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History of the Population of Tuva in Scythian Times: An Analysis of Craniological Data
History of the Population of Tuva in Scythian Times: An Analysis of Craniological Data
Andrey Gromov2020
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A large accumulation of human bones was discovered during the construction work at the Soviet Square of Penza in May 2010. These bones belonged to the population of the 17th – 18th centuries. The skulls from this collection were examined. Morphological features and the degree of morphological homogeneity were identified. A series of skulls are Caucasian. A minor morphological heterogeneity was observed. The craniological data of the Penza series was compared with the materials from other regions of Eastern Europe. The Penza series was generally similar to the other Russian craniological series. However, the Penza sculls had tendency towards the reduction of the nose projection angle. It can be a result of participation of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region in the formation of the Penza population.
The paper presents an analysis of the craniological diversity of the medieval population of the Western Dvina basin, which is the main waterway of Polotsk. This work covers XII-XVII centuries. Paleopopulations approach has been used. Published at different times, cranial data from Latvia, Belarus (Vitebsk oblast) and Russia (Smolensk and Tver oblast) got involved. A new, previously unpublished craniological material from Toropets XIII-XV centuries (the upper reaches of the Western Dvina) is introduced for scientific use. The attribution and the geographic location of the Selco site (Belsky county of Smolensk province) were made. The Selco site gave a lot of craniological material dated to the Old Russian time in the XIX century. The geographical variability of the craniometric complexes has been studied, the compartmentalization of the anthropological continuum of the territory under the question has been revealed. The impact of the Lower Dvina Region population on the Polotsk population was shown. An attempt to explain the differences between the craniological features of the Polotsk and Smolensk Krivichs was made. In the upper reaches of the Western Dvina the subbraohycranial component of the Old Russian time was described. It is identical to the one presented in the lower reaches of the waterway, also during the late Middle Ages. The chronological dynamics of the anthropological structure is characterized. This dynamics is explained by the migration and the redistribution of the available physical types, but not by their transformation with time (e.g. brachycefalisation).
2012 •
This article provides the main craniofacial parameters of 3 paleoanthropological series from Tver (XVI-XX centuries, town and trad in g quarters population). It was shown th a t the changes in the male appearance of tver dwellers is due to the increasing of the cranial length and the nasal height and in female — to the increasing of total facial height and the decreasing of the bizygomatic diameter, orbital and nasal height. Women from trad in g quarters in general had bigger craniofacial parameters th a t those from the town.
The article is devoted to the historiographical review of a number of important works on the chronology of Early Scythian culture in the south of Eastern Europe that were published in the last two decades. Based on the review, the article comes to the following conclusions: despite the progress made in studies of the chronology of the Early Scythian culture (works by L.K. Galanina, V.G. Petrenko E.A. Grantovsky, and a number of other scholars), the topic remains relevant and requires further investigation that will involve a wide range of diverse sources available for the modern Scythian studies; establishment of a unified periodization of early Scythian culture in the south of Eastern Europe is not possible without development of regional chronological schemes for Scythian sites in this area; periodization of the Early Scythian culture should be based on nomadic Scythian sites; division of Early Scythian culture into several stages seems productive, but the number and content of these stages can vary for different regions in the south of Eastern Europe; the chronological framework of Early Scythian culture should include not only the VII century BC, but also a significant part of the VI century BC.
Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science
Bone arrowheads of the first half of the I millennium AD in TuvaВестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии
Craniological Data on the Problem of Relationship Between Populations of the Early Bronze Age Yamnaya and Afanasyevo Cultures2016 •
The paper features the results of an intragroup and intergroup analysis of all presently available craniological materials on nomads from the Altai Mountains of the Hun-Sarmatian period (Bulan-Koby archaeological culture, 2nd century B.C. – 5th century A.D.). A craniometric analysis of 75 male and 38 female skulls indicates a general Europeoid character of the physical appearance of the Bulan-Koby community at all stages of its development. Its composition is mainly represented by the Caucasian morphological component with traces of Mongoloid elements: meso-brachicranial with a wide moderately profiled face of an average height in combination with an average nose protrusion angle. A comparative intergroup analysis involving male craniological series from the territory of Southern Siberia and Central Asia of the Early Iron Age revealed two primary vectors of probable genetic relations of the nomads from the Altai Mountains of the Hun-Sarmatian period. The first vector is associated with the preceding local (Pazyryk) population. The second vector featuring a wide range of nomadic groups from the Eurasian steppes at the turn of the centuries is mainly represented by carriers of the Caucasian meso-brachicranial morphotype with various degrees of Mongoloid traces.
Вестник ВолГУ. Серия 4, История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. Т. 24. № 3
ПРЯДЕНИЕ И ТКАЧЕСТВО У СРЕДНЕДОНСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СКИФСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ / SPINNING AND WEAVING OF THE MIDDLE DON POPULATION OF THE SCYTHIAN TIME2019 •
Introduction. The article analyzes the level of developing spinning and weaving production of the Middle Don population in the Scythian time. Based on studying textile prints on the bottoms of ceramic vessels, as well as some extant samples of fabrics, the fineness of threads and the direction of their twist, the type of weave and the density of fabrics are reconstructed. Methods. The authors studied 18 samples of fabric imprints on the bottoms of the ceramic vessels of Mostyshche hillfort. The imprints were made with the help of highly plastic clay. The analysis of the extant fragments of fabrics was carried out with the help of microscopic equipment in the laboratory of the State Historical Museum. Analysis. The fabric imprints of different varieties made of fibers of vegetable origin were found on the pottery from Mostishche hillfort. The density of coarser ones did not exceed 10 threads per 1 cm. The majority were fabrics with a density of up to 15 threads per 1 cm. The textile from the barrow burials was made of woolen threads, was of high density and, accordingly, a higher quality. In addition, one of the fabric fragments found in the barrows was painted red, and probably was imported. Results. Almost all analyzed samples had a simple plain weave of 1/1. An exception was only a fragment of fabrics found near Mastyugino village, which had a rep weave of 1/3. The fineness of threads in fabrics varied, but, as a rule, was uniform over the entire length, which indicates a highly developed spinning process. The uniform distribution of weft and warp threads in the fabric structure, as well as using threads of different twist direction in one fabrics, shows developed weaving production. The analysis of other archaeological sources, as well as involving ethnographic data allows the authors of the article to assume parallel use of horizontal and vertical weaving looms in the Scythian time in the Middle Don.
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