV ORVW WKH FRQYHQ WLRQV RQH DFFRUGHG WR LW 6KH ZDV LQKDELWHG E\ D GLVFRQWLQXRXV LQ FRPSUHKHQVLEOHYHUWLJRžLWZDVLQQRZD\DZHDNQHVVRIOLIH UDWKHU VWUDQJHO\LWZDVDQH[FHVVRIGHVLUHZKLFKH[SORGHGLQKHUDURXQGKHU .KDWLEL/RYHLQ7ZR/DQJXDJHV P\HPSKDVLV 7KHYRLFHXVHVDODQJXDJHZKLFKOD\HUVDEVWUDFWLRQRYHUFRQFUHWH QHVVLQWKHUHWHOOLQJRIPHPRU\7KHDEXQGDQFHRIUHIHUHQFHVWRLQWDQJL EOHV¥¦GHVLUH§¦YHUWLJR§¦PLQG§¥KHOSFRPPXQLFDWHDQHPRWLRQDOO\ FKDUJHGVWDWHDQGPRYH WKHUHDGHULQWRDQHEXORXVLQWHUQDOVSDFHWKDW RI WKH SDVW DV VKH IHOW LW 7KLV YRLFH LV LQWURVSHFWLYH DZDUH RI LWV RZQ WKRXJKW ¦GDQV VRQ HVSULW§ DQG VHOIUHIOH[LYH 7KH DXWKRU FKRRVHV D WKLUGSHUVRQOLPLWHGSRLQWRIYLHZVRWRDOORZWKHQDUUDWLYHWREHH[SHUL HQFHGSDUWLDOO\WKURXJKKHUH\HV  +ROTXLVW WUDQVODWHV Y]DLPQRRVYHãþHQLH DV LQWHULOOXPLQDWLRQ LQWHUDQLPDWLRQ RU PXWXDOLOOXPLQDWLRQ   "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 261 VIRGINIA RAMOS 7KHPDOHYRLFHLV DOVRLQWURVSHFWLYHOLNHWKHIHPDOHYRLFHKRZHYHU LWDOVRDOORZVIRU DUHDFKLQWRWKHUHDOPRIWKHUHDO 8QH QXLW LO GpDPEXOD HQWUH GHX[ YLOOHV HW GH EDU HQ EDU WDQW{W j SLHG WDQW{W HQ YRLWXUH ,O SDUODLW EHDXFRXS EXYDLW VDQV ILQž /HV YHUUHV FKDQJHDLHQW GH SDUWHQDLUH HW GH PDLQ HQ PDLQ VRQ FRUSV VH PXOWLSOLD .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH  2QH QLJKW KH ZDV JRLQJ IURP RQH WRZQ WR DQRWKHU IURP EDU WR EDU VRPHWLPHV RQ IRRW VRPHWLPHV LQ D FDU +H WDONHG D JUHDW GHDO GUDQNZLWKRXWVWRSSLQJž *ODVVHVSDVVHGIURPKDQGWRKDQGFKDQJ LQJ SDUWQHUV KLV ERG\ EHFDPH PDQ\ ERGLHV .KDWLEL /RYH LQ 7ZR /DQJXDJHV   7KHWDQJLEOHZRUOGSURYRNHVDW\SHRIODQJXDJHWKDWIOXFWXDWHVEH WZHHQ VSLUDOLQJ GHVFHQWV LQWR WKH FKDUDFWHU©V WKRXJKWV¥DQG WKH OLPLWV RIZKDWFDQEHH[SUHVVHG¥DQGDFFRXQWVRIPHPRULHVZLWKUHDOVFHQHV 7KHVH UHDO EDFNGURSV DUH RIWHQ XVHG V\PEROLFDOO\ DV LQ WKH SUHYLRXV TXRWH ZKHUH WKH XUEDQ VFHQH HYRNHV WKH LPDJH RI D PXOWLSOLHG FRUSV WKDWPRYHVIURP KDQGWRKDQGDQGWKDWV\PEROL]HVWKHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRI VHOYHVLQKLVPLQG 7KHQDUUDWRUDOVRGZHOOVLQLPDJHVRIRSHQQDWXUDOVSDFHVVXFKDV WKHVHD &©pWDLWGHQRXYHDXO©DSSHOGHODPHU,OVHGpVKDELOODMHWDVHVKDE LWVSORQJHDQXGXF{WpDFFHVVLEOHGHODIDODLVH,OQDJHDLWVRXVXQFLHO HQFRUHFODLUSDUVHPpGHQXDJHVOpJHUVDUJHQWpVHQOHXUPLOLHXž RXL DYHFXQVRXIIOHTXLGHYDLWrWUHOHQWUpJXOLHUHWSURIRQGDXGHVVXVHW GDQVO©HDXž 6RQF£XUVHJODoD .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH   2QFHDJDLQWKHVHDFDOOHGKLP+HXQGUHVVHGWKUHZKLVFORWKHVWR WKHVLGHDQGQDNHGGLYHGLQIURPWKHDFFHVVLEOHVLGHRIWKHFOLII$V KHVZDPWKHVN\ZDVVWLOOOLJKWVFDWWHUHGZLWKWKLQFORXGVž KHZRXOG EUHDWKHVORZO\GHHSO\ERWKLQDQGRXWRIWKHZDWHUž +LVKHDUWIUR]H .KDWLEL/RYHLQ7ZR/DQJXDJHV  ,QWKLVFDVHWKHERG\LVQRW¦PDQ\ERGLHV§ EXWRQHVWULSSHGRIDOO FRYHUVDQDNHGVHOI HQWHULQJDVHDWKURXJK¦WKHDFFHVVLEOHVLGHRIWKH FOLII§ ZKLFKZHFRXOGSHUKDSVLQWHUSUHWDVWKHQDUUDWLYHIRUPFKRVHQE\ 262 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHDXWKRUZKHUHZRUGVVZLP LQWRDVHDRIQDUUDWLYHDURXQGWKHUHOD WLRQVKLSDURXQGDQGLQWRKLVPHPRU\,QERWKFDVHVWKHVHWWLQJV\PERO L]HVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHUHDODQGWKHPHQWDOVWDWHRIWKHFKDUDF WHULQWKLVFDVHWKHPDOHFKDUDFWHUSURWDJRQLVW ,QDGGLWLRQWKHYRLFHRIWKLVPDOHQDUUDWRUSURWDJRQLVWLQWHUZHDYHV WKHWKLUGDQGILUVWSHUVRQSRLQWRIYLHZ ,OHUUDLWGHSD\VHQSD\VGHFRUSVHQFRUSVGHODQJXHHQODQJXH(W MHWRPEDLVSDUIRLVGDQVODGpWUHVVH8QMRXUMHWHUDFRQWHUDLHQGpWDLO PDVROLWXGH .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH   +H ZDQGHUHGIURPFRXQWU\WRFRXQWU\IURPERG\WRERG\IURP ODQJXDJHWRODQJXDJH$QGVRPHWLPHV, ZDVLQORZVSLULWV2QHGD\ ,©OOWHOO\RXDERXWWKHORQHOLQHVV .KDWLEL/RYHLQ7ZR/DQJXDJHV  P\HPSKDVLV 7KHILUVWRFFXUUHQFHRIWKLVVZLWFKRISURQRXQLV GLVFRQFHUWLQJEXW DVWKHQDUUDWLYHDGYDQFHVWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHILUVWSHUVRQSRLQWRIYLHZ LQWKHPDOHYRLFHEHFRPHVSUHGRPLQDQW,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHWZRYRLFHV PHQWLRQHGVRIDUWKHUHLVDWKLUGYRLFHWKDWRIWKHDXWKRUZKRDGGUHVVHV WKHUHDGHUGLUHFWO\XVLQJILUVWRUVHFRQGSHUVRQSRLQWRIYLHZ 0DLVSHXWrWUHTXHODPRUWHVWGHUULqUHPRL>ž@ 7RLTXLWRXUQHVFHV SDJHVDYHFPRL¥YHUWLJHGHODODQJXH¥ UHJDUGHELHQWHVPDLQVOHVORLV VHFUqWHVVRQWRXYHUWHVVXUODWDEOHOHVLQVWUXPHQWVGHWUDYDLOVRQWOjLOV W©REVHUYHQWLOVWHWLHQQHQWjYXHGDQVXQSHUVRQQDJHGHILFWLRQ(WF©HVW WRL¥YRL[DQRQ\PH¥ TXHM©HQWHQGVDXGpWRXUGHFKDTXHSKUDVHFKDTXH SDJHFKDTXHUDIDOHFKDTXHYDJXH .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH  %XW SHUKDSV GHDWK LV EHKLQG PH >ž@ <RX ZKR DUH WXUQLQJ WKHVH SDJHV ZLWK PH¥WKH YHUWLJR RI ODQJXDJH¥WDNH D JRRG ORRN DW \RXU KDQGV WKH VHFUHW ODZV OLH RSHQ RQ WKH WDEOH WKH WRROV IRU ZRUN DUH WKHUHWKH\©UHZDWFKLQJ\RXWKH\NHHS\RXLQVLJKWDVDILFWLRQDOFKDU DFWHU$QGLW©V\RX¥DQRQ\PRXVYRLFH¥, KHDUDWWKHWXUQLQJRIHDFK SKUDVH HDFK SDJH HDFK JXVW RI ZLQG HDFK ZDYH .KDWLEL /RYH LQ 7ZR/DQJXDJHV P\HPSKDVLV 7KHUHDGHULVQRWRQO\FDOOHGLQWRDFWLRQWKURXJKDGLUHFWFRPPDQG ¦\RXZKRDUHWXUQLQJWKHVHSDJHV§¦WDNHDJRRGORRN§¥EXWVKHRUKH "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 263 VIRGINIA RAMOS LVDOVRPDGHDZDUHRIKHURUKLV SDUWLQWKH FUHDWLRQRIWKHQDUUDWLRQDQG KHURUKLV H[LVWHQFHLQWKHVXEWH[W¦NH>SW@ LQVLJKWDVILFWLRQDOFKDUDFWHU§ $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKDWWKHUHDGHULVDGGUHVVHGVKHRUKHLVDOVRPDGHWR UHIOHFWRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHWH[WEHLQJFUHDWHG $KWRXWYLYUHHQPRXULULQODVVDEOHPHQWQHODLVVDQWVXUPRQFKH PLQ TXH FHV SDV IXUWLIV FHV SKUDVHV VDQV GHVWLQDWLRQ RX OH UpFLW VH GpYRUHFRQWLQXHOOHPHQW2UHQJDJpDYHFWRLGDQVFHWWHGLUHFWLRQGHOD ODQJXHMHIXVGpVRULHQWp .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH  $K WR OLYH LW DOO DQG GLH RI LW WLUHOHVVO\ DQG OHDYH QR WUDFH H[ FHSWWKHVHIHZIXUWLYHIRRWSULQWVWKHVHSKUDVHVZLWKRXWDGHVWLQDWLRQ ZKHUHWKHVWRU\FRQWLQXDOO\GHYRXUVLWVHOI+DYLQJKHDGHGRIIZLWK\RX LQ WKLV OLQJXLVWLF GLUHFWLRQ , ZDV GLVRULHQWHG .KDWLEL /RYH LQ 7ZR /DQJXDJHV  ,QWKLVVHQVHWKHWH[WLVSHUIRUPLQJDVHOIUHIOHFWLYHIXQFWLRQXSRQWKH XVHRIODQJXDJHZKLFKEHFRPHVDQRWKHUFKDUDFWHUZLWKZKRPLWLVSRV VLEOHWRLQWHUDFW$PRXUELOLQJXH LVDVWRU\¦GHYRXULQJ§ LWVHOIZKHUHD OLQJXLVWLFEDWWOHLVIRXJKWZLWKLQWKHOHWWHUVDQGV\PEROVRIWKHODQJXDJH RIFUHDWLRQ DORQJVLGHWKHGHVLUHWRH[SUHVVORYHFRQIOLFWDQGVHSDUDWLRQ LQDORYHVWRU\WKDWGRHVQRWKDYHDIL[HGVWRU\OLQHDQGZRUNV¦DVD SODWIRUP LQ ZKLFK WR RUFKHVWUDWH RULJLQ VHOI>V@ DQG ODQJXDJH>V@ RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO§ .HOO\   7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI YRLFHV PDNHV WKH QRYHO SRO\SKRQLF DQG WKHUH IRUHDFFRUGLQJWR%DNKWLQGLDORJLF7KHSRO\SKRQLFFKDUDFWHULVWLF RIWKH