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Management of reactive power and voltage control constitute part of the major challenge in power system industry. Adequate reactive power control solves power quality problems like voltage profile maintenance at all power transmission levels, transmission efficiency and system stability. Power demand increases steadily while the expansion of power generation and transmission has been severely limited due to the inadequate resources and environmental forces. These give cause for concern as they contribute to the constant power failure in the Nigeria power system. In this work the Nigeria 330KV network, 30 bus system is considered. To alleviate/eradicate some of these problems mentioned, compensation in power system becomes very essential. Compensation reduces generating MVA and MVAR. The reduction in MVAR helps electrical companies to transmit more power and absorbing more customers without expanding their power networks. Newton-Raphson’s solution method was used to carry out the analysis because of its sparsity, fast convergence and simplicity attribute as compared to other solution methods using the relevant data as obtained from power holding company of Nigeria (PHCN). MAT LAB/SIMULINK method was used to carry out the simulation analysis. The results obtained showed that the bus voltages outside the statutory limit of 0.95 – 1.05p.u that is 313.5 – 346.5KV were buses 14(Jos) with value 0.8171pu, bus 17(Gombe) 0.8144p.u bus 18(Abuja) 0.9402pu, bus 19(Maiduguri) 0.8268pu, bus 22(Kano) 0.7609pu, bus 29(Kaduna) 0.8738pu, and bus 30(Makurdi) 0.8247pu under normal uncompensated condition. Capacitive shunt compensation because of its advantages was implemented on these buses, and the results then came up to tolerable values. Results obtained after compensation reveal acceptable voltage levels at the problem buses. For instance bus 14(Jos) is now 0.9823p.u, bus 17(Gombe) 1.0242p.u, bus 18(Abuja) 0.9667p.u, bus 19(Maiduguri) 1.0455p.u, bus 22(Kano) which is heavily loaded was linked to Jos and a 60 percent compensation on Kano bus yielded an increase of 0.7609pu to 0.947p.u. System efficiency improved from 65% (uncompensated) to 85% after compensation. On the application of 20% over compensation, overvoltages (>1.05pu) resulted which may cause system collapse if not controlled. From the results obtained, installing compensation devices, make it possible to control the amount of active and reactive power flowing through the lines thereby controlling the voltage. It is clear from the results that the use or incorporation of system compensation will lead to many benefits like increasing transmission lines loadability which enables electrical company to transmit more power with the existing transmission lines as well absorb more customers without increasing the network.
An electric power system consists of three principle divisions, the generating stations, the transmission systems, and the distribution systems. Electric power is produced by generators, consumed by loads, and transmitted from generators to loads by the transmission system. The transmission systems are the connecting links between the generating stations and the distribution systems and lead to other power systems over interconnections. In the present day scenario, transmission systems are becoming increasingly stressed, more difficult to operate, and more insecure with unscheduled power flows and higher losses because of growing demand and tight restrictions on the construction of new lines. However, many high-voltage transmission systems are operating below their thermal ratings due to constraints such as voltage and stability limits. In addition, existing traditional transmission facilities, in most cases, are not designed to handle the control requirements of complex, highly interconnected power systems. This overall situation requires the review of traditional transmission methods and practices and the creation of new concepts, which would allow the use of existing generation and transmission lines up to their full capabilities without reduction in system stability and security. Another reason that is forcing the review of traditional transmission methods is the tendency of modern power systems to follow the changes in today’s global economy that are leading to deregulation of electrical power markets in order to transfer desired power and stimulate competition between utilities. In the past, most control of power systems was aided by mechanical devices and actions. This came at the expense of providing greater operating margins and redundancies. The rapid development of power electronics has made it possible to design power electronic equipment of high rating for high voltage systems. The voltage stability problem resulting from transmission system and cheap power transfer may be, at least partly, improved by use of the equipment well known as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. This concept was introduced by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the late 1980. The objective of FACTS devices mainly Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC), and Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) etc., technology is to bring a system under control and to transmit power as ordered by control center economically. It also allows increasing the usable transmission capacity to its maximum thermal limits. With the progress of installing FACTS devices, the latest generation of FACTS devices, named, the Convertible Static Compensators (CSC) was recently installed at the Marcy 345 kV substation. Several innovative operating concepts have been introduced to the historic development and application of FACTS. There are several possibilities of operating configurations by combining two or more converter blocks with flexibility. Among them, there are two novel operating configurations, namely GUPFC and IPFC, which are significantly extended to control power flows of multi-lines rather than control power flow of single line by a TCSC and UPFC. In the present day scenario, private power producers are increasing rapidly to meet the increase demand due to heavily loaded customers. New transmission lines or FACTS devices on the existing transmission system can eliminate transmission over loading, but FACTS devices are preferred in the modern power systems based on its overall performance. Moreover, a limited amount of FACTS-based transmission capacity is seen as an environmentally and economically sound alternative to transmission line-based transmission capacity. It has been reported that in the United States new transmission lines, assuming they can be built at all, can take between ten and twelve years to be completed and that FACTS systems, on the other hand, can be installed in less than two years. In order to fulfill the demands posed by the deregulation process and the power system, it is necessary to operate the transmission systems in a reliable and secure way. For this purpose, the existing utilities, independent system operators (ISOs), Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and private or Independent Power Producers (IPPs) all need to be committed and dispatched optimally. Thereafter, power flows as well as optimal power flow (OPF) studies are required to be performed, in order to analyze and improve the operation of the transmission system with the incorporation of FACTS devices. Therefore, the new power system modeling required to be modified by including FACTS devices accordingly. Therefore, in this thesis, research work has been carried out with an objective
to study about power systems
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