The Open Biochemistry Journal, 2012, 6, 51-55
51
Open Access
Effect of Peppermint Oil on Serum Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatic
Enzymes after Immobility Stress in Mice
Abdoljalal Marjani*,1, Reza Rahmati2, Azad Reza Mansourian1 and Gholamreza Veghary1
1
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Nutrition, Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorder Research Center,
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan province, Gorgan,
Iran
2
Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the influences of various doses of peppermint oil on the hepatic enzymes, alanine transaminase, apartate tranaminase, alkaline phosphotase and gamma glutamyl transferase and the level of
malondialdehyde in the serum of mice with and without immobility stress. The mice exposed to drink water, 0.9, 27 and
60 mg/kg peppermint oil from the days 1 to 5 for a period of 4 h before and after immobility stress. Serum MDA increased in treatment group II, III and IV after immobility stress. There was a significant decrease in ALT in treatment
group III and IV after immobility stress. There were also significant decreases in ALP and GGT in treatment group IV after immobility stress. This result may suggest that, MDA level is higher in immobilization stress group than in the unimmobilized animals in serum and this results show that enzyme activities decreased after immobilization stress.
Keywords: Peppermint oil, lipid peroxidation, hepatic enzymes, immobility stress.
INTRODUCTION
The currently observed rapid increase in consumption of
herbal remedies worldwide has been stimulated by several
factors, including the notion that all herbal products are safe
and effective [1-3]. However, over the past decade, several
news-catching episodes in developed communities indicated
adverse effects, sometimes life-threatening, allegedly arising
consequential to taking herbal products or traditional medicines from various ethnic groups [4, 5]. In some cases, adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding
of plant and drug interactions or uses has led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening or lethal to patients
[6-8]. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is a perennial herb
native to Europe, naturalized in the northern USA and Canada, and cultivated in many parts of the world. A hybrid of
spearmint (M spicafa L.) and water mint (M. aquatica L.),
peppermint grows particularly well in areas with high waterholding capacity soil. Peppermint leaves (fresh and dried)
and the essential oil extracted from the leaves are used in
many foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. The
chemical components of peppermint leaves and oil vary with
plant maturity, variety, geographical region and processing
conditions [9-13]. About 80% of the world population currently relies on indigenous or traditional medicines for their
primary health needs, and most of this therapy involves the
use of plant extracts, often in aqueous solutions [14]. Of the
plant-based foods used as medicines, none have received
more attention as a group than herbal remedies [15]. The use
of herbal preparations, typically prepared by steeping or
heating crude plant material, has prevailed for centuries and
*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics and Nutrition, Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorder Research Center Golestan province, Gorgan, Iran; Tel: 0981714421651; Fax:
00981714440225; E-mail: abdoljalal@yahoo.com
1874-091X/12
healthcare providers in Europe and Asia today often prescribe herbal teas. However, such practices are largely based
on folklore and schools of traditional medicine rather than
evidence-based research. A large and increasing percentage
of people consume herbal medicines and there is a universally acknowledged need for more studies of adverse effects,
including liver toxicity [16]. Peppermint oil has been used
externally (e.g. for insect bites). However, it is also administered orally for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
[17]. Peppermint oil consists of many components, with
menthol being a major constituent. Most reports of toxic
effects due to the use of herbal medicines and dietary supplements are associated with hepatotoxicity has been published in medical literature. On the basis of various case
reports, liver injury from herbal remedies has ranged from
mild elevations of liver enzymes to fulminated liver failure
[18]. The effects of components of peppermint oil have been
investigated in rats [19, 20] that were administrated menthol
or menthone (200-800 mg/kg) for 28 days. Histopathological
liver changes and changes in liver function were found in
those studies. Lipid peroxidation has damaging effects on
liver cell membrane. The extent of lipid peroxidation was
measured using a technique based on the thiobarbituric acid
reactive substance (TBARS) assay that detects malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of peroxidative decomposition
of polyeonic fatty acids in in vitro systems [21]. The purpose
of this study was to examine the effect of peppermint oil on
the activity of several liver enzymes and serum MDA in
male albino rats, under normal conditions and during stress
(immobilization). This is a relatively straight forward experimental study.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The study was performed in 2010 on forty–eight male
albino mice weighing 27.30-28.30 g of 3–4 postnatal weeks
2012 Bentham Open
52 The Open Biochemistry Journal, 2012, Volume 6
(provided from the Iranian Pasteur Institute) in the Faculty of
Medicine, Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorder Research
Center, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. The animals
were kept in special cages, with standard dimension in a
room with 12 h rotation of being in light and darkness at
20±2 º C, till the time of experiment. The animals were allowed to have drinking water and prepared food (Dam Pars
Production), and they went only once under experimental
procedure. 0.5 ml peppermint oil was injected to animals
every day at 8.30 AM. Peppermint oil is purchased form
Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Co., Kashan, Iran. Alcoholic
extract of Barij peppermint contained 50% of mentol, menton and mentol acetate. To dilute the peppermint extract,
physiological saline was used as carrier. Different concentration of peppermint extracts were chosen on the bases of pilot
tests. The animals were divided into 8 groups of 10 mice.