WH[WLVDOVRHYRFDWLYH RI5RODQG%DUWKHV© LPDJHRIWH[WXDO¦LULGHVFHQFH§ DV XVHGWRUHIHUWRWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIWKHFODVVLFDOSOXUDO¦WR OLVWHQWRWKH WH[WDVDQLULGHVFHQWH[FKDQJHFDUULHGRQE\PXOWLSOHYRLFHVRQGLIIHUHQW ZDYHOHQJWKVDQGVXEMHFWIURPWLPHWRWLPHWRDVXGGHQGLVVROYH§   7KHYRLFHVLQWKHWH[WWKRXJKDWILUVWDSSHDULQJDV¦YRLFHVRQGLI IHUHQWZDYHOHQJWKV§ LQFUHDVLQJO\LQWHUWZLQHDVWKHERRNDGYDQFHV7KH UHDGHUHQFRXQWHUVWKUHHYRLFHVWKDWRIWHQFRQYHUJHDQGHYRNHWKHLPDJH RIWKRVHPRPHQWV RI¦VXGGHQGLVVROYH§ PHQWLRQHGE\%DUWKHV 0DLQWHVIRLVM©DLSHQVpjFHTXLWHWUDGXLWWHWUDQVILJXUHjWDODQJXH  pYpQHPHQWV FKRVHV SD\VDJHV  FRPPH VL WRQ SDVVp DYDLW pSRXVp OH 264 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe PLHQ>ž@ 3RXUTXRLFUR\DLWLOVLFXULHXVHPHQWTX©LOpWDLWOHVXUYLYDQW HQHOOHGHVDSURSUHODQJXHPDWHUQHOOH "4X©HOOHQHS€WDLPHUTXHOXLž ,OIDOODLWYLYUHVXUYLYUHHWUHO©XQLTXHHWOHGRXEOH>ž@ (QSUHVVHQWDLW HOOHODPHQDFHLQVHQVpHGpYDVWDWULFH "7RXWpWDLWWUDGXLWSDUXQHVFp QRJUDSKLH GH GRXEOHV HW GH PDVTXHV HW HOOH QH SRXYDLW QRPPHU VD SURSUHpQHUJLHGHVRXIIUDQFH .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH  6RPDQ\WLPHV, WKRXJKWRIZKDWWUDQVODWHVZKDWWUDQVILJXUHV\RX WR\RXUODQJXDJHHYHQWVWKLQJVODQGVFDSHVDVLI\RXUSDVWKDGPDU ULHG PLQH >ž@ ,W ZDV FXULRXV ZK\ GLG KH EHOLHYH WKDW KH ZDV ZKDW VXUYLYHGLQKHURIKHURZQPRWKHUWRQJXH"7KDWVKHFRXOGORYHRQO\ KLPž+H KDGWRVXUYLYHWREHWKHRQO\RQHDQGWKHGRXEOH>ž@'LG VKHKDYHDIRUHERGLQJRILWVLUUDWLRQDOGHYDVWDWLQJPHQDFH"(YHU\WKLQJ LVH[SUHVVHGLQWHUPVRIGRXEOHVDQGPDVNVDQGVKH ZDVLQFDSDEOHRI JLYLQJDQDPHWRKHU RZQHQHUJ\IRUVXIIHULQJ .KDWLEL/RYHLQ7ZR /DQJXDJHV P\HPSKDVLV  ,QIDFWDQLPSRUWDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHSRO\SKRQ\RI$PRXUEL OLQJXH LVWKDWWKHWKUHHYRLFHVRIWHQRYHUODSPDNLQJWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ FKDUDFWHUV FROODSVH DV LQ WKH SDVVDJH DERYH ,W LV WKH ¦LQWHUFRXUVH§ RI WKHVHYRLFHVDQGWKHFRQVWDQWFKDQJHRISHUVRQDOSURQRXQVWKDWJHQHU DWHDQRYHUDOOORVVRIEHDULQJVLQWKHUHDGHUZKLFKJRHVEH\RQGWKHPHUH H[SHULHQFHRISRO\SKRQ\2QWKH RQHKDQGZHHQFRXQWHUWZRQDUUDWRUV VKDULQJ WKH VWRU\WHOOLQJ VSHDNLQJ DV ¦KH§ ¦VKH§ DQG ¦,§ DQG RQ WKH RWKHUKDQGZHHQFRXQWHUDQDXWKRULDO YRLFHWKDWPDNHVXVDZDUHRIRXU VHOYHVDQGWKHWH[WLWVHOI$VDUHVXOWZHFDQQRWGLVFHUQFOHDUERUGHUVDQG DUHOHIWLQWKHVWDWHRIRVFLOODWLRQ 7KHFRQVWDQWFKDQJHRIRSWLFVIURP¦KLV§ WR¦KHU§ VWRU\VSULQNOHG ZLWKRXWFULHVRIDILUVWSHUVRQ¦,§ WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHWH[W©VVHOIUHIOHFWLYH TXDOLW\DV PHWDQDUUDWLYHH[HPSOLILHVZKDW,LGHQWLI\DVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI DPXOWLGLDORJLFQDUUDWLYH,WPRYHVDZD\IURPDPRQRORJLFDOH[SUHVVLRQ DQGFUHDWHVDFRPSRVLWHQDUUDWLYHWKDWXQGHUJRHV¦SHUPXWDWLRQSHUPD QHQWH§ .KDWLEL$PRXUELOLQJXH ¦SHUPDQHQWSHUPXWDWLRQ§ .KDWL EL/RYHLQ7ZR/DQJXDJHV  7KHQDUUDWRUZHDYHVGLIIHUHQWVWUDQGVRI IHHOLQJVVRPHWLPHVDVDQLQWLPDWH¦,§DGGUHVVLQJWKHUHDGHUVRPHWLPHV DVDGLVWDQW¦KH§ RU¦VKH§7KHYRLFHV¦KD>YH@ WRVSLQZRUGE\ZRUG LQKLVIRUHLJQ ODQJXDJHLQWKHWKRXJKWRIWKHZKLUOZLQG§ .KDWLEL/RYH "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 265 VIRGINIA RAMOS LQ7ZR/DQJXDJHV  ¦VSLQQLQJ§ YRLFHVDQGSHUVSHFWLYHVZKLOHZULWLQJ DQGGHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKH)UHQFKODQJXDJH¥.KDWLEL©V¦IRUHLJQ§ ODQJXDJH 7KH QRYHO LV WKXV FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI D PXOWLGLDORJLF QDUUDWLYH DV , KDYH GHILQHG LW KHUH WKDW LV D FRQVWDQW LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ D VHOIUHIOHFWLYH ODQJXDJHDQGGLDORJLVP 6HFRQG,OOXVWUDWLRQRI0XOWLGLDORJLVP$Q([DPSOHRID 0XOWL*HQUH0HWDQDUUDWLYH ,QWKHFDVHRIWKHVWRU\:R(XURSDDQIlQJWZULWWHQLQE\WKHFRQ WHPSRUDU\*HUPDQ-DSDQHVHZULWHU<RNR7DZDGDWKHFRQVWDQWFURVV LQJRIERUGHUVWDNHVWKHIRUPRIPXOWLSOHJHQUHV7KHPDWLFDOO\7DZDGD©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‰ IU PHLQH *URVVPXWWHU IUHPGHV :DVVHU ]X WULQNHQ $QGHUH 2UWH DQGHUHV :DVVHU >ž@ ,FK DOV NOHLQHV 0lGFKHQ JODXEWH QLFKWGDUDQGDVVHVIUHPGHV:DVVHUJHEHGHQQLFKGDFKWHLPPHUGHU *OREXVVHLHLQH:DVVHUNXJHO 7DZDGD:R(XURSDDQIlQJW  )RUP\JUDQGPRWKHUWRWUDYHOZDVWRGULQNIRUHLJQZDWHU'LIIHU HQWSODFHVGLIIHUHQWZDWHU>ž@ ,QHYHUEHOLHYHGWKHUHZDVVXFKDVWKLQJ DVIRUHLJQZDWHUIRU,KDGDOZD\VWKRXJKWRIWKHJOREHDVDVSKHUHRI ZDWHU 7DZDGD:KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV  )RU7DZDGDWKHV\PERORIZDWHUDQGLWVLPDJHFDUULHVWKHWRUUHQWLDO IOXLGLW\RIWKH*HUPDQZRUG¦:DVVHU§ ORXGDQGVWURQJZDWHUZKLFK  ¦ZULWWHQLQILUVWSHUVRQ>ž@ WKHQDUUDWLYH¦,§ DSSHDUVWREHDILFWLYHYHUVLRQRI 7DZDGDKHUVHOI§ +DUGLQJ  266 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WKHQDUUDWRUUHIXVHVWRVHHDVDSDUFHORIWKHZRUOGDVIRUHLJQRUQRQ IRUHLJQ EXW UDWKHU DV D FRQWLQXRXV YLEUDQW VXUIDFH ZKHUH WKH ERUGHU FDQQRWEHFOHDUO\IRXQGVLQFHWKHERUGHULWVHOI LVSDUWRIWKHZKROHRU LQ KHUZRUGV¦WKHERUGHULVLWVHOIZDWHU§ 7KHLPDJHRIZDWHU QRWDVDPDS RIVHSDUDWHULYHUVEXWDVDFRQQHFWHGEODQNHWFRPSULVLQJDOOVHUYHVDVD PHWDSKRU IRU 7DZDGD©V PXOWLJHQHULF WH[W ZKHUH JHQUHV DOVR EHFRPH FRQQHFWHGDQGXOWLPDWHO\ERUGHUOHVV 7KHQDUUDWLYHFRQWDLQVFKDUDFWHUVRPHQVDQGHOHPHQWVRIOHJHQG (LQHV7DJHVDOVGDV0lGFKHQDOOHLQHLP*DUWHQXQWHUGHP%DXP VD‰NDPHLQHZHL‰H6FKODQJHXQGVDJWH]XLKP*HKPLWGHU0XW WHU]XGHP)HXHUYRJHOXQGODVVVLHVHLQHIODPPHQGHQ)HGHUQHLQPDO EHUKUHQGDQQZLUGVLHZLHGHUJHVXQG§>ž@¦0DQVDJWGDVVLQGHQ %HUJHQ8QJHKHXHUOHEHQ§ž1XUHLQVGDUIVWGXQLFKWYHUJHVVHQZHQQ GXLQGHU6WDGWELVWZRGHU)HXHUYRJHOOHEWGDUIVWGXNHLQHQ7URSIHQ :DVVHUWULQNHQ 7DZDGD:R(XURSDDQIlQJW   2QHGD\DVWKHJLUOVDWDORQHLQWKHJDUGHQEHQHDWKDWUHHDZKLWH VHUSHQWDSSHDUHGDQGVDLGWRKHU¦7DNH\RXUPRWKHUWRVHHWKH)LUH %LUG :KHQ VKH KDV WRXFKHG LWV IODPLQJ IHDWKHUV VKH ZLOO EH ZHOO DJDLQ§>ž@¦7KH\VD\WKHPRXQWDLQVDUHLQKDELWHGE\PRQVWHUV§ž RQHWKLQJ\RXPXVWUHPHPEHUZKHQ\RXDUHLQWKHFLW\ZKHUHWKH)LUH %LUGOLYHV\RXPXVWQRWGULQNDVLQJOHGURSRIZDWHU 7DZDGD:KHUH (XURSH%HJLQV  :KDW DW ILUVW JODQFH PLJKW VHHP D IRONWDOH LPEXHG E\ D ZRUOG RI PDJLFDQGOHJHQGRI¦IODPLQJIHDWKHUV§ DQG¦PRXQWDLQVLQKDELWHGE\ PRQVWHUV§ LV VRRQ DFFRPSDQLHG E\ VHFWLRQV GRPLQDWHG E\ GLUHFW DF FRXQWVIURPDUHDOMRXUQH\LQWKHIRUPRIGLDU\HQWULHV $XVGHP7DJHEXFK 'DV6FKLIINDPLP+DIHQGHUNOHLQHQRVWVLELULVFKHQ6WDGW1DFKRG NDDQ>ž@ .DXPKDWWHLFKGDV*HIKOGDVVLFKHLQH*UHQ]HGDV0HHU KLQWHUPLUKDWWHVDKLFKVFKRQGHQ$QIDQJGHV(LVHQEDKQJOHLVHVGDV ]HKQWDXVHQG.LORPHWHUODQJLVW 7DZDGD:R(XURSDDQIlQJW  'LDU\H[FHUSW 7KHVKLSDUULYHGLQWKHKDUERURIWKHVPDOO(DVWHUQ6LEHULDQWRZQ 1DFKRGND >ž@ 1R VRRQHU KDG , IHOW WKH VHQVDWLRQ RI KDYLQJ SXW D "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 267 VIRGINIA RAMOS ERUGHUWKHVHDEHKLQGPHWKDW,JOLPSVHGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWUDLQ WUDFNV WKDW VWUHWFKHG IRU WHQ WKRXVDQG NLORPHWHUV 7DZDGD :KHUH (XURSH%HJLQV   $VDWUDYHOQDUUDWLYHLQWKHIRUPRIGLDU\HQWULHVLWLGHQWLILHVSODFHVRI DUULYDO¦0DFKRGND§ DQGGHVFULEHVWKHMRXUQH\DKHDG¦WUDLQWUDFNVž IRUWHQWKRXVDQGNLORPHWHUV§ $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHWKUHDGRIVWRU\WROG E\ WKH ILUVW SHUVRQ QDUUDWRU LV LQWHUVSHUVHG ZLWK SDUDJUDSKV WKDW WDNH WKHIRUPRIPHPRLULQRWKHUZRUGVZKHUHWKHUHDGHULVZHOFRPHGLQWR PHPRULHVRIWKHFKDUDFWHUWKDWSUHFHGHWKHWUDYHODFFRXQW 0HLQ 9DWHU VWDPPW DX VHLQHU .DXIPDQQVIDPLOLH LQ 2VDND 1DFK GHP ]ZHLWHQ :HOWNULHJ ND PHU QXU PLW HLQHP %QGHO QDFK 7RN\R LQ GHP HU XQWHU DQGHUHP HLQHU :HFNHU KDWWH 7DZDGD :R (XURSD DQIlQJW  0\IDWKHUFRPHVIURPDIDPLO\RIPHUFKDQWVLQ2VDND$IWHU::,, KHFDPHWR7RN\RZLWKDOOKHRZQHGDEXQGOHFRQWDLQLQJDPRQJRWKHU WKLQJVDQDODUPFORFN 7DZDGD:KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV  7KHERUGHUEHWZHHQDWDOHZLWKHOHPHQWVRIWKHH[WUDRUGLQDU\GLDU\ HQWU\ DQG PHPRLU EHFRPH LQFUHDVLQJO\ EOXUUHG DV ZH YHQWXUH IXUWKHU LQWRWKHVWRU\ $OV %DE\ VFKOLHI LFK LQ HLQHU PH[LNDQLVFKHQ +lQJHPDWWHžGDVV HVQXUQRFKLQGHU/XIW3ODW]IUPLFKJDE>ž@ PHLQHPH[LNDQLVFKH +lQJHPDWWHLQGHP:DOG$EHUEHLGHQKlXILQJHQNOHLQHQ(UGEHEHQ EOLHE VLH PLWWHQ LP ]LWWHUQGHQ +DXV JDQ] XQEHZHJW DOV RE HLQ XQVL FKWEDUHU )DGHQ VLH PLW GHP XQWHULUGLVFKHQ :DVVHU YHUEXQGHQ KLHOW 7DZDGD:R(XURSDDQIlQJW  :KHQ,ZDVDEDE\,VOHSWLQD0H[LFDQKDPPRFNž WKHUHZDV QRURRPIRUPHH[FHSWLQWKHDLU>ž@ P\0H[LFDQKDPPRFNVZXQJ LQWKHIRUHVW%XWGXULQJWKHPLQRUHDUWKTXDNHVWKDWIUHTXHQWO\VKRRN WKH KRXVH LW UHPDLQHG SHUIHFWO\ VWLOO DV WKRXJK WKHUH ZHUH DQ LQYLV LEOHWKUHDGFRQQHFWLQJLWWRWKHVXEWHUUDQHDQZDWHU 7DZDGD:KHUH (XURSH%HJLQV   268 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe ,QWKHSUHYLRXVTXRWHZHUHFRJQL]HDILUVWSHUVRQSRLQWRIYLHZLQ WKHYRLFHRIDQDUUDWRUZKRLVQRORQJHUWHOOLQJXVDERXWDPRPHQWRIWKH MRXUQH\WKURXJK6LEHULDEXWUDWKHULVFDSWXULQJDSDVWPHPRU\WKURXJK LPDJHU\ILWIRUDWDOHRUDGUHDP¥DSHUIHFWO\VWLOOKDPPRFNDVDEHGD FRQQHFWLQJWKUHDGWRZKDWOLHVEHQHDWK7KXVWKHWH[WHVFDSHVWKHFRQ VWUDLQWVRIDVLQJOHJHQUHDQGEHFRPHVJHQHULFDOO\K\EULG :DWHUUHWDLQVLWVPHWDSKRULFYDOXHWKURXJKRXWWKHHQGRIWKHWH[W UHSUHVHQWLQJDOOWKDWH[LVWVRXWVLGHWKHVHOI+RZHYHUDVWKHIRUPRIWKH ILFWLRQ EHFRPHV PRUH DQG PRUH HQWDQJOHG DQG JHQUH ERXQGDULHV GLV VROYHZDWHUEHFRPHVDOVRDV\PERORIZKDWOLHVZLWKLQWKHVHOI 'DV:DVVHUGDVLFKJHWUXQNHQKDWWHZXUGHLPPHUPHKULQPHL QHP%DXFKXQGELOGHWHEDOGHLQHJUR‰H:DVVHUNXJHODXIGHUWDXVHQGH YRQ 6WDGWQDPHQ VWDQGHQ ,FK IDQG 6,( >ž@ ,FK YHUORU 6,( ¦:R LVW VLH"§>ž@¦6LHKVWGXVLHQLFKW"§DQWZRUWHWHHLQH6WLPPHLQPHLQHP %DXFK§.RPPGRFK]XXQVLQV:DVVHU §6FKULHHLQHDQGHUH6WLPPH DXVPHLQHP%DXFK,FKVSUDQJLQV:DVVHUž ,FKEHPHUNWHGDVVLFK PLWWHQLQ(XURSDVWDQG 7DZDGD:R(XURSDDQIlQJW  7KHZDWHU,KDGGUXQNJUHZLQP\EHOO\DQGVRRQLWKDGEHFRPHD KXJHVSKHUHRIZDWHUZLWKWKHQDPHVRIWKRXVDQGVRIFLWLHVZULWWHQRQ LW>ž@ ,ORVWKHU¦ZKHUHLVVKH"§>ž@¦'RQ©W\RXVHHKHU"§ UHSOLHGD YRLFHIURPZLWKLQP\EHOO\¦&RPHLQWRWKHZDWHUZLWKXV§DQRWKHU YRLFHLQP\EHOO\FULHG,OHDSWLQWRWKHZDWHU>ž@ ,UHDOL]HG,ZDVVWDQG LQJLQWKHPLGGOHRI(XURSH 7DZDGD:KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV   $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH FULWLF 3DXO +DUGLQJ ZULWLQJ LQ UHIHUHQFH WR 7D ZDGD©VWH[W¦LWPD\HYHQEHWKDWE\VXEMHFWLQJLWWRVRPDQ\WKUHDWV DQG LQYHUVLRQVWKHILFWLRQILQDOO\DIILUPV DQGSUHVHUYHVWKHVHOILQDOORILWV IUDJLOHDQGP\VWHULRXVSHUVLVWHQFH§  :DWHULVWKHPDWL]HGLPEXHG ZLWKPHDQLQJDVDQHPERGLPHQWRIWKHMRXUQH\QRWRQO\WKURXJKODQG EXW DOVR WKURXJK IRUP DQG WKHPH 7KH LQWHUOLQNLQJ RI WKUHDGV LQ WKH VWRU\FXOPLQDWHVWRZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHWH[W7KHYRLFHRIWKHZRPDQ ZULWLQJWKHWUDYHOGLDU\  DQGWKHWDOHRIWKH¦)LUH%LUG§  DUHH[SHUL HQFHGLQWKH VDPHSDJH ¦:HL‰WGXGDVVZLUJOHLFKLQ0RVNDXVLQG"§ IUDJWHPLFK0DVFKD ,FKQLFNWHHLQPDOXQGODVZHLWHU>@ "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 269 VIRGINIA RAMOS $OVGLH*UR‰PXWWHUGHV.LQGHVK|UWHZDVJHVFKHKHQZDUNDPVLHLQ GDV=HOWGHU)UDXž'ULQQHQLP+HUGVD‰HLQHXUDOWH)UDXGLH+HUULQ GHV)HXHUVPLWEOXWHQGHU6WLUQž>@ ¦6FKDXDXVGHP)HQVWHU'DVLVW0RVNDX§ULHI0DVFKD¦6LHKVWGX 6,("'DVLVW0RVNDX§>@ $OVGDV.LQGDXIGHQ+HUGJHOHJWZXUGHVFKOXJHQGLH)ODPPHQDXV VHLQHP+HU]HQKHUYRUXQGGDVJDQ]H'RUIZXUGHVRKHOOEHOHXFKWHW DOVREGHU)HXHUYRJHODXIGHU(UGHJHODQGHWZDUH>@ 7DZDGD:R (XURSDDQIlQJW  ¦'R \RX UHDOL]H ZH©UH DOPRVW LQ 0RVFRZ"§ 0DVKD DVNHG PH , QRGGHGDQGZHQWRQUHDGLQJ>@ :KHQWKHJUDQGPRWKHURIWKLVFKLOGKHDUGZKDWKDSSHQHGVKHFDPH WRWKHWHQWRIWKHZRPDQžRQWKHKHDUWKVDWDQDQFLHQWROGZRPDQ WKH(PSUHVVRI)LUHZLWKEORRGRQKHUIRUHKHDGž>@ ¦/RRNRXWWKHZLQGRZ7KHUH©V0RVFRZ§ FULHG0DVKD¦'R\RXVHH KHU"7KDW©V0RVFRZ§>@ :KHQ WKH FKLOG ZDV ODLG RQ WKH KHDUWK WKH IODPHV VKRW XS IURP LWV KHDUWDQGWKHZKROHYLOODJHZDVOLWXSVREULJKWO\LWZDVDVLIWKH)LUH %LUGKDGGHVFHQGHGWR(DUWK>@ 7DZDGD:KHUH(XURSH%HJLQV  P\QRWDWLRQ>@ DQG>@DGGHGIRUFODULILFDWLRQ 7KHVDPHILUVWSHUVRQQDUUDWRUZKREURXJKWXVWKHLPDJHRIPHPR ULHV DV HOXVLYH WKUHDGV ¦, WRVVHG RQH RI WKH ZKLWH VWUHDPHUV LQWR WKH DLU,WEHFDPHP\PHPRU\§ %HUQRIVN\ LVQRZDVNLQJXVWRORRN RXWVLGHDQGVHHZKHUHZHKDYHDUULYHG¦/RRNRXWWKHZLQGRZ'R\RX VHHKHU"§ 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\WKH¦)LUH%LUG§ ZKLFK7DZDGDOLQNHGWRWKH FLW\RI0RVFRZVHUYHVDVDV\PEROLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ RIWKHFKDUDFWHU©VTXHVWWKRXJKLWZLOOEHXOWLPDWHO\XQGHUPLQHGE\WKH IDFWWKDWWKHWKUHVKROGLVQRZKHUHWREHIRXQGDQGVKHDUULYHV¦LQ WKH PLGGOH§ DQGQRWDW0RVFRZ7KXVWKHVWRU\GRHVQRWKDYHDUHVROXWLRQ DQGWKHUHDGHUGRHVQRW¦XQWLH§ WKHSORWWKHUHLVQRGpQRXHPHQW¥ZH GRQRW¦DUULYH§ DWWKH¦)LUH%LUG§ RU0RVFRZ,QVWHDG ZHDUHPHDQW WRH[SHULHQFHDVWDWHRIFRQVWDQWFURVVLQJDQGVHOIDZDUHQHVVRIIRUP LQ WKHWH[WVRDVWRUHDOL]HWKDWZHZHUHVWDQGLQJLQWKHPLGGOHRIDSOXUDO QDUUDWLYHDOOWKHWLPHDQGWKDWZKLOHZHZHUHORRNLQJIRU¦ZKHUH(XURSH EHJLQV§ ZH ZHUH DOUHDG\ EH\RQG WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI DQ\ ERUGHU DQG DV 270 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7DZDGDZULWHVLQWKHFRQFOXGLQJOLQHRIKHUWH[WDOUHDG\¦VWDQGLQJLQ WKHPLGGOHRI(XURSH§ 7DZDGD©V WH[W DFKLHYHV WKH LPSORVLYH \HW H[SDQVLYH QDWXUH RI WKH WUDQVQDWLRQDOSDUDGLJPWKDW,PHQWLRQHGLQP\LQWURGXFWLRQ7KHHYRFD WLYHWDOHRIP\WKRORJLFDOXQGHUWRQHV¦DTXHVWWRILQGLQJ(XURSH©VWKUHVK ROGEH\RQGWKH8UDOPRXQWDLQV§ JRLQJZHVWEHFRPHVDILUVWSHUVRQQDU UDWLYHRIGLDU\HQWULHV¦VWUHDPHUVRIPHPRU\§ RI DWUDYHOHURQWKHURDG DVWKHUHDGHUWUDYHOVZLWKKHUQDUUDWLYH%XWDVZHIROORZWKH¦VWUHDP HUV§ZHUHPRYHOD\HUDIWHUOD\HUVHFWLRQDIWHUVHFWLRQLQWKHVWRU\DVZH ZRXOGZLWKWKHWUDGLWLRQDO5XVVLDQGROO0DWURVKNDWKDWWKHSURWDJRQLVW ZDWFKHV RQHRI WKHWUDLQSDVVHQJHUVRSHQXSWDNLQJRQHGROODIWHUDQ RWKHU XQWLO DUULYLQJ DW WKH VPDOOHVW RQH LQVLGH 7KLV PRYHPHQW LQZDUG FKDUDFWHUL]HVWKH LPSORVLYHDVSHFWRIWKHQDUUDWLYH 6LPLODUO\WKHUHDGHUPDNHVWKHMRXUQH\EDFNIURPWKHFRUHWRWKH VXUIDFHWKURXJKPXOWLSOHOD\HUVRIGLVFRXUVH$VWKHQDUUDWRUFKDUDFWHURI RXUWH[WWHOOVXV¦QRZ\RXPXVWSDFNWKHPXSDJDLQ§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©VDJRRGH[DPSOHRIDPXOWLGLDORJLF QDUUDWLYHDV,KDYHWULHGWRLOOXVWUDWHLQWKLVHVVD\ *RLQJ%H\RQG¦%H\RQGWKH%RUGHU§ .KDWLEL©VDQG7DZDGD©VQDUUDWLYHVFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGLQWHUPVRIZKDW /\RWDUGZRXOGFDOOWKH¦GHVWDELOL]LQJZRUNRIHYHQWVLQVWUXFWXUHVWKDW DOORZWKHRSHQLQJXSRIHQHUJ\§  ZKLFKUHQGHUVWKHPPRELOH7KLV PRELOLW\LVDFKLHYHGE\FKDQJLQJDQGPXOWLSO\LQJVWUXFWXUHVYRLFHVRU JHQUHVDVLWPLJKWEHDQGE\LQWURGXFLQJLQWRWKHPLQWHQVHIHHOLQJVDQG "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 271 VIRGINIA RAMOS GHVLUHV,WDOVRHQWDLOVDQLGHDRIVHOIQRWDVDUHOLDEOHVWUXFWXUHRIGLIIHU HQFHVDQGERXQGDULHVEXW DVDIOXLGPXOWLSOLFLW\RIVHOYHVDQGSHUVSHF WLYHV $V %DUWKHV ZURWH IRU WKH FRYHU RI .KDWLEL©V QRYHO ¦.KDWLEL DQG , DUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHVDPHWKLQJVLPDJHVWUDFHVPDUNVžKHVKLIWVWKHVH FDWHJRULHVDV,FRQFHLYHWKHP>ž@ KHFDUULHVPHWRKLV UHDOPDZD\IURP P\VHOIWRP\YHU\OLPLWV§,QIDFWLQ$PRXUELOLQJXH WKHVHOILVFDUULHG ¦DZD\IURPRXUVHOYHV§ ERXQGXSZLWKDPXOWLSOLFLW\RIYRLFHVDQGGLV FRXUVHVLQDFRPSOH[PXOWLGLDORJLFQDUUDWLYH,WVXFFHHGVLQNHHSLQJWKH UHDGHULQDFRQVWDQWFRQYHUVDWLRQZLWKODQJXDJHLWVHOIRXWRIZKLFKWKHUH LVDPRELOL]DWLRQRIHQHUJ\ 7KLVPRELOL]DWLRQRIHQHUJ\DZDNHVLQWKHUHDGHUDUHFRJQLWLRQRI VRPHWKLQJSUHVHQWLQWKHWH[WEH\RQGZKDWLVZULWWHQRQWKHSDJH0RQ LND7RWWHQLQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWK<RNR7DZDGDUHIHUVWRWKLVTXDOLW\DV ¦JDSV LQ WKH WH[W§ ZKHUH WKH ¦LQGHWHUPLQDF\ RI WKH WH[W§ LV WKH PRVW H[FLWLQJ SDUW RI LW 7KH SURSRVDO LV WKHQ WKDW WKH PXOWLFXOWXUDO RIWHQ PXOWLOLQJXDO ZULWHU RI PXOWLGLDORJLF QDUUDWLYH DWWHPSWV WR FKDQQHO DQG FRPPXQLFDWHWKLVGHVWDELOL]LQJHQHUJ\7KHOLWHUDU\FULWLF:ODG*RG]LFK  FDOOVWKLVHQHUJ\¦JLYHQQHVV§¥WKDWZKLFK¦FDQQRW EHDFFRXQWHG E\WKHVXVWDLQLQJUROHRIWKHVXEMHFWRQWKHFRQWUDU\SUHFLVHO\WKDWZKLFK HVFDSHVWKHVXEMHFW§ ZKHUHDVWKH)UHQFKFULWLF-HDQ)UDQoRLV/\RWDUGD IHZ \HDUV HDUOLHU FDOOHG LW ¦OH GLIIpUHQG§¥¦WKDW ZKLFK GRHV QRW JLYH LWVHOIGLUHFWO\ZKLFKKROGVLWVHOIEDFNLQWKHJLYHQDQGWKXVLVXQSUHVHQW DEOH§ &URPH :LOOLDPV  $PXOWLGLDORJLFQDUUDWLYHEHFRPHVDYHKLFOHWRSHUFHLYHWKLV¦JLYHQ QHVV§ RU¦GLIIpUHQG§ E\VXVWDLQLQJFRQVWDQWLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQPHDQ LQJ LQ ODQJXDJH ZKDW , DP FDOOLQJ D VWDWH RI FRQVWDQW FURVVLQJ 7KH PXOWLGLDORJLFQDUUDWLYHDOORZVWKHUHDGHUWRIHHOWKDWZKLFK¦HVFDSHVWKH VLQJXODUVXEMHFW§WKDWZKLFKLV¦XQSUHVHQWDEOH§ WKURXJKDQH[SHULHQFH RIGLVRULHQWDWLRQDQGORVVRIEHDULQJV$PRXUELOLQJXH LVDQH[DPSOHRI FRQVWDQWERUGHUFURVVLQJWKURXJKSRO\SKRQ\:R(XURSD$QIlQJWRQ WKH RWKHU KDQG LV DQ H[DPSOH RI D VWDWH RI FRQVWDQW FURVVLQJ WKURXJK WKHLQWHUOLQNLQJRIJHQUHV%RWKWH[WVEUHDNZLWKPRQRORJLFSDWWHUQVE\ FRPELQLQJ HLWKHU PXOWLSOH JHQUHV RU PXOWLSOH YRLFHV ZKLOH DW WKH VDPH 272 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe WLPHUHIOHFWLQJXSRQWKHQDWXUHRIWKHQDUUDWLYHLWVHOI7KHLQWHUDFWLRQRI PHWDQDUUDWLYHDQGGLDORJLVPDVDVWDWHRIFRQVWDQWFURVVLQJLQODQJXDJH FKDUDFWHUL]HVERWKWH[WVDVH[DPSOHVRIPXOWLGLDORJLFQDUUDWLYHV ,QWKLVVHQVHZHFRXOGWKLQNRIWKHVHWZRQDUUDWLYHVDVSXWWLQJLQWR TXHVWLRQWKHQRWLRQRIWKHERUGHUDQGZHFRXOGDUJXHWKDWWKLVPDNHV WKHP H[HPSODUVRIWKHGHFHQWHULQJRIWKHQDWLRQDOSDUDGLJPLQWKHWK FHQWXU\7KHWUDQVQDWLRQDO VHOIKRXVHVPXOWLGLDORJLVP7KHWUDQVQDWLRQDO VHOILVDKROGHURISHUVSHFWLYH¦EH\RQGWKHERUGHU§ :KHWKHUWKHERUGHU LVFRQVLGHUHG DFRXQWU\OLQHDODQJXDJHRUDQRFHDQWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDO VHOIFRQVWDQWO\FURVVHVLW7KHFRQFHSWRIOLWHUDU\WUDQVQDWLRQDOLW\LVWKHUH IRUHXQGHUVWRRGDVDORRVHQLQJRIDVLQJOHGLVFRXUVHDQGLWVUHSODFHPHQW ZLWKDKHWHURJHQHRXVJURXSLQJRIRYHUODSSLQJGLVFRXUVHVWKDWHPERG\ WKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHJOREDOZULWHULQ(XURSHDQGWKHZRUOG 7RJREDFNWRRXUILUVWTXHVWLRQKRZGRZHXQGHUVWDQGWKHUHODWLRQ VKLSEHWZHHQSODFHVHOIDQG2WKHU",QERWKQDUUDWLYHVRQHSRVVLEOHZD\ RIORRNLQJDWDQDQVZHUZRXOGEHWRWKLQNWKDWWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDO VHOILV PDGH RI D PXOWLSOLFLW\ RI YRLFHV DQG GLVFRXUVHV ZKDW WKH FULWLF 6DLJK %RXVWD FDOOV PRL UHIUDFWp UHIUDFWHG VHOI  ,Q WKHVH PXOWLGLDORJLF QDUUD WLYHVSODFHVHOIDQG2WKHUHPHUJHDVWKHPRYLQJODQGVFDSHRXWVLGHD VSHHG\WUDLQRUSDUDSKUDVLQJ7DZDGDDV¦WKHRXWOLQHVRIWKHELUFKHV >ž@ EHFRPLQJPRUH DQGPRUHFOHDU>\HWDOZD\V@ ZLWK DVKDGRZPRYLQJ EHWZHHQ WKHP§ :KHUH (XURSH %HJLQV   7KH PXOWLGLDORJLF QDUUD WLYHVSHDNVWKHFRPSOH[LWLHVRI VHOIGHILQLWLRQDQGLGHQWLW\E\QDUUDWLQJ PHPRU\ DV DQ HQHUJ\ WKDW JRHV EH\RQG ERUGHUV DQG LQ VR GRLQJ JLYHV YRLFHWRWKHWUDQVQDWLRQDOVHOI 5HIHUHQFHV %DNKWLQ007KH'LDORJLF,PDJLQDWLRQ)RXU(VVD\V (G0LFKDHO+ROTXLVW 7UDQV&DU\O(PHUVRQDQG+ROTXLVW $XVWLQ8RI7H[DV3 %DUWKHV5RODQG6=7UDQV5LFKDUG0LOOHU1HZ<RUN+LOODQG:DQJ &URPH.HLWKDQG-DPHV:LOOLDPHGV7KH/\RWDUG5HDGHUDQG*XLGH 1HZ <RUN&ROXPELD83 "Beyond the Border." The Transnational Self Writes Multidialogic Narrative Forms in and out of Global Europe 273 VIRGINIA RAMOS *RG]LFK:ODG7KH&XOWXUHRI/LWHUDF\&DPEULGJH+DUYDUG83 +DUGLQJ3DXO5HYRI:R(XURSD$QIlQJW E\<RNR7DZDGD+DUYDUG5HYLHZ    +ROTXLVW0LFKDHO*ORVVDU\%DNKWLQ .HOO\ 'HEUD $XWRELRJUDSK\ DQG ,QGHSHQGHQFH &DPEULGJH /LYHUSRRO 83  .KDWLEL$EGHONpELU$PRXUELOLQJXH5RPDQVHW5pFLWV3DULV eGLWLRQVGHOD 'LIIpUHQFH ¥ /RYHLQ7ZR/DQJXDJHV 7UDQV5LFKDUG+RZDUG0LQQHDSROLV8RI0LQ QHVRWD3 0F1LFKRO5DFKHO¦<RNR7DZDGD)URP0RWKHU7RQJXHWR/LQJXLVWLF0RWK HU§0DQRD    7DZDGD<RNR:R(XURSD$QIlQJW7XELQJHQ&ODXGLD*HKUNH ¥ :KHUH (XURSH %HJLQV 7UDQV 6XVDQ %HUQRIVN\ 1HZ <RUN 1HZ 'LUHF WLRQV3XEOLVKLQJV 7RWWHQ 0RQLND DQG <RNR 7DZDGD ¦$ &RQYHUVDWLRQ ZLWK <RNR 7DZDGD§ +DUYDUG5HYLHZ    The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy MARCO PAONE Universidade de Santiago de Compostela ¦7KHOLWHUDWXUHVRI&HQWUDO(XURSHDUHQRW OHVV(XURSHDQWKDQDQ\RWKHUV 7KH(DVWDOVRPDNHVXSDSDUWRI(XURSH§EHFDXVH¦DOORIWKHYDOXHVUHF RJQL]HGDVVSHFLILFDOO\(XURSHDQKDYHFLUFXODWHGDQGKDYHEHHQUHFHLYHG DQGUHLQWHUSUHWHGLQ(DVWHUQ(XURSH7KHWHUULWRU\DQGLWVIURQWLHUVDUH WKHUH ZKHUHWKHVHYDOXHVDUHDVVLPLODWHGFXOWLYDWHGDQGGHIHQGHG§ 0D ULQR $GULDQ0DULQRUHFRJQL]HVZKDWXSXQWLOQRZFRQWLQXHVWR EHERWKDQLGHDDQGDUHDOLW\QRWHQWLUHO\XVXDO,WLVQRWRQO\DTXHVWLRQ RIFROOHFWLYHLOOXVLRQEXWUDWKHUWKHSUREOHPLVWKDWLQPDQ\XQLYHUVL