Plant Defence: Biological Control

Plant Defence: Biological Control Progress in Biological Control Volume 12 Published: Volume 2 J. Eilenberg and H.M.T. Hokkanen (eds.): An Ecological and Societal Approach to Biological Control. 2007 ISBN 978-1-4020-4320-8 Volume 3 J. Brodeur and G. Boivin (eds.): Trophic and Guild Interactions in Biological Control. 2006 ISBN 978-1-4020-4766-4 Volume 4 J. Gould, K. Hoelmer and J. Goolsby (eds.): Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. 2008 ISBN 978-1-4020-6739-6 Volume 5 J. Romeis, A.M. Shelton and G. Kennedy (eds.): Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs. 2008 HB ISBN 978-1-4020-8372-3; PB ISBN 978-1-4020-8459-1 Volume 6 A.E. Hajek, T.R. Glare and M.O’Callaghan (eds.): Use of Microbes for Control and Eradication of Invasive Arthropods. 2008 ISBN: 978-1-4020-8559-8 Volume 7 H.M.T. Hokkanen (ed.): Relationships of Natural Enemies and Non-Prey Foods. 2008 ISBN: 978-1-4020-9234-3 Volume 8 S.S. Gnanamanickam: Biological Control of Rice Diseases ISBN: 978-90-481-2464-0 Volume 9 F.L. Cônsoli, J.R.P. Parra and R.A. Zucchi (eds.): Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma ISBN: 978-1-4020-9109-4 Volume 10 W.J. Ravensberg: A Roadmap to the Successful Development and Commercialization of Microbial Pest Control Products for Control of Arthropods ISBN: 978-94-007-0436-7 Volume 11 K. Davies and Y. Spiegel (eds.): Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. 2011 ISBN: 978-1-4020-9647-1 For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6417 Jean Michel Mérillon ฀ Kishan Gopal Ramawat Editors Plant Defence: Biological Control Editors Jean Michel Mérillon Gr. d’Etude Subst. Vég. à Act. Biolog. Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du University of Bordeaux Chemin de Leysotte 210 33882 Villenave d’Ornon France jean-michel.merillon@u-bordeaux2.fr Kishan Gopal Ramawat Botany, University College of Science M.L. Sukhadia University Durga Nursery Road 313002 Udaipur, Rajasthan India kg_ramawat@yahoo.com ISBN 978-94-007-1932-3 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1933-0 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1933-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011939066 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Approximately 6.6 billion humans now inhabit the Earth. Notably, the human population has grown nearly ten-fold over the past three centuries and has increased by a factor of four in the last century. Therefore, demand for food, feed and fodder is ever increasing. Plant diseases worldwide are responsible for billions of dollars worth of crop losses every year. Productivity of crops is at risk due to the incidence of pests, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses to pests can be substantial and may be reduced by various control activities. Estimates on the crop loss are available for major food and cash crops on the world level. Among crops the total loss potential of pests world-wide varies from 25 to 40%. Globally, enormous losses of the crops are caused by the plant diseases, which can occur from the time of seed sowing in the field to harvesting and storage. Important historical evidences of plant disease epidemics are Irish Famine due to late blight of potato (Ireland, 1845), Bengal famine due to brown spot of rice (India, 1942) and Coffee rust (Sri Lanka, 1967). Such epidemics had left their effect on the economy of the affected countries and deep scar on the memories of human civilization. Plant diseases, caused primarily by fungal and bacterial pathogens, cause losses of agricultural and horticultural crops every year. These losses can result in reduced food supplies, poorer quality of agricultural products, economic hardship for growers and processor and results ultimately in higher prices for the consumers. For many diseases, traditional chemical control methods are not always economical nor are they effective, and fumigation as well as other chemical control methods may have unwanted health, safety and environmental risks. Biological control involves use of beneficial micro-organism, such as specialised fungi and bacteria to attack and control plant pathogens and diseases they cause. Biological control offers an environmental friendly approach to the management of plant diseases and can be incorporated in to cultural and physical controls and limited chemical uses for an effective integrated pest management system. Due to the high cost of synthetic pesticides and concerns over environmental pollution associated with the continuous use of these chemicals, there is a renewed interest in the use of botanicals and biological control agents for crop protection. Benefits and v vi Preface risks are always associated with new technologies and their utilization. These types of considerations have encouraged microbiologists and plant pathologists to gain a better knowledge of biocontrol agents, to understand their mechanism of control and to explore new biotechnological approaches to induce natural resistance. This book provides a comprehensive account of interaction of host and its abiotic stress factors and biotic pathogens, and development of biological control agents for practical applications in crops and tree species, from temperate to subtropical regions. The contents are divided into the following sections: ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ General biology of parasitism Applications of biological and natural agents for disease resistance Host parasite interaction Mechanism of defence The chapters have been written by well known workers in their research field. The book is primarily designed for use by upper undergraduates and post graduates studying crop protection, agricultural sciences, applied entomology, plant pathology, and plant sciences. Biological and agricultural research scientists in biotechnology, forestry, plant pathology and post harvest technology, crop management and environmental sciences, agrochemical and crop protection industries, and in academia, will find much of great use in this book. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where agricultural and biological sciences are studied and taught should have multiple copies of this very valuable book on their shelves. The editors wish to thank all the contributors and staff of the Springer for their cooperation in completion of this book. Prof. J.M. Mérillon and Prof. K.G. Ramawat Contents Part I 1 Co-evolution of Pathogens, Mechanism Involved in Pathogenesis and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: An Overview ....... Jaya Arora, Shaily Goyal, and Kishan G. Ramawat Part II 2 3 4 General Biology of Parasitism 3 Applications of Biological and Natural Agents Stilbenes: Biomarkers of Grapevine Resistance to Disease of High Relevance for Agronomy, Oenology and Human Health.................................................................................. Katia Gindro, Virginia Alonso-Villaverde, Olivier Viret, Jean-Laurent Spring, Guillaume Marti, Jean-Luc Wolfender, and Roger Pezet 25 Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides Using Small Molecules of Natural Origin ............................................. Christian Chervin 55 Fungi as Biological Control Agents of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes ................................................................. Mohammad Reza Moosavi and Rasoul Zare 67 5 Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defence ........................................... 109 Shaily Goyal, C. Lambert, S. Cluzet, J.M. Mérillon, and Kishan G. Ramawat 6 Trends for Commercialization of Biocontrol Agent (Biopesticide) Products ................................................................ 139 Catherine Regnault-Roger vii viii Contents 7 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Logistics of New Research Initiatives.................. 161 Arun Kumar and A.K. Purohit 8 Plant Chemicals in Post Harvest Technology for Management of Fungal, Mycotoxin and Insect Contamination of Food Commodities ................................................... 195 N.K. Dubey, Priyanka Singh, Bhanu Prakash, and Prashant K. Mishra 9 Ganoderma Diseases of Woody Plants of Indian Arid Zone and Their Biological Control ................................................................. 209 Rikhab Raj Bhansali 10 Plant Defence Against Heavy Metal Stress ........................................... 241 N.C. Aery Part III Host Parasite Interaction 11 Gall Phenotypes – Product of Plant Cells Defensive Responses to the Inducers Attack ........................................ 273 Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias and Denis Coelho de Oliveira 12 The Role of Roots in Plant Defence ....................................................... 291 Matthias Erb Part IV Mechanism and Signal Transduction 13 Activation of Grapevine Defense Mechanisms: Theoretical and Applied Approaches .................................................... 313 Marielle Adrian, Sophie Trouvelot, Magdalena Gamm, Benoît Poinssot, Marie-Claire Héloir, and Xavier Daire 14 Plant Cyclotides: An Unusual Protein Family with Multiple Functions ......................................................................... 333 Michelle F.S. Pinto, Isabel C.M. Fensterseifer, and Octavio L. Franco 15 Methyl Jasmonate as Chemical Elicitor of Induced Responses and Anti-Herbivory Resistance in Young Conifer Trees ..................... 345 Xoaquín Moreira, Rafael Zas, and Luis Sampedro 16 Pathogen-Responsive cis-Elements ........................................................ 363 Ting Yuan and Shiping Wang 17 Pathogenesis Related Proteins in Plant Defense Response.................. 379 J. Sudisha, R.G. Sharathchandra, K.N. Amruthesh, Arun Kumar, and H. Shekar Shetty About the Author ............................................................................................ 405 Index ................................................................................................................. 407 Contributors Marielle Adrian Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France, marielle.adrian@u-bourgogne.fr N.C. Aery Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India, ncaery@yahoo.com Virginia Alonso-Villaverde Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), P.O. Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain K.N. Amruthesh Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India Jaya Arora Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Technology, Department of Botany, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India Arun Kumar Division of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, Rajasthan, India, arpurster@gmail.com Rikhab Raj Bhansali Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342 003, Rajasthan, India, rikhab51@gmail.com Christian Chervin Food and Wine Science, Université de Toulouse, UMR Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, INRA-INP/ENSAT, BP 32607, 31326 Catanet-Tolosan, France, chervin@ensat.fr S. Cluzet GESVAB – EA 3675, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of Bordeaux, CS50008, 210, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33882, France Xavier Daire Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France N.K. Dubey Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India, nkdubey2@rediffmail.com ix x Contributors Matthias Erb Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany, merb@ice.mpg.de Isabel C.M. Fensterseifer Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN, Quadra 916, Módulo B, Av. W5 Norte, CEP 70.790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil Octavio L. Franco Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN, Quadra 916, Módulo B, Av. W5 Norte, CEP 70.790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil, ocfranco@pos.ucb.br; ocfranco@gmail.com Magdalena Gamm Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France Katia Gindro Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Route de Duillier, P.O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland, katia.gindro@acw.admin.ch Shaily Goyal Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Technology, Department of Botany, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India Marie-Claire Héloir Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France C. Lambert GESVAB – EA 3675, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of Bordeaux, CS50008, 210, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon F-33882, France Guillaume Marti School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland J.M. Mérillon GESVAB – EA 3675, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of Bordeaux, CS50008, 210, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon, F-33882, France, jean-michel.merillon@u-bordeaux2.fr Prashant K. Mishra Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India Mohammad Reza Moosavi Department of Plant Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, P.O. Box 465, Marvdasht, Fars, Iran, rmmoosavi@yahoo.com Xoaquín Moreira Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán – Unidad Asociada MBG-CSIC, Apdo. 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain, xmoreira@mbg.cesga.es Contributors xi Denis Coelho de Oliveira Instituto de Ciências Agrárias - ICIAG, UFU, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av Amazonas, Campus Umuarama, Cep: 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil Roger Pezet Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Route de Duillier, P.O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland Michelle F.S. Pinto Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN, Quadra 916, Módulo B, Av. W5 Norte, CEP 70.790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil Benoît Poinssot Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France Bhanu Prakash Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India A.K. Purohit Transcience Transactions, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India, ak_pur@sify.com Kishan G. Ramawat Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Technology, Department of Botany, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India, kg_ramawat@yahoo.com Catherine Regnault-Roger Institut Pluridisciplinaire Pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux/Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie (IPREM/EEM), IBEAS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, F-64013 Pau, France, catherine.regnault-roger@univ-pau.fr Luis Sampedro Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán – Unidad Asociada MBG-CSIC, Apdo. 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias Instituto de Ciências Biológicas and Departamento de Botânica, ICB/UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Cep: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, rosy@icb.ufmg.br R.G. Sharathchandra Department of Microbiology, Tumkur University, Tumkur 572103, Karnataka, India H. Shekar Shetty Downy Mildew Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India Priyanka Singh Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India Jean-Laurent Spring Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope ChanginsWädenswil, Route de Duillier, P.O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland J. Sudisha Downy Mildew Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India xii Contributors Sophie Trouvelot Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France Olivier Viret Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Route de Duillier, P.O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland Shiping Wang National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China, swang@mail.hzau.edu.cn Jean-Luc Wolfender School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Ting Yuan National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China Rasoul Zare Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran, simplicillium@yahoo.com Rafael Zas Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain