The abundance and spatial distribution of plankton communities in Perancak Estuary, Bali

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science You may also like PAPER • OPEN ACCESS The abundance and spatial distribution of plankton communities in Perancak Estuary, Bali To cite this article: A W Hastuti et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 176 012042 View the article online for updates and enhancements. - Decomposing the effects of ocean warming on chlorophyll a concentrations into physically and biologically driven contributions D Olonscheck, M Hofmann, B Worm et al. - Development of segmentation algorithm for determining planktonic objects from microscopic images E Prakasa, A Rachman, D R Noerdjito et al. - Resonance and frequency-locking phenomena in spatially extended phytoplankton–zooplankton system with additive noise and periodic forces Quan-Xing Liu, Zhen Jin and Bai-Lian Li This content was downloaded from IP address 3.95.131.176 on 15/07/2022 at 22:08 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 The abundance and spatial distribution of plankton communities in Perancak Estuary, Bali A W Hastuti1*, Y Pancawati2 and I N Surana1 1 Institute for Marine Research and Observation – Perancak, Jembrana, Bali 82251, Indonesia Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Juanda, Surabaya *e-mail: amandangi.wahyuning@gmail.com 2 Abstract. Perancak estuary is a productive ecosystem and has important role in the balance of nature and the life of local communities. However, research about water quality and organisms in Perancak estuary is still low, especially on plankton abundance and distribution. The aim of this research was to analyze the abundance and spatial distribution of plankton communities. The research was conducted by field surveys in November 2015, samples were taken from 3 stations representing upstream (S1), stream (S2) and downstream (S3). Plankton sampling was carried out by filtering water samples as much as 100 liters of plankton net with mesh size 25μm, diameter 31 cm, and length 80 cm. Filtered samples were stored in the sample bottle and the preserved with 1 ml of 4% formaldehyde. The result showed, an abundance of phytoplankton ranged between 33,600 – 3,002,400 cell/m3 and zooplankton between 6,000-57,000 ind/m3. Total of 6 genera of phytoplankton and 14 genera of zooplankton was recorded during the research period. The ecological index showed that species diversity of plankton in Perancak estuary was categorized as low diversity. Plankton abundance in S1 which located in Loloan River is higher than others. Its caused by anthropogenic waste from agriculture, households and industrial waste. 1. Introduction Perancak estuary is located in District Negara, Jembrana District, Bali has a total area of 876 ha, in the form of the pond either active or inactive with an area of 390 ha and mangrove forests with an area of 78.6 ha. Perancak estuary has distinctive characteristics which the water bodies affected by the intake of salty water of the Strait of Bali and fresh water from a river that flows in it, one of which is the River Loloan. Region Perancak estuary habitats for producers, consumers and consumer peaks in the food chain. Plankton is one of the biological parameters that is influenced by other parameters and is a very important link in supporting the life of other organisms [1, 2]. Plankton is microscopic organisms floating in the water column or has a very weak swimming ability; the movement is always affected by the mass movement of water [2, 3]. The abundance of phytoplankton in the waters affected by several environmental parameters and physiological characteristics. The composition and abundance of phytoplankton will change at various levels in response to changing environmental conditions, whether physical, chemical and biological [4]. The existence of plankton can be used as one of the indicators of water quality. Phytoplankton is a biological indicator for evaluating the quality and fertility of aquatic ecology [5, 6]. Waters with nutrient content, both nitrate, phosphate, and silicate will enrich the estuary area because the nutrients are needed for plankton growth. Information on the plankton community structure in the Perancak still rare. Therefore, this Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 study aims to analyze the diversity and structure of the plankton community to describe the condition of the water condition in the Perancak Estuary. 2. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in November 2015 representing the transitional season in the Perancak Estuary. Perancak Estuary is located in Jembrana district, Bali province. The choice of sampling stations was conducted according to the anthropogenic activities (S1), pond areas (S2), and gradient of salinity (S3) (figure 1). Data collection when high tide is assumed to be a mixing between sea water and freshwater that will affect the abundance of plankton species [7]. Plankton samples were taken at the surface layer at three observation stations using net plankton with mesh size 25 m, diameter 31 cm, and length 80 cm, based on SNI 06-3963-1995 and Greenberg method [8]. Plankton samples were obtained from 100 liters of filtered water and concentrated to 30 ml. The water sample was placed in a white or dark film bottle, and 4% formalin added. Measurements of water quality parameters were carried out by handheld Multi-Parameter Water Quality Checker (WQC) -24. Parameters taken include temperature, salinity, pH, DO, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate referring to SNI 6989.57-2008. Figure 1. The study area. Plankton identified by using Optica B310 binoculars microscope with 100 times magnification. 1 ml of the homogenized samples, dripped on Sedgewick Rafter and covered with cover glass, then identified and calculated the abundance. Identification of plankton refers to [9] plankton identification book. The abundance of plankton calculated referring to APHA (2005): ܰൌ ଵ ௏ௗ ൈ ௏௧ ௏௦ ൈ݊ (1) Description: N = Plankton abundance (cell/m3 or ind/m3); Vd = volume of filtered water sample (m3); Vt = volume of filtered sample (ml); Vs = concentrate volume of Sedgwick Rafter Counting Cell (ml); n = number of observed plankton. Diversity index was based on Shannon-Wiener index [10] with the following formula: 2 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 ‫ܪ‬ᇱ ൌ െ σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݅݌ Ž ݅݌‬ (2) Description: H’ = Shannon-Wiener diversity index; ‫ ݅݌‬ൌ ݊݅Ȁܰ; ni = number of individual species-ith; N = total number of individuals Evenness index was determined using the following formula [11]: ‫ܧ‬ൌ ுᇱ (3) ு௠௔௫ Description: E = Evenness index; H’ = Shannon-Wiener diversity index; Hmax = ln S; S = number of genera. Dominance index was determined using the following formula [11]: ௡௜ ଶ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ σ௦௜ୀଵ ቀ ቁ (4) ே Description: D = Simpson dominance index; ni = number of individual species-ith; N = total number of individuals; S = number of genera 3. Result and Discussion 3.1 The water quality of Perancak Estuary The physic-chemical water quality of Perancak Estuary shows on table 1. Table 1. The water quality of perancak estuary. Parameter Temperature (°C) Salinity (ppt) pH DO (mg/l) Phosphate (mg/l) Silica (mg/l) Nitrate (mg/l) Station Stream (S2) 32.70±0.00 33.70±0.00 7.85±0.01 3.42±0.07 0.25±0.00 0.90±0.02 <0.001±0.00 Upstream (S1) 35.03±0.12 16.27±0.15 7.56±0.08 5.13±0.10 0.43±0.00 2.78±0.05 <0.001±0.00 Downstream (S3) 30.13±0.20 34.07±0.12 8.05±0.02 4.07±0.05 <0.001±0.00 <0.001±0.00 <0.001±0.00 Based on table 1. the range of surface temperature from upstream to downstream is 30.13 - 35.03°C. In general. the salinity at the Perancak Estuary measured in November ranges from 16.27 - 34.07‰. where the lowest salinity is at upstream which Loloan River (16.27 ‰) and highest in downstream (34.07 ‰). Salinity fluctuations in the estuary have a profound effect on plankton distribution [12. 13. 14. 15]. The lowest average pH was found in the upstream (7.56). and the highest was in downstream (8.05). According to [16]. the ideal pH range for plankton life ranges from 6.8 to 8.0. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) at stream is lower (3.42 mg/l) than in the upstream (5.13 mg/l) and downstream (4.07 mg/l). Phosphate is often regarded as a limiting factor of phytoplankton growth in natural waters [17. 18. 19]. The measured phosphate values range from 0.25 to 0.43 mg/l and still within the optimum range for plankton growth. The phosphate values in the upstream are higher than the stream and downstream; it caused by the upstream is near from settlements that allow industrial waste disposal. household waste. and agricultural waste. The content of silicate in upstream is higher than two other stations that are 2.78 mg/l. Silica nutrients are needed and have an effect on the growth process and the development of the life of several kinds of phytoplankton such as diatoms and 3 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 silicoflagellates for the formation of their cell. The nitrate content in the three research sites is almost undetectable; this is probably due to the absence of nutrient input from the land. 3.2 Phytoplankton abundance and distribution The ranges of phytoplankton abundance in the Perancak Estuary is 42,000 