11th Class Economic Solutions

Compare the map of British India with that of independent India and find out the areas that became parts of Pakistan. Why were those parts so important to India from the economic point of view? (Refer, to your advantage, Dr Rajendra Prasad's book, India Divided

Preparation of 0.1 M Na2CO3 solution in 250 ml D.W
part per million (PPm  )
Buffer solution
Preparation of 1%  w/v Na2CO3 solution
Concentration units
g(sample)=M.wt(sample)*Molarity*Volume
M1×V1=M2×V2
mass percent solution=(gram(solute))/(100 grams(soluion))%
D=mass/volume≫≫mass=Denstiy ×Volume

The adsorption characteristics of copper from aqueous solutions on crab shell were determined by batch tests. The uptake equilibrium and kinetics were affected by the pH of the sorption system. In the pH range of 3 to 6, the extent of copper removal was found to increase with increasing pH. A Langmuir- Freundlich model with pH-dependent parameters and an extended Langmuir- Freundlich model with pH-independent parameters were found to account very well for the measured constant pH equilibrium isotherms. Four existing rate models (second-order reversible reaction, second-order irreversible reaction, pseudofirst-order, and Elovich) were evaluated in simulating transient sorption profiles measured over a pH range of 3 to 6. The rate coefficients of the four models exhibited a linear dependence on the pH of the sorption system. Given the mathematical simplicity of the four rate models and their apparent success in accounting for the experimental observations throughout the whole time course of sorption, any one of the models can be used as a means for predicting the transient behavior of the copper-crab shell sorption system with reasonable accuracy.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1081/SS-120024712

Fixed-bed adsorption studies with virgin and polyethyleneimine (PEI)-impregnated palm shell activated carbon (AC) as a media for the removal of single Ni2+ or Cu2+ ions from aqueous solution were conducted. The studies were conducted in a vertical down flow Perspex column with influent pH at 5 with either Ni2+ or Cu2+ had an influent concentration of 1 mmol/L. The adsorption data were fitted to three-well-established fixed-bed adsorption models, namely, bed-depth-service-time (BDST), Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. It was observed that PEI impregnation at 8.41 wt% had increased the breakthrough volume and service time of AC by factors of 2.1 (Cu2+) and 1.6 (Ni2+) as compared to virgin AC. For Cu2+ adsorption, the modelled BDST, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson curves were in very good agreement with the experimental curves while it was conversely true for Ni2+ adsorption. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1385894708004324/1-s2.0-S1385894708004324-main.pdf?_tid=f13b9c10-2363-11e4-a1c7-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1407987468_450493846cce0a0166c016e64520f95f 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894708004324