WLHVWKHUHLVVWLOODQLPEDODQFHEHWZHHQHLWKHUDOLWHUDU\VWXG\WKDWUDUHO\ DGGUHVVHV(XURSHDQOLWHUDWXUH V DVDZKROHRUDVWXG\RIIHZQDWLRQDO OLWHUDWXUHVWKDWFRXOGEHGHILQHGDV¦WKHFODVVLFV§ 7KLVLVDOVRDSUREOHP RI WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI IURQWLHUV ZKLFK 0DULQR ZLWK JRRG UHDVRQ GRHV QRWGHILQHEXWOHDYHVIOXLGYDJXHLQWKHDPELJXRXVDGYHUEOj WKHUH ,W FRXOGEHWKDW WKHUHLVDSUREOHPRIPRGXODWLRQLQGLVFRXUVHV ZKLFKDUH DVPXFKFULWLFDODVOLWHUDU\RILQFOXVLRQDQGRIH[FOXVLRQ7KHVHDPELJX RXV GLVFRXUVHV OHDG /iV]Oy .UWL¥IDFLQJ WKH SRVW VLWXDWLRQ DQG UHIHUULQJWRWKHIROORZLQJZHVWHUQUHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHLPDJHRIH[6RYLHW 7KLVHVVD\LVSDUWRIWKHSURMHFW¦(XURSHLQ&RPSDULVRQ(8LGHQWLW\DQGWKH,GHD RI(XURSHDQ/LWHUDWXUH§ )), IXQGHGE\WKH6SDQLVK*RYHUQPHQW 276 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe FRXQWULHV¥WRIRUPXODWHWKLVTXHVWLRQ¦:KDWGRWKHWHUPV¨(XURSHDQ© ¨(DVWHUQ© DQG¨&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ© UHDOO\UHIHUWR"§ .UWL &HUWDLQO\ WKHQDWLRQVDQGOLWHUDWXUHVRI&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ(XURSHOLYHWKLVXQ FHUWDLQW\RIERXQGDULHVERUQRIFHQWXULHVRILQYDVLRQVVHWWOHPHQWVDQG IXVLRQVRIYDULRXVSHRSOHVZKRKDGWRVHWWOHDFFRXQWVZLWKWKHXQLTXH DQGPXOWLSOHFKDUDFWHU¥WUDLWVWKDW-DFTXHV'XJDVWDOVRFRPSDUHVLQWKH OLWHUDWXUH  ¥RIWKHUHJLRQVRIWKH'DQXEHULYHULQZKLFKPDQ\DX WKRUVILQGWKHLUUHIOHFWLRQ 7KHUH DUH WKUHH ZULWHUV DPRQJ PDQ\ RWKHUV &ODXGLR 0DJULV 3p WHU(VWHUKi]\DQG0HOLWD5LFKWHUZKRVDQJ WKHLUVWRULHVWKURXJKWUDYHO DORQJWKH'DQXEH ,Q KLV 'DQXELR 0DJULV   VRXQGHG RXW WKLV SODFHV\PERO RI D ¦NRLQq SOXULPD H VRYUDQD]LRQDOH§ SOXUDO DQG VXSHUQDWLRQDO NRL Qq  ZKLFK IRUPV WKH ¦0LWWHOHXURSD WHGHVFDPDJLDUDVODYDURPDQ]D HEUDLFD§ *HUPDQ0DJ\DU6ODYLF5RPDQLF+HEUHZ0LWWHOHXURSD ,WLV WKUHH\HDUVEHIRUHWKHIDOORIWKH%HUOLQZDOOEXW0DJULVSURYLGHV DSUHVFLHQWUHDGLQJRIZKDWZDVWREHWKHRIWHQWLPHVFRQIOLFWLYHEUHDN XS RI WKH PDQ\ UHDOLWLHV DQG QDWLRQDOUHJLRQDO FRQWH[WV URRWHG LQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJVRIWKHULYHU,QIDFWKLVUHIOHFWLRQIRFXVHVRQWKHGLIIHUHQW FXOWXUHVDQGOLWHUDU\H[SHULHQFHV0DJULVHQFRXQWHUVDVKHFRPSOHWHVKLV MRXUQH\ ,Q KLV ZRUN KH UHFRQVWUXFWV ZKDW ĆXULÕLQ FDOOV ¦LQWHUOLWHUDU\ FRPPXQLW\§ LQ ZKLFK WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV ¦H[SUHVV WKH FURVVUHIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQWKHVLQJXODUOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKHSKHQRPHQDH[WHUQDOWRLW§   %XWDV*LDQ0DULR$QVHOPLUHPDUNVOLWHUDWXUHRIIHUVDSDQRUDPD WKDWLVQHLWKHU¦LG\OOLFQRUWUDQTXLO§ QRULVLWD¦SODFHRILGHDOKDUPRQL ]DWLRQ§  HVSHFLDOO\DIWHU,WLVSUHFLVHO\WKLVODFNRIKDUPRQ\RU UDWKHUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDUHODWLYHKDUPRQ\ZKLFK(VWHUKi]\UHSUH VHQWV,QKLV+DKQ+DKQJUyIQĘ SLOODQWiVD OHIHOpD'XQiQ ¥7KH*ODQFH RI&RXQWHVV+DKQ+DKQ 'RZQWKH'DQXEH ¥KHEHJLQVDUHFRQVWUXF WLRQRIPRUHUHDODXWRELRJUDSKLFDQGILFWLWLRXVWUDYHOVLQZKLFKSDVW DQG FRQWHPSRUDU\ H[SHULHQFHV PHUJH ZKLFK DOVR LQFRUSRUDWHV ZLWK WRXFKHVRILURQ\KLVOLWHUDU\DQGFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJH7KHYLHZWKDWKH RIIHUV RI WKH 'DQXEH LV ¦VTXLQWHG§ OLNH WKDW ZKLFK +HLQH LQ D OHWWHU WR 0DU[ TXRWHG LQGLUHFWO\ E\ WKH DXWKRU  DWWULEXWHV WR WKH &RXQWHVV The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy 277 MARCO PAONE +DKQ+DKQRUOLNHWKDW ZKLFKWKHPRQNSKLORORJLVWVRIWKHFRQYHQWRI %HXURQQHHGWRGLVFRYHUWKHVHFUHWV¦RIDQFLHQWSDUFKPHQWVRIZULWLQJ WKDWKDGORQJVLQFHEHHQVFUDWFKHGRUZDVKHGDZD\§ 7KH*ODQFH  ,QWKLVZD\KHFDQWUHDWWKH'DQXEHDVDQREMHFWLQLWVHOIGLVPDQWOLQJDOO RIWKHFXOWXUDODQGDHVWKHWLFFRQVWUXFWLRQVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHSRU WUD\D'DQXEHWKDW¦LQFUHDVHVDWKLQJ©VYDOXHDWWLPHVGHQLHVLW§ 7KH *ODQFH $WRWKHUWLPHVKHZULWHVRIWKH'DQXEHLQFRQIRUPLW\ZLWK WKHFRQGLWLRQVRIKLVK\SRWKHWLFDOZRUNRIILFHLQIURQWRIWKHULYHU¦D YLUWXDO LPDJLQDU\ LGHDO .XQG. +DEVEXUJ &HQWUDO (XURSHDQ (DVW (XURSHDQ SRVWPRGHUQ UHDOLVW RND\ LI \RX LQVLVW QDUFLVVLVWLF RIILFH§ 7KH*ODQFH  ,IWKHQDUUDWLRQRIWKH+XQJDULDQDXWKRULVLPPHGLDWHO\SRVW6RYL HWLF0HOLWD5LFKWHUD&URDWLDQPLJUDQWZULWHUOLYLQJLQ,WDO\RIIHUVD VXEVHTXHQWLPDJHRIWKHFRQIOLFWVWKDWVKRRNWKH%DONDQVDQGFKRRVHV WKLVULYHUWRPDNHDWULSZLWKRWKHUHPLJUDQWVIURPWKHVH]RQHVLQKHU ¦$O'DQXELR§ )RU5LFKWHUWKH'DQXEHLV¦ODJUDQGHDFTXDGHOO©(XURSD LOVXRHPEULRQHLOVXRYLVFLGRYHQWUHPROOHHYRFDWRUHGHJOLVIDU]LYLHQ QHVLUDFFRJOLWRUHGHOOHVFRULHGHOODWHUUDFKHODYDVFLDFTXDHULVFLDFTXD GHWHUJHHDYROWHYRPLWDFRQGLVSUH]]R1HOVXRVFRUUHUHVHFRODUHLOILXPH KDPHVFRODWRLQVLHPHLWRUPHQWLGHLSRSROLFKHDELWDQROHVXHULYH2JJL FRPHDOORUDHVVRULFKLHGHO©LPSHJQRSHUXQIXWXURSLPLWH§ RQWKHSDUW RI HYHU\RQH ¦FRQ OD WHQDFLD GHJOL HVFOXVL HG LO ULVSHWWR GHJOL LQFOXVL§ ZLWKWKHWHQDFLW\RIWKRVHH[FOXGHGDQGWKHUHVSHFWRIWKRVHLQFOXGHG  7KHWKUHHDXWKRUVUXQWKURXJKWKH'DQXEHQRWRQO\ILOOLQJWKHSK\V LFDOVSDFHVRIWKHJHRJUDSKLFPDSEXWDOVRDQGDERYHDOOVHHLQJWKRVH VSDFHVLQDVWUHDP¦FRQQHFWHG OLNHDV\PEROLFZKROHWRSV\FKRORJLFDO UHOLHIVDQGWRVRFLDOVLWHV6RWKH\FRQWULEXWHLQFUHDWLQJDWWKHVDPHWLPH DFRPSOH[REMHFWLYHDQGVXEMHFWLYHLQWHUQDODQGH[WHULRUGLPHQVLRQ§ WR  >WKHJUDQG ZDWHURI(XURSHLWVHPEU\RLWVVRIWYLVFLGZRPEHYRFDWRURI9LHQ QHVHRSXOHQFHJDWKHUHURIWKHVFXPRIWKHHDUWKWKDWZDVKHVULQVHVDQGUHULQVHVFOHDQVHV DQGDWWLPHVYRPLWVZLWKFRQWHPSW,QLWVDJHROGFXUUHQWVWKHULYHUKDVPL[HGWRJHWKHU WKH WRUPHQWV RI WKH SRSXODFH WKDW LQKDELWV LWV EDQNV 7RGD\ DV WKHQ FRPPLWPHQW LV UHTXLUHGIRUDPRUHSHDFHIXOIXWXUH@ P\WUDQVODWLRQ  278 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe TXRWH3R]XHOR<YDQFR TWG LQ0RUDO0HQiUJXH] $ORQJZLWKSV\ FKRORJLFDO SHUFHSWLRQV D VWURQJ FXOWXUDO DQG OLWHUDU\ OHJDF\ LQIOXHQFHV WKHDXWKRUVDQGDOORZVIRUDQDOWHUQDWLYHYLHZRIPXOWLSOHSHUVSHFWLYHV RUEHWWHUVDLGD¦QHZODQGVFDSH§ LQWKHLUZRUNV 8VLQJWKH)UHQFKFRQFHSWRIODQGVFDSHDVDQDHVWKHWLFDFWLQWKHVH WKUHHDXWKRUVRQHFDQREVHUYHWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVH[SHULHQFHGHYLVX DQG LQVLWX RI WKH'DQXELDQODQGVFDSHDOWKRXJKLWVHHPVDSDUDGR[JLYHQ WKDWDV0LFKDHO-DNREQRWHV¦KLVWRULFDOO\LWKDVEHHQDQHOHPHQWZKLFK LVLQLWVHOIVHFRQGDU\¥DUW¥WR WDNHXVXOWLPDWHO\WRWKHRULJLQDOIRUPD WLRQRIWKHSULPDU\HOHPHQW§  WKDWLVWRVD\WKHLPPHGLDWHH[SHUL HQFHRIWKH ODQGVFDSH ,W LV D SDUDGR[ ZKLFK 0DJULV   DOHUWV XV WR ¦O©DWWHQ]LRQH ULY ROWD DOOD FDUWD JHRJUDILFD LPSHGLVFH GL JXDUGDUH L OXRJKL FKH VL VWDQQR DWWUDYHUVDQGR H OD OHWWXUD DG DOWD YRFH GHOOD GHVFUL]LRQH GL XQ HGLILFLR QHOPDQXDOHGH%VFKLQJGLVWRJOLHJOLRFFKLGDOO©HGLILFLRVWHVVR§ WKH DW WHQWLRQIRFXVHGRQWKHJHRJUDSKLFPDSLPSHGHVVHHLQJWKHSODFHVWKDW RQHFURVVHVDQGWKHUHDGLQJDORXGRIWKHGHVFULSWLRQVRIDEXLOGLQJLQ %~VFKLQJ©VPDQXDOGLVSODFHVWKHH\HVIURPWKHVDPHEXLOGLQJ (VWHUKi]\ DOVRFRQILUPVWKDW¦ZKDWKDGEHHQDPLOOLPHWUHRQWKHPDSZDVVRPH NLORPHWUHV LQ UHDOLW\ ,I URDG DQG ULYHU FURVVHG LW VLPSO\ PHDQW WKDW , FODWWHUHGDFURVVDEULGJH§ 7KH*ODQFH  $GGHG WR WKLV IRFXV RQ VSDWLDOLW\ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR XQGHUOLQH WKH KLVWRULF WLPHOLQH WKDW HDFK ODQGVFDSH FDUULHV LQ LWV FRPSOH[ IRUPDWLRQ &pVDU 'RPtQJXH] VSHDNV SUHFLVHO\ RI FURQRSDLVD[H WLPHVFDSH ¦DV D ODQGVFDSHWRZKLFKRQHGLVSODFHVRQHVHOIDQGURDPVDERXWIRULWVVSHFLDO WHPSRUDO FRQQRWDWLRQV§   RIIHULQJ QHZ IURQWLHUV RI OLWHUDU\ LQWHO OLJLELOLW\HVSHFLDOO\IRUWKHFULWLTXHHQYR\DJH 7R0DJULV  WKHWUDYHOOHU GRHVQRWVHHPOLNH¦XQRFKH FRVWUXLVFH SDHVDJJL¥XIILFLRGHO VHGHQWDULR¥ TXDQWRXQRFKHOL VPRQWDHOLGLVID >ž@ XQ©DUWHGLVFRPSRUUHHULFRPSRUUHRVVLDGLFUHDUHXQDOWURRUGLQH§ RQH WKDW FRQVWUXFWV ODQGVFDSHV¥RIILFH RI WKH KRPHERG\¥>EXW PRUH@ DVRQHZKRGLVPRXQWVDQGXQPDNHVWKHP>@ DQDUWRIDVVHPEOLQJDQG UHDVVHPEOLQJRURIFUHDWLQJDQRWKHURUGHU IRUWKLVUHDVRQWKHUHLVQR EHWWHUSODFHIRUUHDOL]DWLRQDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WKDQWKH'DQXEH$V0D The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy 279 MARCO PAONE JULV  H[SODLQVDWWKHHQGRIWKHZRUNWKHULYHUUHSUHVHQWVDFRQVWDQW VLPXOWDQHLW\RISUHVHQFHDQGDEVHQFH¦VFRUUHUHGHOO©DFTXDFKHqIXJJLWD RIXJJLUjPDQRQqPDL§ WKHIORZRIWKHZDWHUWKDWLVHVFDSHGRUZLOO HVFDSHEXWQHYHULV ,WLVQRWGLIILFXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGKLVGLVWUXVWWRZDUGV WKHLPSURYLVHGDQGSDUWLDOSHUFHWWRORJLD   ,QWKHVDPHZD\5LFKWHUUHIHUVWRWKHSRHWU\RIWKH+XQJDULDQSRHW -R]VHIWRGHVFULEHWKHHQGRIKHU¦DEDQGRQPHQW§ WRWKHULYHU 0RUELGLGROFLOHRQGHGHO'DQXELR FKHqSDVVDWRSUHVHQWHHGDYYHQLUH VLDEEUDFFLDQR,OULFRUGRDOWRGLVFLRJOLH ODORWWDFKHIHURFHDYYHQWzJOLDYL 3HQVDUHLQILQHDLFRPSLWLFRPXQL HFFRFRVDFLDWWHQGHHQRQqSRFR TWGLQ5LFKWHU¦$O'DQXELR§ >6RIWO\VZHHWO\WKHULSSOHVRIWKH'DQXEH :KLFKLVSDVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUH (PEUDFHHDFKRWKHU3URXGPHPRU\GLVVROYHV 7KHILJKWZKLFKILHUFHO\DWWDFNHGRXUDQFHVWRUV 7KLQNLQJILQDOO\RIFRPPRQFRQFHUQ 7KLVLVZKDWDZDLWVXVDQGLWLVQRWOLWWOH@ (VWHUKi]\WKURXJKKLVSHUKDSVPHWDILFWLRQDOPXOWLSOHREVHUYHUVDOVR FODLPVWKH YDULRXVSRVVLELOLWLHVRIWKHUROHRIWKHWUDYHOOHU¥RIZKLFKWKH DXWKRU RIWHQ UHPHPEHUV DV EHLQJ 'DQXELDQ 7KH *ODQFH  ¥WKDW SXWV FRQVWDQWO\ LQ TXHVWLRQ DOO WKH SDWKRV WKDW VXUURXQGV WKH 'DQXEH 7KLVSDWKRVVHHPVWRWKH+XQJDULDQZULWHUGLIILFXOWWREHOLHYHDOWKRXJK KHDGPLWVWKDW¦EHKLQGDOOWKLVFRQIXVLRQELOORZLQJVHOILPSRUWDQFHDQG IDVKLRQDEOH SUDWWOH WKHUH ZDV VRPHWKLQJ§ VKRZLQJ VRPH RI WKHVH DI ILUPDWLRQV WKDW UHIHU WR WKH 'DQXEH ¦DV PHPRU\ >ž@ DV WKH VLQH TXD QRQ RI(XURSH§ 7KH*ODQFH 6RDWWLPHVWKHDXWKRUDVVRFLDWHVWKH GHVFULSWLRQRIDODQGVFDSHDQGRIWKH&HQWUDO (XURSHDQFRPPXQLW\ZLWK WKH FRPSOH[ DQG YHU\ ROG KLVWRU\ RI KLV IDPLO\ WKH QREOH (VWHUKi]\ TXHVWLRQLQJ QRW RQO\ KLV LGHQWLW\ EXW DOVR WKDW RI WKH SDQRUDPD WKDW VXUURXQGHG KLP DQG WKDW VXUURXQGV KLP DV KLV PRVW VXFFHVVIXO ZRUN 280 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe +DUPRQLD&DHOHVWLV LQTXLUHV¦$IDPLO\FDQEHGHVFULEHGMXVWOLNHDFLW\ &KDLQ%ULGJH:DWHUWRZQWRZQKDOOSROLFHVWDWLRQ'DQXEH-XVWOLNHD ODQGVFDSH%XWFDQ\RXGHVFULEHDODQGVFDSH",VWKHUHVXFKDWKLQJDVD GHVFULSWLRQRIDODQGVFDSH"&DQWKHZRUOGEHGHVFULEHG"$QGFDQLWEH UHDG"§ &HOHVWLDO+DUPRQLHV   5HWXUQLQJWRWKHZRUNRI0DJULVKLVWLWOHLVRQO\VXSHUILFLDOO\WKH PDWLFEHFDXVHWKH'DQXEH VHHPVWRKDYHDSSURSULDWHGWKHVWUXFWXUHRI WKHERRN¥IUHHLQLWVGLJUHVVLRQV¥DQGRIWKHDXWKRU©VVW\OHDOOLQILUVW SHUVRQ +LVYR\DJHEHFRPHVDFRQWLQXRXVPHHWLQJRIQDWLRQVFLWLHVSODFHV SHRSOHDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\ KLVWRULFDQGOLWHUDU\FKDUDFWHUV:LWKKLVYDU LRXVFRPSDQLRQV0DJULVJRHVDORQJWKH'DQXEHDQGLWVKLVWRU\¦IDWWD GL FURFLHGLPH]]HOXQHGLFRUGRQLGLFDSSXFFLQLHGLWXUEDQWL§ PDGH RI FURVVHV DQG KDOIPRRQV RI PRQNV© FRUGV DQG RI WXUEDQV  LQ ZKLFK ¦LOYLVLWDWRUHVLVHQWHILJOLRHHUHGHGLXQDVWRULDXQLWDULDQHLVXRLIUDP PHQWL§ WKHYLVLWRUIHHOVVRQDQGLQKHULWRURIDXQLTXHVWRU\LQLWV IUDJPHQWV 7KHZDONHQULFKHVLWVHOIZLWKDOORIWKHQXDQFHVWKDWUHFRQ VWUXFWDQHZFXOWXUDOPDS+LVDLPLVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHSRWHQWLDOLWLHVRI WKLVLQWHUFXOWXUDODQGSOXULOLQJXDOFRPPXQLW\ZLWKDJUHDWORDGRISLHWDV WRZDUGVWKHQDWLRQVDQGWKHLUSDVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHGHVWLQLHV )URP WKH EHJLQQLQJ WKH 'DQXEH LV WKH ULYHU ¦FKH F©q H FKH QRQ F©q FKH QDVFH GD SL SDUWL H GD SL JHQLWRUL >FKH@ FL ULFRUGD FKH RJ QXQRJUD]LHDOODPROWHSOLFHHQDVFRVWDWUDPDFXLGHYHODVXDHVLVWHQ]D qXQ1RWHHHQWLHQGRFRPHLSUDJKHVLGDOQRPHWHGHVFRHLYLHQQHVLGDO QRPHFpFR§ 0DJULV WKDWLVDQGWKDWLVQRWWKDWLVERUQIURPPRUH SDUWV DQG IURP PRUH SDUHQWV WKDW UHPLQGV XV RI HDFK RQH WKDQNV WR WKHPXOWLSOHDQGKLGGHQSORWVWRZKLFKLWRZHVLWVRZQH[LVWHQFHLWLV D 1RWHHQWLHQGR OLNH WKH LQKDELWDQWV RI 3UDJXH RI *HUPDQ QDPH DQG WKH9LHQQHVHRI&]HFKQDPH FRLQFLGLQJZLWKWKHWKHRU\RIRQHRI0D JULV©V¦FROOHDJXHV§ IRUZKRP¦ORVSDHVDPHQWRqXQPRGRIRQGDPHQWDOH GHOO©HVVHUHQHOPRQGR§ HVWUDQJHPHQWLVDIXQGDPHQWDOZD\RIWKH EHLQJLQWKHZRUOG  :LWK&pOLQHWKH,WDOLDQZULWHUPDQDJHVWRGHVFHQGWRWKHLQIHUQRRI WKH7KLUG5HLFKZKHUHLQDUHDOLW\HUDVHGE\YLROHQFH¦SHQVDUODGLYHQWD The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy 281 MARCO PAONE XQDWWRGLIHGH§ 0DJULV WRWKLQNRIUHDOLW\EHFRPHV DQDFWRIIDLWK  7KHOLWHUDWXUHLVFRPIRUWLQJDQGDOVRVSHDNVRIWKH¦DEVROXWHGHSULYD WLRQ§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¦>+@R O©LPSUHVVLRQH FKH WXWWH TXHOOH VWUDGH VERFFKLQR H ILQLVFDQR LQ TXHVWDSLD]]DSHUVHPSUHFRPHVHTXLIRVVHLOFRQILQHGHOPLRPRQGR GDQXELDQRLOPLRFRQILQH§ 0DJULV,KDYHWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDW DOO RIWKHVHVWUHHWVIORZLQJDQGILQLVKLQJLQWKLVSOD]DDOZD\VDVLILWZHUH WKHIURQWLHURIP\'DQXELDQZRUOGP\IURQWLHU 8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHUHLV DOVR¦LOSDWKRVGHOFRQILQH>FKH@QRQqDOWURFKHLQVLFXUH]]D>@RVFXUR WLPRUHGHOO©DOWUR>ž@ )RUVHODFXOWXUDGDQXELDQDFKHVHPEUDFRVuDSHUWD HFRVPRSROLWDHGXFDDQFKHDTXHVWDFKLXVXUDHDTXHVW©DQVLDqXQDFXO WXUDFKHSHUWURSSLVHFROLqVWDWDRVVHVVLRQDWDGDOO©DUJLQHGDOEDOXDUGR FRQWURLWXUFKLFRQWURJOLVODYLFRQWURJOLDOWUL§ 0DJULVWKHSDWKRV RIWKHERXQGDU\WKDWLVQRWDQ\WKLQJPRUHWKDQLQVHFXULW\GDUNIHDURI WKHRWKHU0D\EHWKH'DQXELDQFXOWXUHWKDWVHHPVRSHQDQGFRVPRSROL WDQDOVRHGXFDWHVWKLVFORVLQJDQGWKLVDQ[LHW\LWLVDFXOWXUHWKDWIRU PDQ\FHQWXULHVZDVREVHVVHGE\OHYHHVE\EXOZDUNVDJDLQVWWKH7XUNV DJDLQVWWKH6ODYVDJDLQVWWKHRWKHUV  )DLWKIXOWRKLVLURQLFOLQHDQGDWWKHHQGRIKLVMRXUQH\RIWKH'DQ XEH (VWHUKi]\IDFHVKLVRZQLQVHFXULW\OLNHILQLVKLQJD'DQXELDQERRN +HH[SUHVVHVWKLVGRXEW LQDK\SRWKHWLFDOHQFRXQWHUZLWK0DJULVZKR DQVZHUV KLP ¦%LVRJQD SRPSDUH O©DFTXD GHO 'DQXELR§ RQH VKRXOG SXPSRXWWKHZDWHUIURPWKH'DQXEH VRPHWKLQJZKLFKWKH+XQJDULDQ DXWKRUKDGDOUHDG\GRQH 282 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 7KHGHP\VWLILFDWLRQRIWKHULYHU DQGDOVRRIWKHFXOWXUDOOHJDF\WKDW LW FDUULHV UXQV WKURXJK DOO RI KLV ZRUN DQG KLV WUDYHOV DORQJ WKH 'DQ XEH VKRZLQJ D PXOWLIRUP UHDOLW\ WKURXJK D QDUUDWLYH PRVDLF WKDW KH SXWV WRJHWKHUKLVWRULFMXPSVWKDWLQWHUZHDYHDWUDMHFWRU\DVILFWLRQDODQG PHWDILFWLRQDODVLWLVSHUVRQDO¥DVWKHYR\DJHPDGHZLWKXQFOH5REHUW LQDQGWKHRQHFRQWHPSRUDU\WRWKHQDUUDWLYH,QIDFWWKH'DQXEH EHFRPHVWKHRFFDVLRQIRUHQWHUWDLQLQJDFRQWLQXRXVGLDORJXHZLWKGLI IHUHQWDXWKRUVDQGOLWHUDU\JHQUHVWKURXJKWKHPHGLDWLRQRIDFKDUDFWHU WKH7UDYHOOHU+LUHOLQJSUHVHQWHGDVD%XGDSHVWERUQ(XURSHDQZKRKDV WRZULWHDUHSRUWDERXWWKH'DQXEHFRPPLVVLRQHGE\D+LUHUZKRVH 1RUWK$PHULFDQSHUVSHFWLYHVFODVKZLWKWKRVHRIWKHRWKHU $SDUWIURP0DJULVDQGWKHPDQ\DXWKRUVLQFOXGHGLQWKHILQDODS SHQGL[ ¦6SHFLDOLVW /LWHUDWXUH QRW  &RQVXOWHG§ WKH GLDORJXHV RI 7KH *ODQFH RI &RXQWHVV +DKQ+DKQ FUHDWH D ULFK QHW RI LQWHUWH[WXDO DQG FXOWXUDOVSDFHVWKDWUHIOHFWWKHLGHDRIWKHFXOWXUHERWKOLWHUDU\DQGQRQ OLWHUDU\RI&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ(XURSH,QWKLVZD\%XGDSHVWEHFRPHVD QHZ&DOYLQROLNH¦LQYLVLEOHFLW\§ ZKHUH¦WKHQDUUDWLYHWKXVPDLQWDLQV WKH'DQXEHWUDYHORJXHXQWLOWKHWUDYHOOHU©VKRPHFRPLQJEXW&HQWUDO(X URSHH[SORGHVLQWRDPXOWLWXGHIUDPHGE\PHDQVRIDQH[WUDUHJLRQDO ZRUN+HQFHILFWLRQDOL]HGDXWRELRJUDSK\DQGWKHGLVFRXUVHRQ&HQWUDO (XURSH GR QRW FRLQFLGH D OLWHUDU\ GLVFRXUVH ZLWK DQ DOOHJHG UHJLRQDO VSHFLILFLW\RIIRUPFDQQRWUHVRUWWRH[WUDUHJLRQDOPRGHOV§ 6PHO  +RZHYHUWKHGLDORJXHVDQGWKHUHIHUHQFHVPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJWRUHIOHFW XSRQWKHLQWHUFXOWXUDO 'DQXELDQFRPPXQLW\DUHWKRVHWKDWFRQFHUQ0L ODQ.XQGHUDDQG'DQLOR.LÕ,IWKH&]HFKDXWKRU¦LQYHQWHGIRUKLPVHOILQ KLVVRUU\3DULVLDQVROLWXGH§ WKDW¦&HQWUDO(XURSHLVQRWKLQJEXWDEHDXWL IXOFU\VWDOEDOO§ (VWHUKi]\7KH*ODQFH WKH<XJRVODYLDQ.LÕ ZDV ¦OLYLQJSURRI>ž@ RIWKH QRWLRQWKDWWKHYDULRXVSHRSOHV RI<XJRVODYLD ZHUHFDSDEOHQRWRQO\RINLOOLQJRQHDQRWKHUEXWRIHQULFKLQJRQHDQ RWKHUWRR§  ,WLVDGLDOHFWLFWKDW(VWHUKi]\FODULILHVLQDQLQWHUYLHZ ¦6H SHQVR DOO©(XURSD &HQWUDOH GHOOD TXDOH VL OHJJH LQ .XQGHUD DOORUD VRQR SRUWDWR DG DIIHUPDUH FKH QRQ HVLVWH 6H LQYHFH SHQVR DOO©(XURSD &HQWUDOHGHOODTXDOHSDUOD'DQLOR.LÕDOORUDGLFREDQDOPHQWHFKHHVLVWH 1HOSULPRFDVRVLqWUDWWDWRGLXQDEHOODORWWDSHUO©LQGLSHQGHQ]DGHJOL The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy 283 MARCO PAONE DQQL2WWDQWDPROWRLPSRUWDQWHHPROWRSUDWLFDHFRPHWDOHqWHUPLQDWD 3RLqDFFDGXWRWXWWRGLYHUVDPHQWH &RQ'DQLOR.LÕLQYHFHVLDVVHULVFH XQDSHFXOLDULWjHVLVWHQ]LDOH§ =LKDO\  7KHVHWZRDXWKRUVSHUPLWXVWRXQGHUVWDQG(VWHUKi]\©VDWWLWXGHRI PLVWUXVW WRZDUGV WKH KLVWRULFFXOWXUDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI JHRJUDSKLF DQG H[LVWHQWLDOVSDFHVWKDWRIWHQGRQRWFRUUHVSRQGWROLYHGUHDOLW\%HFDXVH RIWKLVWKHDXWKRUUHOLHVRQLURQ\DQGDWWLPHVRQF\QLFLVPWRJLYHDUHOD WLYH ZHLJKWWRHDFKFXOWXUDO LQKHULWDQFHWKDWUHODWHVWROLYHGH[SHULHQFH ,W LVWKHVDPHZULWHUZKRDUULYHGLQ5RPDQLDDQGVSHDNLQJRI2ULHQWDO (XURSHFRUUHFWVKLPVHOILPPHGLDWHO\¦,NQRZ,NQRZ&HQWUDO&HQWUDO (XURSH§ (VWHUKi]\7KH*ODQFH 6LPLODUO\DWWKHHQGRIWKHERRN KHUHWUDFHVWKHPDQ\SRUWUD\HG'DQXEHV¦RUUDWKHU'DQXEHOLNH§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¦1RVWDOJLH H RUFKHVWUD H QRQ SL FRQILQL IRUVH VROWDQWR VRJOLH GHOODPHPRULD6RJOLHWUDSRSROLJHQHUD]LRQLLGHQWLWjž 2SSXUH VROWDQWRDYYLQFHQWLSDVVDJJL FRPHqVWDWDODPXVLFDGL%HOD%DUWRNFKH VXSHUDYDPDJLVWUDOPHQWHL¦FRQILQL§ IUDTXHOODFKHVLFKLDPDYDPXVLFD FROWDHPXVLFDSRSRODUH§ 5LFKWHU¦$O'DQXELR§   >,I,WKLQNDERXWWKH&HQWUDO(XURSHWKDWRQHUHDGVLQ.XQGHUDWKHQ,DPOHDG WRDIILUPWKDWLWGRHVQRWH[LVW,IRQWKHRWKHUKDQG, WKLQNRID&HQWUDO(XURSHZKLFK 'DQLOR.LÕ VSHDNVRIWKHQ,VD\EDQDOO\WKDWLWH[LVWV,QWKHILUVWFDVHLWLVWUHDWHGDVD EHDXWLIXO VWUXJJOH IRU LQGHSHQGHQFH LQ WKH HLJKWLHV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW DQG YHU\ SUDFWLFDO DQGLQWKLVZD\LWILQLVKHG/DWHUWKLQJVKDSSHQHGLQDWRWDOO\GLIIHUHQWZD\:LWK'DQLOR .LÕLQVWHDGRQHDIILUPV DQH[LVWHQWLDOSHFXOLDULW\@  >1RVWDOJLDVDQGRUFKHVWUD DQGQRPRUHERXQGDULHVSHUKDSVRQO\ WKUHVKROGVRI PHPRU\7KUHVKROGVEHWZHHQSHRSOHJHQHUDWLRQVLGHQWLWLHV2URQO\IDVFLQDWLQJSDV VDJHVOLNHWKHPXVLFRI%HOD%DUWRNWKDWVXUSDVVHGPDJLVWHULDOO\WKH¦FRQILQHV§ EHWZHHQ WKDWZKLFKRQHFDOOVFXOWXUHGPXVLFDQGWKDWZKLFKRQH FDOOVSRSXODUPXVLF@ 284 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe 6KHXQGHUOLQHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQIURQWLHUDQGWKUHVKROGFKDUJ LQJWKLVZRUGZLWKG\QDPLVPZLWKSRVVLELOLW\RIFURVVLQJDQGRIFRQ WDPLQDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHFRQFHSWRIIURQWLHUVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLWDV ¦VSD]LRLQWHUPHGLRGRYHODGHQVLWjLGHQWLWDULDVLIDSLOHJJHUDHGRYHLO WHPSRUDOOHQWDHSHUPHWWHGLVRIIHUPDUFLHGLULIOHWWHUHVXOQRVWURVWHVVR HVVHUHVXTXDQWRFXVWRGLDPRHTXDQWRFLGRQDODSURVVLPLWjGHOO©DOWUR§ 5LFKWHU¦6XOODVRJOLD§   7KHUHDOLW\KRZHYHULVGLIIHUHQWZKHQLW KDVWRGRZLWK HQWHULQJRQHFRXQWU\RUDQRWKHUZLWKWKHERUGHUJXDUGV ZKRPDQDJHWRVSOLWXSWKHFLWL]HQVLQWRWKRVHRI)LUVW(XURSH DQGWKRVH RIWKH2WKHU(XURSH )ROORZLQJ LQ WKH IOXYLDO YR\DJHWKH ZULWHU GLVFRYHUVLQ HDFK VWDJH DQHZSDUWDOWKRXJKUHPRWHIURPKHUORFDOODQGVFDSHWKDWVKDNHVWKH IXWXUHSURMHFWLRQWRZDUGVWKHGHVLUHRID(XURSHWUXO\XQLWHGXQGHUWKH ZHLJKWRIGLYHUVLW\OLYHGDVH[SHULHQFHDVSHUVRQDOKLVWRU\ ,Q WKLV ZD\ VKH H[SODLQV UHPHPEHULQJ WKH ERPEDUGPHQW RI 1RYL 6DG ¦$ ORUR HUR YLFLQD H DOOR VWHVVR WHPSR GLVWDQWH SHU TXHOOD IDWDOH GLVWDQ]DGHOOHLGHQWLWjDQQXOODWHGHOOHFLWWj¨PLH© LOFXLHURVPHWDILVLFR q VWDWR VSHQWR GDOOD EDUEDULH PD FKH WXWWRUD QRL FLWWDGLQL ¥FKLDPDWL VSHVVRFLWWDGLQLH[ SHUFKpDSSDUWHQHQWLDXQPRQGRH[FLSRUWLDPRGHQ WURFRQYLQWLFKHO©XUEDQLWjLGHDOH¥LQWHVDFRPHFRQFHWWRGLYLWD¥ HVLVWD GDYYHUR§ 5LFKWHU¦$O'DQXELR§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¦P\§ FLWLHVZKRVHPHWDSK\VLFDOHURV ZDVH[WLQJXLVKHGE\ EDUEDULVPEXWWKDWVWLOOZHFLWL]HQV¥RIWHQFDOOHGH[FLWL]HQVEHFDXVHZHEHORQJHGWRDQ H[ZRUOG¥FDUULHGLQVLGHFRQYLQFHGWKDW WKHLGHDOXUEDQLW\¥XQGHUVWRRGDVDFRQFHSWRI OLIH¥WUXO\H[LVWV@ The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy 285 MARCO PAONE KRPHEHFDXVH WKH6HUELDQFLW\ QR ORQJHU LV WKH FDSLWDO RIWKH FRXQWU\ LQ ZKLFK VKH ZDV ERUQ )RU KHU WKHVH TXHVWLRQV UHPDLQ XQDQVZHUHG ¦6L WUDWWD TXLQGL VRODPHQWH GL XQ©LPPDJLQDULD PDSSD PHQWDOH" )DWWD GL LOOXVLRQL SHUGXWH GL PLWL LQWXL]LRQL UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQL LPPDJLQDULH" (© XQD FRORVVDOH GLVWRUVLRQH GHOOD GLPHQVLRQH IDWWXDOH"§ 5LFKWHU ¦$O 'DQXELR§  ,QWKHVHZRUGV0DJULV©VSUHPRQLWRU\DOOXVLRQWR¦<XJRVODY§LVH[ SODLQHGDVDWHUPIURPD0XVLOOLDQYLHZSRLQW  DQGKLVGHVFULSWLRQ RI%HOJUDGHDOUHDG\VHHPVOLNHWKDWRIDQRWKHUFLW\ ,WLVWKH QRQ H[LVWHQFHRIDUHDOLW\GpSD\VDJpHGpQXpHGpSODFp WKDW SXVKHV5LFKWHU WRZDUGVDQHXWUDOWHUULWRU\VLPXOWDQHRXVO\HQJDJHGDVOLW HUDWXUHDQGWRZDUGVDQRWKHU WRQJXHOLNH,WDOLDQZKLFKIRUKHULVH[HPSW IURPSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOVXSHUVWUXFWXUHV¦7KHPLJUDQWYRLFHVFDUU\WR RXUDWWHQWLRQRIVHGHQWDU\FRPIRUWDEOHHUXGLWHDQGWRXULVWFXOWXUHVWKH IDFWWKDWWKHZRUOGLQZKLFKZHOLYHLVQRWRQO\RQH§ *QLVFL 2QH FDQSDUWLDOO\FRLQFLGHZLWKWKLVGHILQLWLRQIURP*QLVFLEXWQRWWRWDOO\DV 0DJULVDQG(VWHUKi]\GHPRQVWUDWH 7KHIORZRIWKH'DQXEHVWLUV HYHU\WKLQJDQGLQLWVGHVWLQ\LWUHIOHFWV WKHVSOHQGRXUDQGWKHVKDPHRIROG(XURSHWKDWZKLFK¦QRQSURGXFH PDVRORFRQVXPDVWRULD§ 0DJULVGRHVQRWSURGXFHEXWRQO\FRQ VXPHVKLVWRU\ 5LFKWHUDVNVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGIRUDGLIIHUHQWKLVWRU\ ZULWWHQ IURP EHORZ DQG SURWDJRQL]HG E\ WKH (XURSD GDO EDVVR¥ZLWK WKH HQJDJHPHQW RI HYHU\RQH¥WR FRQWLQXH KDYLQJ ¦VRPH PLQLPDO UHD VRQ§ 5LFKWHU¦$OFXQHUDJLRQL§ WRIHHOZLWK(VWHUKi]\©VZRUG¦VLPSO\ DQGGHVSHUDWHO\ (VWHUKi]\¦,QWHUYLVWD§  (XURSHDQ ,QFRQFOXVLRQWKLVSDSHUWULHVWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHOLWHUDU\H[SH ULHQFHVRIWKHWKUHHDXWKRUVVKRZWKHLUFDSDFLW\WRSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQ DERXWWKHSK\VLFDODQGFXOWXUDOWUDQV'DQXELDQUHJLRQDVPXFKDVFUHDW LQJLWVPXOWLSOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ%HVLGHVUHFRQVWUXFWLQJDSHUVRQDOODQG VFDSHWKHLUZRUNVEHFRPHDPHWDFULWLFDO DQDO\VLVWKDWRIIHUVKLVWRULFDO  >'RHVLWRQO\KDYHWRGRZLWKDQLPDJLQDU\PHQWDOPDS"0DGHRIORVWLOOXVLRQV RI P\WKV LQWXLWLRQV LPDJLQDU\ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV" ,V LW D FRORVVDO GLVWRUWLRQ RI WKH UHDO GLPHQVLRQV@ 286 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe DQGLQWHUQDOGHEDWHVRIRWKHU DXWKRUVDERXW'DQXELDQERXQGDULHVDQG LGHQWLWLHVZLWKLQD(XURSHDQGLVFRXUVHRIFXOWXUDOLQWHJUDWLRQDQGGLYHU VLILFDWLRQ,QWKLVZD\WKH\UHSUHVHQWDSOXUDO KpWpURLPDJHRIDQRWKHU (XURSHEXWZKLOHDOVRDVVHUWLQJLWDVRQHRIPDQ\RWKHUGLVFRXUVHVRID GLIIHUHQWEXWZKROH(XURSHZKHUH&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQFRQFHSWVEOXU 5HIHUHQFHV $QVHOPL*LDQ0DULR0DSDVGHODOLWHUDWXUDHXURSHD\PHGLWHUUiQHD'HORV RUtJHQHVDO5HQDFLPLHQWR7UDQV0DUtD3RQV,UD]D]iEDO%DUFHORQD&UtWL FD 'RPtQJXH]&pVDU¦&URQRSDLVD[HHKLVWRULRJUDItDOLWHUDULD)RUWXQDGDFULWLTXH HQYR\DJH FRPR[pQHURFRPSDUDWLVWD§3DVHDQWHVYLD[HLURVSDLVD[HV(G )HGHULFR/ySH]6LOYHVWUH>6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD@;XQWDGH*DOLFLD&HQ WUR*DOHJRGH$UWH&RQWHPSRUiQHD 'XJDVW-DFTXHV¦/DQR]LRQHGLOHWWHUDWXUDHXURSHD§ 7UDQV$UPDQGR*QLVFL ,O PLWR GHOOD OHWWHUDWXUD HXURSHD (G )UDQFD 6LQRSROL 5RPD 0HOWHPL  ĆXULÕLQĆ\RQL]¦/HFRPXQLWjLQWHUOHWWHUDULHXQDFDWHJRULDIRQGDPHQWDOHGHO SURFHVVRLQWHUOHWWHUDULR§&RPSDUDUHLFRPSDUDWLVPL(GV$UPDQGR*QLV FLDQG)UDQFD6LQRSROL5RPD/LWKRV (VWHUKi]\ 3pWHU 7KH *ODQFH RI &RXQWHVV +DKQ+DKQ 'RZQ WKH 'DQXEH  7UDQV5LFKDUG$F]HO(YDQVWRQ1RUWKZHVWHUQ83 ¥ &HOHVWLDO +DUPRQLHV 7UDQV -XGLWK 6ROORVY /RQGRQ +DUSHU&ROOLQV  ¥ ¦/©8QJKHULD H LO VXR URPDQ]R§ ,QWHUYLHZ E\ %HDWULFH 7|WW|VV\ /HWWHUD ,QWHUQD]LRQDOH    ¥ ¦,QWHUYLVWD D (VWHUKi]\ , IXWXUL PLWL GH FRQWLQHQWH§ ,QWHUYLHZ E\ 3DROR 5XPL]5HSXEEOLFD $SU ¥ ¦/©DQRPDOLDXQJKHUHVH§ ,QWHUYLHZE\%HDWULFH7|WW|VV\DQG$OEHUWR6FDU SRQL/HWWHUD,QWHUQD]LRQDOH    *QLVFL$UPDQGR/DOHWWHUDWXUDLWDOLDQDGHOODPLJUD]LRQH5RPD/LOLWK -DNRE0LFKDHO3DHVDJJLRHOHWWHUDWXUD)LUHQ]H/HR62OVFKNL .UWL/iV]Oy¦*OREDOL]DWLRQDQGWKH'LVFRXUVHRI2WKHUQHVVLQWKH¨1HZ©(DVW HUQDQG&HQWUDO(XURSH§7KH3ROLWLFVRI0XOWLFXOWXUDOLVPLQWKH1HZ(X The "Other" Danubian Europe: Magris, Richter, Esterházy 287 MARCO PAONE URSH 5DFLVP ,GHQWLW\ DQG &RPPXQLW\ (GV 7DULT 0RGRRG DQG 3QLQD :HUEQHU/RQGRQ=HG%RRNV 0DJULV&ODXGLR'DQXELR0LODQR*DU]DQWL 0DULQR$GULDQ¦/D¨OHWWHUDWXUDHXURSHD©RJJL§,OPLWRGHOODOHWWHUDWXUDHXUR SHD(G)UDQFD6LQRSROL5RPD0HOWHPL 0RUDO0HQiUJXH]&ULVWLQD¦/LWHUDWXUD\OXJDUHVODHVIHUDGHOROLWHUDULRFRPR FUHDFLyQ GH HVSDFLRV§ &DPSXV 6WHOODH +DFLHQGR FDPLQR HQ OD LQYHVWL JDFLyQOLWHUDULD(GV'RORUHV)HUQiQGH]/ySH]DQG)HUQDQGR5RGUtJXH] *DOOHJR 9RO  6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD 5LFKWHU0HOLWD¦$O'DQXELR§.XPDFUHROL]]DUHO©(XURSD   :HE 'HF ¥ ¦6XOODVRJOLDGHOO©HVLOLR6FULWWXUHGLGRQQHGHOODH[-XJRVODYLD§6WRULDGHOOH GRQQH   :HE'HF ¥ ¦$OFXQHUDJLRQLPLQLPHSHUFXLPLVHQWRHXURSHD§(O*KLEOLULYLVWDRQOLQH GLOHWWHUDWXUDGHOODPLJUD]LRQH   :HE'HF 6PHO*XLGR¦*DUGHQVRIWKH0LQG3ODFHVIRU'RXEW)LFWLRQOL]HG$XWRELRJ UDSK\LQ(DVW&HQWUDO(XURSH§+LVWRU\RIWKH/LWHUDU\&XOWXUHVRI(DVW &HQWUDO(XURSH-XQFWXUHVDQG'LVMXQFWXUHVLQWKHWK DQGWK &HQWXULHV (GV 0DUFHO &RUQLV3RSH DQG -RKQ 1HXEDXHU 9RO  $PVWHUGDP -RKQ %HQMDPLQV =LKDO\3pWHU¦(VWHUKD]\LQSULQFLSLRHUDLOFDOFLR§7ULHVWHFRQWHPSRUDQHD   :HE'HF Index Santiago de Compostela A D $GRUQR7KHRGRU: $JDPEHQ*LRUJLR   $JXDOXVD -RVp (GXDUGR     $OHL[DQGUH0DULODU $SSDGXUDL$UMXQ 'DLQRWWR5REHUWR 'HOHX]H*LOOHV  'HUULGD-DFTXHV  'RPtQJXH]&pVDU   B E %DNKWLQ0LNKDLO  %DO0LHNH %DXPDQ=\JPXQW %HFN8OULFK %HXUFLQHPD %KDEKD+RPL.  %LR$UW  %RODQG(DYDQ %RXUGLHX3LHUUH %ULWLVK $VLDQ OLWHUDWXUH      %XQJH0DULR (DJOHWRQ7HUU\ (FRFULWLFLVP (GJHZRUWK0DULD   (PHUJHQW  HPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUH   (VWHUKi]\ 3pWHU       (XURSHDQ8QLRQ C G &DVDQRYD3DVFDOH &KDNUDZRUW\'LSHVK *DOOL0DVWURGRQDWR3DROD *DWOLI7RQ\ F )HUURXNKL,VPDɺO )RXFDXOW0LFKHO   290 Contemporary Developments in Emergent Literatures and the New Europe *RG]LFK :ODG      *yPH]/XSH *UDQG7RXU *UDVVLQ-HDQ0DULH   *XLOOpQ&ODXGLR     H +HJHO*:)  +HUGHU -RKDQQ *RWWIULHG YRQ   +\EULGLW\ M 0DJULV&ODXGLR   0DONDQL*DXWDP   0DQLIHVWR 0DULQR$GULDQ 0HHKDQ3DXOD 0LJQROR:DOWHU' 0LJUDQWOLWHUDWXUH 0LJUDWLRQ               0LJUDWLRQOLWHUDWXUH  0RUHWWL)UDQFR 0RUJDQ&RQZD\/OR\G 0RURZLW]+DUROG J -DQHF]HN+HOHQD  -HQNLQVRQ %LGG\ -HZLVKOLWHUDWXUH 1QHZ(XURSH 1RUD3LHUUH K O .DF(GXDUGR .DGDUp,VPDLO .KDWLEL $EGHONpELU      .UHMþt.DUHO  2©'RQQHOO0DU\ L /XNiFV*HRUJ N P 3DPXN2UKDQ  3DUGR%D]iQ(PLOLD   3DWR&KXV 3pUH]5HL0DULxD Index 291 MARCO PAONE 3RVWFRORQLDOLVP 3UHVWLJHFULVLV R 5HJLRQDOLVP 5LFKWHU 0HOLWD      5LFRHXU3DXO 5LYHLUR(OYLUD 5XVKGLH6DOPDQ  S 6DLG(GZDUG 6KRDK 6SLYDN *D\DWUL &KDNUDYRUW\   T 7DZDGD <RNR      7UDQVQDWLRQDOLVP V 9DOHQWH -RVp ºQJHO          W :LOOLDPV 5D\PRQG     Y <DKDORP6KHOOH\ <HDWV:%