to 3,002,400 cells/m3. The highest abundance is found in the upstream and the lowest in downstream. The abundance of phytoplankton in aquatic can fluctuate in type and amount due to differences in nutrient content. Predation by zooplankton or herbivorous fish and tidal occurrence of sea water. Tides can affect plankton abundance and distribution. In high tide conditions. The flow of sea water to the river carrying the phytoplankton of sea water (Diatom) in it mixed with river water in which there is freshwater phytoplankton and vice versa. This is what causes Diatoms are found in the upstream which adds to the abundance of phytoplankton on the upstream and the discovery of Cyanophyceae at the stream and downstream. The phytoplankton abundance in Perancak Estuary varied between 33,600 – 3,002,400 cell/m3. Table 2 shows Oscillatoria sp. was dominance and distributes equally in all stations. However. the abundance of Oscillatoria sp. Has not reached endangers for the other lives organisms because according to [20] blooming will occurs when the abundance reaches 5x105 to 2x106 cells/l. Differences in the abundance of phytoplankton in Estuary Perancak are closely related to the physics-chemical conditions of the waters. According to [21]. Nutrients that get into the aquatic environment such as phosphate, nitrate, silica and ammonia will affect the development of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The abundance of Oscillatoria sp. Which is high in the upstream can be caused by the high nutrients as a result of the runoff the organic materials coming from households. Ponds and farming activities. Consumption of fertilizer on agricultural supplies nitrate and phosphate to the river through washing and soil erosion [22]. Table 2. The abundance of phytoplankton in Perancak Estuary. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Class of Phytoplankton Cyanophyceae Oscillatoria sp. Diatom Biddulphia sp. Cocconeis sp. Coscinodiscus sp. Pleurosigma sp. Thalassiosira sp. Density (cell/m3) Upstream (S1) Density (cell/m3) Stream (S2) Downstream (S3) 2,995,200 33,000 42,000 900 1,500 600 2,100 2,100 3,002,400 300 300 33,600 42,000 The phytoplankton composition in Perancak Estuary consists of 6 species classified into two classes: Diatoms and Cyanophyceae (figure 2). Judging from the physical factors the waters Estuary Perancak is a suitable habitat for the growth of Oscillatoria sp. Oscillatoria is an important member of Cyanophyceae because it can perform photosynthesis activities. Cyanophyceae live in neutral or alkaline waters and are not found in waters with a pH less than 4 [23]. This corresponds to a pH value in the Perancak Estuary that ranges from 7.56 to 8.05. Optimal temperature conditions also support the growth of Oscillatoria because the species can adapt to a certain temperature. In contrast to Cyanophyceae, the phytoplankton of the Diatoms class in the Perancak Estuary has more species than Cyanophyceae. The presence of Diatoms is not found in any station. This is probably due to predation by zooplankton and herbivore fish, that Diatoms are a group favored by fish and shrimp larvae. 4 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 The diversity index phytoplankton (H') is in the range of 0.00 to 0.10. This value indicates that the phytoplankton diversity in Perancak Estuary is low (figure 3). The value of diversity index is inversely proportional to the index of dominance (D) when the index of diversity and evenness is low. The value of the dominant index is high and vice versa. The evenness index (E) between 0.00 - 0.09 indicates a low uniformity which means the number of species is not evenly distributed or it can be said there is dominance. This can be seen from the high index value of dominance between 0.96 - 1.00 which means there is a type of phytoplankton dominating, namely Oscillatoria sp. which can withstand the conditions of the waters of the Perancak Estuary. 100% 0% 2% 0% 100% 98% 100% Upstream (S1) Stream (S2) Downstream (S3) Pecentage 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Cyanophyceae Diatoms Figure 2. Phytoplankton composition in Perancak Estuary. 1 1 1 0.96 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.02 0.01 0.1 0.09 0 0 0 Upstream (S1) Stream (S2) H' E D Downstream (S3) Figure 3. Ecological index of phytoplankton in Perancak Estuary. 