The mice were randomly divided into two equal groups on
the basis of the differences in the concentrations of peppermint oil. Each group was subdivided into four on the basis of
drinking water, 0.9, 27 and 60 mg/kg peppermint oil, as
follows:
Without Immobility Stress
Treatment Group (Group I) received only drinking water,
Treatment Group (Group II) received 0.9 mg/kg peppermint
oil, Treatment Group (Group III) received 27 mg/kg peppermint oil, Treatment Group (Group IV) received 60 mg/kg
peppermint oil.
Under Immobility Stress
Treatment Group (Group I) received only drinking water,
Treatment Group (Group II) received 0.9 mg/kg peppermint
oil, Treatment Group (Group III) received 27 mg/kg peppermint oil, Treatment Group (Group IV) received 60 mg/kg
peppermint oil.
It was found by means of a digital scale that the mean
weight for each group was 27.75±0.31 gr (I), 27.85±0.32 gr
(II), 27.89±0.30 (III) and 27.84±0.35 gr (IV). The experimental groups were exposed to immobility stress every
morning from the days 1 to 5 for a period of 4 h. The immobility stress was produced by plastic tubes (self made) with
length and width of 15 cm, 15 cm respectively, and while in
the tube, the animals was able to breathe smoothly and
properly and were under no physical strain. The animals
prior to surgery made unconscious by the combination of
ketamine 10% (100 mg/kg) and xylazine 2% (10 mg/kg)
which were injected through peritoneum. At the end of the
5th day of the experiment, the thorax of the mice was opened
and 2-3 ml of blood was collected from the heart of each
mouse under anesthesia. The blood samples were centrifuged
at 3000 rpm for 10 min after waiting for 10 min after waiting
15 min at room temperature. Serum was collected and stored
at -20º C. The time of experiments was between 10 am – 3
pm each day. Serum lipid peroxidation (expressed as
malondialdehyde) examined by Satoh method [22] and hepatic enzymes ALT, AST, ALP and GGT examined by
Commercial laboratory kits [23-25] and using specterophotometry and photometry techniques in Biochemistry and
Metabolic Disorder Research Center. Experimental results
concerning this study were evaluated by using SPSS v.16
and expressed as Mean± SD. Also independent and paired t-
Marjani et al.