অখন্ড ভারতের স্বপ্নদ্রষ্টা পন্ডিত জওহরলাল নেহেরু বলেছেন, “ভারত অবশ্যম্ভাবীভাবে তার আধিপত্য বিস্তার করবে। ভারত মহাসাগরীয় অঞ্চলে ভারত হবে সব রাজনৈতিক ও অর্থনৈতিক কর্মকাণ্ডের কেন্দ্র। ছোট জাতি রাষ্ট্রগুলোর সর্বনাশ ঘটবে। তার সাংস্কৃতিকভাবে স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিসেবে থাকবে, কিন্তু রাজনৈতিকভাবে স্বাধীন থাকবে না।” থাকবে ভারত মাতার অধীনে।
মোটামুটি এটাই ছিল ভারতের স্বাধীনতার অন্যতম স্থপতি পন্ডিত জওহরলাল নেহেরুর বহুল প্রচলিত ‘ইন্ডিয়া ডকট্রিন’, যা নেহেরু ডকট্রিন নামেও পরিচিত। ১৯৪৭ সালে প্রকাশিত তার ‘ডিসকভারি অফ ইন্ডিয়া’ বইয়ে এর প্রথম আভাস পাওয়া যায়। মূলত ‘অখন্ড ভারত’ ধারণা থেকেই এর উদ্ভব, এবং একে একে কাশ্মীর, হায়দ্রাবাদ, সিকিম এবং নেপালের মাওবাদ, শ্রীলংকার তামিল টাইগার বিদ্রোহ এবং সর্বোপরি বাংলাদেশের ১৯৭১ এর যুদ্ধ । এবং তার পর থেকে বাংলাদেশে অযাচিত হস্তক্ষেপের মাধ্যমে ইন্ডিয়া ডকট্রিন তার স্বরূপ উন্মোচন করছে সবার সামনে; বছর কয়েক আগে নেপালের তরাই অঞ্চলের গণভোট এবং এর পরবর্তী জ্বালানী অবরোধও এর বাইরে নয়।
প্রাচীণ ভারতবর্ষের মহামতি সম্রাট চন্দ্রগুপ্ত মৌর্যের প্রধাণ অমাত্য কৌটিল্য, যিনি চানক্য নামেই সুপরিচিত, তার একটি শিক্ষা ছিল উগ্র সাম্প্রদায়িক উচ্চবর্ণ হিন্দু ব্রাহ্মণদের জন্য – “ক্ষমতা অর্জনের লোভ ও অন্য দেশ বিজয়ের আকাঙ্ক্ষা কখনও মন থেকে মুছে ফেল না। সব সীমান্তবর্তী রাজাকে শত্রু বলে মনে করবে।” হাজার বছর পর এসেও কি এই মূলনীতি নিয়ে এগিয়ে যাচ্ছে ভারত ? এখন সবার মনে একই প্রশ্ন?।
তার আগে আমাদেরকে জেনে নেয়া অতিজরুরী ব্রাহ্মণবাদকি? করা সুপিরিয়র উচ্চবর্ণ ব্রাহ্মণ? “শোষণের জন্যই শাসন-এই সনাতন মূলনীতির মূলাধার ব্রাহ্মণ্যবাদ ।শোষণকে প্রচ্ছন্ন করতে হলে শাসনকে একটা আদর্শের নামে খাড়া করতে হয়”। –শিবরাম চক্রবর্তী।
এই শোষণের আদর্শের নামই ব্রাহ্মণধর্ম। তাই ব্রাহ্মণধর্ম কোন ধর্ম নয়, ব্রাহ্মণধর্ম হল আসলে একটি অপরাধের নাম, মানুষকে শোষণের হাতিয়ারের নাম। মানুষে মানুষে বিভাজন জাতপ্রথা বর্ণপ্রথা তৈরী করে মানুষদের শোষণের নাম, ব্রাহ্মণদের উচ্চ ভোগ বিলাসী জীবন যাপন করার নাম। প্রশ্ন হলো যারা নিজের ধর্মের মানুষদেরকে জাতপ্রথা তৈরী করে শোষণ নির্যাতন অত্যাচার করে। তারা কিভাবে মুসলিম, বৌদ্ধ, খ্রিস্টান, শিখ এবং জৈন ধর্মের মানুষকে আপন মনে করে বুকে জড়িয়ে নিবে? যারা নিজের ধর্মের মানুষকে ভাই হিসেবে বুকে জড়িয়ে নিতে পারে না?। ছুঁলেই জাত যায়!?

Waste streams generated by electroless copper plating in the printed circuit boards manufacturing industry often contain copper complexed by strong chelating agents such as EDTA. The consequence of metal complexation by chelating agents is that alternative treatment to chemical precipitation is often necessary to achieve the low metal concentrations required by increasingly stringent environmental regulations. This paper examines the feasibility of using activated carbon to remove EDTA-chelated copper(II) species as well as free copper(II) ions from aqueous solution. The adsorption characteristics of copper(II) and EDTA-chelated copper(II) on two granular activated carbons prepared from coal and coconut shell were evaluated. Adsorption equilibrium data of copper(II) on the two carbons corresponded well to the Langmuir model. The coconut shell-based carbon exhibited a greater adsorption capacity for copper(II) than the coal-based carbon under similar experimental conditions. Solution pH had a considerable influence on copper(II) adsorption by the two carbons. Low adsorption levels of copper(II) at pH 3 and high adsorption levels in the pH range of 4-6 were observed. However, a reverse adsorption trend was observed when the chelating agent EDTA was added to the copper(II) solution. Adsorption of EDTA-chelated copper(II) by the two carbons was higher at pH 3 than at pH 6. The contrasting adsorption behaviour of copper(II) ions and EDTA-chelated copper(II) species can be readily explained in terms of electrostatic interaction in that solution pH influences the surface charge of the carbons as well as the charge property of copper(II) ions and EDTA-chelated copper(II) species. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. Waste streams generated by electroless copper plating in the printed circuit boards manufacturing industry often contain copper complexed by strong chelating agents such as EDTA. The consequence of metal complexation by chelating agents is that alternative treatment to chemical precipitation is often necessary to achieve the low metal concentrations required by increasingly stringent environmental regulations. This paper examines the feasibility of using activated carbon to remove EDTA-chelated copper(II) species as well as free copper(II) ions from aqueous solution. The adsorption characteristics of copper(II) and EDTA-chelated copper(II) on two granular activated carbons prepared from coal and coconut shell were evaluated. Adsorption equilibrium data of copper(II) on the two carbons corresponded well to the Langmuir model. The coconut shell-based carbon exhibited a greater adsorption capacity for copper(II) than the coal-based carbon under similar experimental conditions. Solution pH had a considerable influence on copper(II) adsorption by the two carbons. Low adsorption levels of copper(II) at pH 3 and high adsorption levels in the pH range of 4-6 were observed. However, a reverse adsorption trend was observed when the chelating agent EDTA was added to the copper solution. Adsorption of EDTA-chelated copper(II) by the two carbons was higher at pH 3 than at pH 6. The contrasting adsorption behaviour of copper(II) ions and EDTA-chelated copper(II) species can be readily explained in terms of electrostatic interaction in that solution pH influences the surface charge of the carbons as well as the charge property of copper(II) ions and EDTA-chelated copper(II) species.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-4660%28200011%2975:11%3C1054::AID-JCTB315%3E3.0.CO;2-T/full