3.3 Zooplankton abundance and distribution The upstream (S1) has the highest composition and abundance of zooplankton in the Perancak Estuary. The abundance of zooplankton in the upstream reached 57.300 and/m3. The high abundance of zooplankton in the upstream is due to the presence of Phylodina sp. (Rotifera) is 33,900 and/m3. According to [24]. Phylodina sp. found in waters with high organic matter and mossy. This is by the condition of upstream containing organic material from household waste. farm activities and agriculture of the surrounding population. Analogous to phytoplankton abundance. the highest abundance of zooplankton in the upstream. The abundance of zooplankton depends on the abundance of phytoplankton. Zooplankton affects the potential for the emergence and distribution of pelagic fish, in which almost all pelagic fish are high market demand. Fish communities typically develop well in areas where planktonic 5 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 organisms are in high density because the grown fish has to make sure its juvenile can get enough food. Also. Zooplankton can be used as an indicator of water pollution (table 3). No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Table 3. The abundance of zooplankton in Perancak Estuary. Density (ind/m3) Class of Zooplankton Upstream (S1) Stream (S2) Downstream (S3) Bivalvia Mytilus sp. 9,300 Ciliata Undella sp. 300 Crustacea Acartia sp. 300 2,700 Calanus sp. 300 300 Eurytemora sp. 600 Temora sp. 300 Cephalochordata Amphioxides sp. 7,800 300 Gastropoda Limacina sp. 900 Holothuroidea Pelagothuria sp. 300 Rotifera Brachionus sp. 2,100 600 Keratella sp. 300 Phylodina sp. 33,900 300 Polychaeta Harmathoa sp. 1.500 900 Scaphopoda Littorina sp. 300 Density (ind/m3) 57,300 6,000 - Rotifera is commonly found in freshwater ecosystems and plays an important role in the food chain as a natural food of shrimp and fish larvae. This high abundance of Rotifera can be attributed to the high abundance of phytoplankton in the upstream. Rotifers are food for larger animals such as worms and crustaceans. The crustacean was dominated in the stream (S2). The role of Crustaceans in a pelagic ecosystem is very important from a trophic point of view as a bridge between primary and secondary marine producers because the crustacean growth rate is relatively fast so that its abundance is higher than other zooplankton classes [25]. Figure 4 shows that crustacean abundance at station S2 is 60%. 6 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 100% 3% 15% Percentage 80% 20% 5% 63% 60% 40% 20% 0% IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 2% 14% 2% 16% 60% Upstream (S1) Stream (S2) Bivalvia Cephalochordata Rotifera Downstream (S3) Ciliata Gastropoda Polychaeta Crustacea Holothuroidea Scaphopoda Figure 4. Zooplankton composition in Perancak Estuary. 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.32 1.2 1 0.82 0.8 0.6 0.53 0.4 0.4 0.26 0.2 0 0 Upstream(S1) Stream(S2) H' E 0 0 Downstream(S3) D Figure 5. Ecological index of zooplankton in Perancak Estuary. The diversity index of zooplankton (H') in the Perancak Estuary belongs to the medium diversity class in the range of 1.32 to 1.7. While for the evenness index (E) obtained range 0.53-0.82 shows high uniformity which means the number of inter-species is evenly or can be said there is no dominance. This can be seen from the low dominance index (D) value between 0.26 - 0.4 which means there are no species of zooplankton dominating in Perancak Estuary (figure 5). 4. Conclusion The results showed that the type and abundance of plankton were quite varied with the number of species found as many as six types of phytoplankton and 14 types of zooplankton. The ecological index shows that the diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Perancak Estuary is low and there are no dominating species with stable uniformity and tend to be evenly distributed. Plankton abundance in Perancak area can 7 MSTBIHO IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 176 (2018) 1234567890 ‘’“” 012042 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/176/1/012042 be used as an indicator of aquatic ecology. Physico-chemical water quality in Perancak Perancak Estuary shows the normal range for the life of plankton and other aquatic biotas. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Nybakken J W and Eidman H M 1992 Biologi Laut: Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Yuliana 2009 Komposisi dan Kelimpahan Plankton di Kepulauan Guraici Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan Maluku Utara Lutjanus 14(1): 49–53 Newell G E and Newell R C 1977 Marine Plankton Hutchinson Reynolds C S 2006 The Ecology of Phytoplankton Cambridge University Press Follows M J. S Dutkiewicz Montoya J M. Cermeno P. Loreau M. and Vallina S M 2014 Global Relationship between Phytoplankton Nature Communications 5 Nature Publishing Group: 1–10 doi:10.1038/ncomms5299 Rochelle-Newall E J. Chu V T. 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