test and ANOVA Post-huc was performed to determine the
difference between groups. P<0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
Findings of serum MDA, ALT, AST, GGT and ALP are
reported in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 and 2 contain mean ± SD
of MDA, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT values for mice exposed
to drink water, 0.9, 27 and 60 mg/kg peppermint oil from the
days 1 to 5 for a period of 4 h before and after immobility
stress. Table 1 shows (before immobility stress) that the
mean value of serum MDA and ALP decreased and serum
ALT, AST and GGT increased in comparison with treatment
group I. There was significant decreases in MDA in treatment group III when compared with treatment group I
(p=0.005). There was also significant decreases in MDA in
treatment group IV when compared with treatment group I,
II and III (p<0.001).There was significant decreases in ALP
in treatment group IV when compared with treatment group I
(p=0.020) and there was significant increases in AST in
treatment group III and IV when compared with treatment
group I (p=0.001) and II (p<0.001).There was no significant
difference in ALT and GGT in all treatment groups (Table
1). Table 2 shows (after immobility stress) that the mean of
serum MDA, ALT and ALP decreased and serum AST and
GGT increased in comparison with treatment group I. There
was significant decreases in MDA in treatment group IV
when compared with treatment groups I (p=0.001), II
(p=0.006) and III (p=0.024) and significant decreases in ALP
when compared with treatment group I (P=0.030). There was
significant increases in AST in treatment group III and IV
when compared with treatment group I (p= 0.032 and
p=0.001) respectively. There was no significant difference in
ALT and GGT in all treatment groups (Table 2). Table 3
shows the comparison of serum MDA levels and hepatic
enzymes before and after immobility stress. The mean of
serum MDA significantly increased in treatment group II, III
and IV after immobility stress (P=0.026, P=0.001 and
P<0.001 respectively). There was significant decreases in
ALT in treatment group III and IV after immobility stress
(p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). There were also significant decrease in ALP and GGT in treatment group IV after
immobility stress (p=0.011 and p=0.011 respectively).There
was no significant difference in all other treatment groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that there has been lower MDA production during peppermint oil metabolism so
that even the increase in AST, ALT and GGT activities could
eliminate the MDA. A significant decrease in MDA level in
treatment group III and IV also supported this idea. The
study revealed that MDA levels were found to have decreased during the use of higher doses of peppermint oil (27
and 60 mg/kg) and the low amounts of MDA have not been
shown to inhibit the activities of AST, ALT and GGT,
whereas there have been changes in ALP activity which were
given 60 mg/kg peppermint oil. The data we have interpreted
as a low amount of MDA formation could be eliminated with
the use of higher doses of peppermint oil (27 and 60 mg/kg).
These results indicate that low levels of MDA formation
Lipid Pernxidation and Hepatic Enzymes Alteration due to Peppermint Oil
Table 1.
The Open Biochemistry Journal, 2012, Volume 6
53
Serum levels of Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Apartate Tranaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphotase (ALP) and Gamma
Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in Treatment Groups Without Immobility Stress
GGT (IU/L)
ALP (IU/L)
AST (IU/L)
ALT (IU/L)
MDA (nmol/ml)
Groups
13..04±4.93
155.20±37.12
89.10±28.12
95.20±36.90
1.91±0.20
Treatment Group I
15.42±8.35
132.20±18.50
90.40±27.50
115.85±40.79
1.85±0.08
Treatment Group II
17.43±7.59
129.0±36.54
136.60±12.98 3
121.20±31.18
1.70±0.07 1
Treatment Group III
18.99±6.51
116.60±10.66 5
157.20±28.79 4
127.50±36.76
1.40±0.13 2
Treatment Group IV
,1
2
Values are means ± SD. Calculated from n=10 in each group. p =0.005 compared to treatment Group I (control group) (ANOVA), p <0.001 compared to treatment Group I (control
group), II and III (ANOVA), 3 p =0.001 and 4 p <0.001 compared to treatment Group I (control group) and II (ANOVA), 5 p =0.020 compared to treatment Group I (ANOVA),
Treatment Group I (TG I) received drink water daily for 5 day (control group)., Treatment Group II (TG II) received 0.9 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 days, Treatment Group III
(TG III) received 27 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 day, Treatment Group IV (TG IV) received 60 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 day.
Table 2.
Serum Levels of Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Apartate Tranaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphotase (ALP) and Gamma
Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in Treatment Groups with Immobility Stress
GGT (IU/L)
ALP (IU/L)
AST (IU/L)
ALT (IU/L)
MDA (nmol/ml)
Groups
10.61±4.19
135.60±41.04
76.60±22.48
104.20±61.91
2.13±0.40
Treatment Group I
12.41±5.35
120.0±30.42
102.0±13.98
99.80±29.50
2.05±0.24
Treatment Group II
12.71±4.59
103.10±37.60
123.30±37.89 3
75.10±19.16
1.98±0.22
Treatment Group III
12.81±4.09
90.80±26.88 4
143.0±55.92 2
61.30±20.38
1.63±0.09 1
Treatment Group IV
1
Values are means ± SD. Calculated from n=10 in each group, p =0.001, p =0.006 and p= 0.024 compared to treatment Group I (control group), II and III (ANOVA), 2 p =0.001and
4
p =0.030 compared to treatment Group I (control group) (ANOVA), 3 p =0.032 compared to treatment Group I (control group) (ANOVA), Treatment Group I (TG I) received drink
water daily for 5 day (control group), Treatment Group II (TG II) received 0.9 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 days, Treatment Group III (TG III) received 27 mg/kg peppermint oil
daily for 5 day, Treatment Group IV (TG IV) received 60 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 day.
Table 3.
1
1
Comparison of Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Apartate Tranaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphotase (ALP) and Gam-
ma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in Treatment Groups Pre- and Post- Immobility Stress
MDA
TGI
TGI
T G II
T G II
Pre- IS
Post- IS
Pre- IS
Post- IS
1.91±0.20
2.13±0.40
1.85±0.08
2.05±0.24
ALT
(IU/L)
95.20±36.90
104.20±61.91
115.85±40.79
AST
(IU/L)
89.10±28.12
76.60±22.48
ALP
(IU/L)
155.20±37.12
GGT
(IU/L)
13..04±4.93
1
T G III
T G III
Pre- IS
Post- IS
2
T G IV
T G IV
Pre- IS
Post- IS
1.40±0.13
1.63±0.093
1.70±0.07
1.98±0.22
99.80±29.50
121.20±31.18
75.10±19.164
127.50±36.76
61.30±20.385
90.40±27.50
102.0±13.98
136.60±12.98
123.30±37.89
157.20±28.79
143.0±55.92
135.60±41.04
132.20±18.50
120.0±30.42
129.0±36.54
103.10±37.60
116.60±10.66
90.80±26.886
10.61±4.19
15.42±8.35
12.41±5.35
17.43±7.59
12.71±4.59
18.99±6.51
12.81±4.097
(nmol/ml)
Treatment Group I (TG I) received drink water daily for 5 day (control group), Treatment Group II (TG II) received 0.9 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 days, Treatment Group III
(TG III) received 27 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 day, Treatment Group IV (TG IV) received 60 mg/kg peppermint oil daily for 5 day, IS: immobility stress, 1P=0.026, 2P=0.001,
P<0.001, 4p=0.001, 5p<0.001, 6p=0.011 and 7p=0.011.
3
during dose-dependent peppermint oil metabolism could not
inhibit AST, ALT and GGT activities and inhibits the ALP
activity. There are a number of reports which indicates many
adverse effects of spearmint to induce oxidative stress [26].
It has also been shown to develop severe histopathological
malformations in liver tissues of rats [27]. According to
Mimica-Dukic et al., [28], the free radical scavenging capacity of M. piperita oil was high. In their experiment, M.