Biosorption of copper by inactivated biomass of the brown marine alga Sargassum baccularia immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) beads was investigated. PVA-immobilized biomass beads were packed in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed column and subjected to three consecutive cycles of copper loading and elution. Bound copper was eluted with solutions containing a range of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentrations. Up to 100% of the bound copper was consistently recovered from immobilized biomass using an aqueous solution containing 4mM EDTA in repeated loading/elution cycles. The PVA-immobilized biomass beads were shown to be robust and stable with little decrease in the copper uptake capacity under dynamic flow conditions. The excellent reusability of the new biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal removal technology.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10934529.2012.667287

Ultrafiltration experiments on solutions of glucose, pectin, and their mixtures have been performed in a 500l/h pilot scale crossflow membrane unit. A 25,000 MWCO polyethersulfone membrane with a total flow area of 0.9 m2 was used in the process. Unlike the permeate flux profiles for glucose solutions, which showed linear relationship with transmembrane pressure (TMP), the flux for solutions of pectin showed a rapid increase with increasing TMP before leveling-off. Similar behavior was observed by adding different amounts of glucose to these pectin solutions, but with much lower permeate flows. The formation of gel layers on the membrane surface is mainly responsible for the lower permeate fluxes in the latter two cases. In addition, it was found that particle interactions due to electrostatic forces were also important for the development of stable gel layers. Due to differences in the experimental technique used in this work, no maximum permeate flux for the pectin solutions was observed at intermediate TMP as opposed to many results reported in the literature. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1385894701001334/1-s2.0-S1385894701001334-main.pdf?_tid=99b72c00-025e-11e4-bf0c-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1404356785_e599c2628407b689166760219b0b0ede 
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894701001334

This is the best solution to eliminate the climate change:

By: PhD. in Education: José Andrés Cuadros Del Carpio.
We should observe the transformation of sulfur and carbon dioxide in other gases in gaseous planets of the Solar System and Venus planet, and we should apply that transform in our atmosphere.
Part of the transformation of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in other gases in gaseous planets of our Solar System and in Venus planet was transmited by Discovery Channel. This solution should be applied by NASA. Nasa might send waves to the space to aply this solution. This solution is according to this book: “Soluciones e innovación para el desarrollo social y políticos de los pueblos” of August of 2020.

Due to its versatility and wide range of applications, activated carbon is widely used as contaminant removal media. Recent research have focused on enhancing the effectiveness of activated carbon by modifying their specific properties in order to enable the carbon to develop affinity for certain contaminants. In view of this, a comprehensive list of literatures on chemical, physical and biological modification techniques of activated carbon pertaining to enhancement of contaminant removal from aqueous solutions was compiled and reviewed. Acidic treatment to introduce acidic functional groups onto surface of activated carbon was by far, the most studied technique. It was apparent from the literature survey that the beneficial effects of specific modification techniques on activated carbon adsorption of targeted contaminant species from aqueous solutions were profound, with some studies reported increase of contaminant uptake factors of more than 2. Concurrently, considerable decreases associated with certain contaminant uptakes can also occur depending on the technique used. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1383586606002024/1-s2.0-S1383586606002024-main.pdf?_tid=7b23a968-2364-11e4-9576-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1407987699_aba94f9d1a7a015e586e5e52cec152db 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586606002024

The percentage removal of phenol from aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane and emulsion leakage was investigated experimentally for various parameters such as membrane:internal phase ratio, membrane:external phase ratio, emulsification speed, emulsification time, carrier concentration, surfactant concentration and internal agent concentration. These parameters strongly influence the percentage removal of phenol and emulsion leakage. Under optimum membrane properties, the percentage removal of phenol was as high as 98.33%, with emulsion leakage of 1.25%. It was also found that the necessity of carrier for enhancing phenol removal was strongly dependent on the internal agent concentration. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0304389410010460/1-s2.0-S0304389410010460-main.pdf?_tid=098cffda-0ca2-11e4-9210-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1405485261_916d8ede962ee64ee9b8f136d46ee560