piperita reduced the radical generator 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) by 50% and inhibited the generation
of the OH radical. Rats given daily oral doses of 83 μL/kg
peppermint oil for 28 days had significantly increased ALP
level when compared with control group, but no increase in
GGT or ALT [29]. Menthol administered to rats by gavage
at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 28 days significantly increased the absolute and relative liver weights and the vacu-
54 The Open Biochemistry Journal, 2012, Volume 6
olization of hepatocytes at all doses, although no sign of
encephalopathy was observed [30]. Menthone given orally to
rats at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 28 days increased liver
weight [19]. In a separate study, forty-eight male Wistar rats
were used, and peppermint oil solution was prepared and
daily given to the rats for 30 days as drinking water. Their
findings showed that liver function tests, including AST and
ALT activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance
(TBARS) were measured. AST and ALT activities and the
TBARS level were increased when compared with the control group. Histopathological evaluation of experimental
groups revealed a mild to severe degree of hepatic damage
when compared to the control group [31]. Alkaline phosphatase is commonly used as a relatively nonspecific indicator
of hepatic injury [32, 33]. It is therefore possible that chronic
treatment with peppermint oil resulted in some degree of
hepatic impairment, although no other parameters of liver
function or liver morphology were impaired [30]. It has been
shown previously that extracts of Mentha piperita (from
which peppermint oil is derived) can increase ALP activity
in irradiated rats [34] and that rats administered pulegone (a
component of peppermint oil) for 28 days had increased
plasma ALP activity without significant histopathology of
the liver [28]. A dose-dependent increase in ALP has also
been shown in rats administered menthone, another component of peppermint oil, for 28 days. Components of peppermint oil, namely pulegone (80– 160 mg/kg) and menthol or
menthone (200–800 mg/kg), administered to rats for 28 days
have been shown to produce liver histopathological changes
and changes in liver function [19, 20]. In another study following treatment with peppermint oil resulted in a significant
increase in ALP levels, but not in GGT or ALT. There were
no significant changes in liver enzyme activities following
acute treatment with peppermint oil. However, there were no
changes in rat liver histology after any of the treatments with
peppermint oil. In human cultured hepatoma cells, the percentage of dead cells was not affected by low concentrations
(0.05 mL/L) of peppermint oil compared with vehicle controls. However, there was a significant increase in the percentage of dead cells with higher concentration of peppermint oil (0.5 mL/L) [22]. Our results are in accordance with
the previous studies that the serum lipid peroxidation level
has been decreased [29]. There are several studies, which
show an increment in serum lipid peroxidation levels [27,
33]. Our results are also correlated with the previous studies
that the serum ALT and AST has been increased [25] but our
findings are not in agreement with other studies [30, 33]. The
reduction of enzyme activities suggest that immobilization
stress may increase MDA production in the serum of immobilized mice. Davydov et al., [35] suggested that immobilization stress stimulates free radical generation in the liver of
both adult and old rats. These results indicate that MDA
levels shown to be higher after immobilization stress than
before in mice which were given peppermint oil. Lipid peroxidation markers (MDA and TBARS) are known to be
increased in stress conditions in plasma [36], erythrocyte
[37-39] and different tissues [40-45] of animals. Our results
in agreement with previous study [36].The reduction of enzyme activities and elevation of MDA suggest that immobilization stress increase MDA production in serum of mice.
When we compared enzyme activities in higher concentrations of peppermint oil (27 and 60 mg/kg) before and after
Marjani et al.
immobilization stress, the significant amount of decreased
enzyme activities were observed in the serum of mice. This
result may suggest that, MDA level is higher in immobilization stress group than in the un-immobilized animals in serum and this results show that enzyme activities decreased
after immobilization stress. We may also suggest that generated MDA may damage enzymes (proteins) that are produce
in the liver; therefore, it can lower enzyme activity. Immobilization stress can be a model for investigating the alterations
occurring in liver enzymes. According to our results, exposure to immobilization stress (4 h/day for 5 days) may lead to
increment of free radical generation which may have
changed liver enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation elevation in serum of mice. This result may suggest that, MDA
level is higher in immobilization stress group than in the unimmobilized animals in serum and these results also show
that enzyme activities decreased after immobilization stress.
Using effective dose of peppermint oil is probably reduces
the effect of immobilization stress on liver enzymes. Further
studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of stressdependent free radical generation and its effects on the oxidative modifications in different tissues.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None declared.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the personnel at the
Biochemistry and Metabolic Research Center, Golestan
University of Medical Sciences for providing for their cooperation and assistance in the handling of experiments.
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Revised: December 10, 2011
Accepted: December 24, 2011
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